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  • Articles  (2,917)
  • 2000-2004  (2,377)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (540)
  • 1930-1934
  • 2004  (2,377)
  • 1960  (540)
  • Technology  (2,917)
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  • Articles  (2,917)
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  • 2000-2004  (2,377)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (540)
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ADVANCES IN QUANTITATIVE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM ANALYSIS METHODS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 453-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) plays a significant role in EEG-based clinical diagnosis and studies of brain function. In past decades, various qEEG methods have been extensively studied. This article provides a detailed review of the advances in this field. qEEG methods are generally classified into linear and nonlinear approaches. The traditional qEEG approach is based on spectrum analysis, which hypothesizes that the EEG is a stationary process. EEG signals are nonstationary and nonlinear, especially in some pathological conditions. Various time-frequency representations and time-dependent measures have been proposed to address those transient and irregular events in EEG. With regard to the nonlinearity of EEG, higher order statistics and chaotic measures have been put forward. In characterizing the interactions across the cerebral cortex, an information theory-based measure such as mutual information is applied. To improve the spatial resolution, qEEG analysis has also been combined with medical imaging technology (e.g., CT, MR, and PET). With these advances, qEEG plays a very important role in basic research and clinical studies of brain injury, neurological disorders, epilepsy, sleep studies and consciousness, and brain function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.5.040202.121601
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FLUID MECHANICS OF HEART VALVES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 331-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Valvular heart disease is a life-threatening disease that afflicts millions of people worldwide and leads to approximately 250,000 valve repairs and/or replacements each year. Malfunction of a native valve impairs its efficient fluid mechanic/hemodynamic performance. Artificial heart valves have been used since 1960 to replace diseased native valves and have saved millions of lives. Unfortunately, despite four decades of use, these devices are less than ideal and lead to many complications. Many of these complications/problems are directly related to the fluid mechanics associated with the various mechanical and bioprosthetic valve designs. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art experimental and computational fluid mechanics of native and prosthetic heart valves in current clinical use. The fluid dynamic performance characteristics of caged-ball, tilting-disc, bileaflet mechanical valves and porcine and pericardial stented and nonstented bioprostheic valves are reviewed. Other issues related to heart valve performance, such as biomaterials, solid mechanics, tissue mechanics, and durability, are not addressed in this review.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140111
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOMATERIALS: Where We Have Been and Where We are Going (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 41-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Since its inception just over a half century ago, the field of biomaterials has seen a consistent growth with a steady introduction of new ideas and productive branches. This review describes where we have been, the state of the art today, and where we might be in 10 or 20 years. Herein, we highlight some of the latest advancements in biomaterials that aim to control biological responses and ultimately heal. This new generation of biomaterials includes surface modification of materials to overcome nonspecific protein adsorption in vivo, precision immobilization of signaling groups on surfaces, development of synthetic materials with controlled properties for drug and cell carriers, biologically inspired materials that mimic natural processes, and design of sophisticated three-dimensional (3-D) architectures to produce well-defined patterns for diagnostics, e.g., biological microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMs), and tissue engineering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140027
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGING AND BIOENGINEERING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.062403.131947
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF THE VASCULAR TREE IN THE HUMAN RETINA (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 427-452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The retinal circulation of the normal human retinal vasculature is statistically self-similar and fractal. Studies from several groups present strong evidence that the fractal dimension of the blood vessels in the normal human retina is approximately 1.7. This is the same fractal dimension that is found for a diffusion-limited growth process, and it may have implications for the embryological development of the retinal vascular system. The methods of determining the fractal dimension for branching trees are reviewed together with proposed models for the optimal formation (Murray Principle) of the branching vascular tree in the human retina and the branching pattern of the human bronchial tree. The limitations of fractal analysis of branching biological structures are evaluated. Understanding the design principles of branching vascular systems and the human bronchial tree may find applications in tissue and organ engineering, i.e., bioartificial organs for both liver and kidney.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140100
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BIOMATERIALS: Where We Have Been and Where We are Going (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 41-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Since its inception just over a half century ago, the field of biomaterials has seen a consistent growth with a steady introduction of new ideas and productive branches. This review describes where we have been, the state of the art today, and where we might be in 10 or 20 years. Herein, we highlight some of the latest advancements in biomaterials that aim to control biological responses and ultimately heal. This new generation of biomaterials includes surface modification of materials to overcome nonspecific protein adsorption in vivo, precision immobilization of signaling groups on surfaces, development of synthetic materials with controlled properties for drug and cell carriers, biologically inspired materials that mimic natural processes, and design of sophisticated three-dimensional (3-D) architectures to produce well-defined patterns for diagnostics, e.g., biological microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMs), and tissue engineering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140027
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TISSUE GROWTH AND REMODELING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 77-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The growth and remodeling of a tissue depends on certain features in the history of its mechanical environment as well as its genetic makeup. The mechanical environment influences the tissue's developing morphology, the process of simply increasing the size of existing morphological structures, and the formation of the proteins of which the tissue is constructed. The relationships between genetic information, various epigenetic mechanisms and tissue development are discussed. The developmental growth and remodeling of most structural tissues are enhanced by the use of those tissues and retarded by their disuse. The mechanical or mathematical modeling of tissue growth and development using cellular automata models and continuum mechanical models is reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140250
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OPTICAL PROJECTION TOMOGRAPHY (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 209-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Optical projection tomography is a new approach for three-dimensional (3-D) imaging of small biological specimens. It fills an imaging gap between MRI and confocal microscopy, being most suited to specimens that are from 1 to 10 mm across. The tomographic principles of optical projection tomography (OPT) are explained, its most important applications in biomedical research explored, and comparisons drawn of its pros and cons compared to a number of alternative imaging technologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140210
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGING AND BIOENGINEERING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.062403.131947
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENGINEERING SYNTHETIC VECTORS FOR IMPROVED DNA DELIVERY: Insights from Intracellular Pathways (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 397-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Significant progress has been made in the area of nonviral gene delivery to date. Yet, synthetic vectors remain less efficient by orders of magnitude than their viral counterparts. Research continues toward unraveling and overcoming various barriers to the efficient delivery of DNA, whether in plasmid form encoding a gene or as an oligonucleotide for the selective inhibition of target gene expression. Novel components for overcoming these hurdles are continually being incorporated into the design of synthetic vectors, leading to increasingly more virus-like particles. Despite these advances, general principles defining the design of synthetic vectors are yet to be developed fully. A more quantitative analysis of the cellular uptake and intracellular processing of these vectors is required for the rational manipulation of vector design. Mathematical frameworks with a more conceptual basis will help obtain an integrated perspective on these complex systems. In this review, we critically examine the progress made toward the improved design of synthetic vectors by the strategic exploitation of intracellular mechanisms and explore newer possibilities to overcome obstacles in the practical realization of this field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140203
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TISSUE ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF THERAPEUTIC CLONING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 27-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Few treatment options are available for patients suffering from diseased and injured organs because of a severe shortage of donor organs available for transplantation. Therapeutic cloning, where the nucleus from a donor cell is transferred into an enucleated oocyte in order to extract pluripotent embryonic stem cells, offers a potentially limitless source of cells for replacement therapy. Scientists in the field of tissue engineering apply the principles of cell transplantation, material science, and engineering to construct biological substitutes that will restore and maintain normal function in diseased and injured tissues. The present chapter reviews recent advances that have occurred in therapeutic cloning and tissue engineering and describes applications of these new technologies that may offer novel therapies for patients with end-stage organ failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.012204.115707
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BREAST TISSUE ENGINEERING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 109-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Tissue engineering has the potential to redefine rehabilitation for the breast cancer patient by providing a translatable strategy that restores the postmastectomy breast mound while concomitantly obviating limitations realized with contemporary reconstructive surgery procedures. The engineering design goal is to provide a sufficient volume of viable fat tissue based on a patient's own cells such that deficits in breast volume can be abrogated. To be sure, adipose tissue engineering is in its infancy, but tremendous strides have been made. Numerous studies attest to the feasibility of adipose tissue engineering. The field is now poised to challenge barriers to clinical translation that are germane to most tissue engineering applications, namely scale-up, large animal model development, and vascularization. The innovative and rapid progress of adipose engineering to date, as well as opportunities for its future growth, is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140032
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FUNCTIONAL EFFICACY OF TENDON REPAIR PROCESSES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 303-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Despite various attempts to repair and replace injured tendon, an understanding of the repair processes and a systematic approach to achieving functional efficacy remain elusive. In this review the epidemiology of tendon injury and repair is first examined. Using a traditional paradigm for repair assessment, the biology and biomechanics of normal tendon, natural healing, and repair are then explored. New treatment strategies such as functional tissue engineering are discussed, including a functional approach to treatment that involves the development of in vivo functional design parameters to judge the acceptability of a repair outcome. The paper concludes with future directions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140240
