ALBERT

Description: 1. The chromosome numbers of 10 species of the genus Viola in the Netherlands were determined. 2. Viola riviniana has various chromosome numbers: 2n = 35, 40, 45, 46, 47 (most often 2n = 40). 3. It was not possible to find a correlation between the external morphology and the various chromosome numbers in V. riviniana. 4. Despite the variability of V. riviniana it proved impossible to divide the Dutch material into subspecies. 5. Some differential characters of V. riviniana and V. reichenbachiana are described. 6. V. canina is not variable in cytological respect in the Netherlands. 7. V. calaminaria is not related to V. lutea but to the V. tricolor complex.

Description: A. DE CANDOLLE’s (1830) treatment of the genus Campanula lists 137 species. Many new species were described since, so that the total number of species should be estimated to be at least twice that number. A new monograph of the genus is, therefore, highly desirable (CLIFFORD CROOK, 1951). Any classification into subgenera and sections, based on herbarium studies, is bound to meet considerable difficulties on account of the great uniformity among many floral characters of the various species. Cytological information may prove very valuable in order to arrive at a modern classification of the species within the genus.

Description: Cytological studies on the Rubiaceae with special references to the genus Galium have been done by HOMEYER (1936) and FAGERLIND (1937). EHRENDORFER (1949, 1954, 1955, 1956) described the phylogeny of the section Leptogalium. More detailed cytological and cytotaxonomical investigations appeared by HANCOCK (1942) (Galium palustre L., Galium debile Desv. and Galium uliginosum L.), CLAPHAM (1949) ( Galium palustre L.), EHRENDORFER (1949, 1953) (Galium pumilum Murr.) 1955 (Galium rubrum L. and Galium pusillum L.) and of Galium boreale L. by Löve and Löve (1954) and more recently by RAHN (1961). FAGERLIND (1937) and, previous to him, HOMEYER (1936) determined the chromosome numbers of many Galium species. Later investigations by EHRENDORFER (1949, 1955, 1956, 1961), LÖVE and LÖVE (1954, 1956), PIOTROWICZ (1958), POUQUES (1949), RAHN (1960, 1961) and REESE (1957) confirmed and supplemented this list of chromosome numbers. Many investigators have paid attention to the genus Galium. However, their studies have concerned only with some critical species or groups. Many taxonomical problems remain concerning the genus. SCHUMANN (1891) in ENGLER and PRANTL „Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien” divided the genus in 14 sections which are very distinct morphologically. However, within these sections it is often very difficult to define exactly the morphological differences between the species.

Description: This is the second paper dealing with Myxomycetes collected by me in the Netherlands, mostly in the neighbourhood of Doorwerth. Specimens of the species dealt with are preserved either in my private collection or in that of the Botanical Museum and Herbarium of the State University, Utrecht (in the last named case the numbers are followed by a “U”), or in both.

Description: In the present study pollen morphology of the Euphorbeaceae is treated as an additional character in taxonomy. Besides the greater part of the genera occurring in the system of PAX and K. HOFFMANN (1931), most of the genera published after 1931 are studied. The pollen grains have been described with the aid of a terminology as simple as possible. In principle the terminology of IVERSEN and TROELS-SMITH has been followed, although in addition, many improvements of ERDTMAN have been used. One of the simplifications is the rejection of POTONIÉ’s term sculpture. All elements occurring on the endexine are called structure elements; all structure elements together form the structure of a pollen grain. For the sake of consequence endexine apertures and extexine apertures are discussed separately. Different pollen grains are placed in different pollen types. If the differences are of minor importance, the pollen grains are placed in subtypes. Several types can have some characters in common. To express the correspondences, these types are assembled in configurations. As the pollen types in Phyllanthoideae and Crotonoideae differ distinctly, the division of the Euphorbiaceae in these subfamilies is maintained in the discussion of the results. The Phyllanthodieae can be separated in three large groups of pollen types ( Antidesma configuration, Amanoa configuration and Aristogeitonia configuration), which agrees with the grouping of PAX in 1924. The remaining small configurations belong in taxonomic respect to the genera of the Antidesma configuration. In the Crotonoideae many genera possess pollen grains with a croton-pattern. These genera should be treated as a single group. Besides this natural group, the Plukenetiinae possess pollen grains which are clearly distinguished from other genera in the Crotonoideae. Pollen grains of Omphalea are similar to those in the Plukenetia configuration. This pollen-morphological result agrees with the opinion of CROIZAT. The remaining pollen grains in the Crotonoideae are less easy to differentiate in groups. One of the largest configurations is the Mallotus configuration, which includes most genera of the Acalypheae and several genera or other tribes. The Hippomane configuration is another large one. This configuration comprises the tribes Hippomaneae and Euphorbieae. The pollen grains of both tribes are very similar. The genus Pachystroma is pollen-morphologically as well as taxonomically related to the tribe Hippomaneae. Pera, treated as a separate tribe by PAX and K. HOFFMANN, is related by its pollen grains to some genera in the Acalypheae. Dalechampia is habitually related to the genera in the Plukenetiinae. Pollenmorphological data, however, do not support this relation. The pollen grains of Dalechampia are not similar to any other pollen type. The morphology of the pollen grains of the Stenolobeae is in agreement with the opinion of PAX, that any separation of these Australian genera is an artificial one.

Description: 1. The Orchids in the Netherlands have been subjected to a cytological investigation. 2. The division of the genera Orchis (L.) Klinge into two new genera: Orchis (L.) Vermln. and Dactylorchis (Kl.) Vermln. (Vermeulen, 1947), could be confirmed. 3. In Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. the diploid chromosome number is 34. Deviating numbers 2n = 35 and 2n = 36 were counted. Because aberations in chromosome number do not cause morphological differences these aberations seem to be unimportant. 4. Out of the material investigated it might be concluded that for the moment it does not seem to be correct to consider Dactylorchis fuchsii (Druce) Vermln, as a separate species besides Dactylorchis maculata (L.) Vermln. It seems more likely that D. fuchsii and D. maculata represent two types within a complex-species.

Description: In 1885 publiceerde J.D. Kobus een Flora van Wageningen en omgeving. Hij vermeldt hierin het voorkomen van Sambucus racemosa L. op de Wageningse Berg met het bijschrift; „aangeplant?” Of de soort aan de zuidelijke Veluwerand oorspronkelijk voorkomt is thans minder dan toentertijd uit te maken; ze is er nu zeker plaatselijk niet zeldzaam. Ook in het Zuidoosten van de provincie Utrecht wordt ze op tal van plaatsen aangetroffen. Zo groeit ze in groot aantal op en om de Grebbeberg, evenzo op en nabij het landgoed Remmerstein tussen Rhenen en Veenendaal. fan kunnen we de plant nog verspreid aantrffen te Eist (Utr.) en in de omgeving van Amerongen. Een wat ongewone en daardoor interessante vindplaats ligt in de gemeente Veenendaal. Hier vindt men in het laagste deel van het Griftgebied het natuurreservaat De Ho. open water met rietland er om heen. Als afsluiting heeft men na de laatste oorlog enkele el zenbosjes aangeplant. In deze elzenbosjes zijn verscheidene houtige gewassen spontaan verschenen: Ribes sylvestre, Ribes nigrum, Rubus, Sambucus nigra en ook Sambucus racemosa. He kiemplanten van Sambucus racemosa gaan veelal te gronde door te vochtig en schaduwrijk milieu, maar op enkele meer geschikte plaatsen hebben zich struiken weten te handhaven. Het rietland van De Hel is sinds jaar en dag een slaapplaats voor spreeuwen, die zich hier uit wijde ontrek verzamelen, waarschijnlijk uit een gebied met een straal van wel 15 km. Deze spreeuwen zijn stellig grotendeels oorzaak van het optreden van bovengenoende soorten.

