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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,160)
  • Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance  (30)
  • Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer  (25)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964  (1,215)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
  • 1960  (1,215)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964  (1,215)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A 60' delta-wing airplane model was oscillated in roll for several frequencies and amplitudes of oscillation to determine the effects of the oscillatory motion on the roll-stability derivatives for the model. The derivatives were measured at a Reynolds number of 1,600,000 for the wing alone, the wing-fuselage combination, and the complete model which included a triangular-plan-form vertical tail. Both rolling and yawing moments due to rolling velocity exhibited large frequency effects for angles of attack higher than 16 degrees. Variations in these derivatives were measured for the lowest frequencies of oscillation; as the frequency increased, the derivatives because more nearly linear with angle of attack. Both velocity derivatives were considerably different at high angles of attack from the corresponding derivatives measured by the steady-state rolling-flow technique. Rolling and yawing moments due to rolling acceleration were measured and similarly found to be highly dependent on frequency at high angles of attack. Some period and time-to-damp computations, which were made to reveal the significance of the acceleration derivatives, indicated that inclusion of the measured derivatives in the equations of motion lengthened the period of the lateral oscillation by 10 percent for a typical delta-wing airplane and increased the time to damp to one-half amplitude by 50 percent.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-232
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: An experimental investigation has been conducted at Mach numbers of 0.6 to 1.4 to determine the base pressures on several cylindrical afterbody configurations having two propulsive nozzles and to determine the effect on base pressure of stabilizing fins and the canting outward of the propulsive nozzles. Nozzle design Mach numbers of 2.0 and 3.43 were employed in this investigation and cold air at total pressures up to 120 times the free-stream static pressure was used to simulate nozzle flow. The results show that canting the nozzles outward 11 degrees was effective in increasing base pressures at supersonic speeds and that stabilizing fins caused a decrease in base pressure. The magnitudes of base pressure coefficients obtained in this investigation were consistent with those obtained on similar configurations in previous jet-effect investigations.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA/TN-D-544 , L-861
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-07-10
    Description: Results of an investigation in the Langley full-scale tunnel of the hovering performance of large-scale twin-rotor-helicopter models are presented. Measurements of thrust, torque, and rotor flapping are given for overlapped (approximately 76 percent of blade radius) and nonoverlapped configurations and for two different rotor solidities. The measured performance is compared with single-rotor measurements and with available rotor theory. These tests show that the hovering performance of a single rotor and of two rotors without overlap or vertical offset are the same and hence may be calculated by single-rotor theory. These tests in conjunction with results of previous coaxial-rotor tests show that the performance of highly overlapped rotors can be reasonably predicted by available rotor theory.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-534 , L-95399
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: On August 12, 1960, an X-15 flight was made to achieve essentially the maximum altitude expected to be possible with the interim rocket engines. N l y corrected altitude measurements showed that the maxhum geometric altitude was 136,500 feet k600 and the maximum pressure altitude, referred to the tables of the 0. S . Extension to the ICAO Standard Atmosphere, was indicated to be 133,900 feet.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-623 , H-206
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: An investigation has been conducted in the Langley 4- by 4-foot supersonic pressure tunnel to determine the aerodynamic characteristics in pitch of a two-stage-rocket model configuration which simulated the last two stages of the launching vehicle for an inflatable sphere. Tests were made through an angle-of-attack range from -6 deg to 18 deg at dynamic pressures of 102 and 255 pounds per square foot with corresponding Mach numbers of 1.89 and 1.98 for the model both with and without a bumper arrangement designed to protect the rocket casing from the outer shell of the vehicle.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-640 , L-911
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: An investigation has been made to determine the thrust characteristics within ground proximity of a series of models which might represent vertical take-off-and-landing (VTOL) aircraft with multiple exit jet engines exhausting vertically downward beneath a lifting surface. Variations in simulated engine configurations were provided by a series of nozzle insert plugs in which the number of jet exits, located symmetrically on a fixed circle, was varied, or the diameter of the circle was varied for a given number of jet exits. represent lifting surfaces, and high-pressure air was used to simulate jet-engine exhaust. Plywood plates were used to The results of the investigation showed that increasing the number of exits, such that an annular jet configuration was approached, provided more favorable thrust characteristics within ground proximity than any other variation in the geometry of these multiple jets. Tests of a configuration with two nozzles approximating a fan-in-wing VTOL aircraft with fans located at different spanwise locations indicated that the augmentation in thrust within ground proximity was greater for the arrangement with the more inboard location of the nozzles.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-513 , L-868
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: An investigation has been made by the NASA to obtain statistical measurements of landing-contact conditions for a large turbojet transport in commercial airline operations. The investigation was conducted at the Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California. Measurements were taken photographically during routine daylight operations. The quantities determined were vertical velocity, horizontal velocity, rolling velocity, bank angle, and distance from runway threshold, just prior to ground contact. The results indicated that the mean vertical velocity for the turbojet-transport landings was 1.62 feet per second and that 1 landing out of 100 would be expected to equal or exceed about 4.0 feet per second. The mean airspeed at contact was 132.0 knots, with 1 landing in 100 likely to equal or exceed about 153.0 knots. The mean rolling velocity was about 1.6 deg per second. One lending in 100 would probably equal or exceed a rolling velocity of about 4.0 deg. per second in the direction of the first wheel to touch. The mean bank angle for the turbojet transports was 1.04 deg, and right and left angles of bank were about evenly divided. One lending in 100 would be likely to equal or exceed a bank angle of about 3.5 deg. The mean value of distance to touchdown from the runway threshold was 1,560 feet. One lending in 100 would be expected to touchdown at or beyond about 2,700 feet from the runway threshold. The mean values for vertical velocity, airspeed, and distance t o touch-down for the turbojet transports were somewhat higher than those found previously for piston-engine transports. No significant differences were found for values of rolling velocity and bank angle.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-527 , L-1009
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: This paper presents the analysis of the flapwise natural bending frequencies and mode shapes of rotor blades with two flapping hinges located at arbitrary blade radii. The equations of motion are derived for a blade of variable mass and stiffness distribution. Solutions to the equations (natural frequencies and mode shapes) are presented for a typical blade of constant cross section having a wide range of hinge locations. The results show that the natural frequencies of the blades can be changed appreciably by varying the locations of the blade hinges, and that with two properly located flapping hinges, blade designs are possible which eliminate or greatly reduce conditions of resonance between the blade natural frequencies and the frequencies of the harmonic air loads. The results also show that ratios of natural frequency to rotor speed below a value of 6.0 are essentially constant for variations in rotor speed consistent with helicopter and VTOL applications.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-633
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: Photographs are presented of various models coated with fluorescent oil to show evidence of surface vortices at a Mach number of 3.03. Vortex formation was evidently present on models with forward-facing steps, rearward-facing steps, wires, discrete surface particles, or unswept flat surfaces with sharp leading edges. Some photographs are also presented for the models coated with a sublimation material which clearly indicates the location of boundary-layer transition; however, it does not show the vortices as clearly as the fluorescent oil. The study was made on the models at an angle of attack of 0 deg at unit Reynolds numbers of 7.7 and 10.7 million per foot. The spacing of the vortices as indicated by the flow studies on the unswept model was smaller at the higher Reynolds number in accordance with Gortler's theory. The flow studies also indicated that stable surface vortices produced by either steps or surface roughness persisted over model areas known to have turbulent boundary layers.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-328