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TISSUE ENGINEERING OF LIGAMENTS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 131-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Tissue engineering is emerging as a significant clinical option to address tissue and organ failure by implanting biological substitutes for the compromised tissues. As compared to the transplantation of cells alone, engineered tissues offer the potential advantage of immediate functionality. Engineered tissues can also serve as physiologically relevant models for controlled studies of cells and tissues designed to distinguish the effects of specific signals from the complex milieu of factors present in vivo. A high number of ligament failures and the lack of adequate options to fully restore joint functions have prompted the need to develop new tissue engineering strategies. We discuss the requirements for ligament reconstruction, the available treatment options and their limitations, and then focus on the tissue engineering of ligaments. One representative tissue engineering system involving the integrated use of adult human stem cells, custom-designed scaffolds, and advanced bioreactors with dynamic loading is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140037
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MICRO-COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY-CURRENT STATUS AND DEVELOPMENTS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 185-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The recent rapid increase in interest in tomographic imaging of small animals and of human (and large animal) organ biopsies is driven largely by drug discovery, cancer detection/monitoring, phenotype identification and/or characterization, and development of disease detection methods and monitoring efficacies of drugs in disease treatment. In biomedical applications, micro-computed tomography (CT) scanners can function as scaled-down (i.e., mini) clinical CT scanners that provide a three-dimensional (3-D) image of most, if not the entire, torso of a mouse at image resolution (50-100 mum) scaled proportional to that of a human CT image. Micro-CT scanners, on the other hand, image specimens the size of intact rodent organs at spatial resolutions from cellular (20 mum) down to subcellular dimensions (e.g., 1 mum) and fill the resolution-hiatus between microscope imaging, which resolves individual cells in thin sections of tissue, and mini-CT imaging of intact volumes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140130
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR MACHINES (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 363-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Molecular machines are tiny energy conversion devices on the molecular-size scale. Whether naturally occurring or synthetic, these machines are generally more efficient than their macroscale counterparts. They have their own mechanochemistry, dynamics, workspace, and usability and are composed of nature's building blocks: namely proteins, DNA, and other compounds, built atom by atom. With modern scientific capabilities it has become possible to create synthetic molecular devices and interface them with each other. Countless such machines exist in nature, and it is possible to build artificial ones by mimicking nature. Here we review some of the known molecular machines, their structures, features, and characteristics. We also look at certain devices in their early development stages, as well as their future applications and challenges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140143
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ROBOTICS, MOTOR LEARNING, AND NEUROLOGIC RECOVERY (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 497-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Robotic devices are helping shed light on human motor control in health and injury. By using robots to apply novel force fields to the arm, investigators are gaining insight into how the nervous system models its external dynamic environment. The nervous system builds internal models gradually by experience and uses them in combination with impedance and feedback control strategies. Internal models are robust to environmental and neural noise, generalized across space, implemented in multiple brain regions, and developed in childhood. Robots are also being used to assist in repetitive movement practice following neurologic injury, providing insight into movement recovery. Robots can haptically assess sensorimotor performance, administer training, quantify amount of training, and improve motor recovery. In addition to providing insight into motor control, robotic paradigms may eventually enhance motor learning and rehabilitation beyond the levels possible with conventional training techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140223
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ADVANCES IN HIGH-FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 157-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Among advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the increase of the magnetic field strength is perhaps one of the most significant. The use of high magnetic fields for in vivo magnetic resonance is motivated by a number of considerations. Advantages are increases in signal-to-noise ratio, blood-oxygenation level-dependent contrast, and spectral resolution, while disadvantages include potential reduction of contrast in anatomic imaging owing to lengthening of T1 and effects of susceptibility of high fields. To address these challenges, technical advances have been made in various aspects of MRI, allowing high-field MRI to provide exquisite morphological and functional details in clinical and research settings. This review provides an overview of technical issues and applications of high-field MRI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140017
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MECHANICAL BIOEFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 229-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Ultrasound is used widely in medicine as both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Through both thermal and nonthermal mechanisms, ultrasound can produce a variety of biological effects in tissues in vitro and in vivo. This chapter provides an overview of the fundamentals of key nonthermal mechanisms for the interaction of ultrasound with biological tissues. Several categories of mechanical bioeffects of ultrasound are then reviewed to provide insight on the range of ultrasound bioeffects in vivo, the relevance of these effects to diagnostic imaging, and the potential application of mechanical bioeffects to the design of new therapeutic applications of ultrasound in medicine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140126
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OCULAR BIOMECHANICS AND BIOTRANSPORT (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 249-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The eye transduces light, and we usually do not think of it as a biomechanical structure. Yet it is actually a pressurized, thick-walled shell that has an internal and external musculature, a remarkably complex internal vascular system, dedicated fluid production and drainage tissues, and a variety of specialized fluid and solute transport systems. Biomechanics is particularly involved in accommodation (focusing near and far), as well as in common disorders such as glaucoma, macular degeneration, myopia, and presbyopia. In this review, we give a (necessarily brief) overview of many of the interesting biomechanical aspects of the eye, concluding with a list of open problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140055
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TISSUE GROWTH AND REMODELING (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 77-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: The growth and remodeling of a tissue depends on certain features in the history of its mechanical environment as well as its genetic makeup. The mechanical environment influences the tissue's developing morphology, the process of simply increasing the size of existing morphological structures, and the formation of the proteins of which the tissue is constructed. The relationships between genetic information, various epigenetic mechanisms and tissue development are discussed. The developmental growth and remodeling of most structural tissues are enhanced by the use of those tissues and retarded by their disuse. The mechanical or mathematical modeling of tissue growth and development using cellular automata models and continuum mechanical models is reviewed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140250
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    MECHANOTRANSDUCTION AT CELL-MATRIX AND CELL-CELL CONTACTS (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering 6 (2004), S. 275-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1523-9829
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Technology , Medicine
    Notes: Mechanical forces play an important role in the organization, growth, maturation, and function of living tissues. At the cellular level, many of the biological responses to external forces originate at two types of specialized microscale structures: focal adhesions that link cells to their surrounding extracellular matrix and adherens junctions that link adjacent cells. Transmission of forces from outside the cell through cell-matrix and cell-cell contacts appears to control the maturation or disassembly of these adhesions and initiates intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately alter many cellular behaviors. In response to externally applied forces, cells actively rearrange the organization and contractile activity of the cytoskeleton and redistribute their intracellular forces. Recent studies suggest that the localized concentration of these cytoskeletal tensions at adhesions is also a major mediator of mechanical signaling. This review summarizes the role of mechanical forces in the formation, stabilization, and dissociation of focal adhesions and adherens junctions and outlines how integration of signals from these adhesions over the entire cell body affects how a cell responds to its mechanical environment. This review also describes advanced optical, lithographic, and computational techniques for the study of mechanotransduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140040
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    The evaluation of vulnerability to flooding (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 323-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: From a systems perspective, vulnerability can be defined as the relationship between a purposive system and its environment, where that environment varies over time. Which environmental perturbations are significant therefore depends upon the objectives of the system as only those perturbations that can inhibit the achievement of these objectives are significant. That system must decide whether to adjust in advance to each potential perturbation or to rely upon a recovery path when that perturbation occurs. In each case, it must then decide upon the adjustment or recovery path to adopt. In particular, the basic resources available to a household are time and energy where the rates at which these can be directly or indirectly, through earning income, converted to consumption are crucial. Perturbations can reduce the energy available as well as reduce the efficiencies with which time and energy can be converted to income.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410556546
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  • 24
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    Spatial information technology in flood early warning systems: an overview of theory, application and latest developments in Malaysia (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 356-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Malaysia experiences a major flood event every three years due to the adverse effects of two monsoon seasons a year. Floods have thus become the most significant natural disaster in the country in terms of the population affected, frequency, aerial extent, financial cost and the disruption to socio-economic activities. Many previous flood control measures have had different levels of success but have generally had little effect in reducing the problem. However, it is now understood that it is neither possible nor desirable to control floods completely. Spatial information technology is thus being increasingly recognized as the most effective approach to flood disaster management. This paper reviews the spatial information technology in flood disaster management and its application in Malaysia. Some flood forecasting systems are discussed, along with their shortcomings. The paper discusses the framework of a proposed flood early warning system for the Langat river basin that operationally couples real-time NOAA-AVHRR data for quantitative precipitation forecasting with hydrologically oriented GIS and a MIKE11 hydrodynamic model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410568471
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    Risk assessment of accidental spills of toxic and flammable liquids on land (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 13-23 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The main objective of this paper is the assessment of the environmental impact due to accidental spills of toxic and flammable liquids on land. Different case studies of possible accidents in the State of Qatar were considered. An EPA-based dispersion model was utilized to estimate the size and location of the dangerous clouds generated by such spills at different elapsed times. Three case studies of possible accidents in the State of Qatar involving gasoline were considered. Due to the transient nature of the dispersion processes in the case studies, the results showed clearly the phenomenon of growth and decay of the generated dangerous clouds. An interface between the dynamic results of the dispersion software and the static data of the Qatar geographical information system (GIS) allowed the immediate identification of the major landmarks affected by the considered accidents. These data would be of great help in developing an emergency evacuation plan for such accidents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410521652