Description: This series of two or more volumes starts to be published in the summer of 1962; the page proofs of the first volume, which was sent to the press in May 1960, were received by Dr. E. Quisumbing at Manila where the volume is being printed, in March; its publication can be expected by July 1962. The series ”Pacific Plant Areas” means to give all that is already known about distribution of taxa of generic and lower level which centre round the Pacific Ocean, and also to add to our knowledge by giving new maps which have been carefully prepared by specialists. Hence the series consists of a bibliographic part and a cartographic part, preceded by an explanatory introduction. Volume I is mainly bibliographic, containing about 3200 references to maps and 26 newly prepared maps; volume II will be mainly cartographic, containing about 124 newly prepared maps, and will hopely be ready for the press by the end of 1962.

Description: 1. Introductory.--This project was to study fern specimens in certain herbaria in the U.S.A., especially of tree-ferns (Cyatheaceae), in connection with preparation of the Pteridophyte Series of Flora Malesiana, and to make contacts in the U.S.A. with a view to continued cooperation in this work. The family Cyatheaceae, on which I am at present engaged, is a particularly difficult one, comprising 350 described species in Malaysia, in a close alliance. Probably all should be regarded as belonging to one genus. Descriptions of species have on the whole been unsatisfactory, so that many identifications of specimens in herbaria are doubtful or erroneous. It is thus necessary to see all type specimens to establish the significance of names; and also, as the fronds are large so that only a part of one appears on each herbarium sheet, the different specimens of the same collection, distributed to different herbaria, often give complementary information, so that to see one is not enough. Furthermore, it is necessary to see as many collections as possible, to understand what variation is possible within a species. The material is bulky, and it is a physical impossibility to gather together in one place all that one needs to see for a proper understanding of the family. I had already spent more than a year on this study before going to the U.S.A., and had seen most of the type material in European herbaria.

Description: In de oudere jaargangen van Heukels’ flora staan aanvankelijk alleen Schouwen en Huisduinen genoemd als groeiplaatsen van Crithmum maritimum, in nieuwere drukken is er Vlissingen bijgekomen, nog later veranderd in Walcheren en thans prijkt Crithmum met vier groeiplaatsen, n.l. Huisduinen, Schouwen, Walcheren en West Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, Daaruit zoumen mogen concluderen.dat Crithmum, hoewel zeldzaam, niettemin in opmars is en zijn gebied uitbreidt. Een nauwkeurig volgen van de ontwikkeling op de bekende groeiplaatsen en een naarstig zoeken naar nieuwe gedurende een tijdvak van ongeveer 15 jaren hebben mij echter de overtuiging gebracht, dat de soort in Zeeland op zozeer kwetsbare plaatsen groeit, dat misschien wel van opmars doch geenszins van uitbreiding kan worden gesproken. Alle in die jaren gevonden planten groeiden aan zeeweringen op glooiingen van Vilvoordse steen en basalt, met slechts één uitzondering. Deze glooiingen staan enerzijds bloot aan zware aanvallen van de zee en behoeven anderzijds als gevolg van die aanvallen regelmatig te worden hersteld, vernieuwd of verzwaard. Vooral het herstel en verzwaren van die zeeweringen zijn de laatste jaren voor het voortbestaan van de soort bijna catastrophaal geworden, zoals uit het volgende relaas moge blijken. Het is mij niet bekend of de soort zich. in Huisduinen heeft kunnen handhaven, doch in Zeeland zijn de meeste gevonden groeiplaatsen na korter of langer tijd weer verdwenen, De groeiplaats in Vlissingen is mij nooit bekend geweest, maar er groeit in Vlissingen nu geen Crithmum meer. Op Schouwen was een groeiplaats op Vilvoordse steen in de omgeving van Flauwers met vrij veel, goed ontwikkelde planten, die konden bogen op een grote mate van inschikkelijkheid jegens haar door de Waterstaatsmensen – Zo zeer zelfs dat toen de glooiing versterkt moest worden en de ruimte tussen de stenen werd volgegoten met beton, de groeiplaats van Crithmum daarvan werd uitgezonderd om de planten te sparen, Na de ramp in 1953, waarbij de dijk en de planten ter plaatse intact bleven, moest de dijk zodanig worden verzwaard, dat het niet mogelijk bleek de planten nog langer te sparen. Zij zijn daar onder een laag klei van ongeveer twee meter dik begraven.

Description: As a student, I used to enjoy ’Karsten and Schenck’ propped up on the breakfast-table. With equal familiarity I treated ’Kerner’, 'Schimper', and other great picture-books of botany. The time came to translate the dreams of youth into vocation. ”Protista”, said the professor of zoology, ”are the pivot of biology”. I substituted my breakfast-reading with the Archiv für Protistenkunde, and hesitated at the coming call of biophysics. Ever since I have been rent, like the morning toast, by two forces which would make of me a student of the microcosm of protoplasm and a disciple of its greatness. They are the forces splitting biology into macromolecules and macro-organisms, and I do not know how this rift may be spanned. I cannot conceive what energy level, chemical bond, or carbon-grouping can decide whether it is insect-pollination or curiosity that will be inherited. But the pendulum has swung. The young botanist no longer looks at these books? he models molecules and chromosomes, and works very largely in vitro. Nevertheless, if biology is not to stand still, the pendulum will return and its amplitude will be the strength of those who have put their trust in the macrocosm. These were the thoughts which I vaguely entertained, when I found myself in the forests of Malaya and I measured my insignificance against the quiet majesty of the trees. All botanists should be humble. From trampling weeds and cutting lawns they should go where they are lost in the immense structure of the forest. It is built in surpassing beauty without any of the necessities of human endeavour; no muscle or machine, no sense-organ or instrument, no thought or blueprint has hoisted it up. It has grown by plant-nature to a stature and complexity exceeding any presentiment that can be gathered from books, and it is one of the most baffling problems of biology.

Description: Dr. J.A.R. Anderson, Kuching, will go on leave in October 1962. Mr P.S. Ashton, Cambridge (U.K.), has accepted the post of Forest Botanist at kuching, Sarawak, and will in September 1962 proceed to Borneo.

Description: Different trees have different sorts of hark, the variation is of two main kinds. The hark of an individual changes as it grows, and there are differences between mature trees of different species. The recognition of large trees in tropical forest depends on living as opposed to herbarium characters and amongst living characters baric is important. Botanists are slowly coming to realise that living characters are of importance to taxonomy and can supplement the characters visible on herbarium sheets but often hard to see in the forest (Corner 1940, Symington 1943, Henderson & Wyatt-Smith 1956). At present many living characters are used empirically if at all.

Description: History of Indian Botany. It is with great pleasure that Mr I.H. Burkill wrote us that the third and final instalment of his History of Indian Botany was ready for fair copying, Xmas 1959. The Bombay Natural History Society contemplates reprinting the three chapters in one booklet. Pacific Plant Areas (see p. 645). The text and maps of the first instalment are finished now.

Description: Archer, Mildred: Natural History drawings in the India Office Library. London. H.M. Stat. Office 1962. ix + 116 pp., 25 pl. Clothbound Sh. 27/6. This is a catalogue of the c. 5000 drawings still extant in the India Office Library of which only a few hundreds are of plants, the rest representing animals. There is an extensive introduction in which the activities of the persons involved in their donation are explained, which gives the book an interesting biographical and historical aspect. A beautifully executed work showing wide knowledge of its author. -- v. St. Fleming, Charles A.: New Zealand Biogeography. Tuatara 10, 1962, 53-108, 15 fig.

Description: For the pollination of their flowers, plants of the genus Ficus are absolutely dependent upon the activity of small insects, the ”fig wasps” (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, family Agaonidae). Consequently, no account of Ficus can be exhaustive without considering the entomological data. On the other hand, the fig wasps can only develop in the gall flowers of the fig receptacle. Consequently again, in the evaluation of the data on fig wasps, great stress should be laid on the botanical evidence. These statements may serve as ample justification for the appearance of an entomologists’ notes in this botanical bulletin. Since 1960 I am working through a large collection of Indo-malayan and Papuan fig wasps, mainly consisting of the collection made by Dr. J. van der Vecht at Bogor, and material sent by Dr. E.J.H. Corner from various parts of Malaya, Indonesia, Papua, and Melanesia. As the study of the fig wasps is still in its analytical stage, progress is slow, but the results are promising.