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: During the first powered flight of the North American X-15 research airplane on September 17, 1959, a Mach number of 2.1 and an altitude of 52,000 feet were attained. Static and dynamic maneuvers were performed to evaluate the characteristics of the airplane at subsonic and supersonic speeds. Data from these maneuvers as well as from the launch and landing phases are presented, discussed, and compared with predicted values. The rate of separation of the X-15 from the B-52 carrier airplane at launch was less than that predicted by wind-tunnel studies and was less rapid than in the lightweight condition of the initial glide flight. In addition, the angular motions and bank angle attained following the launch were of lesser magnitude than in the glide flight. Stable longitudinal-stability trends were apparent during the acceleration to maximum speed, and the pilot reported experiencing little or no transonic trim excursions. An inexplicable high-frequency vibration, which occurred at Mach numbers above 1.4, is being investigated further. Essentially linear lift and stability characteristics were indicated within the limited ranges of angle of attack and angle of sideslip investigated. The dynamic longitudinal and lateral-directional stability and control-effectiveness characteristics appeared satisfactory to the pilot. Although the longitudinal- and lateral-directional-damping ratios showed no significant change from subsonic to supersonic speeds, on the basis of time to damp, the damping characteristics at supersonic speeds appeared to the pilot to be somewhat improved over those at subsonic speeds.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TM-X-269
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: The model was tested at two different elevations with the wing pivot at 1.008 and 2.425 propeller diameters above the ground. The slipstream of the propellers was deflected by tilting the wing and propellers, by deflections of large-chord trailing-edge flaps, and by combinations of flap deflection and wing tilt. Tests were conducted over a range of propeller disk loadings from 7.41 to 29.70 pounds per square foot. Force data for the complete model and pressure distributions for the wing and flaps behind one propeller were recorded and are presented in tabular form without analysis.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-397 , L-987
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: A numerical study was made of the effects of blade cutout on the power required by a sample helicopter rotor traveling at tip-speed ratios of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5. The amount of cutout varied from 0 to 0.5 of the rotor radius and the calculations were carried out for a thrust coefficient-solidity ratio of 0.04. In these calculations the blade within the cutout radius was assumed to have zero chord. The effect of such cutout on profile-drag power ranged from almost no effect at a tip-speed ratio of 0.3 to as much as a 60 percent reduction at a tip-speed ratio of 0.5. Optimum cutout was about 0.3 of the rotor radius. Part of the large power reduction at a tip-speed ratio of 0.5 resulted from a reduction in tip-region stall, brought about by cutout. For tip-speed ratios greater than 0.3, cutout also effected a significant increase in the ability of the rotor to overcome helicopter parasite drag. It is thus seen that the adverse trends (at high tip-speed ratios) indicated by the uniform-chord theoretical charts are caused in large measure by the center portion of the rotor. The extent to which a modified-design rotor can actually be made more efficient at high speeds than a uniform-chord rotor will depend in practice on the degree of success in minimizing the blade plan form near the center and on special modifications in center-section profiles. A few suggestions and estimates in regard to such modifications are included herein.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-382 , L-696
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: An aircraft configuration, previously conceived as a means to achieve favorable aerodynamic stability characteristics., high lift-drag ratio, and low heating rates at high supersonic speeds., was modified in an attempt to increase further the lift-drag ratio without adversely affecting the other desirable characteristics. The original configuration consisted of three identical triangular wing panels symmetrically disposed about an ogive-cylinder body equal in length to the root chord of the panels. This configuration was modified by altering the angular disposition of the wing panels, by reducing the area of the panel forming the vertical fin, and by reshaping the body to produce interference lift. Six-component force and moment tests of the modified configuration at combined angles of attack and sideslip were made at a Mach number of 3.3 and a Reynolds number of 5.46 million. A maximum lift-drag ratio of 6.65 (excluding base drag) was measured at a lift coefficient of 0.100 and an angle of attack of 3.60. The lift-drag ratio remained greater than 3 up to lift coefficient of 0.35. Performance estimates, which predicted a maximum lift-drag ratio for the modified configuration 27 percent greater than that of the original configuration, agreed well with experiment. The modified configuration exhibited favorable static stability characteristics within the test range. Longitudinal and directional centers of pressure were slightly aft of the respective centroids of projected plan-form and side area.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-330
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: An investigation was conducted in the Ames 12-Foot Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel to determine the effects of sweep on the boundary-layer stability characteristics of an untapered variable-sweep wing having an NACA 64(2)A015 section normal to the leading edge. Pressure distribution and transition were measured on the wing at low speeds at sweep angles of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 deg. and at angles of attack from -3 to 3 deg. The investigation also included flow-visualization studies on the surface at sweep angles from 0 to 50 deg. and total pressure surveys in the boundary layer at a sweep angle of 30 deg. for angles of attack from -12 to 0 deg. It was found that sweep caused premature transition on the wing under certain conditions. This effect resulted from the formation of vortices in the boundary layer when a critical combination of sweep angle, pressure gradient, and stream Reynolds number was attained. A useful parameter in indicating the combined effect of these flow variables on vortex formation and on beginning transition is the crossflow Reynolds number. The critical values of crossflow Reynolds number for vortex formation found in this investigation range from about 135 to 190 and are in good agreement with those reported in previous investigations. The values of crossflow Reynolds number for beginning transitions were found to be between 190 and 260. For each condition (i.e., development of vortices and initiation of transition at a given location) the lower values in the specified ranges were obtained with a light coating of flow-visualization material on the surface. A method is presented for the rapid computation of crossflow Reynolds number on any swept surface for which the pressure distribution is known. From calculations based on this method, it was found that the maximum values of crossflow Reynolds number are attained under conditions of a strong pressure gradient and at a sweep angle of about 50 deg. Due to the primary dependence on pressure gradient, effects of sweep in causing premature transition are generally first encountered on the lower surfaces of wings operating at positive angles of attack.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-338
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2019-08-17
    Description: A configuration of a wing segment having constant chord thickness, 0 deg. sweep, a porous steel semicircular leading edge, and solid Inconel surfaces was tested in a Mach number 2.0 ethlyene-heated high-temperature air jet. Measurements were made of the wing surface temperatures at chordwise stations for several rates of helium flow through the porous leading edge. The investigation was conducted at stagnation temperatures ranging from 500 F to 2,400 F, at Reynolds numbers per foot ranging from 0.3 x 10(exp 7) to 1.2 x 10(exp 7), and at angles of attack of 0, +/- 5, and +/- 15 deg. The results indicated that the reduction of wing surface temperatures with respect to their values for no coolant flow, depended on the helium coolant flow rates and the distance behind the area of injection. The results were correlated in terms of the wall cooling parameter and the coolant flow-rate parameter, where the nondimensional flow rate was referenced to the cooled area up to the downstream position. For the same coolant flow rate, lower surface temperatures are achieved with a porous-wall cooling system. However, since flow-rate requirements decrease with increasing allowable surface temperatures, the higher allowable wall temperatures of the solid wall as compared to the structurally weaker porous wall- sharply reduce the flow-rate requirements of a downstream cooling system. Thus, for certain flight conditions it is possible to compensate for the lower efficiency of the downstream or solid-wall cooling system. For example, a downstream cooling system using solid walls that must be maintained at 1,800 F would require less coolant for Mach numbers up to 5.5 than would a porous-wall cooling system for which the walls must be maintained at temperatures less than or equal to 9000 F.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TM-X-235