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    GIS/RS for landslides zonation in Pos Slim-Cameron Highlands district, Peninsula Malaysia (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 24-32 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Remote sensing data and GIS techniques have been used to create thematic maps for assessment and estimation of landslide hazards, in Pos Slim-Cameron Highlands area, Peninsula Malaysia. The Landsat TM5 scene was used to extract land use parameter of the study area. The digital elevation model (DEM) was generated from digitised topographic maps to produce slope risk map, aspect risk map and height risk map. From these data, a simple algorithm is created to classify the area into different risk zones. By overlaying all hazard maps, a final hazard map is produced. The integration of GIS with remotely sensed data might greatly facilitate classifying landslide areas to three categories; low risk, medium risk and high risk.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410521661
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    Quality in shipping: IMO's role and problems of implementation (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 50-58 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The focus of this paper is on the role of the United Nation's Agency for the maritime affairs, i.e. the International Maritime Organisation, in the setting of quality and safety standards in shipping and the difficulties in establishing and implementing them. Being the only international rule-maker, the sole setter of maritime safety standards that apply universally, the IMO exhibits increased interest with respect to its approach to safety and the promotion of quality in the shipping sector. The present paper examines the steps taken in the 1990s by the IMO for enhanced quality and safety standards and undertakes a critical review of the most important hindrances in their establishment and implementation. The investigation reveals the various safety issues that have been treated by IMO as high agenda items in recent years as well as a number of limitations for the IMO and problems with regard to the implementation process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410521698
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    Preparing communities for disasters: issues and processes for government readiness (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 140-152 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses what local governments must do to prepare for various disasters, including terrorist attacks. It provides background information on preparedness and highlights lessons from prior research. It also identifies the process of establishing local ordinances, assessing risk, creating emergency operations plans, acquiring resources, instituting mutual aid agreements, training, exercising and educating the public. Finally, it concludes with recommendations to implement these preparedness measures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410534289
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    An integrative approach to disaster management and planning (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 218-225 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Although it is possible to prevent and contain both man made and natural disasters, it has to be said that the increase in the world's population is likely to increase further the frequency of a major disaster occurring. Disaster management and planning needs to be placed in a holistic setting, and new initiatives found in order to ensure that a disaster is viewed as a shared responsibility. One area that needs further attention is the concept of community policing and what community policing incorporates. Often, a disaster is on such a scale that local community leaders need to be consulted during the disaster limitation and containment stage. It is essential, therefore, that experts from overseas countries brought into the disaster arena, are able to communicate fully and openly with community leaders in order to gain the support of the community.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410541812
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    Modeling spatial economic impacts of an earthquake: input-output approaches (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 297-306 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Economic modeling issues for measuring damages and losses from disasters and their impacts are complex. The questions surrounding the potential economic effects of a disaster have been studied and discussed in various aspects. Input-output analysis has been employed in many studies to measure and evaluate the economic impacts of disasters, mainly because of the ability to reflect the structure of regional economy in great detail. Whereas they provide useful information regarding the economic impacts and consequences and about the resource allocation strategies to minimize the losses and impacts, many of these studies have failed to investigate the dynamic nature of impact path over space and time, due to the difficulties to obtain such data and also to the static nature of input-output framework. In order to analyze the spatial impacts of a disaster, Miyazawa's extension to the conventional input-output framework is employed and is applied for the case of the Great Hanshin Earthquake.
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    A methodology for incorporating natural catastrophes into macroeconomic projections (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 337-342 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper addresses a critical problem in macroeconomic planning for natural disaster losses: how to incorporate potential future losses into current planning activity. The authors develop a technique to integrate probabilistic natural hazard losses into macroeconomic planning models. Probabilistic losses to capital stock (direct losses) serve as input to a macroeconomic model, which consequently calculates the macroeconomic impacts. The macroeconomic effects calculated comprise the indirect effects of losing and not being able to replace capital stock sufficiently or in a timely manner, as well as the effects of diverting funds to relief and reconstruction activities. The modeling can serve as a tool for planning for the effects of natural disasters before they occur and for engaging in appropriate risk management activities.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410556564
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    Insight into the nature of road accidents from data on injured and dead (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 374-378 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Analysis of data on road accidents collected from different sources brings forth important characteristics related to the nature of accidents. Based on this, the fatality index (FI) is defined as the ratio of fatalities to injuries in accidents. An increase in FI is indicative of fatalities in accidents. High FI is observed to correlate positively with difficult terrain, slow response and poor medical facilities. FI therefore represents an important indicator for planning initiatives to reduce fatalities related to road accidents.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410568499
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    Forms of community participation and agencies' role for the implementation of water-induced disaster management: protecting and enhancing the poor (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 6-12 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Water-induced hazards and disasters are usually compounded by the mismanagement of local water resources. Since the community bears the burden of disaster and is the first responder to the event, it is imperative to build the capacity of the community to enhance their coping mechanism and resilience to prepare for and face the disaster. The best strategy for the immediate as well as the long term cost-benefit and pro-environmental implications that will ensure prevention, mitigation and rehabilitation of water-induced disaster is to ensure strong community participation. This paper elucidates the different forms of community participation and their comparative advantages in a socio-economic dimension, thereby poverty alleviation. Agencies' roles are analyzed in response to community participation. It is hoped that these theoretical and practical tips will benefit both community and agencies to work out better performances in advance.
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    Linking experience, education, perception and earthquake preparedness (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 39-49 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: To understand the impact of earthquake experience and education on awareness, a survey was conducted with 1,065 high school first grade students from five prefectures of Japan. Results showed that earthquake experience is not the prime factor to enhance awareness. Education, when it is confined to school education, can provide useful information as the knowledge base for earthquake. However, in the gradual path of knowing, realizing, deepening, decision and action, family, community, and self education are found to be more prominent. While, self education is important for realizing and deepening, family and community education play the most vital role for decision and actions. In school education, more active ways of disaster education through conversation, experiencing, and visual aids are found to be more effective. It is believed that school education, coupled with self, family and community education can help a student to develop a "culture of disaster preparedness", which, in turn, will urge them to take right decisions and actions as an adult.
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    Earthquake disaster management planning in health care facilities (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 130-135 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Equipping health care facilities for times of natural disasters especially earthquakes is of great importance all over the world, especially in developing countries such as Iran. In this paper, first the obtained research results are discussed with regard to the types of structures and the structural and non-structural problems of 110 hospitals in the capital city of Tehran. The earthquake safety procedures for health care facilities, standards and criterion for their appropriate performance during natural disasters and the general requirements for structural design and strengthening methods are then considered. Finally, a disaster management plan and organisation is proposed for these centres.
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    Managing secondary PTSD among personnel deployed in post-conflict countries (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 199-207 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper investigates the nature of vicarious or secondary post-traumatic stress disorder in relation to six Dutch organisations and their personnel working in Rwanda, a country heavily affected by genocide and war. Drawing from the literature and empirical research it is argued that a systematic approach can strongly contribute to a more coherent human resource management/human resource development cycle of environmental analysis; identification of job descriptions and person specifications; relationship of jobs, persons and teams; recruitment, selection and contracting; induction and training; deployment and management of individuals and teams; and finally, debriefing and counselling. In this way, there is greater potential for the organisation to achieve objectives and enable its expatriate workforce to handle the stressful conditions in which they may find themselves.
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    Performance and protection in an adaptive transaction model (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 280-289 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Explores possibilities for simulating the effects of continuous disruptions to an economy using a multi-sector social accounting model. The underlying thesis for the model is that disruptions (due to events ranging from potholes to earthquakes) are a constant and unavoidable aspect of development and that all institutions and production activities are structured and adapt over time so as to balance performance and protection. The first sections explain the role of input-output tables, especially social accounts, as the basic framework for evaluating systemic vulnerability to disaster. The next sections explain the underlying behavioral components of the model: how the profile of protection versus disruption and costs of protection are determined, and how adaptation of the protection profile to changing events and societal discounting affects protection. In the final sections, these elements are integrated into a multi-sector social accounting model of the Niagara Frontier region of New York State - affected by industrial decline and currency fluctuations is dependent on a major hydro-electric power facility that is considered vulnerable to a variety of unscheduled events. Results focus on how disruptions and responses to them propagate over time and between actors.
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    The indirect economic effects of a terrorist attack on transport infrastructure: a proposal for a SAGE (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 315-322 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: After the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York on 11 September 2001 there is an increased fear of terrorism. The transport sector seems to be a main target for terrorism. Not only air-traffic, but also main traffic junctions such as tunnels and bridges may be possible targets of terrorists. The horrific attacks on several trains in Madrid in 2004, illustrate ones more the credibility of these threats. This paper addresses the question how to measure the indirect effects of a terrorist attack on transport infrastructure via an increase in transport costs, and discusses a approach how a government may find the economically most vulnerable links in the infrastructure network. It is proposed to use a spatial applied general equilibrium model in the new economic geography tradition to measure the indirect economic effects.