Description: Balan Menon, P.K.: Taxonomic value of wood anatomy seen through Malayan woods. The Malayan Forester 24 (1961) 290- 301. Mr Menon, who is a wood technologist at the Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Malaya, presented this paper at the Hawaii Congress. In it, he gives a series of classifications of Malayan woods on the basis of anatomical features which can be seen by a hand-lens, he distinguishes 18 classes, notably woods with: ring-porous structure, exclusively solitary pores, multiple vessel-perforation, vestured (vessel) pits, scalariform intervessel pits, ripple marks, broad rays, uniseriate rays, septate fibres, distinctly bordered fibre pits, tanniferous tribes, latex tribes, horizontal canals, vertical canals, included phloem, mucilage or oil cells, silica inclusion, raphides.

Description: Endlicher, S.: Genera plantarum. 1836-40. Index. -----: Ibid. Suppl. 1842. Index. Index nominum genericorum. Card index I.A.P.T. In course of preparation.

Description: Mr C. Jeffrey of the Kew herbarium, who works on Cucurbitaceae, has been to the Seychelles for botanical collecting and exploration, his letter of Jan. 20, 1962 is interesting enough to quote the following passage from: ”You may be interested in a few impressions of the Seychelles flora, discounting introduced naturalized species, which now I fear cover most of the islands, I gain the impression that here we have a number of long-isolated and endemic species (perhaps some may prove subspecies?) of mixed African, Mascarene, and SE. Asian affinities, and mostly confined to higher ground on the larger islands, together with a number of indigenous non-endemic species which formed most of the original lowland vegetation, but some of which also occur in the higher parts, which are mostly (but not all) otherwise SE. Asian to Malaysian in distribution (the others are mostly Afro-Mascarene) or palaeotropical.

Description: Trees, shrubs, herbs, or armed climbers; roots not rarely tuberous. Indument consisting of simple hairs. Leaves simple, exstipulate, opposite or rarely in whorls or pseudowhorls, sometimes unequal in one pair. Inflorescence cymose, often thyrsoid, corymbose or umbellate terminal or axillary, sometimes cauliflorous. Bracts and bracteoles present, sometimes very small, not rarely early caducous. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual or unisexual by reduction; pedicelled, with 1-3 bracteoles sometimes coloured, or sustained by an involucre. Perianth tubular, campanulate, funnel-shaped, or urceolate, sometimes articulated with the pedicel; the basal part persistent, enclosing the receptacle, tubular, club- or funnel-shaped, often accrescent; the apical, mostly circumscissile caducous part plicate or valvate in bud, with (4—)5—10 lobes, green or coloured. Stamens 1-40, rarely more, in 1-2 whorls, connate at the base, free from the perianth; anthers 2-locular, latrorse, basifixed. Ovary (sub)sessile, superior, 1-celled, with one erect, anatropous ovule. Style terminal, stigma capitate or fimbriate- to shortly lobed. Basal persistent part of the perianth accrescent in fruit and enveloping the fruit, the whole being known as anthocarp; anthocarp indehiscent, smooth, or with viscid ribs and glands, sometimes the glands accrescent into prickles; pericarp thin. Seed 1; embryo straight or folded; endosperm mealy or reduced to a gelatinous rest. Distribution. About 26 genera with 300 spp. in the New World, particularly in South America, with poor representations of mostly widespread (native or introduced) species in the warm parts of the Old World. Although the family is predominantly tropical, its area reaches to 38° SL in New Zealand and to 45° SL in Argentina. In Malesia there are 19 spp. in 4 genera, of which only Pisonia is undoubtedly native.

Description: Trees, shrubs, woody climbers, or herbs. Hairs simple, stellate, or glandularcapitate; colleters often present in the axils of the leaves, stipules, and sepals (among Mal. genera absent in Buddleja only). Leaves nearly always opposite, entire or nearly so, penninerved, rarely 3-7-plinerved (Strychnos) or curvinerved (Mitrasacme); ; stipules interpetiolar (in many genera reduced to a stipular line) in some genera moreover intrapetiolar. Flowers in cymose to thyrsiform (rarely racemose or spicate) inflorescences or solitary, 5-(rarely 4-, in Anthocleista up to 16-)merous, nearly always bisexual, actinomorphic (in some genera slightly zygomorphic). Disk sometimes present (not in Mal. spp.). Sepals united or free. Corolla gamopetalous, very rare with a corona. Stamens isomerous in Mal. spp. in 2 extra-Mal. genera less), alternating, inserted on the corolla tube (with one exception in Buddleja), , included or exserted; anthers basifixed or sometimes slightly (in the Spigelieae), , slightly to deeply bifid at base, lengthwise dehiscent. Ovary superior (in Polypremum, Cynoctonum, and Mitrasacme p.p. semi-inferior), (1-)2(-4)-celled, placentas axile (parietal if 1-celled), often peltate; ovules l-~ per cell, amphitropous or anatropous; style usually one. Fruit always superior, capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Seeds 1-~, with copious endosperm; embryo minute straight, cotyledons small. Distribution. About 28 genera with some 600 spp., almost confined to the tropics of both eastern and Western hemispheres, a few genera extending to the warm-temperate regions, mainly towards the south. In Malaysia 11 genera with 80 spp.

Description: Families and higher taxa have been entered under their name. Names of families which have been revised in volumes 4, 5, and 6 have been entered and are printed in bold type, so that as far as this is concerned this index is complete for all preceding volumes as well.

Description: Trees or shrubs, very rarely herbs or fleshy saprophytes. Leaves spiral, sometimes opposite or pseudowhorled, simple, entire, crenate or serrate, mostly evergreen and ± coriaceous (Malesia), exstipulate (stipule-like perulae of axillary buds occur in Diplycosia and Vaccinium p.p.). Flowers bisexual (rarely functionally unisexual; or the plant dioecious in extra-Mal.), characteristically regular, (4-)5 (rarely 6-7)-merous. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, entirely covered by perulae in bud, mostly in racemes, these sometimes arranged to panicles or condensed to umbels, or reduced to few-flowered fascicles, or even to a solitary flower. Sepals (reduced in Monotropastrum and Wirtgenia) very rarely free, generally connate below to a calyx tube, the latter free or ± adnate to the ovary, persistent, whether or not accrescent in fruit, lobes imbricate or open in bud. Corolla campanulate to funnel-shaped, urceolate or cylindric, sometimes slightly zygomorphous, caducous, lobed to various degree, lobes imbricate (sometimes ± contorted), rarely valvate in bud. Stamens usually 10 (rarely 5, 8, or up to 20), obdiplostemonous, rarely haplostemonous, inserted at the outer margin of the disk between its lobes, or slightly attached to the base of the corolla; filaments free (Malesia); anthers dorsifixed to almost basifixed, the 2 cells (thecae) not rarely extending into free or connate tubules, these muticous or sometimes (bi)aristate distally by the prolonged back-wall, opening by terminal or introrse, very rarely extrorse pores or slits, not rarely with projecting dorsal appendages or spurs; pollen in tetrads, simple in Monotropoideae. Gynoecium syncarpous, 5- or pseudo-10-, rarely 2-4- or 6-7-celled. Disk hypogynous or epigynous, often fleshy and nectariferous, entire or mostly 5-10-lobed. Ovary 1, superior, half-inferior or inferior, generally with as many cells as carpels; placentation central, with 1 or 2 lamellas per cell, each bearing mostly numerous, rarely 1, anatropous or obliquely amphitropous, 1-tegumented ovulus. Style 1; stigma obtuse, capitate or peltate, whether or not 5-7-lobed. Fruit a 5(-7)-valved, septicidal or (sometimes lately or irregularly) loculicidal capsule, which may be ± included by the accrescent, ± fleshy calyx, or a rather dry to fleshy berry (Malesia). Seeds usually numerous, small, whether or not winged or tailed at one or both ends; testa thin, often reticulate; embryo cylindric, small, with copious endosperm. Distribution. About 125 genera with approximately 3500 spp., predominantly woody, all over the world.