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: A series of semispan wing models having various spanwise distributions of both thickness ratio and chord but having the same effective thickness ratio was tested in the Langley 4-by 4-foot supersonic pressure tunnel at Mach number 2.03 and Reynolds numbers from 1.9 x 10(exp 6) to 6.5 x 10(exp 6) complex wing forms with thickened roots, extended root chords, and higher volumes show appreciably lower zero-lift wave drag coefficients than the plain swept wings. A calculative technique for the determination of wave drag has been applied to one of the complex wings of the series and good agreement is shown with experimental results. The complex wing forms showed higher drags due to lift than the plain swept wings.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-631
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: A study was made to determine the effect of coolant injection angularity on gaseous film-cooling effectiveness. In the correlation of experimental data an effective injection angle was defined by a vector summation of the coolant and mainstream gas flows. The cosine of this angle was used as a parameter to empirically develop a corrective term to qualify a correlating equation presented in Technical Note D-130 that was limited to tangential injection of the coolant. Data were also obtained for coolant injection through rows of holes normal to the test plate. The slot correlating equation was adapted to fit these data by the definition of an effective slot height. An additional corrective term was then determined to correlate these data.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-299 , E-689
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the time-averaged induced velocities were obtained for rotor tip speeds as great as 1,100 feet per second (tip Mach number of 0.98) and measurements of the instantaneous induced velocities were obtained for rotor tip speeds as great as 900 feet per second. The results indicate that the small effects on the wake with increasing Mach number are primarily due to the changes in rotor-load distribution resulting from changes in Mach number rather than to compressibility effects on the wake itself. No effect of tip Mach number on the instantaneous velocities was observed. Under conditions for which the blade tip was operated at negative pitch angles, an erratic circulatory flow was observed.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-393 , L-836
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: The lift and drag characteristics of a Boeing KC-135 airplane were determined during maneuvering flight over the Mach number range from 0.70 to 0.85 for the airplane in the clean configuration at an altitude of 26,000 feet. Data were also obtained over the speed range of 130 knots to 160 knots at 9,000 feet for various flap deflections with gear down.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-30 , H-119
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: A review is made of some of the experimental data and analyses applicable to convective heat transfer in fully turbulent flow in smooth tubes with liquid metals and viscous Newtonian fluids. An empirical equation is evolved that closely approximates heat-transfer values obtained from selected analyses and experimental data for Prandtl numbers from 0.001 to 1000. The terms included in the equation are Reynolds number, Prandtl number, and an empirical diffusivity ratio between heat and momentum.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-483
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The experimental and analytical results to date of a study of a two-component gaseous vortex system are presented in this paper. Analytical expressions for tangential velocity and static-pressure profiles in a turbulent vortex show good agreement with experimental data. Airflow rates from 0.075 to 0.14 pound per second and corresponding tangential velocities from 160 to 440 feet per second are correlated by turbulent Reynolds numbers from 1.95 to 2.4. An analysis of an air-bromine gas mixture in a turbulent vortex indicates that a boundary value of bromine-to-air radial velocity ratio (u(2)/u(1)) of 0.999 gives essentially no bromine buildup, while a value of 0.833 results in considerable separation. For a constant value of (u(2)/u(1))(0) the bromine buildup increases as (1) the tangential velocity increases, (2) the air-to-bromine weight-flow ratio decreases, (3) the airflow rate decreases, (4) the temperature decreases, and (5) the turbulence decreases. Analytical temperature, pressure, and tangential-velocity profiles are also presented. Preliminary experimental results indicate that the flow of an air-bromine mixture through a vortex field results in a bromine density increase to a maximum value; followed by a decrease; the air density exhibits a uniform decrease from the outer vortex radius to the exhaust-nozzle radius.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-288 , E-800 , Nov 16, 1959 - Nov 21, 1959; Washington, DC; United States
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: An investigation of the subsonic stability and control characteristics of an unpowered 1/7-scale model based on the North American X-15 airplane was conducted by using a radio-controlled model launched from a helicopter and flown in free-gliding flight. At angles of attack below about 20 deg. where the model motions represent those of the X-15 airplane, the model was found to be both longitudinally and laterally stable, and the all-movable tail surfaces were found to be very effective. The model could also be flown at much higher angles of attack where the model motions did not necessarily represent those of the airplane because of slight geometrical differences and Reynolds number effects, but these test results are useful in evaluating the effectiveness at these angles of the type of lateral control system used in the X-15 airplane. In some cases, the model was flown to angles of attack as high as 60 or 70 deg. without encountering divergent or uncontrollable conditions. For some flights in which the model was subjected to rapid maneuvers, spinning motions were generated by application of corrective controls to oppose the direction of rotation. Rapid recoveries from this type of motion were achieved by applying roll control in the direction of rotation.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TM-X-283
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: A series of rocket motors with varying exit to throat area ratios was tested in the 8- by 6-foot wind tunnel to determine the effects of mixing on jet diameter and temperature decay at large distances (x/d 〉 30) from the nozzle exit. An approximate method to account for effects of the initial expansion was evolved. It was determined that the combustion efficiency has an important effect on jet spreading, since the unburned products can burn downstream of the nozzle. The data showed considerable scatter; however, mixing rates were, in general, lower than those observed for subsonic jets. Data for angles of attack of 5 and 10 deg are also presented, giving the respective centerline shift and temperature decay as a function of axial distance.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TM-X-151
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: A brief experimental investigation was made of the landing-impact characteristics of a 1/9-scale dynamic model of a winged space vehicle. The landing tests were made by catapulting a free model onto a hard; surface runway and onto water. The model had a conical fuselage and a flat - plate wing with a basic delta planform and 75 deg sweepback of the leading edge. The use of yielding-metal shock absorbers and various landing-gear arrangements was investigated during landing impact. The basic landing gear consisted of a dual rubber-tired nose wheel and twin main skids aft of the center of gravity near the wing tips. landing motion and acceleration data were obtained over a range of landing attitudes, gross weights, and initial sinking speeds. Brief tests were made with an alternate nose-wheel location. An all-skid configuration also was briefly evaluated for hard-surface and water landings. The landing gear employing yielding struts for impact-energy absorption during hard-surface landings resulted in accelerations of approximately 5 1/2 g near the nose gear over a range of landing parameters. Replacing the nose wheel and tire with a skid did not significantly change the accelerations. Landings in smooth water with rigid struts and adequate planing area at the nose skid resulted in a maximum landing acceleration of approximately 4g.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-541 , L-958
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Several feel springs of different rates were evaluated in the power-control system of a light helicopter. In addition, a bobweight and viscous damper for providing maneuvering forces were evaluated. The evaluation was qualitative, based upon the combined opinions of eight research pilots and four non-pilot engineers from NASA. The evaluation revealed that desirable all-around forces for the helicopter were obtained with a 1/2-lb/in. feel spring for both longitudinal and lateral control combined with a 14-lb/g bobweight. Further investigation proved the necessity of the viscous damper in the bobweight system.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA/TN-D-537 , L-643
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: An investigation of four exhaust-nozzle-afterbody combinations has been conducted in the Langley 9- by 12-inch blowdown tunnel at Mach numbers of 1.93, 2.55, and 3.05. The models were tested on a pylon-mounted nacelle and the jet exhaust was simulated with cold air. Base bleed w a s varied from 0 to about 12 percent of the primary jet weight flow and was discharged in to the base region through either a sonic or supersonic bleed nozzle. The models were tested at zero degree angle of attack and the Reynolds number range was from 8 x 10(exp 6) to 9 x 10(exp 6) per foot. The results indicate that the base pressure and the performance of the exhaust-nozzle-afterbody combinations were little affected gy the high-velocity base bleed. The efficiency of the terminal-fairing model was only slightly less than that of the convergent-divergent nozzle-afterbody combinations; this difference indicates the loss associated with improved transonic efficiency at higher Mach numbers.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA/TN-D-539 , L-977