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    Aviation accident aetiology: catastrophe theory perspective (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 33-38 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Human error is often cited as a major contributing factor or cause of incidents and accidents. Incident surveys in aviation have attributed 70 per cent of incidents to crew error. Although a large proportion of the accidents can be attributed to human error, Reason proposes a view that many accidents are catalyzed by persons not present at the time of the event. In fact, it is this source of latent conditions that pose a most significant threat to the safety of complex systems. Another dimension to human error in aviation are the active errors that can precipitate the alignment or trigger the latent conditions. The risk associated with aviation is a dynamic element that is affected by both latent conditions and situational factors. This dynamic nature is presented here using the cusp model from catastrophe theory. Using Reason's latent failure model, the descriptive and predictive nature of the cusp model works as a map to illustrate the nature of aviation accidents in terms of "instability" resulting from the alignment of latent conditions and influence of active errors. The SwissAir 111 tragedy of 2 September 1998 is used as a case study to illustrate this model.
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    Using geographic information systems in assessment of major hazards of liquefied petroleum gas (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 117-129 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: It is known that there are hazards associated with the storage, handling and use of liquefied petroleum gas. Storage process plants of dangerous substances define the set of risk sources. Release of chemical due to accident could be severe and poses an immediate effect to workers on-site and communities off-site as well as it causes adversely a potential effect on the environment. LPG is considered to be a very important fuel and chemical feed stock. The material has been involved in many major fires and explosions. This paper presents the most recent analysis techniques for evaluating several physical models. These models are used to calculate the physical effects of explosion and fire from LPG accidents and also to predict the affected area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410534252
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    Development, disasters and vulnerability: a discussion of divergent theories and the need for their integration (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 193-198 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The paper explores diverse theories of development and illustrates how they are also applied to the study of disaster. Shows that recent research from both the radical and conservative ideological camps recognizes the benefit of theoretical integration. Concludes with implications for disaster scholarship and management, paying special attention to the importance of the concept of vulnerability.
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    Disasters and economic damage: macro, meso and micro approaches (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 274-279 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Tsunamis, droughts, earthquakes, hurricanes and floods are a constant threat to society. Where in the past the population at risk had to react on the consequences of disasters, at present society wants to be more in control. Due to the high costs of restoration, of the stress and of the loss of family and friends, a proactive policy in order to prevent disasters or at least to minimize the impact is required. Such a policy asks for a framework to decide on the risk society wants to take. Moreover, it is mandatory to agree on the way instruments preventing disasters are evaluated on their effectiveness. This special issue accounts for the contributions on the methodology of damage estimation by leading European and American economists. Introduces the subject and presents an overview of all papers.
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    Defining and measuring economic resilience to disasters (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 307-314 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Three difficulties confront researchers in the resilience arena. At the conceptual level, there is the need to identify resilient actions, including those that may seem to violate established norms, such as rational behavior. At the operational level, it may be difficult to model individual, group, and community behavior in a single framework. At the empirical level, it is especially difficult to gather data on resilience to specify models. The purpose of this paper is to summarize progress on all three planes. First, defines several important dimensions of economic resilience to disasters. Second, shows how computable general equilibrium modeling represents a useful framework for analyzing the behavior of individuals, businesses, and markets. Third, summarizes recent progress in the conceptual and empirical modeling of resilience, including the incorporation of disequilibria and the recalibration of key behavioral parameters on the basis of empirical data. Fourth, uses the results of a case study to illustrate some important issues relating to the subject.
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    On direct estimation of initial damage in the case of a major catastrophe: derivation of the "basic equation" (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 330-336 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Input-output analysis (I-O) is increasingly used in studies of sudden catastrophes such as earthquakes, hurricanes, or, in the case of The Netherlands, major flooding. Unfortunately, in catastrophe analysis, there is no general consensus over the points of departure. Therefore, we need a basic notion of "where to start from". One task the I-O modeller faces after the disaster is to construct a plausible basis for the recovery and reconstruction efforts. Here the literature has developed the concept of the so-called event matrix. The event matrix is an I-O compatible matrix that traces the development of the situation at selected intervals after the catastrophe and during the reconstruction phase. However, the concept of I-O on the basis of a well-founded "event matrix" theory is still developing. It is the purpose of this paper to put forward a specific point of departure in disaster analysis, starting from I-O fundamentals and introducing the concept of a "basic equation" as a necessary first step in the construction of an event matrix.
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    Strategic preparation for crisis management in hospitals: empirical evidence from Egypt (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 399-408 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This study examines Egyptian managers' perceptions of their hospitals' preparation for crisis management. A total of 259 participants completed a 24-item Strategic Preparation for Crisis Management (SPCM) instrument. The instrument was found to be valid and reliable in a non-Western context. The study detected a positive relationship between long-term strategy and crisis readiness. A significant statistical relationship was also found between external strategic orientation and crisis readiness. Finally, organizational complexity was found to be significantly and negatively associated with perceived crisis readiness.
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    Human factors influencing fire safety measures (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 110-116 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In recent years, there were several incidents of fire in secondary schools in Malaysia. A study conducted by the Ministry of Education has found that there were outbreaks of fire in 22 primary and secondary schools and in institutions of higher learning for the year 1999 resulting in losses of RM 534,400. This study was carried out to identify fire safety conditions in residential colleges in a local Malaysian university. An audit approach as well as the use of questionnaire was adopted to collect primary data for the study. The audit results show that the overall fire safety condition was at 76 percent compliance level. The survey results showed that only predisposing factors such as knowledge, attitude and belief have a positive relationship with the fire safety behavior and lifestyle (p〈0.5). The survey identified six important elements for fire safety and in ranking order they are: belief in the importance of fire safety, perception on the need for immediate response to fire incidence, knowledge in fire safety, attitude of occupants, social influence, and feedback on fire safety issues.
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    Correlation of weather and patient volume at mass gathering event (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 136-139 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper addresses the relationship between temperature or relative humidity and the number of patients seen and how often the treating physician deemed it necessary to transport the patient to the hospital. A retrospective review was performed on 251 patients seen at the Dayton airshow during the 2-day period of 21-22 July 2001. The air show has an attendance of approximately 50,000 people spread out through this 3-day event. The first aid tents that provide the medical care at the air show are staffed by either senior emergency medicine residents or emergency medicine attendings. Results showed that the relationship between the number of patients transported and the temperature reveals a pattern of more patients being transported as the temperature increases.
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    A treatise of randomness tested also in marine accidents (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 208-217 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This article deals first in a theoretical fashion - a kind of a literature review - with the concept of randomness, as this appears in various disciplines. Second, an empirical approach is performed with actual data concerning marine accidents in the form of ships totally lost in two counts: ships lost per area and ships lost per month. The first appears non random and the latter is random! This finding is very crucial for the countries with the most dangerous areas, as well as for IMO. The test used for non-randomness is the BDS statistic. The BDS statistic tests for the nonlinear dependence. The test proved randomness for monthly time series at both 95 per cent and 99 per cent confidence and non-randomness for area data at the same confidence levels as above.