Description: This smallish family, containing five genera¹, is almost confined to the northern hemisphere in both the Old and New World, overstepping the equator only in Ecuador and Peru in S. America and in Malaysia, where it is found southward to Java and New Guinea. Among the genera Huertea is confined to Peru and the West Indies (Cuba, Haiti). Tapiscia and Euscaphis are East Asian. Staphylea is widely distributed in the subtropical and temperate zone on the northern hemisphere. Turpinia is subtropical and tropical, it is the only genus represented in Malaysia. It is remarkable that the distributional areas of the latter two genera seem to exclude one another save for a slight overlapping in SE. Asia.

Description: The completion of the sixth volume of this Flora gives me the privilege to dedicate this to the memory of ELMER DREW MERRILL, a man who has achieved more for the knowledge of the Malesian flora than any other individual botanist. It is neither my intention to give nor is it the proper place for a full biography of this most distinguished American scientist, as it would for the greater part be duplication of his own ‘Autobiographical’ (1953), the scholarly essay by ROBBINS (1958), and the vivid life sketch by SCHULTES (1957), which together give the story of his life, his ambitions, his personality, his immense drive, his multiple interests, his capacity for establishing botanical periodicals as well as successfully filling the posts of Dean of a Faculty of Agriculture, director of the Bureau of Science at Manila, director of the New York Botanical Gardens, and administrator of Botanical Collections of Harvard University.

Description: Within the Helobieae there has been a great deal of controversial opinion about the evaluation of the genera belonging to the Potamogetonaceae, among which Najas finds by almost unanimous opinion its closest relatives. Generally Najas has been accepted to represent a separate monotypic family on account of the basal ovule and the structure of the anther (with a thin, tight, 2-lipped envelope and apically escaping pollen). The closest allied genus among Potamogetonaceae seems to be Zannichellia, which is by HUTCHINSON (1934) accepted as a separate family, Zannichelliaceae, put together with Najadaceae in his order Najadales. Within the Helobieae some authors accept the structure of Najadaceae as primitive, notably CAMPBELL (1897) and RENDLE (1930), but others find it a derived, advanced state within the order, cf. HUTCHINSON (1934) and LAWRENCE (1951).

Description: Annual or perennial herbs, erect, ascending or prostrate, less than 1½ m high. Leaves spirally arranged or alternate (often various in one plant), or opposite, often in a basal rosette, exstipular, simple, sometimes lobed, penninerved. Inflorescences racemose, terminal (sometimes axillary) racemes or umbels, or flowers in whorls, or solitary axillary. Bracts small or leafy. No bracteoles. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic (rarely zygomorphic), isomerous, in Mal. always 5-merous, often dimorphous in sexual organs. Calyx dentate or cleft, persistent, sometimes leafy, rarely coloured ( Glaux). Corolla connate, shallowly to deeply cleft (free in Pelletiera), in bud often quincuncial or contorted, variously coloured (absent in Glaux). Stamens inserted on the corolla, epipetalous, rarely alternating With staminodes or their vestiges; anthers dorsifixed or versatile, sometimes basifixed; cells opening with apical pores or latrorse, filaments free or connate. Disk absent. Ovary superior (in Samolus semi-inferior), 1-celled with ~ ovules on a free central placenta; style simple. Capsule mostly 5-valved (valves epi- or alternisepalous) or 10-valved, sometimes irregularly bursting, or circumsciss. Seeds mostly ~, often angular, small; embryo straight, endosperm present; integuments 2. Distribution. Genera 21 with approximately 900 spp., all over the world, but mainly developed in the temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere; in the tropics mostly on the mountains. The largest genera, Primula (incl. Androsace) with c. 500 spp. and Lysimachia with c. 150 spp. are almost confined to the northern hemisphere and centre in the Sino-Himalayan region. In Malaysia and Melanesia Primula extends across the equator and finds its southernmost stations in the Old World. Lysimachia and Anagallis have a worldwide area. It is remarkable that the almost cosmopolitan species Samolus valerandi L., which occurs in the surrounding continents of Asia and Australia and is widely distributed in the Pacific (New Caledonia, Loyalty Is., Norfolk I., Chatham, Auckland Is., Kermadec, New Zealand, and Easter I.), has never been found in Malaysia.

Description: Ample collections preserved at Uppsala under the name Hydnum versipelle and two exsiccata of Sarcodon laevigatus were examined and compared with the original descriptions. The material of Hydnum versipelle is shown to be heterogeneous, comprising three collections belonging to Sarcodon amarescens, and ten collections of a species which has the main characters of Sarcodon laevigatus. The few differences observed are attributed to differences of a chemical nature, and Hydnum versipelle is formally reduced to the synonymy of Sarcodon laevigatus.

Description: The present investigation arose from a discussion between Dr van Steenis and Mr C. T. White in July 1950 concerning a plant from North Queensland, collected by Mr L. J. Brass. The specimen was pre-identified as an Aristotelia but also showed similarity with the Papuan genus Sericolea. The need was felt to investigate the distinction between the two genera. Mr White was very keen to investigate the problem himself but this was unfortunately prevented by his untimely death, only two weeks after this discussion. The problem has rested ever since, until in 1963 I had to verify the distinction between the two genera for my work on the Pacific flora, a work executed under a grant from the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.).

Description: The flowering specimens of Glyptopetalum are very difficult to separate from those of Euonymus except by examining the number of ovules in each cell of the ovary. The ovules are mostly 2, rarely 3—12, per cell in Euonymus and there is only one in Glyptopetalum. However, the genus Glyptopetalum can be easily distinguished from Euonymus, or recognized, by the characteristic persistent columella of the fruit and the branched raphe of the seed (cf. also Fl. Mai. 1, 5, 1963, 256 and fig. 711). In preparing the Celastraceae for the Flora Malesiana, two additional extra-Malaysian species of Glyptopetalum have been found: a new one from Thailand and a new combination for the flora of China. The range of distribution of this genus is now extending to southwestern China.

Description: There is a great diversity of opinion regarding the interpretation of the genera and some species in the former Hippocrateaceae. If one reads the comprehensive and detailed revision of the New World Hippocrateaceae by A. C. Smith (Brittonia 3, 1940, 341—555), one may have an impression of it. For example, A. C. Smith in his monotypic genus Hemiangium, under H. excelsum, has united species which were recognized as belonging to three different genera by Miers; he has also limited Hippocratea L. to a single species, H. volubilis L., and placed more than 40 names of species and varieties in the synonymy of it. A detailed review of the history and generic delimitation of the family Hippocrateaceae has already ably been summarized and discussed by A. C. Smith in the above mentioned publication. I shall make only a brief account of those works which contain genera, species, or discussions related to the Malaysian flora.

Description: Dacryodes nervosa (H. J. Lam) Leenhouts, nov. comb. — Santiria nervosa H. J. Lam, Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 42 (1932) 206; Leenh., Fl. Males. 1, 5 (1956) 233. Though the fruits were unknown, this species was included in Santiria, probably on account of the stellate hairs, in the Burseraceae furthermore known then only from Santiria conferta ¹). Only recently a fruiting specimen came at hand from Sarawak, Borneo ( Sarawak For. Dep. 13389), and the fruits mark it to be typical Dacryodes. As it is not identical with any known species of the latter genus, a new combination had to be made.

Description: Among the new material which was examined by me after the completion of the revision of the genus Pittosporum for the Flora Malesiana (vol. I, 5, 1957) and additions in Nova Guinea n.s., 9, 1958, 339, the following is worth mentioning: Pittosporum pentandrum (Blanco) Merr. NORTH BORNEO. Ranau Distr., Bukit Ampuan, alt. 1500 m, Meijer SAN 20289, in primary forest on hill side ridge. Note. This is the first record from Borneo; otherwise known from Formosa, the Philippine Islands, and N. Celebes. Pittosporum pullifolium Burkill. WEST NEW GUINEA. Koebre Mts, Anggi Lakes, alt. 2300 m, Sleumer & Vink BW 14148, shrub 4 m, on forest edge, rather scarce, fruit green. Note. A specimen with young fruits on infructescences which are placed axaillary along the twigs, instead of being terminal.