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: On August 4, 1960, a flight was made with the X-15 airplane to the maximum speed expected with the interim rocket engines. Fully corrected airspeed measurements showed that the maximum Mach number of 3.1 +/- 0.04 and maximum true airspeed of 2,196 mph +/- 35 were attained at an altitude of 69,600 feet. At Mach numbers greater than 2.0 the pitot-static tube exhibited a negative static-pressure error which resulted in a Mach number correction of -0.18 at the maximum speed.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-615 , H-187
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Results are presented of a flight investigation conducted to survey the flow field generated by airplanes flying a t supersonic speeds. The pressure signatures of an F-100, an F-104, and a B-58 airplane, representing widely varying configurations, a t distances from 120 t o 425 f e e from the generating aircraft and at Mach numbers from 1.2 t o 1.8 are shown. Calculations were made by using Whitham's method and were compared with the experimental results.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-621 , H-190
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: An elementary calculation inspired by the classic treatment for the steady state permits the determination of the induced velocity and the overall lift of the rotor as a function of the collective pitch for all values of the advance per turn. The nature of the lift response is shown to be essentially a function of the rate of pitch change.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TT-F-18 , L-455 , Comptes Rendus; 247; 9; 738-741
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Induced discharges are advantageous for ionizing low-density flows in that they introduce no electrode contamination into the flow and they provide a relatively high degree of ionization with good coupling of power into the gas. In this investigation a 40-megacycle oscillator was used to produce and maintain induced discharges in argon and mercury-vapor flows. Methods for preventing blowout of the discharge were determined, and power measurements were made with an in-line wattmeter. Some results with damped oscillations pulsed at 1,000 pulses per second are also presented.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-431 , L-986
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Flight records are presented from an early flight test of a wing-tip mounted tilting-ducted-fan, vertical-take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft configuration. Time histories of the aircraft motions, control positions, and duct pitching-moment variation are presented to illustrate the characteristics of the aircraft in hovering, in conversion from hovering to forward flight, and in conversion from forward flight to hovering. The results indicate that during essentially continuous slow level- flight conversions, this aircraft experiences excessive longitudinal trim changes. Studies have shown that the large trim changes are caused primarily by the variation of aerodynamic moments acting on the duct units. Action of the duct-induced downwash on the horizontal stabilizer during the conversion also contributes to the longitudinal trim variations. Time histories of hovering and slow vertical descent in the final stages of landing in calm air show angular motions of the aircraft as great as +/- 10 deg. about all axes. Stick and pedal displacements required to control the aircraft during the landing maneuver were on the order of 50 to 60 percent of the total travel available.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-372 , L-891
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Results are presented of some landing studies that may serve as guidelines in the consideration of landing problems of glider-reentry configurations. The effect of the initial conditions of sinking velocity, angle of attack, and pitch rate on impact severity and the effect of locating the rear gear in various positions are discussed. Some information is included regarding the influence of landing-gear location on effective masses. Preliminary experimental results on the slideout phase of landing include sliding and rolling friction coefficients that have been determined from tests of various skids and all-metal wheels.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-448 , L-1066
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: A flight investigation has been conducted to study how pilots use the high lift available with blowing-type boundary-layer control applied to the leading- and trailing-edge flaps of a 45 deg. swept-wing airplane. The study includes documentation of the low-speed handling qualities as well as the pilots' evaluations of the landing-approach characteristics. All the pilots who flew the airplane considered it more comfortable to fly at low speeds than any other F-100 configuration they had flown. The major improvements noted were the reduced stall speed, the improved longitudinal stability at high lift, and the reduction in low-speed buffet. The study has shown the minimum comfortable landing-approach speeds are between 120.5 and 126.5 knots compared to 134 for the airplane with a slatted leading edge and the same trailing-edge flap. The limiting factors in the pilots' choices of landing-approach speeds were the limits of ability to control flight-path angle, lack of visibility, trim change with thrust, low static directional stability, and sluggish longitudinal control. Several of these factors were found to be associated with the high angles of attack, between 13 deg. and 15 deg., required for the low approach speeds. The angle of attack for maximum lift coefficient was 28 deg.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-321
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: An investigation of laminar boundary-layer control by suction for purposes of drag reduction at low speed and high Reynolds numbers has been conducted in the Ames 12-Foot Pressure Wind Tunnel. The model was a 72.96-inch-chord wing panel, swept back 30 deg., which was installed between end plates to approximate a wing of infinite span. The airfoil section employed was a modified NACA 66-012 in the streamwise direction. Tests were limited to controlling the flow over only the upper surface of the model. Seventeen individually controllable suction chambers were provided below the surface to induce flow through 93 spanwise slots in the surface between the 0.0052- and 0.97-chord stations. Tests were made at angles of attack of 0 deg., +/- 1.0 deg., +/- 1.5 deg., and -2.0 deg. for Reynolds numbers from approximately 1.5 x 10(exp 6) to 4.0 x 10(exp 6) per foot. In general, essentially full-chord laminar flow was obtained for all conditions with small suction quantities. Minimum profile-drag coefficients of about 0.0005 to 0.0006 were obtained for the slotted surface at maximum values of the Reynolds number; these values include the Power required to induce suction as an equivalent drag.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-320
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The real-gas hypersonic flow parameters for helium have been calculated for stagnation temperatures from 0 F to 600 F and stagnation pressures up to 6,000 pounds per square inch absolute. The results of these calculations are presented in the form of simple correction factors which must be applied to the tabulated ideal-gas parameters. It has been shown that the deviations from the ideal-gas law which exist at high pressures may cause a corresponding significant error in the hypersonic flow parameters when calculated as an ideal gas. For example the ratio of the free-stream static to stagnation pressure as calculated from the thermodynamic properties of helium for a stagnation temperature of 80 F and pressure of 4,000 pounds per square inch absolute was found to be approximately 13 percent greater than that determined from the ideal-gas tabulation with a specific heat ratio of 5/3.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-462 , L-1135
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Hovering and steady low-speed forward-flight tests were run on a 4-foot-diameter rotor at a ground height of 1 rotor radius. The two blades had a 2 to 1 taper ratio and were mounted in a see-saw hub. The solidity ratio was 0.05. Measurements were made of the rotor rpm, collective pitch, and forward-flight velocity. Smoke was introduced into the tip vortex and the resulting vortex pattern was photographed from two positions. Using the data obtained from these photographs, wire models of the tip vortex configurations were constructed and the distribution of the normal component of induced velocity at the blade feathering axis that is associated with these tip vortex configurations was experimentally determined at 450 increments in azimuth position from this electromagnetic analog. Three steady-state conditions were analyzed. The first was hovering flight; the second, a flight velocity just under the wake "tuck under" speed; and the third, a flight velocity just above this speed. These corresponded to advance ratios of 0, 0.022, and 0.030 (or ratios of forward velocity to calculated hovering induced velocity of approximately 0, 0.48, and 0.65), respectively, for the model test rotor. Cross sections of the wake at 450 intervals in azimuth angle as determined from the path of the tip vortex are presented graphically for all three cases. The nondimensional normal component of the induced velocity that is associated with the tip vortex as determined by an electromagnetic analog at 450 increments in azimuth position and at the blade feathering axis is presented graphically. It is shown that the mean value of this component of the induced velocity is appreciably less after tuck-under than before. It is concluded that this method yields results of engineering accuracy and is a very useful means of studying vortex fields.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-458 , W-143