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    Economic loss: myth and measurement (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 290-296 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper covers a number of pitfalls that could hinder the development of a common methodology for estimating flood damage. Such pitfalls include double counting, ignoring post-disaster liabilities, ignoring non-market losses (e.g. recreation, loss of leisure, damage to historic sites and cultural assets, etc.), ignoring the needs of the end user, and questions as to how indirect/systemic losses might be modeled. With one exception, much of what is discussed in the paper is based on off-the-shelf economics and will not prove to be contentious. Regional economists are likely to have different opinions as to how to best model indirect and systemic loss; it is this that will lead to a lively debate as to how to proceed. Assessments of economic fallout from the World Trade Center attack are used to illustrate some of the problems reported in this paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410556500
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    Syndromic surveillance and bioterrorism: embracing the network-centric warfare paradigm (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 351-355 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Military operations today more than ever are carried out by large coalitions, usually distributed between several organisations and often separated by substantial temporal and spatial scales. To facilitate such military operations, network-centric warfare is often cited as the panacea of command and control, possessing the characteristics of elevated speed of command, high levels of self-synchronisation and shared situational awareness. A nation's ability to respond to infectious diseases resulting from an act of bioterrorism or naturally occurring pathogens depends on a framework that supports operations by a large number of distributed organisations facing inherent temporal and spatial challenges. The effects of infectious diseases, whether intentionally inflicted or naturally occurring, can threaten a nation's security. Syndromic surveillance is a detection methodology that encompasses systematic collection, analysis, interpretation and application of real-time indicators for disease and outbreaks. This paper introduces the NCW paradigm and highlights the inherent characteristics that would facilitate syndromic surveillance in support of an expedient public health response in the event of a bioterrorist attack.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410568462
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    GIS-grid-based and multi-criteria analysis for identifying and mapping peat swamp forest fire hazard in Pahang, Malaysia (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 379-386 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Peat swamp forest fire hazard areas were identified and mapped by integrating GIS-grid-based and multi-criteria analysis to provide valuable information about the areas most likely to be affected by fire in the Pekan District, south of Pahang, Malaysia. A spatially weighted index model was implemented to develop the fire hazard assessment model used in this study. Fire-causing factors such as land use, road network, slope, aspect and elevation data were used in this application. A two-mosaic Landsat TM scene was used to extract land use parameters of the study area. A triangle irregular network was generated from the digitized topographic map to produce a slope risk map, an aspect risk map and an elevation risk map. Spatial analysis was applied to reclassify and overlay all grid hazard maps to produce a final peat swamp forest fire hazard map. To validate the model, the actual fire occurrence map was compared with the fire hazard zone area derived from the model. The model can be used only for specific areas, and other criteria should be considered if the model is used for other areas. The results show that most of the actual fire spots are located in very high and high fire risk zones identified by the model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410568507
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    Spatial technology for natural risk management (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 364-373 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This study integrates high spatial resolution remote sensor data with geographic information system (GIS) data and multi-criteria analysis to develop a methodology to model disaster risk for flood risk management and in peat swamp forest fires in order to assist in providing decision support systems for emergency operations and disaster prevention. Landslides are the result of a wide variety of processes, including geological, geomorphological and meteorological factors. Spatial technology has the ability to assess and estimate regions of landslide hazard by creating thematic maps and overlapping them to produce a final hazard map which classifies regions according to three categories of risk.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410568480
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    Chlorine incident and its toxic hazardous chemical release impact in the area surrounding a swimming-pool using GIS (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 387-398 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Chlorine is a liquefied gas, and is stored in large quantities for use in the chemical industry or in water treatment (e.g. the chlorination of swimming-pool water). Chlorine is highly toxic and if released accidentally has the potential to kill or injure people in the vicinity of the storage tank. A geographic information system (GIS) is used to determine the impact of the release of chlorine from a tank in the area surrounding a swimming-pool at the University Putra Malaysia (UPM). Spatial impact is determined using GIS software (GeoMedia Professional 5.1). Spatial analysis and buffering command are performed to locate affected residential areas near the UPM swimming-pool. The findings mean that the affected residential area and its population can be evacuated more quickly and smoothly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410568516
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    The rise and rise of clean, white-collar (fire-fighting) work (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 13 (2004), S. 409-414 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Australian newspapers, like those in other first-world countries, valorise fire-fighters through images more typically associated with heroic blue-collar "battlers": sweat, ash, uniforms and firestorms, punctuated with tales of heroic deeds and personal sacrifice. Yet increasingly, much of the work of fire-fighters is associated with the grunt of "clean work" - report writing, community engagement, prevention and recovery activities, and so on. This paper considers the changing nature of career fire-fighters' work in one fire-fighting organisation in Australia, and the rising importance of "clean" white-collar work to emergency management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653560410568534
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    Stimulating and evolving knowledge-oriented improvement processes in a business enterprise (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 325-334 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: It is observed that concepts of a learning organization and of knowledge management intended to better utilize the intellectual assets of a business enterprise in supporting continuous improvement and innovation are appealing in principle, but difficult to implement in practice. A significant repertoire of competencies and practices must be acquired or refined, which takes investment and time. A need for performance measurement to demonstrate benefits is also noted. Two case studies illustrate some issues and strategies associated with the implementation of knowledge-oriented improvement processes. Some "maps" to assist in understanding an enterprise's current position and what may be encountered on the journey ahead are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410535026
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    The risk to organisational excellence by processes that limit managerial knowledge and perception (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 387-393 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The focus on organisational excellence in the first instance must be excellence, defined by The Australian Concise Oxford Dictionary as "surpassing merit; thing in which persons etc. excel," where to excel is to "be superior". To be excellent one must exceed the existing, to "do more than is warranted by, go beyond the limit set by ... surpass." This paper examines the limits to organisational excellence by investigating the knowledge base behind the perceptions, values and beliefs that have developed both within business and business education over the last 100 years and provides supporting argument from relevant researchers. These authors postulate that such developments have placed limits at both the managerial and organisational levels by developing attitudes and beliefs that are actually in opposition to the real concept of capitalism. Such limits disempower the agents who have the real ability to achieve excellence within the organisation through increasing quality, effectiveness and cooperation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410540372
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    Managing change and innovation in IT implementation process (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 416-425 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: After the prophetic messages about the contributions of information technologies (IT) on firms, we face warning signals on the unavoidable need for change management, and the perverse side effects of IT improvements when they are not integrated within a strategic and managerial framework. The analysis of practices concerning the introduction of IT in organisations shows that often, the context and the process are neglected; as for the content, it is centred on tools rather than on the needs to be satisfied. A managerial typology of barriers to change that differentiates risks of strategic or structural nature, and cultural or behavioural nature, explains the lack of quality in operations. In order better to manage the implications of IT evolution, i.e. their downstream incidences, it is necessary to have steered upstream in defining the objectives, analysing the needs, taking into account the socio- organisational context, and the implication of actors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410540417
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    How successfully does JIT handle machine breakdowns in an automated manufacturing system? (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 479-494 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Scheduling a manufacturing system can be one of the most complex tasks in managing an operation. Planning and control systems such as just in time (JIT) can aid scheduling. However, planning and control tools require a fairly stable shopfloor environment to get the best out of them. Many system designs and schedules only consider 100 per cent reliability in machines, and do not take into account random interruptions. In this paper, a simulation model was created to investigate machine and material handling system breakdown problems in a JIT-driven flexible manufacturing system. Results show that compromises have to be made with JIT control in order to get the best system performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410547889
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    Modeling relationship dynamics in GM's research-institution partnerships (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 541-559 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: GM has initiated partnerships with firms and research institutions at a rapid pace. One effort of the multi-disciplinary research team involved the construction of a relationship dynamics model to assist in partnership planning and management. Earlier research on private-sector partnerships indicated that partnership success is largely dependent upon the development and maintenance of strong, productive relationships between the partners. Therefore, modeling efforts focused on the relationship itself. To increase the likelihood that the resulting model is realistic, valid and representative, empirical data was combined with a systems-dynamics approach, and the model is being validated with feedback from study participants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410555790
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    Modelling in product and supply chain design: literature survey and case study (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 675-686 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a framework for supply chain decision-making. The framework is used to gain insights into applications of modelling. Current modelling practice is reviewed through a literature survey. The principal finding is a lack of published research in the area of modelling supply chain effects in the product development phase. However, it is in the product development phase where the majority of product life-cycle costs are determined. As a guideline for further case research, we propose an approach for integration in product life cycle modelling systems. For practitioners, we point out some major requirements for implementation. Finally, we demonstrate an early application of some of the ideas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410555916