Description: Through the kind assistance of Prof. Dr D. K. Zerov large photographs were obtained of type specimens of two dozen Verbenaceae which have been described by Turczaninow and are preserved in his Herbarium of the Botanical Institute of the Academy of Science of the Ukrainian S.S.R. at Kiew. These have been studied by Dr Moldenke and have been deposited in his files. He discarded one of them as it did not seem verbenaceous, viz Vitex lanceolata Turcz. (Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 36, 1863, ii, p. 224). The provenance of the specimen on the label reads “Goring coll. Japon: Java” — No. 90.

Description: Descriptions are given of the tribe Lepidagathideae, that had already been proposed in an earlier paper, and of an entirely new tribe related to the latter, the Borneacantheae. The last-named tribe comprises so far but a single genus, Borneacanthus, based on B. grandifolius; it further includes B. angustifolius, B. paniculatus, B. stenothyrsus, B. parvus and B. mesargyreus (Hall. f.) Brem. (Strobilanthes mesargyreus Hall. f. = Filetia mesargyrea Brem.), and is confined to Borneo. Another new genus, Cosmianthemum, a near ally of Pseuderanthemum, seems to have an even narrower geographical distribution, for it has been found so far only in the western part of Borneo. It is based on C. magnifolium, and comprises in addition C. latifolium, C. angustifolium, C. obtusifolium, C. longibracteatum, C. brookeae, C. punctulatum and C. subglabrum. To the species of these two genera keys are provided. Further are described Hemigraphis sarawacensis, Lepidagathis marginata, Filetia brookeae, F. lanceolata, Hallieracantha peranthera and Peristrophe monosemaeophora. The area of Hallieracantha is extended to Siam by the inclusion of H. graphocaula (Imlay) Brem. ( Justicia graphocaula Imlay). On account of the presence of two different kinds of pollen in this genus, it is suggested that it may not be an altogether natural unit. The leaves of the two new species of Filetia proved to contain inulin, but this substance, whose occurrence in the Acanthaceae was so far unknown, is not present in all the representatives of this genus.

Description: The holothurians from the southern end of the Caribbean area are incompletely known. CLARK (1919) discussed a few specimens taken from Tobago, British West Indies, and DEICHMANN (1926) prepared a report on the holothurians from the Barbados-Antigua Expedition. ADA TEN BROEKE (1927) listed 7 holothurians from Curaçao, collected by C. J. VAN DER HORST. This list constituted the first mention of holothurians from the area. CLARK (1933) listed one additional specimen in his “Handbook of the Littoral Echinoderms of Porto Rico and the Other West Indian Islands”. ENGEL (1939), included three additional sea cucumbers in his report on the echinoderms which were gathered by P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK. Neither ENGEL (1939) nor TEN BROEKE (1927) described their specimens. I have found three additional species new to the fauna of the above islands. Two of these specimens, Thyoneria cognata and Trachythonidium occidentale are the first Dendrochirota to be reported from the Netherlands Antilles. After this report has been completed, ELISABETH DEICHMANN (1963) produced a short survey of the ‘Shallow water Holothurians known from the Caribbean Waters’ in which several new data are to be found gathered from material which was collected by WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in 1948/49 and 1955.

Description: The material on which the present paper is based consists of a small number of Streptaxidae collected by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK during his visits to the Caribbean Islands and the mainland of Venezuela since 1930, and further of some specimens which, at various times, have reached the author through the generosity of Mr. SERGIO ARIAS, Caracas, Dr. G. MARCUZZI, Padova, Professor S. JAECKEL, Berlin, and Mr. TJOA TJIEN MO, Bogor. Besides this material I also investigated some material present in the following collections and kindly put at my disposal: Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel; Zoologisches Staatsinstitut und Museum, Hamburg; British Museum (N.H.), London; American Museum of Natural History, New York; United States National Museum, Washington. I have to thank for their kind assistance: Dr. L. FORCART, Basel; Professor G. WEIDNER and Dr. P. KAISER, Hamburg; Dr. W. J. REES and Dr. GALBRAITH, London; Miss D. E. BLISS, New York; Dr. H. A. REHDER, Washington; and last but not least the late Mr. HUGH WATSON, Cambridge, England, for his most valuable and expert advice. I am also greatly obliged to Mr. PAUL KESSELS, Tilburg, Netherlands, for his help in composing the histograms.

Description: Von den “Inseln unter dem Winde”, dem südlichsten, in Ost-Westrichtung dem Festland von Venezuela vorgelagerten Teil des Antillenbogens, waren bisher keiner Gyriniden bekannt. Erst kürzlich erfuhr ich durch Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, Utrecht, dass auf Curaçao, einer der westlichsten dieser Inseln, Vertreter dieser Käferfamilie erbeutet worden seien, deren Sammler, Ir. R. H. COBBEN von der Landbouwhogeschool in Wageningen, mir seine Ausbeute entgegenkommend zum Studium zur Verfügung stellte. Beiden Herren danke ich hiermit bestens für ihre Freundlichkeit. Das Material war besonders interessant hinsichtlich seiner faunistischen Zusammensetzung, denn während die eine der in ihm enthaltenen Arten festländischen Ursprungs ist, gehört die andere zur karibischen Fauna. Bemerkenswert ist auch, dass beide Arten trotz des abgelegenen Fundorts keine wesentlichen rassischen Besonderheiten aufweisen.

Description: Von Herrn Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, Utrecht, erhielt ich über siebzig Röhrchen mit der Bitte, die darin enthaltenen und von ihm in Westindien gesammelten Landmilben zu bestimmen. Ich komme dieser Aufforderung gerne nach. Nach einem kurzen Besuch Floridas im Frühling 1960 ist es für mich interessant, auch die Milbenfauna der Antillen kennen zu lernen und mit der Floridas zu vergleichen. Ich werde zunächst einige Mitteilungen veröffentlichen über die Uropodina, welche in 13 Fundorten mit 140 Exemplaren vertreten waren:

Description: The material of Saldidae covered in this paper comprises: Pentacora signoreti, from St. Martin; Pentacora sphacelata, from Aruba, Curaçao, Klein Curaçao, Bonaire, and St. Martin; Saldula “palustris”, from St. Martin; Saldula dentulata, from Curaçao, and Bonaire; Micracanthia humilis, from Curaçao, St. Eustatius, and St. Martin; Micracanthia drakei, n. sp., from Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire; Micracanthia husseyi, from St. Martin.

Description: A few years ago, an interesting collection of fresh-water fishes from Trinidad was presented to the Leiden Museum by Mr. J. S. KENNY, fish culturist of the Trinidad Department of Agriculture. For this gift we are also greatly indebted to Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK of the Zoological Laboratory at Utrecht, who kindly acted as intermediary. Most specimens were collected by Mr. J. L. PRICE, a few by Mr. W. A. KING-WEBSTER or by Mr. KENNY himself; a few more were added by Dr. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK. All examples had already been identified and, evidently, represent part of the material assembled during a survey of the fresh-water fishes of the island, reported upon by PRICE (1955) in a valuable though rather scarce publication. During the usual examination preceding addition to our collections, a procedure which was expected to be merely a matter of routine, questions arose concerning the identifications of various samples. Some of these will be discussed in the annotated list of species in the present paper.