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The results of a survey of the flight conditions experienced by three military helicopters engaged in simulated and actual military missions, and a commercial helicopter operated in the mountainous terrain surrounding Denver, CO, are presented. The data, obtained with NASA helicopter VGHN recorders, represent 813 flights or 359 flying hours, and are compared where applicable to previous survey results. The current survey results show that none of the helicopters exceeded the maximum design airspeed. One military helicopter, used for instrument flight training, never exceeded 70 percent of its maximum design airspeed. The rates of climb and descent utilized by the IFR training helicopter and of the mountain-based helicopter were generally narrowly distributed within all the airspeed ranges. The number of landings per hour for all four of the helicopters ranged from 1.6 to 3.3. The turbine-engine helicopter experienced more frequent normal-acceleration increments above a threshold of +/-0.4g (where g is acceleration due to gravity) than the mountain-based helicopter, but the mountain-based helicopter experienced acceleration increments of greater magnitude. Limited rotor rotational speed time histories showed that all the helicopters were operated at normal rotor speeds during all flight conditions.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-432 , L-1157
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: A semiempirical analysis of the equation for incompressible fluctuations in a turbulent fluid, using similarity relations for round subsonic jets with uniform exit velocity, is used to predict the shape of the time-averaged fluctuation-pressure distribution along the mean-velocity boundary of jets. The predicted distribution is independent of distance downstream of the nozzle exit along the mixing region, inversely proportional to the distance downstream along the region of mean-velocity self-preservation, and proportional to the inverse square of the distance downstream along the fully developed region. Experimental results were in fair agreement with the theory. However, the measured fluctuation-pressure distributions were found to be very sensitive to changes in jet temperature and jet-nozzle profile, especially near the nozzle. These factors are not included in the theory. Increased jet temperatures produce increased pressure fluctuations and violation of similarity conditions. Nozzle-profile modifications may lead to violation of the uniform-exit-velocity requirement imposed in the theory.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-468 , E-780
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The sonic-wedge characteristics method has been used to obtain the shock shapes and surface pressure distributions on several blunt two-dimensional shapes in a hypersonic stream for several values of the ratio of specific heats. These shapes include the blunt slab at angle of attack and power profiles of the form yb = a)P, where 0 les than m less than 1, Yb and x are coordinates of the body surface, and a is a constant. These numerical results have been compared with the results of blast-wave theory, and methods of predicting the pressure distributions and shock shapes are proposed in each case. The effects of a free-stream conical-flow gradient on the pressure distribution on a blunt slab in hypersonic flow were investigated by the sonic-wedge characteristics method and were found to be sizable in many cases. Procedures which are satisfactory for reducing pressure data obtained in conical flows with small gradients are presented.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-408 , L-897
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: An investigation has been made in the Langley 16-foot transonic tunnel to determine the effect of body-mounted lateral controls and speed brakes on the aerodynamic load distribution over a swept wing. The lateral controls and speed brakes consisted of flat plates which rotated out of the side of the fuselage, were approximately perpendicular to the wing chord plane, and extended either above or below the chord plane. The wing had 45 deg sweep of the quarter-chord line, an aspect ratio of 3, a taper ratio of0.2, and 4-percent-thick airfoil section. Data were obtained at Mach numbers of 0.80, 0.94, and 0.98 fir angels of attack that usually ranged from about 0 deg to 21 deg. The results show that at the higher angles of attack a lower-surface body-mounted lateral control located along the wing trailing edge had higher effectiveness than a similar upper-surface control. Reduction in span from 0.3 to 0.2 of the wing semispan of an upper-surface body-mounted lateral control located along the wing trailing edge resulted in a less than proportiona1,change in control effectiveness.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA/TN-D-522 , L-789
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: It is shown that adequate means are available for calculating inviscid direct and induced pressures on simple axisymmetric bodies at zero angle of attack. The extent to which viscous effects can alter these predictions is indicated. It is also shown that inviscid induced pressures can significantly affect the stability of blunt, two-dimensional flat wings at low angles of attack. However, at high angles of attack, the inviscid induced pressure effects are negligible.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-449 , L-1051
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: Convective heat-transfer tests were made on a 5-inch-diameter hemisphere to determine the variation of Stanton number with the ratio of wall temperature to total temperature. The tests were made at a nominal Mach number of 2 for stagnation temperatures of 760 deg R, 1,030 deg R, and 1,380 deg R. The model was constructed so that radiation effects and also streamwise conduction effects within the model skin were minimized. The results of the tests verified that these effects were small. Tests which were made with different masses of air inside the model to check for conduction effects to the internal air cavity showed these effects to be negligible. For laminar flow on the hemisphere, the Stanton number remained essentially constant as the ratio of wall temperature to total temperature increased. However, for fully established turbulent flow, the Stanton number at some stations decreased on the order of 50 percent as the ratio of wall temperature to total temperature increased. A theory which agreed fairly well with the trend of this decrease is shown for comparison.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-399 , L-463
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: An experimental investigation has been made in the Langley highspeed hydrodynamics facility to determine the force and moment characteristics of two hydrofoils (one having an aspect ratio of 1 and the other having an aspect ratio of 3) designed to have improved lift-drag ratios when operating under either supercavitating or ventilated conditions. Measurements were made of lift, drag, and pitching moment over a range of angles of attack from 40 to 200 for depths of submersion varying from 0 to approximately 1 chord. The range of speed for the investigation was from 110 to 200 feet per second. When the upper surface of the hydrofoils was completely unwetted, the experimental values of lift and drag forces were in good agreement with the theoretical values obtained from the zero-cavitation-number theory. The theoretical values for minimum angle of attack for operation with the upper surface of the hydrofoil unwetted define the lower limits of angle of attack for which the experimental values of lift coefficient are either in agreement with or slightly greater than those predicted by theory.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-436 , L-913
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The hydrodynamic and aerodynamic characteristics of a model of a multijet water-based Mach 2.0 aircraft equipped with hydrofoils have been determined. Takeoff stability and spray characteristics were very good, and sufficient excess thrust was available for takeoff in approximately 32 seconds and 4,700 feet at a gross weight of 225,000 pounds. Longitudinal and lateral stability during smooth-water landings were good. Lateral stability was good during rough-water landings, but forward location of the hydrofoils or added pitch damping was required to prevent diving. Hydrofoils were found to increase the aerodynamic lift-curve slope and to increase the aerodynamic drag coefficient in the transonic speed range, and the maximum lift-drag ratio decreased from 7.6 to 7.2 at the cruise Mach number of 0.9. The hydrofoils provided an increment of positive pitching moment over the Mach number range of the tests (0.6 to 1.42) and reduced the effective dihedral and directional stability.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TM-X-191
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the heat-transfer characteristics of a hypersonic glide configuration having 79.5 deg of sweepback (measured in the plane of the leading edges) and 45 of dihedral. The tests were conducted at a nominal Mach number of 4.95 and a stagnation temperature of 400 F. The test-section unit Reynolds number was varied from 1.95 x 10(exp 6) to 12.24 x 10(exp 6) per foot. The results indicated that the laminar-flow heat-transfer rate to the lower surface of the model decreased as the distance from the ridge line increased except for thermocouples located near the semispan at an angle of attack of 00 with respect to the plane of the leading edges. The heat-transfer distribution (local heating rate relative to the ridge-line heating rate) was similar to the theoretical heat-transfer distribution for a two-dimensional blunt body, if the ridge line was assumed to be the stagnation line, and could be predicted by this theory provided a modified Newtonian pressure distribution was used. Except in the vicinity of the apex, the ridge-line heat-transfer rate could also be predicted from two-dimensional blunt-body heat-transfer theory provided it was assumed that the stagnation-line heat-transfer rate varied as the cosine of the effective sweep (sine of the angle of attack of the ridge line). The heat-transfer level on the lower surface and the nondimensional heat-transfer distribution around the body on the lower surface were in qualitative agreement with the results of a geometric study of highly swept delta wings with large positive dihedrals made in reference 1.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TM-X-247