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    Just in time or just in case? An explanatory model with informational and incentive effects (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 567-574 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: There is extensive literature on the benefits of manufacturing control arising from minimal inventory policies of just in time (JIT). Operations management literature has focused on controlling set-up, lead and changeover times to streamline the operations and achieve low optimal inventory levels. Our paper first expands these models to include information and incentive effects. We then develop a model in which JIT focuses attention on process imbalances and derive the compensation contract that induces managers to be more creative in managing the process. We show that the loss of controllability decreases the benefits of JIT and increase the benefits of traditional buffer inventory. If, as on 11 September 2001, the loss or gain of controllability occurs quickly and unexpectedly, organizations need to develop the agility to switch between minimal inventory and buffer inventory systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410555817
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    E-commerce in the old economy: three case study examples (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 607-617 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This paper reports how three UK "old economy" manufacturers are adapting their operations to meet the challenge of the "new economy", in which it is claimed that dotcoms can deliver virtual products to cybercustomers at the speed of light. Successful manufacturing is not only about producing better goods than competitors but also about delivering a product/service package that solves customers' problems. Although e-commerce can be used to reduce operating costs, any such advantage may be shortlived. The almost limitless connectivity of the Internet offers the opportunity to deliver an enhanced service to customers through improved communication throughout the supply chain. A differentiation strategy based on service enhancement can offer manufacturers a route to sustainable competitive advantage as an alternative to trying to compete on price alone. The cases illustrate how manufacturers can use e-commerce for competitive advantage in the new economy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410555853
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    Decision support system: real-time control of manufacturing processes (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 68-75 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Manufacturing industries are in the midst of a new technological revolution, characterised by the increasing advances and application of information and communication technology for both information processing and automatic control. A unique manufacturing methodology for non-destructive, real-time process optimization and quality certification has been developed. This includes the design of a decision support system (DSS) for controlling the optimized process. The DSS comprises the capability of supporting both the process operator and manager in the decision-making process, allowing them to take advantage of the degrees of freedom of the physical system to make it work in a way where the optimized process control variables are under statistical control, resulting in optimized output factors that, in turn, secure higher productivity and improved quality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576060410512338
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    Work load responsive adjustment of planned lead times (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 90-100 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Mechanisms to adjust planned lead times based on current work loads are desirable for time-phased planning systems. This paper investigates the use of exponentially smoothed order flow time feedback in setting planned lead times dynamically. The system studied is a supply chain with capacity-constrained processing stations and transit times between stations. Lot sizes are based on the minimization of flow times using queuing approximations. Both seasonal and level demand patterns with uncertainty are considered. Since both dependent and independent demands are assumed at each station, customer delivery performance depends on the distribution of inventory along the supply chain. Results show that dynamic planned lead time setting can be used effectively to control delivery performance along the supply chain. Performance is also influenced significantly by appropriate lot size selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576060410512365
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    Decision support system for machining center selection (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 144-154 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This paper describes the design and development of a system for the selection and construction of vertical and horizontal machining center packages with a base machine and options format subject to budgetary constraints. Options are categorized and divided into groups depending on their utilization, and their selection is based on a priority setting. Options are categorized as those providing the capability for high speed, enhanced levels of productivity, high levels of machining complexity, high levels of machining accuracy, and potential for the inclusion of automation to facilitate and satisfy production requirements. A user-friendly and object-oriented computer0based decision support software system was developed incorporating real data from a machine tool sales organization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576060410513733
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    The effects of rework on the shopfloor control in wafer fabrication (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 184-198 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of rework operations on the shopfloor control's strategies, including order release and dispatching. An attempt is made to determine the performance of various production control strategies on the system performance indicators under different levels of rework rate. Also the interaction of order release and dispatching strategies under different rework operations is investigated. Some representative shopfloor control (SFC) strategies are considered in our simulation model. It was found that the effect of rework operation on the system performance is significant. The order release and dispatching strategies' performance is affected by the rework operation. The performance is improved dramatically if a suitable combination of order release and dispatching strategies is adopted. Under different rework rates and performance indicators a suitable combination of SFC strategies is suggested in this paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576060410513760
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    A sequencing algorithm for makespan minimization in FMS (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 291-297 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Job sequencing is an important stage in any hierarchical production control model, especially when a real-time dispatching rule is not employed. The problems become complicated when constraints, such as different parts requiring different operation processes at different machines and with different production priorities, are taken into consideration in the development of sequencing models. This paper first describes a mathematical programming model developed for small flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) makespan minimization sequencing problems. For large problems, a heuristic decomposition-based algorithm is proposed. The algorithm is based on the proposed concept of track generation and track ide.pngication. Each part type may require a different number of operation processes at different machines. A numerical example is used to illustrate the use of the algorithm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410523515
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    Recent findings on organisational changes in German capital goods producing industry (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 360-368 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents two basic approaches of generating innovation and improved business performance (so called "low road" and "high road" approaches) and describes organisational requirements which are likely when these approaches were applied. Based on these ideal types, empirical data are provided on recent changes of organisational structures and the use of human resources from two representative surveys in Germany. The findings indicate that there is only a limited range of organisational changes in the German industry.
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    Development of a team-based framework for conducting self-assessment of continuous improvement (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 343-349 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The study presented in this article is based on two basic premises. First, successful continuous improvement (CI) is dependent on shop floor level involvement and participation in improvement efforts. Second, the term "self-assessment" clearly implies that those whose performance is being measured, and who are involved in conducting the assessment process. Excerpts from longitudinal case studies in a single Danish manufacturing organization demonstrate how teams involved in the process of conducting self-assessment of CI developed a better understanding of the basic principles of CI. Furthermore, the study shows how these principles relate to the teams' own work processes, and a deeper understanding of their organization's strategy and objectives.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410535044
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    Relationship between TQM and innovation: an empirical study (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 394-401 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: It is generally acknowledged that organisations need to be innovative in order to survive and prosper. Some advocates of total quality management (TQM) have suggested that it provides the necessary platform for inculcating innovation in organisations. Intuitively, TQM components involving sound and effective practices on leadership, customer focus, relations with suppliers, employee inter-relationships, information/communication systems and management of processes and products do appear to enable organisations develop culture of innovation. A robust TQM-innovation relationship appears to be conceptually plausible, but little empirical evidence has so far been offered to support this proposition. In this paper, this relationship is explored. Empirical data were taken from a survey of 418 Australian manufacturing organisations. Structural equation modelling technique was used for statistical analysis. Results show that there is insufficient statistical evidence to suggest that TQM is related to innovation. There could well be a more complex relationship between these concepts.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410540381
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    Comprehensive machine cell/part family formation using genetic algorithms (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 433-444 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The solution quality of a comprehensive machine/part grouping problem, where the processing times, lot sizes and machine capacities are considered, may not be properly evaluated using a binary performance measure. This paper suggests a generalized grouping efficacy index which has been compared favorably with two binary performance measures. A genetic algorithm using the generalized performance measure as the objective is developed to solve the comprehensive grouping problems. The algorithm has been tested using a number of reference problems with processing times being randomly assigned to all operations. The effects of three major genetic parameters (population size, mutation rate and the number of crossover points) have also been examined. The results indicate that, when the computational time is fixed, larger population size and lower mutation rate tend to improve solution quality while the number of crossover points has no significant impact on the final solution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410547843
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    A questionnaire operationalising Hayes and Wheelwright's four-stage concept (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 651-661 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Despite its widespread acceptance, little practical application of the Hayes and Wheelwright four-stage model is reported in the literature. This paper formulates a questionnaire to classify manufacturing companies under the Hayes and Wheelwright four-stage model and assesses the reliability of the instrument. In an application of the questionnaire to three small manufacturing companies, the paper finds that half of the questions asked are statistically reliable according to the Interclass Correlation method. An in-depth cross-case study of the three organisations reveals patterns of management which further support the statistically reliable questions. The overall conclusion is that further research on questionnaires as instruments for exploring the four-stage concept is necessary before a reliable method is available.
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    Integration of JIT flexible manufacturing, assembly and disassembly system using Petri net approach (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 700-714 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a new generic Petri net (PN) model for design and performance evaluation of a flexible assembly system (FAS) and disassembly system (DAS) with dual kanban. The architectural design of the model is derived from a generic bill of materials (BOMs) in the FAS, a reverse BOM in the DAS and the process plan in the case of flexible manufacturing system (FMS). Integration of FMS, FAS and DAS by developing a new generic PN model with the pull system is introduced. Analysis and performance evaluation of the new model based on invariant analysis and linear programming are also introduced. The method will be illustrated by a small case study.