Description: The family of Syrphid flies (“Hover flies” or “Flower flies”) is richly represented in the Neotropical region. FLUKE’S Catalogue of Neotropical Syrphidae, finished in September 1953, records 107 genera and 1,507 species, exclusive of 100 “species incertae sedis.” (In actual fact, 1,508 species are enumerated, but Baccha picta Wiedemann (FLUKE, p. 259) is an Ethiopian species.) The large genera Volucella with 274 species, Baccha with 269 species, Mesograpta with 130 species, and Eristalis with 106 species, seem to have had their greatest opportunity of development in this region. However, some of the names will probably prove to be synonyms, since the descriptions by earlier authors are often too short and insufficient to enable a species to be recognized with certainty. As a rule, the species described by recent authors are quite recognizable. Up to a few years ago the number of Syrphids described or known from Suriname was very small. Moreover, one of them, Volucella ardua Wiedemann, proved to be synonymous with Volucella tympanitis Fabricius, as stated by CURRAN, who studied WIEDEMANN’S type specimens. Of course, the number of the species taken on occasion in Suriname is somewhat larger; but, as far as is known, no enumeration has ever been published.

Description: Von 14 Taumelkäfer-Arten, die bislang für Guiana nachgewiesen waren, kannte man aus Suriname lediglich 2. Dank der Sammeltätigkeit der Naturwissenschaftlichen Suriname Expedition 1949 in den Nassau Gebergte erhöhen sich diese Zahlen um 3 neue Arten und 2 Unterarten, die hierunter beschrieben werden, auf 19 bezw. 7. Auch diese Ziffern erscheinen noch sehr niedrig angesichts der günstigen Lebensbedingungen, die den Taumelkäfern in diesem tropischen, von zahlreichen Bächen und Flüssen verschiedener Grösse und Charakters bewässerten Bergland geboten sind. Zweifellos wird in Zukunft eine gründliche Erforschung der verschiedenen Fluss-Systeme in verschiedenen Höhenlagen die Gyriniden-Fauna von Guiana um zahlreiche Arten bereichern. Meine vorliegende Arbeit behandelt nicht nur die in den 3 Guiana’s (Suriname, Französisch- und Britisch-Guiana) vorkommenden Gyriniden, es war vielmehr notwendig, auch den südöstlich anschliessenden Teil Brasiliens einzubeziehen, der seiner Natur nach dazu gehört, sowie 2 Arten, die am Mt. Roraima auf venezolanischem Gebiet entdeckt wurden, da für sie die Überschreitung der nahen Grenze von Britisch Guiana sicher kein Hindernis darstellt.

Description: The solution of the problem whether the ultrabasic inclusions in lavas are accumulation products of early crystallized minerals of the lavas in which they occur, or fragments of the earth’s peridotite shell carried to the surface by the eruptive force of the lavas, largely depends on the answer to the question whether these inclusions are tectonites or not. The structure of the specimens from Auvergne (France), which formed the main subject of this study, has been proved conclusively to be of a tectonic nature, from the macroscopically visible intersecting slip planes which are definitely younger than the banding of the specimen, as well as from microscopic evidence that suggests that both the olivine and enstatite crystals are concentrated in the intersecting slip planes. The fabric of olivine and enstatite proved to be symmetrical in respect of these slip planes, although remnants of an initial, predeformational orientation related with the banding still persist. In order to establish the relation between the old and the new fabric a comparative study of the fabric of a nodule from Dreiser Weiher (chapter II) and the crystal orientation of the banded sample from Auvergne (chapter III) has been made. It was concluded that the tectonic fabric of the sample from Auvergne could be interpreted as the result of a mechanical rotation of the composing crystals around two rotation axes, from their earlier orientation which is observed in the German specimen, into their new orientation which is symmetrical in respect of the intersecting slip planes. The rotation axis of olivine proved to be parallel to the intersection of the banding and a slip plane (S1), the rotation axis of enstatite is parallel to the intersection of the second slip planes (S2) and a plane normal to the banding, which is characterized by the X01—Yen girdle in the pre-deformational fabric. The geometry of the observed fabric further suggests that the crystals rotated in opposite sense over supplementary angles around the rotation axes. The distribution of olivine in the intersecting planes as well as the above mentioned rotation were further proved in a second sample from Auvergne on which an axial distribution analysis was carried out. The results of this analysis confirmed the expectations that crystals of a specific orientation are concentrated in intersecting directions in the plane of observation. The lattice orientation of olivine proved to be dominated by an orientation of {010} parallel to S1 and [010] sub-parallel to S2, while the enstatite crystals showed a strong preferred orientation of [001] sub-parallel to S1 and [100] in S2. The comparison of the preferred orientation of the X01 axes in five samples of different mineralogical composition has demonstrated that the preferred orientation of the X01 axes increases with increasing olivine content. All these results point to a tectonic nature of the structure of the ultrabasic inclusions in the lavas of Auvergne. Since the Mg/Fe distribution in the pyroxenes of the nodules suggests that these minerals crystallized at temperatures well above those of magmatic assemblages, it was concluded that the studied specimens are not derived by crystal fractionation from the lavas in which they occur, but are likely to be fragments of the earth’s peridotite shell. The fabric of the type-locality of the lherzolites in the French Pyrenees proved to be secondary and symmetrical in respect of the local Alpine stress field in such a way that the Z axes of both olivine and enstatite are parallel to the major axis of the stress deviator. The interpretation of this tectonic fabric of olivine has been based on the translation mechanism of olivine, described by Chudoba and Frechen (1950). In the last chapter attention has been paid to some recent theories and experiments which all lead to the conclusion that the orientation of crystals during growth, either in a uniaxial stress field or under a temperature gradient, is governed by the lattice of the crystals involved, a conclusion that might be useful for the interpretation of olivine fabrics, for the results of this study suggest that the crystal structure and not the grain shape governs he fabric of many ultrabasic rocks.

Description: This publication represents a continuation of a previous article on the Caribbean Vertiginidae (this series, Vol. X, 1960, No. 41), and it will follow the same arrangement as the former. This will not only add to the uniformity of the series, it will, furthermore, make it simpler to compile individual faunal lists from any locality situated within the region treated here. Yet another continuation will follow this article, in which some smaller families with their representatives in the Caribbean region will be listed. The photographs (Plates X E and XI I excepted) were again taken by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, with the technical assistance of Mr. H. VAN KOOTEN, at the Zoological Laboratory of the State University, Utrecht.

Description: The following Tardigrada were collected from a few Antillean localities which were studied by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK in 1930 and 1936. One discovery on floating Sargassum north of the Azores was added. It may be expected that much richer material will result from more thorough microscopic examination of the many samples still awaiting further study. Styraconyx sargassi ..... on floating Sargassum, north of the AZORES. Echiniscoides sigismundi . . in salt-water ponds, BONAIRE. Macrobiotus rubens . . . . in a shallow cave, Isla de Conejo, Los TESTIGOS, Ven. Macrobiotus spec. on a hill top, Morro Grande, Los TESTIGOS, Ven. Macrobiotus spec. .....on a hill top, CURAÇAO. Milnesium tardigradum . . . at a brackish-water spring, CURAÇAO.

Description: The geology of the map sheets 1:50.000, 1 Garonne and 2 Salat of the Geological map of the Central Pyrenees is described. The stratigraphic sequence consists of Paleozoic rocks from the Cambro-Ordovician to the Carboniferous, and of Mesozoic rocks from the Trias up to the Tertiary. Hercynian and Alpine orogenies have acted on this intercontinental mountain chain. The Hercynian orogeny is accompanied by epi-to cata-zonal metamorphism in which several successive stages can be recognized. The Alpine orogenesis consists also of successive stages of which the Pre-Cenomanian one has been accompanied by basic rock intrusion and a particular kind of metamorphism. In the structure presented on these sheets a stretch of the axial zone is represented and a part of the external zone containing six of the satellite massifs, the two units separated from one another by the north Pyrenean fault zone.