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The results are presented for a flight test program using a fighter type jet aircraft flying at pressure altitudes of 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 feet at Mach numbers from 0.3 to 0.8. Specially designed apparatus was used to measure and record the output of microphones and hot-wire anemometers mounted on the forward-fuselage section and wing of the airplane. Mean-velocity profiles in the boundary layers were obtained from total-pressure measurements. The ratio of the root-mean-square fluctuating wall pressure to the free-stream dynamic pressure is presented as a function of Reynolds number and Mach number. The longitudinal component of the turbulent-velocity fluctuations was measured, and the turbulence-intensity profiles are presented for the wing and forward-fuselage section. In general, the results are in agreement with wind-tunnel measurements which have been-reported in the literature. For example, the variation the square root of p(sup 2)/q times the square root of p(sup 2) is the root mean square of the wall-pressure fluctuation, and q is the free-stream dynamic pressure) with Reynolds number was found to be essentially constant for the forward-fuselage-section boundary layer, while variations at the wing station were probably unduly affected by the microphone diameter (5/8 in.), which was large compared with the boundary-layer thickness.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-280
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2019-08-15
    Description: The laminar compressible boundary layer in the two-dimensional and axisymmetric stagnation regions has been analyzed to show the effects of the injection of a radiation absorbing foreign gas on an incident radiation field, and on the enthalpy profiles across the boundary layer. Total heat transfer to the stagnation region is evaluated for numerous cases and the results are compared with the no shielding case. Required absorption properties of the foreign gas are determined and compared with properties of known gases.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-329
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: The spatial characteristics of a spray formed by two impinging water jets in quiescent air were studied over a range of nominal jet velocities of 30 to 74 feet per second. The total included angle between the 0.089-inch jets was 90 deg. The jet velocity, spray velocity, disappearance of the ligaments just before drop formation, mass distribution, and size and position of the largest drops were measured in a circumferential survey around the point of jet impingement. Photographic techniques were used in the evaluations. The distance from the point of jet impingement to ligament breakup into drops was about 4 inches on the spray axis and about 1.3 inches in the radial position +/-90 deg from the axis. The distance tended to increase slightly with increase in jet velocity. The spray velocity varied from about 99 to about 72 percent of the jet velocity for a change in circumferential position from the spray axis to the +/-80 deg positions. The percentages tended to increase slightly with an increase in jet velocity. Fifty percent of the mass was distributed about the spray axis in an included angle of slightly less than 40 deg. The effect of jet velocity was small. The largest observed drops (2260-micron or 0.090-in. diam.) were found on and about the spray axis. The size of the largest drops decreased for an increase in radial angular position, being about 1860 microns (0.074 in.) at the +/-90 deg positions. The largest drop sizes tended to decrease for an increase in jet velocity, although the velocity effect was small. A drop-size distribution analysis indicated a mass mean drop size equal to 54 percent of an extrapolated maximum drop size.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-301 , E-419
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: The results are reported of hot-wire anemometer measurements of the fluctuating longitudinal component of the turbulent velocities in the mean flow downstream of screens in an air jet. These measurements have been analyzed by well-established techniques to give the influence of tile screen mesh size on the turbulent intensity, scale, and the power-spectral-density. The results show a linear dependence of the intensity upon the screen mesh size for locations within the central core of the air jet. The spectral-density curves show that the screens redistribute the turbulent energy from the low frequencies (〈1000 cps) to the high frequencies (〉1000 cps). The effects of the screens are overwhelmed in the mixing region of the jet flow by the turbulence levels existing there. The large pressure drops occurring across the screens reduce the velocity of the jet as compared to the jet without screens by approximately one-third for the velocity and range of mesh sizes investigated and reported in this report. The turbulence scale is a linear function of distance from the nozzle exit and is somewhat greater than comparable jets without screens.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-297 , E-798
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: Measurements of the location of boundary-layer transition and the local heat transfer have been made on 2-inch-diameter hemispheres in the Langley gas dynamics laboratory at a Mach number of 4.95, a Reynolds number per foot of 73.2 x 10(exp 6), and a stagnation temperature of approximately 400 F. The transient-heating thin-skin calorimeter technique was used, and the initial values of the wall-to-stream stagnation- temperature ratios were 0.16 (cold-model tests) and 0.65 (hot-model test). During two of the four cold tests, the boundary-layer flow changed from turbulent to laminar over large regions of the hemisphere as the model heated. On the basis of a detailed consideration of the magnitude of roughness possibly present during these two cold tests, it appears that this destabilizing effect of low wall temperatures (cooling) was not caused by roughness as a dominant influence. This idea of a decrease in boundary-layer stability with cooling has been previously suggested. (See, for example, NASA Memorandum 10-8-58E.) For the laminar data obtained during the early part of the hot test, the correlation of the local-heating data with laminar theory was excellent.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-391 , L-752
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: Results are presented of a wind-tunnel investigation of the longitudinal stability, control, and performance characteristics of a model of a four-propeller deflected-slipstream VTOL airplane in the transition speed range. These results indicate that steady level-flight transition and descending flight-path angles up to 7 or 8 deg. out of the region of ground effect can be accomplished without wing stall being encountered. In general, the pitching moments out of ground proximity can be adequately trimmed by programming the stabilizer incidence to increase with increasing flap deflection, except for a relatively large diving moment in the hovering condition. The deflection of the slipstream onto the horizontal tail in proximity of the ground substantially increases the diving moment in hovering, unless the tail is set at a large nosedown incidence.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-248 , L-735
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: A preliminary investigation of the aerodynamic and control characteristics of a flexible glider similar to a parachute in construction has been made at the Langley Research Center to evaluate its capabilities as a reentry glider. Preliminary weight estimates of the proposed vehicle indicate that such a structure can be made with extremely low wing loading. Maximum temperatures during the reentry maneuver might be held as low as about 1,500 F. The results of wind-tunnel and free-glide tests show that the glider when constructed of nonporous material performed extremely well at subsonic speeds and could be flown at angles of attack from about 200 to 900. At supersonic speeds the wing showed none of the unfavorable tendencies exhibited by conventional parachutes at these speeds, such as squidding and breathing. Several methods of packing and deploying the glider have been successfully demonstrated. The results of this study indicate that this flexible-lifting-surface concept may provide a lightweight controllable paraglider for manned space vehicles.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-443 , L-827
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: The problem of noise suppression of turbojet engines has shown a need for turbulence data within the flow field of various types of nozzles used in ad hoc investigations of the sound power. The result of turbulence studies in a nozzle configuration of four parallel rectangular slots is presented in this report with special attention to the effect of the spacing of the nozzles on the intensity of turbulence, scale of turbulence, spectrum of turbulence, and the mean stream velocity. Taylor's hypothesis, which describes the convection of the turbulence eddies, was tested and found correct within experimental error and certain experimental and theoretical limitations. The convection of the pressure patterns was also investigated, and the value of the convection velocity was found to be about 0.43 times the central core velocity of the jets. The effect of the spacing-to-width ratio of the nozzles upon the turbulence intensity, the scale of turbulence, and the spectral distribution of the noise was found in general to produce a maximum change for spacing-to-width ratios of 1.5 to 2.0. These changes may be the cause of the reduction in sound power reported for similar full-scale nozzles and test conditions under actual (static) engine operation. A noise reduction parameter is defined from Lighthill's theory which gives qualitative agreement with experiments which show the noise reduction is greatest for spacing-to-width ratios of 1.5 to 2.0.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-294 , E-384