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    Knowledge management for manufacturing: the product and process database (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 575-584 
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    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Manufacturing companies must have a good knowledge of their products and processes to be competitive. This is increasingly important as products become more complex. There are many recent developments in product representation, but these do not currently address manufacturing process issues, or integrate with techniques such as key characteristics and Variation Risk Management. This paper describes the development of a database which models complex product specifications, down to component feature detail. It allows the representation of manufacturing operations, process chains and costs, and maps these models. Key product characteristics are flowed down to the detailed feature level, and the associated variability and capability assessed. The paper commences by outlining some of the recent significant developments in product representation. The database structure and associated applications are described. Finally, an example is provided for the use of the database, based on the representation of gas turbine engine from a major aerospace manufacturing company.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410555826
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    Customer-focused rating system of supplier quality performance (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 599-606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: This paper establishes an objective-orientation driven supplier customer satisfaction performance rating system. The purpose is to provide a methodology for "integrating supplier and manufacturer capabilities and applying different strategies for quality improvement". This study was undertaken to specify the interaction and mutual movement among three groups in the supply chain "Supplier-Manufacturer-Customer" and integrate the results from four factors: incoming inspection, line reject performance, supplier service quality and product reliability. These factors are transformed into measurable, quantitative, Just-in-time (JIT) parameters, utilized in planning and establishing a supplier performance rating system focused on satisfying both internal and external customers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410555844
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    Performance measurement and evaluation of suppliers in supply chain: an evolutionary fuzzy-based approach (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 723-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: In order to ensure the uninterrupted supply of items, the purchasing manager needs to evaluate suppliers' performance periodically. The evaluation process typically consists of identifying the attributes and factors relevant to the decision, and measuring the performance of a supplier by considering the relevant factors. Linguistic assessment of suppliers may be carried out based on several criteria. In this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the suppliers' performance by adopting an evolutionary fuzzy system. One of the key considerations in designing the proposed system is the generation of fuzzy rules. A genetic algorithm-based methodology is developed to evolve the optimal set of fuzzy rule base, and a fuzzy inference system of the MATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox is used to assess the suppliers' performance. The proposed methodology, illustrated with the data collected in a process plant, provides acceptable results in determining the suppliers' performance score.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410565311
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    Multi-agent architecture for supply chain management (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 745-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to propose a new approach for the supply chain management. This approach is based on the virtual enterprise paradigm and the usage of multi-agent concept. The base component of our approach is a virtual enterprise node (VEN). The supply chain is viewed as a set of tiers (corresponding to the levels of production), in which each partner of the supply chain (VEN) is in relation with several customers and suppliers. Each VEN belongs to one tier. The main customer gives global objectives (quantity, cost and delay) to the supply chain. The mediator agent (MA) is in charge to manage the supply chain in order to respect those objectives as global level. Those objectives are taking over to negotiator agent at the tier level (NAT). This architecture allows supply chains management which is completely transparent seen from simple enterprise of the supply chain. The use of multi-agent system allows physical distribution of the decisional system. Moreover, the hierarchical organizational structure with a decentralized control guarantees, at the same time, the autonomy of each entity and the whole flexibility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410565339
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    A decision support system to facilitate resources allocation: an OLAP-based neural network approach (2004)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of manufacturing technology management 15 (2004), S. 771-778 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-038X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The emergence of advanced information technologies strengthens the capability to the entrepreneur to manage and manipulate data. However, the quality of information, the capability of providing the right information to the right person, and the utilization of information are still in doubt. Therefore, increasing numbers of firms have realized and started to develop as well as improve their existing information systems to fit the ever-changing business needs of the organization to support decision-making for the volatile business environment. Indeed, previous research studies have found that logistics management is the great frontier of cost reduction. Therefore, in this paper, an infrastructure of a decision support system is proposed to capture and maintain the business and resources allocation information with the adoption of the neural network for its artificial intelligent characteristic that mimic the operation of human brain to generate solutions systematically. The proposed system is adopted by a shipping company to assist allocation of containers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380410565357
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  • 79
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    Benchmarking as an action research process (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 52-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This study participates in the debate on advancing theoretical developments in the field of benchmarking processes. It suggests that approaching benchmarking as a research method helps to explicate the basis of benchmarking processes and at the same time offers tools for scientific research in this field. Adopting an interpretative, comparative concept analysis the study approaches benchmarking as an action research. The results indicate that benchmarking might be regarded as a special kind of action research; however, in that case, more attention would need to be addressed to the preliminary planning, observation, reflection and the use of theoretical frames, all of which are essential for distinguishing a scientifically-conducted action research process from practical work. Thus, adopting an action research approach might improve the implementation as well as the theoretical foundation of the benchmarking process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410520302
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  • 80
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    KPIs: a critical appraisal of their use in construction (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 93-117 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Traditionally businesses have measured their performance solely in financial terms. This limited approach has been challenged, with the introduction of the concept of key performance indicators (KPIs) for non-financial results. In response to the Latham and Egan Reports, the UK construction industry has developed its own set of KPIs. However, their effective use has been limited. This paper reviews these and other construction KPIs and concludes that most of the KPIs used are post event, lagging measures that do not provide the opportunity to change. Their results are not validated and thus are open to interpretation. The result is that KPIs are being used within the industry as a marketing tool, and not as an integral part of business management. This paper distinguishes between three types of measure and suggests a framework for their effective use within an overall performance measurement system based on change action driven by results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410520320
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    Strategic manufacturing capability pursuance: a conceptual framework (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 156-174 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In all manufacturing firms, using appropriate manufacturing capabilities to gain competitive advantages is of crucial concern. There were scant theories that might help manufacturing firms to select the manufacturing capabilities appropriate for their own situations. Competitive strategy theorists believed that there was always a trade-off impasse between different types of capabilities selections. Some other theorists, however, ruled out this trade-off concern because they believed that manufacturing capabilities were developed through a reinforcement order, which is similar to the formation of a sand-cone. This paper consolidated these two streams of thought, proposing a dual sand-cone perspective. Abstracting from the extant literature, we considered the competitiveness of manufacturing companies from two principal perspectives, i.e. the operation leanness and the new-value creativeness. Different types of manufacturing capabilities should be developed to fit in with the different statuses and paths of competitiveness growth. A path-and-stage identification method was also suggested for monitoring the sequence of capabilities development. Two case studies were provided to illustrate the applicability of the dual sand-cone concept.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410532598
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    Cost income ratio benchmarking in banking: a case study (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 303-319 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper examines how ASB Bank, a New Zealand-based retail bank, made use of cost income ratio benchmarking when reviewing its operational efficiency. In particular, it shows the difficulties associated with the benchmarking process in the sector and details the practical steps taken to obtain meaningful comparative information. It is interesting that, while the cost income ratio was the principal metric used in this benchmarking exercise, it sought to identify best practice not in terms of minimizing this ratio but rather in terms of identifying typical ratios and cost structures among successful banking institutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410538772
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    Manufacturing best practices of the electric and electronic firms in Malaysia (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 361-369 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A study was conducted to evaluate the manufacturing practices in the electronic and electrical firms of Malaysia based on the criteria identified from literature on a broad-based manufacturing practice known as world-class. Based on the replies to a structured questionnaire developed for this study, the current manufacturing practices indicate the status of these firms in their journey towards world-class manufacturing practices. The result of this study showed that the implementation of "world class" or "best practices" among the respondents is satisfactory especially in the areas of management commitment, internal and external customer service policies and plans, and supplier relationship and development programs. There are some areas of improvement, such as cost of quality, supplier quality, increase operational flexibility and the use of group technology and flexible layout that should be taken into consideration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410546764
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    Benchmarking the port services: a customer oriented proposal (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 320-330 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In recent years, ports have experienced a period of significant growth and development along with intense inter-port rivalry as a consequence of intermodality and hinterland development. It is therefore vital that port management bodies define and implement suitable strategies. This paper aims to adapt the benchmarking technique to the sphere of ports. Compares the activity of a port with that of its competitors, which is considered to be excellent. This is a strategic approach where consideration of the needs of the client, shipping lines and export-import companies is the axis of the benchmarking process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410538781
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    An online approach for distributor benchmarking (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 385-402 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: When an enterprise wants to design its distribution chain, it needs first to assess all possible distributors, then select the eligible ones to form the design model. This assessing process can be finished by distributor benchmarking. In this paper, a new approach is developed to benchmark distributors. The benchmarking process is done by the following three steps. First, all factors needed for benchmarking a distributor are identified by a systematic analysis. Second, an internet-based information acquisition module is developed to get all needed information from possible distributors. Third, an inference module based on the combination of fuzzy logic and array-based logic is developed to benchmark a distributor. As the information acquisition module is implemented via Internet, and the inference process for benchmarking a distributor is executed by computer applications, it is possible to realize online distributor benchmarking by the approach provided in this paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410546782
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    People as the bridge to competitiveness: Benchmarking the "ABCs" of an empowered workforce (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 346-360 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: For people to be the bridge to competitiveness, they must be hired and trained not simply for the work their hands can do, but also for their ability to think and learn and make a difference. Building a learning workforce requires that managers cultivate a great working environment and a culture of empowerment. To understand how to manage people so that they become the catalyst to competitive success, a multi-method research study was undertaken that combined both secondary and primary research techniques. The findings revealed that the characteristics of a great working environment include the following: compensation that communicates that people truly are valued, exceptional facilities, a facilitative company culture, good relations between management and employees, a flexible work place, a family-friendly culture, and investments in employee competencies. Similarly, a culture of empowerment is built on a foundation of affirmation, belonging, and competence. Unfortunately, few companies understand that antecedents of effective people management and even fewer are willing to make the sustained investments required to harness the learning and passion of the workforce. Tremendous opportunities exist to leverage the human resource for competitive advantage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410546755