Description: A sequence of more than 4000 m of marine sediments, mainly unfossiliferous and apparently without any unconformities, range in age from probable Cambrian to pre-Hercynian Carboniferous. The lower formations are of neritic facies and there is no indication of a Pyrenean basin before the Devonian, the deposits of which are much thicker in the centre of the present axial zone than on the margins. A relatively thin band of black shales of Silurian age acted as a tectonic lubricant and thus its presence resulted in a marked disharmony between the infra- and supra-structures. The infra-structure is very complicated and consists of multiple composite anticlinoria and synclinoria in which the tectonic shortening is mainly accounted for by the smallest fold unit — the tightly isoclinal micro-folding. Fold axes and b-lineations of this cleavage microfolding plunge consistently in the same direction over sharply delimited areas of up to hundreds of square km. In the supra-structure the microfolding plays a much smaller role than in the infra-structure; the folding is less composite and high-amplitude folds of some 1000 times larger dimensions provide a real shortening of about 40—50 %. A thinning of roughly 20 % of the Devonian sediments by compression has been calculated from fracture phenomena in thin slate intercalations in limestone beds. This thinning thus gives an apparent shortening which is greater than is actually the case. The northern boundary of the main dome of Lower Palaeozoic is formed by a steep flexured zone with a throw of at least 2 km. Adjacent to this flexure on the northern side is a zone of steep isoclinally folded Upper Palaeozoic rocks cut by an E—W branch of the North-Pyrenean fault system, resulting in a tilting of both blocks towards the north. The main dome is flanked to the south by a deep Upper Palaeozoic syncline of which the southern flank in the Monseny area passes into recumbent folds directed towards the south. After the main folding arching caused a fanning out of the originally vertical structure elements. Genetically related to this fanning is a late fracture cleavage (knick-zones) which displaces the syn-tectonic cleavage in such a way as to indicate a dilatation in a N—S direction. A subsequent, yet pre-Triassic vertical jointing, visible on aerial photographs, shows a complicated picture with many strike maxima of poor regional consistency. These major lineaments greatly influence the drainage. Important remnants of pre-glacial denudation surfaces have been preserved and lie at 2400—2600 m and 1850—2350 m altitude. The lower altitudes of these ranges are found towards the west of the area. The snow line of the last glaciation — derived from the lowest level of nivation cirque excavation — lay at 1500—1600 m in the north rising to 2100—2200 m in the south. A purely petrographical description is given of granodiorite batholiths, dykes, sills and basic rock intrusions. The talc of Fonta probably originated from dolomite by metasomatic addition of large quantities of hydrothermal quartz which penetrated from the granodiorite intrusion along a fault plane. The galena and sphalerite occurrences of Carbauère are also connected with a fault.

Description: For the identification of certain of the mollusks with which the copepods to be described were associated we wish to thank Dr. RUTH D. TURNER, Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, Harvard College, Cambridge, and Mr. C. J. VAN EEKEN, Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam. We also express our appreciation to Mr. J. A. VAN DREVELDT (Amsterdam) for his assistance in the preparation of the drawings of the last two species. This study has been supported by grants from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles (WOSUNA), Amsterdam, and from the National Science Foundation of the United States, Washington.

Description: The present paper is based upon a small collection of water striders of the family Hebridae, collected by the junior author while conducting a field survey of the Hemiptera of Curaçao and the other Netherlands Antillean islands in the Caribbean Sea. It is striking that the hebrids mentioned here were found only on the three islands of the Leeward Group, off the coast of Venezuela, i.e. Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire. On the very small islands of St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba, situated about 900 km farther to the northeast, not a single hebrid has been met with, in spite of the fact that suitable habitats were examined very carefully for their occurrence. The collection comprises four species of hebrids, divided between two genera: Merragata hebroides, from Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire; Hebrus concinnus, from Curaçao; Hebrus consolidus, from Curaçao; Hebrus elimatus, nov., from Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire.

Description: A collection of 79 specimens of Notostraca from the islands of Bonaire, Curaçao, and Aruba was kindly handed over to me for examination by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, Utrecht, to whom my thanks are due for giving me this opportunity of seeing some interesting material. All the specimens concerned belong to Triops longicaudatus (LeConte) — usually known as Apus longicaudatus LeConte — which is the only species of its genus yet found in America.

Description: In the present series of papers the results of two different field trips to the West Indies are coordinated. Each paper, dealing with a convenient taxonomic group, will be numbered separately. The sequence of the taxonomic units is arbitrary. Part of the material on which the results are based was collected by J.H.S. during a five months’ stay (October 1958-February 1959) in the Dutch West Indies (or Netherlands Antilles, as they are more officially called), which was made possible by a grant from the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles (WOSUNA), Amsterdam. The greater part of the time was spent at the Caribbean Marine Biological Institute, Piscadera Bay, Curaçao, although short visits to the other islands of the Netherlands Antilles, viz. Aruba, Bonaire, St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba, have to a certain degree supplemented the results obtained in Curaçao.

Description: In continuation of my examination of the Neotropical Acanthocinini, the occasion arises to deal with certain Caribbean species, because of material from various sources, sent to me by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, of the Zoölogisch Laboratorium der Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht; Ir. R. H. COBBEN, of the Laboratorium voor Entomologie der Landbouwhogeschool, Wageningen; Dr. T. H. FARR, of the Museum of Science, Kingston, Jamaica, and the Museum Frey, Tutzing bei München, as well as material from my own collection. The material covered in this paper comprises the following species: Lagocheirus araneiformis guadeloupensis Dillon, from St. John, St. Martin, and St. Eustatius; Fisherostylus bruneri (Fisher) gen. nov., from Cuba; Leplostyloides turbidus gen. nov., sp. n., from Saba, and St. Eustatius (pl. I 1—2); Styloleptus nigrofasciatus sp. n., from Hispaniola (pl. I 3); Styloleptus divisus sp. n., from Hispaniola (pl. I 4); Antilleptostylus nigricans (Fisher) gen. nov., from Puerto Rico; Pygmaleptostylus pygmaeus (Fisher) gen. nov., from Cuba; Atrypanius trinidadensis sp. n., from Trinidad (Pl. II 3); Urgleptes sandersoni sp. n., from Puerto Rico (Pl. II 2); Urgleptes haitiensis sp. n., from Hispaniola (Pl. II 1); Urgleptes cobbeni sp. n., from Saba, and St. Eustatius (Pl. III 1—3); Urgleptes puertoricensis sp. n., from Puerto Rico (Pl. IV 1—3); Pentheochaetes trinidadensis sp. n., from Trinidad (Pl. IV 4); Nyssodrystes freyorum sp. n., from Trinidad and Venezuela (Pl. IV 5).

Description: Mr. H. R. VAN HEEKEREN and Mr. C. J. DU RY, of the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde at Leiden, entrusted me with the identification of some animal remains collected from Indian sites on Aruba by Professor J. P. B. DE JOSSELIN DE JONG in 1923. These remains relate for the most part to marine turtles (Chelonia mydas L. and Caretta caretta (L.)), indistinguishable from the recent forms today living in the Caribbean Sea, but they do include also a small number of bones of mammals. These comprise a few items which are of sufficient interest to make it worth while placing the specimens on record. Five species of mammals are represented, three of which do not belong to the extant fauna of Aruba. The annotated list is given below. Details on the localities of Santa Cruz and Savaneta are to be found in Mr. VAN HEEKEREN’S recent account on the non-ceramic artifacts (VAN HEEKEREN, 1960).

Description: The notes on Cerambycidae in this paper are based on small collections of material sent to me by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK of the Zoölogisch Laboratorium, Utrecht; Ir. R. H. COBBEN of the Laboratorium voor Entomologie, Wageningen; Dr. H. F. HOWDEN of the Entomological Research Institute, Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa; the Museum Frey, Tutzing bei München; Dr. T. H. FARR of the Institute of Science, Kingston, Jamaica, as well as specimens from my own collection. The opportunity is taken of listing material from new localities and of figuring a few species which have not previously been figured so far as I am aware, as well as describing a number of new genera and species.

Description: 3. An account is given of sound conductivity experiments which were carried out on the auditory structures in a very fresh, dead specimen of Tursiops. 4. The probable function of the external auditory meatus is discussed in relationship to the arrangement of the accessory air sinuses of the middle ear. 5. The so-called ”auditory scanning” behaviour in odontocete cetaceans is commented upon in the light of preliminary experimental evidence of a vocal sound diffraction pattern.