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
    Description: A full-scale wind-tunnel test was conducted of two boundary-layer-control applications to a 44-foot diameter helicopter rotor. Blowing from a nozzle near the leading edge of the blades delayed retreating blade stall. Results also indicated that delay of retreating blade stall could be obtained by cyclic blowing with a lower flow rate than that required for continuous blowing. It was found that blowing applied through a nozzle at mid-chord had no effect on retreating blade stall.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer
    Type: NASA-TN-D-335 , A-380
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  • 55
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    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2019-12-11
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NASA-TN-D-423
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  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 57
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 137-137 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 144-144 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 59
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 176-179 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 60
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 156-162 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Anodic and cathodic polarisation phenomena with the inhibition of the acid corrosion of ironIt is shown that the inhibitors are primarily adsorbed or chemically fixed by the local anodes, and only later by the local cathodes. These phenomena are exclusively governed by the energy conditions on the metal surface, and not by the sign of the inhibitor particles. The adsorption takes place in two phases as it were. Good inhibitors show, apart from higher ohmic resistances, stronger anodic and cathodic polarisations. If the adsorption happens to take place, predominantly, at the local anode, the inhibiting effects and film resistances are lower. A high film resistance is always associated with a stronger cathodic polarisation. Poor inhibitors do not survive the first phase of adsorption to the local anodes. With good inhibitors, however, this phase is overcome very soon, and even with very low concentrations of approx. 0.01 gram per litre and over. The phenomena at the local anode are retarded by the blocking of the active centres whilst those at the local cathode are slowed down or arrested by a coherent layer of the inhibitor of higher ohmic resistance.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß die Inhibitoren primär an den Lokalanoden und dann erst an den Lokalkathoden adsorbiert oder chemisorbiert werden. Für diese Vorgänge sind nur die energetischen Verhältnisse an der Metalloberfläche, nicht aber der Ladungssinn der Inhibitionsteilchen maßgeblich. Die Adsorption geht gleichsam in zwei Stufen vor sich. Gute Inhibitoren zeigen neben höheren Ohmschen Widerstdänden auch stärkere anodische und kathodische Polarisationen. Erfolgt die Adsorption vorwiegend an der Lokalanode, dann treten nur niedrige Hemmungswirkungen und Filmwiderstände auf. Einem hohen Filmwiderstand entspricht stets auch eine stärkere kathodische Polarisation. Schlechte Inhibitoren kommen über das erste Stadium der Adsorption an den Lokalanoden nicht hinaus, bei guten wird dieses Stadium jedoch bald und bereits bei sehr niedrigen Konzentrationen von mehr als etwa 0,01 g/l überschritten. Die Vorgänge an der Lokalanode werden durch Blockierung der aktiven Zentren gehemmt, während jene an der Lokalkathode durch eine zusammenhängende Schicht des Inhibitors höheren Ohmschen Widerstandes verlangsamt oder zum Stillstand gebracht werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 192-197 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 228-229 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 237-238 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 255-255 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 256-256 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 263-264 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 265-269 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Aluminum use in refineries is increasingThe acceptance of aluminum in petroleum refinery construction is growing rapidly. Main reason for this development is the excellent resistance of aluminum to corrosion in situations frequently encountered in refinery practice. Other reasons for the metal's growing popularity are found in its low unit weight, low cost per unit volume and various secondary physical properties. A survey is provided of the corrosion behavior of aluminum in refinery processes and information is given on the composition and forms of aluminum alloys which are of primary importance in petroleum processing service. Comparative economics of aluminum and carbon steel are provided for some typical refinery applications and various successful areas for the use of aluminum-built process equipment are reported, from actual commercial practice.
    Notes: Der Verbrauch von Aluminium in Erdölraffinationsanlagen ist stark ansteigend. Einer der wichtigsten Gründe für diese Entwicklung ist die Korrosionsbeständigkeit des Aluminiums gerade unter den Bedingungen, die in der Praxis der Erdöraffination häufig auftreten. Als weitere Gründe für die zunehmende Verwendung sind das niedrige spezifische Gewicht, die niedrigen Kosten je Volumeneinheit und verschiendene physikalische Eigenschaften zu nennen. In einem Überblick werden die Korrosionseigenschaften des Aluminiums in Raffinationsprozessen beschrieben und die Zusammensetzungen und Formen derjenigen Aluminiumlegierungen angegeben, die für die Raffinationsprozesse am wichtigsten sind. Für einige typische Beispiele von Raffinationsanlagen sind die Kosten für die Ausführung in Stahl und in Aluminium zum Vergleich aufgestellt. Weiterhin wird unter dem Gesichtspunkt aktueller Geschäftspraxis von verschiedenen, erfolgreichen Anwendungsgebieten des Aluminiums im Bau von Raffinationisanlagen berichtet.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 298-305 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 318-322 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 28-33 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion phenomena in electrolytic condensers, and their causesA breakdown and failure of an electrolytic condenser with aluminium electrodes is mainly attributable to corrosion phenomena. These are initiated by the presence of certain cations and anions which may already be present in the raw materials, or may have entered the condenser during the manufacturing process. Compared with aluminium corrosion under normal conditions, the corrosion effect is increased by the prevailing potentials. Moreover, the formation of the 'filter layer' formed by the dielectric in the electrolytic condenser is liable to be disturbed by the slightest impurities in the electrolyte. These phenomena can be avoided by using tantalum anodes and a solid electrolyte.
    Notes: Für den Ausfall und das Versagen eines Elektrolytkondensators mit Aluminiumelektroden sind vorwiegend Korrosionserscheinungen verantwortlich. Sie werden durch die Anwesenheit bestimmter Kationen und Anionen eingeleitet. Diese können bereits in den Ausgangsmaterialien vorhanden sein oder während des Fertigungsprozesses in den Kondensator gelangen. Die Wirkungen werden gegenüber des Angriffs des Aluminiums unter normalen Bedingungen durch die herrschenden Spannungsverhältnisse vergrößert. Ferner wird die Ausbildung der Ventilschicht, die das Dielektrikum im Elektrolytkondensator darstellt, durch geringste Elektrolytverunreinigungen gestört. Die beschriebene Erscheinungen lassen sich durch Anwendung von Tantalanoden und eines festen Elektrolyten umgehen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 48-52 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 57-60 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 124-126 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 527-528 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960) 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 529-547 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Progress and experience in the use of corrosion-resistant steelsThis report surveys the different categories of corrosion-resistant steels, taking into account the development during recent years, and experience in application, especially in respect of corrosion properties.First, some cases of corrosion damage encountered on low-Carbon chromium steels with 13 and 17 pC Cr are described where, according to previous knowledge of the properties of these steels, such damage was hardly to be expected and is therefore deserving of special interest.This is followed by a brief survey of the technological properties and corrosion behaviour of high-temperature resistant and age-hardening steels which have played a particularly important part in recent developments. Particulars are given concerning the influence of sustained temperature stresses on the proneness of heat-resistant austentitic steels to intercrystalline corrosion and tension crack corrosion.As far as austenitic Cr-Mn-Ni steels are concerned, particular attention is paid to low-temperature properties and to sensitivity to tension crack corrosion. These steels, originally developed during the war, are again attracting interest.In conclusion, some data are given concerning the suitability of electrodes with high nickel contents for the welding of ferritic and austenitic steel.