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    Quest 123: a benchmarking system for technology assessment at NASA (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 370-384 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Technology assessment is a difficult task at the Mission Control Center (MCC). The difficulty is inherent in the unavailability of structured information and exacerbated by the lack of a systematic assessment process. New technology deployment to the MCC requires testing and certification in three labs: Quest 1, 2, and 3. The Mission Control Center Systems (MCCS) architecture team, a multidisciplinary group of MCC experts and scientists is chartered to redefine the next generation of MCCS by developing a systematic process to assess and certify new technologies. Quest 123 is a benchmarking tool that was successfully implemented at the Johnson Space Center to assess and certify new technology initiatives for each lab before final deployment to the MCC. Quest 123 integrates the analytic hierarchy process with an additive multi-criteria decision-making model into a dynamic benchmarking framework.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410546773
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    A framework for benchmarking, classifying, and implementing best sustainment practices (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 403-417 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper develops a methodology for identifying, classifying, and implementing a set of best practices that can increase the quality, reliability, and timeliness of industries that provide maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) services on products. By cataloging and documenting these best "sustainment" practices, one can learn from others' attempts to maintain systems and avoid non-value-added processes. The authors identify the knowledge that exists at various research centers and MRO providers at US corporations - wherever the best practices may reside. The paper specifically focuses on the sustainment of US military systems, but it also draws analogies and conclusions for other global product and service providers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410546791
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    Benchmarking financial services and online innovations (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 431-446 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Competition in the provision of financial services has intensified as external change (including technological innovation) has created more opportunities for service delivery and extended the range of potential competitors and forms of competition. At the same time, technological innovation and applications of Information Technology in particular led to new and faster ways of sharing information. Financial service organizations, therefore face a paradox between the co-operation needed to benchmark and competitive rivalry. Through case studies, the research explores the penetration of best practice benchmarking in financial services and the role of technological innovations in that process, with an emphasis on online applications. Results suggest that changes in performance benchmarks for service delivery resulting from new technology are associated with greater competitive rivalry among financial service organizations. Results also suggest that technological change can provide new and innovative ways to exchange information but even if that is the case, incentives for internal and external co-operation can remain unchanged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410557681
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    Factors affecting the adoption of manufacturing best practices (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 504-520 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: More recent survey-based studies have indicated that, although many companies are involved in benchmarking, adoption of best practices is not as high as might be expected. This study was undertaken to identify the factors that have an impact on the adoption decision of manufacturing best practices. A review of the relevant literature identified ten potential factors. These can be classified into three categories: best practice factors, organizational factors, and environmental factors. Best practice factors include codification, complexity, compatibility, perceived operational benefits, and cost. Organizational factors include satisfaction with the existing practice, existence of champion, and organizational resource availability. Finally, environmental factors include perceived outside support and external pressures. The results indicated that cost of adoption, external pressures, and satisfaction with the existing practice are the main determinants of the adoption decision. These results should be of considerable interest to practitioners.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410557726
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    Performance benchmarks and cost sharing models for B2B supply chain information systems (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 447-464 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In this paper, we propose a set of standard benchmarks for evaluating B2B supply chain information systems. The supply chain management systems that we focus on communicate between collaborating partners via the Internet using such languages as the extensible markup language. We divide the benchmarks into three distinct categories: benchmarks to study the performance of querying a partner's data, modifying a partner's data, transmitting large amounts of data between partners. We propose a model for estimating the data-communication and computation times incurred by the B2B information system using the above benchmarks. In addition, we discuss an algorithm for equitable sharing of the costs of a virtual private network by the partners. We present numerical examples to describe an actual application of the above models.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410557690
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    A critique of benchmarking and performance measurement: Lead or lag? (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 465-483 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper succinctly critiques the benchmarking literature and the performance measurement literature in regards to the novel concept of lead benchmarking as a possible means of achieving increased radical and innovative transformation in organizations. For the purposes of the paper, a working definition of lead benchmarking and performance measurement is: benchmarking and performance measurement, which focuses on analysing forward looking, predictive and future performance comparisons. This critique distinctly highlights that the currency of benchmarking and performance measurement needs a radical and indeed innovative transformation to adhere to the dynamics of the business environment. This critique raises various questions of interest. These issues will be investigated later through further research by conducting rich empirical research, whereby descriptions and explanations will be developed of the what, where, who, how and why of the benchmarking concept and the extent to which organizations carry out lead benchmarking
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410557708
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    Benchmarking supply chain collaboration: An empirical study (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 484-503 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Supply chain collaboration enables firms to achieve better performance. It requires close arrangements of collaborative practices among the participating members. Searching for better practices and ideas that lead to superior performance means that the chain members also need to benchmark their current collaborative practices to other collaborative supply chains. Benchmarking enables them to identify the highest standards of excellence in customer services and processes and implement necessary improvements to match or exceed these standards. This paper, reports a benchmarking study on supply chain collaboration between retailers and suppliers, which incorporates collaborative practices in information sharing, decision synchronisation, and incentive alignment. An empirical study was carried out to benchmark the profile of collaborative practices and operational performance. The study also compared differences in the use of collaborative practices from retailer and supplier perspectives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410557717
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    Benchmarking concepts in the UK and Germany: A shared understanding among key players? (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 521-539 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper analyses what is understood by the "key players" involved in the promotion of benchmarking, within a comparative context looking at Germany and the UK. A content analysis of the key components of benchmarking in the leading texts is undertaken which is then used to examine the position and role of employer organizations, professional consultancies, trade unions and government bodies in the dissemination and implementation of benchmarking at the company level. The paper concludes with a critique of benchmarking. It is argued that the different contexts in which the key players are embedded define their ability to voice scepticism about the conventional presentation of benchmarking as a benign and objective technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410557735
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    Measuring and benchmarking intellectual capital (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 559-570 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The importance of intellectual capital (IC), as a prime value driver in today's knowledge-based economy, is undisputed. Benchmarking is seen as a tool for identifying, understanding, and adopting best practices in order to increase operational performance. The paper explores techniques of benchmarking the operational management of IC. The research is based on a longitudinal action and case research in an R&D organization. The failure to benchmark IC management practices between two seemingly identical subsidiaries has implications for the measurement and benchmarking of IC. The research concludes that it is critical to understand the context, organizational epistemology and value-creation pathways before organizations start any attempt to compare or benchmark IC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410566474
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    Benchmarking intangible assets: enhancing teamwork performance using self-assessment (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 571-583 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses self-assessment and benchmarking of intangible assets in teamwork development. First examines key approaches to team-performance measurement and present a systems perspective on teamwork, hence benchmarking of teamwork performance. In consequence, a generic model based on EFQM framework - the TEaM model, is proposed as a self-assessment and benchmarking tool. TEaM consists of ten criteria (enablers and results) that are outlined in the paper. Also demonstrates how TEaM can be applied in organisations and how this tool reflects the emerging trends in benchmarking practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410566483
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    Organization and technology in knowledge transfer (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 584-600 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Knowledge transfer is recognized as a fundamental issue for organizations. This research aims at investigating the knowledge transfer process, and finding out the most efficient and effective strategies to support it. Particularly, the research is focused on studying support strategies based on the use of technology. The paper proposes a model that describes both knowledge acquisition and practice. The model components are the actors' cognitive systems, the processes of codification and interpretation, and the object transferred. The model predicts that a better understanding of knowledge transfer can be achieved by distinguishing organizational similarity from dissimilarity, training from fertilization, and autonomous from interactive practice. This is particularly helpful to discuss what the role and value of technology are in supporting knowledge transfer in organizations effectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410566492
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    Benchmarking the role-modification process for successful knowledge transfer (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 601-609 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The ultimate objective of knowledge management is to effectively maintain and transfer the necessary knowledge to the operation's staff. The conventional knowledge-management methods may only be suitable for the larger-sized enterprise, but, for the small and medium-sized companies, it is difficult to spare dedicated resources (people, time, and money) to manage the knowledge-accumulation and dissemination-activities. The work presented in this paper proposes a method to overcome some of these difficulties. A role-modification approach is used to stimulate an autonomously conducted knowledge transfer. New knowledge is developed and managed by the person who successfully takes up a new role in work team. To achieve role modification, ordinary staff-training methods may not be effective. Psychotherapists already have a set of role- modification practices to assist people having role problems. Benchmarking is a suitable methodology to apply to these practices. The authors assisted an engineering-and-design company in adopting this psychotherapists' practice and applied it to a work-team environment. One of their team members was induced to undergo a role modification and an autonomous knowledge- transfer experience.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410566500
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Innovation or imitation?: Benchmarking: a knowledge-management process to innovate services (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 610-620 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Traditionally, benchmarking has been described as a practice that promotes imitation. However, according to a more recent approach, this paper suggests that benchmarking, looking outside the firm boundaries and enabling comparison with others, in terms of both practices and performances, enable the process of acquiring external explicit and tacit knowledge. Such newly acquired knowledge, once integrated with previous internal knowledge of the firm, creates new knowledge that may give rise to improvements and innovations. In order to study the innovative power of benchmarking, this paper presents a three-year research undertaken in the maintenance-services sector that is becoming more and more global and competitive. A model that integrates benchmarking, knowledge management and innovation is presented as the main result of the research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410566519
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benchmarking and learning organizations: ranking methods to identify "best in class" (2004)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 11 (2004), S. 621-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The benchmarking analysis of organizational learning capability considers a set of criteria: clarity of purposes and mission, leadership commitment and empowerment, experimentation and rewards, transfer of knowledge, teamwork of group problem solving, etc. For this reason it assumes the configuration of a multicriteria analysis. In the traditional benchmarking the multicriteria problem is solved throughout the construction of a synthetic indicator obtained by averaging all scores assigned to an organization on the different criteria. This methodology presents many theoretical and empirical disadvantages. This paper illustrates the advantages, in terms of greater flexibility and realism, connected to the application of the multicriteria methodology founded on the notion of outranking. In fact, such a methodology solves the multicriteria benchmarking problem without using the averaging rule adopted by the traditional benchmarking approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410566528
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