    Notes: In diesem Bericht wird ein Überblick über die einzelnen Gruppen der korrosionsbeständigen Stähle gegeben unter Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung der letzten Jahre und der Erfahrungen in der Anwendung, besonders im Hinblick auf die Korrosionseigenschaften.Zunächst wird auf einige Korrosionsschäden an niedriggekohlten 13- und 17%igen Cr-Stählen eingegangen, die nach den bisherigen Kenntnissen der Eigenschaften dieser Stähle nicht ohne weiteres zu erwarten waren und daher Interesse verdienen.In Bezug auf hochwarmfeste und aushärtbare Stähle, die in den letzten Jahren im Brennpunkt der Entwicklung standen, werden nach einer kurzen Übersicht die technologischen Eigenschaften und das Korrosionsverhalten erörtert. Über den Einfluß der Dauertemperaturbeanspruchung auf die Anfälligkeit der warmfesten austenitischen Stähle zu interkristalliner Korrosion und Spannungsrißkorrosion werden Angaben gemacht.Über austenitische Cr-Mn-Ni-Stähle wird vor allem im Hinblick auf Tieftemperatureigenschaften und der Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Spannungsrißkorrosion berichtet; diese in den Kriegsjahren entwickelten Stähle finden neuerdings wieder Beachtung.Abschließend werden noch Angaben gemacht über die Eignung von hochnickelhaltigen Elektroden zum Verschweißen von ferritischem mit austenitischem Stahl.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 571-574 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 396-396 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 399-400 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 461-463 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 488-488 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 551-551 
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    Description / Table of Contents: A new nickel alloy prevents corrosion by hot sulphuric acidsThe new alloy here described is the first material which has been found to be proof against corrosion by hot sulphuric acid within wide concentration ranges. The composition of this material, expressed in mean values, is a follows:Ni = 55%, Cr = 28%, Cu = 5,5%, Mn = 1,25%, Fe = 1,0% and C = 0,05%.Any variation in these percentage shares of the different alloy constituents will also affect the corrosion resistance of the alloy.The present report discusses the new alloys Illium G, Alloy 20 and Illium 98, their composition, and their resistance values which are tabulated.
    Notes: Die beschriebene neue Legierung ist das erste Material welches in weiten Konzentrationsbereichen gegen heiße Schwefelsäure beständig ist. Die Zusammensetzung dieses neuen Werkstoffes ist (Mittelwerte):Ni = 55%, Cr = 28%, Cu = 5,5%, Mn = 1,25%, Fe = 1,0% und C = 0,05%.Änderungen in diesen Anteilen der einzelnen Legierungskomponenten verändern auch gleichzeitig die Korrosionsbeständigkeit der Legierung.In dem Bericht werden die neuen Legierungen Illium G, Legierung 20 und Illium 98 besprochen, ihre Zusammensetzungen gegeben und die Beständigkeitswerte in einer Tabelle dargestellt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 1-17 
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    Description / Table of Contents: On the causes and progress of aggression due to the attack of corrosive waters on cement mortar and concrete (Second Communication)This Second Communication contains a report about the comparative evaluation and interpretation of long-time tests with concrete made with Portland cement and blast furnace cement, and about analytical investigations after storage in corrosive media. These investigations have proved the decisive importance of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the Portland cement and of the setting and hardening processes in the mortar bed. In view of the agreement between the results obtained on the strength of different bases, the knowledge gained from these investigations can be regarded as a contribution, of general validity, to the clarification of the causes and processes of the aggression of corrosive waters on cement mortar and concrete. As a result, it is possible to draw certain fundamental conclusions which have a bearing on cement theory and concrete technology.
    Notes: In der II. Mitteilung wird über die vergleichende Auswertung und Deutung von Langzeitversuchen mit Beton aus Portlandzement und Hochofenzement und von analytischen Untersuchungen bei Einlagerung in aggressive Medien berichtet, durch die es gelungen ist, die entscheidende Bedeutung der chemischen und mineralogischen Zusammensetzung des Portlandzementes und der Hydrations- und Erhärtungsvorgänge im Mörtelbett nachzuweisen. Im Hinblick auf die Übereinstimmung der Untersuchungsergebnisse der verschiedenen Auswertungsunterlagen sind die Erkenntnisse, die dadurch gewonnen werden konnten, ein allgemeingültiger Beitrag zur Aufklärung der Ursachen und des Verlaufs der Aggression bei Einwirkung angreifender Wässer auf Zementmörtel und Beton, aus dem sich grundlegende zementtheoretische und betontechnologische Schlußfolgerungen ergeben.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 40-42 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 46-48 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 65-68 
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    Description / Table of Contents: The ferr oxyl tesAll solutions containing potassium ferricyanide and sodium chloride cause pitcorrosion on nickel coatings. With constant sodium chloride content, the corrosion attack is the stronger the higher the ferricyanide content, and the higher the temperature of the solution.With thin nickel coatings, the ferroxyl test provides so many blue spots that there is no longer any point in counting them. From 12 m̈ Ni onwards, mustard yellow spots are encountered which must be interpreted as products of the ferricyanidel nickel reaction. If exposed to the solution for a longer period, these spots become blue.The ferroxyl test is thus not suited for determining the porosity of Ni coatings. Its usefulness as a corrosion test is impaired by the fact that the test is difficult to reproduce. Even if the test conditions are laid down in great detail, the results obtained by different observers vary greatly.
    Notes: Sämtliche Kaliumferricyanid und Natriumchlorid enthaltende Lösungen greifen Nickelüberzüge lochfraßartig an. Bei gleichgehaltenem Gehalt an Natriumchlorid ist der Angriff umso stärker, je höher der Ferricyanidgehalt und je höber die Temperatur der Lösung ist.Bei dünnen Nickelüberzügen findet man durch die Ferroxylprüfung so zahlreiche blaue Flecken, daß die Auszählung nicht mehr sinnvoll ist. Ab 12 m̈ Ni treten senfgelbe Flecken auf, die als Produkt der Einwirkung des Ferricyanides auf Ni zu deuten sind. Bei längerer Einwirkung der Lösung verwandeln sie sich in blaue Flecken.Die Ferroxylprobe ist also zur Bestimmung der Porigkeit von Ni-Überzügen ungeeignet. Ihrer Anwendung als Korrosionsprobe steht die sehr schlechte Reproduzierbarkeit entgegen. Auch bei weitgehender Festlegung der Versuchsbedingungen weichen die Ergebnisse verschiedener Beobachter stark voneinander ab.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 191-192 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 216-219 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 220-223 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 238-241 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 255-255 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 329-330 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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