Description: Die Untersuchung des Ems-Estuarium mit dem Dollart und dem anschließenden Wattgebiet wurde u.a. vorgenommen, um durch das Sammeln von ökologischer Kenntnisse, die paläo-ökologischen Verhältnisse derartiger Regionen aus früheren Epochen der Erdgeschichte besser kennen zu lernen. Deshalb haben diese Schlußfolgerungen über die ökologischen Verhältnisse einen etwas anderen Akzent, als wenn sie von einem Biologen stammten. Die Ökologie der Diatomaceae, Mollusca, Ostracoda, Amphipoda, Copepoda, Foraminifera und noch einiger anderer wirbelloser Tiere wurde einer näheren Untersuchung unterzogen. Absichtlich war die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Mikrofauna und -flora gerichtet, weil wir besonders unsere mikropaläontologische Kenntnis vertiefen wollten.

Description: 1. The chromosome numbers of 42 species of the genus Campanula were determined. 2. A survey is given of the crossing-experiments carried out up to the present.

Description: 154 plant species, chosen at random, and collected in the Netherlands were investigated cytologically. The chromosome numbers determined were compared with data known from other countries.

Description: Misschien wel het meest gecompliceerde probleem van de vele waarvoor een nieuw benoemde hoogleraar zich geplaatst voelt, is het onderwerp van zijn oratie. Binnen de wetenschap, die hij voortaan in de kringen van zijn universiteit mag uitdragen, zijn uiteraard tal van vraagstukken het onderwerp van actuele discussies, en een aantal van deze problemen zal zijn warme belangstelling hebben. Dikwijls zal hij partij gekozen hebben in een aantal strijdvragen en het ligt voor de hand dat de verleiding groot is om de gelegenheid van zijn inaugurele rede aan te grijpen en zijn standpunt met klem van argumenten uiteen te zetten.

Description: Physarum mennegae nov. spec. maxime ut Ph. penetrale Martin, sed sporangiis subglobosis, non distincte elongatis, stipite luteolo, non rubro, concretionibus calcareis albis, non luteis, capillitio minus denso et non persistente, sporis majoribus ab eo recedens; typus: 945 in collectione auctoris, lectus a Dr. A. M. W. Mennega in Guiana Batavorum Centrali. Sporangia gregaria, stipitata, e hypothallo orbiculari parvo orientia, altitudine 1 mm non excedentia. Hypothallus decolor, translucens. Stipes sporangio fere aequilongus vel eo paulo longior, fragilis, pallide luteolus, translucens, lucem orientem versus visus luteus, interdum paulo in sporangii cavitatem productus. Sporangium subglobosum, circ. 0.5 mm diam., brunneum; peridium sine concretionibus calcareis, tenue, translucens, cum lucem orientem versus visum est decolor, irregulariter dehiscens; capillitium laxius, e filamentis gracilibus, hyalinis, in reticulum connectis compositum; filamenta nodis calcareis albis, nunc globosis, nunc ramificatis instructa. Sporae subglobosae, 7-8 µ diam., per saturam saturate brunneae, lucem orientem versus visae pallide violaceo-brunneae, minutissime verruculosae, verruculis per greges conjunctis. Plasmodium ignotum.

Description: An account is given of a scientific expedition to the Emma Range in Dutch Guiana. The expedition left on 10 July 1959 from Paramaribo, and after five days reached the base camp on the Toekoemoetoe creek, a tributary of the upper Saramacca River. From here the expedition proceeded by foot to the Emma Range. The main camp was situated at the foot of the range, at a height of 325 m. Two subsidary camps were set up at the north and south of the range respectively. On the 28th October the expedition returned to Paramaribo.

Description: The chromosome numbers of some of the annual species of the genus Trifolium occurring in the Netherlands were investigated. In the summer of 1959 seeds were collected in Walcheren, province of Zeeland, which is rich in Trifolium species.

Description: The following species and varieties were either found after my list of Myxomycetes from the Netherlands was published (Acta Bot. Neerl. 10: 80-98. 1961) or they are recorded because further study has convinced me of their vallidity of which I was doubtful at first. There was now no need to mark species that are not on Dr. Karstens’ unpublished list, as was done in my previous paper, as these are all new records for the Netherlands.

Description: Toen ik enige tijd geleden de verspreiding van Juncus inflexus in Nederland zo nauwkeurig mogelijk voor de Flora Neerlandica wilde vastleggen, stuitte ik op enige onverwachte moeilijkheden. Ongetwijfeld komt deze soort door het gehele Fluviatiele district vrij algemeen en in sommige delen daarvan algemeen voor. Ook in het Duin-, Löss- en Krijtdistrict is ze wel vrij algemeen, en dit is waarschijnlijk ook het geval in het Vlaamse district. Maar in de overige districten is ze slechts van weinige plaatsen bekend, en het is de vraag, of de mij ten dienste staande gegevens wel alle betrouwbaar zijn. Sloff en Van Soest geven in het Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 49, 1939, p.301 het volgende overzicht: Vrij algemeen in Krijt- en Löss-district, minder in het aansluitende Maas-gedeelte van het Fluviatiele district. Niet langs de Vecht. Het verspreidingsgebied straalt langs de kust van de voormalige Zuiderzee en ook hier en tiaar in het Hafdistrict uit, terwijl de plant ook in het Nederlandse en Belgische tieel van het Vlaamse district lang niet zeldzaam is.

Description: D.T.E. van der Ploeg, De floristiek van Oostelijk Friesland. Wetensch. Meded. no 36, febr. 1960, uitg. Kon. Ned. Natuurhist. Ver., 40 pag., geïll., f. 2,75 (voor leden van de K.N.N.V. en It Fryske Gea f. 2,25). Weer is één van da keurig verzorgde Wetenschappelijke Mededelingen van de K.N.N.V. verschenen. Zij bevat een bespreking van de floristiek van de oostelijke delft van Friesland, waarbij vooral aandacht wordt besteed aan de zandgronden, de „Wâlden”, hoewel ook de overige delen van het gebied worden behandeld.

Description: Myrrhis odorata (L.) Scop. bij Leewarden. Als aanvulling op de korte mededeling van Johs. Kemp over het voorkomen van Myrrhis odorata langs de spoorlijn tij Koopmans’ Meelfabrieken te Leeuwarden (Corr.bl 14) nog de volgende opmerking. Deze vindplaats is niet nieuw. Reeds in 1923 maakte ir. Schweers de heer en mevrouw Koopmans-Forstmann opmerkzaam op het voorkomen van deze plant op precies dezelfde Plaats. Enkele jaren later verzamelde J.P. Wiersma de plant er eveneens (herb. Fries Natuurhist, Museum). Nog in 1957 kon ik mij overtuigen dat Myrrhis odorata vrij veel en in forse exemplaren op de bekende vindplaats voorkwam.

Description: Verslag van de excursie van de Commissie voor het Floristisch Onderzoek van Nederland uit de Kon. Ned. Botanische Vereniging. De excursie werd gehouden van 11 tot 16 juli, met verblijfplaats Oostburg.

Description: Eet artikel van Th.J. Reichgelt over de verspreiding van Juncus inflexus L. in Nederland (Corr.bl. no.16) was voor ons aanleiding het Friese verspreidingsgebied van deze plant nog eens nader te bekijken. De oudste vermelding van de soort voor Friesland vinden wij in de Flora Frisica van J.J. Bruinsma (1840): in de Menalduraer-mieden, H(inxt).

Description: Flora of Java. The first volume (Gymnospermae to Buxaceae, according to Hutchinson’s system; 110 families) is now in the press and will be published, in print and in English, early in 1963. The whole work is planned in three volumes of c. 800 pages each. The second volume is also in the press. The original text is largely by Dr. C.A. Backer, assisted by several specialists. The editor is Dr. R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink f. Lauraceae. At Bogor, Dr. A.J.G.H. Kostermans has concluded a 1700-page MS-bibliography of this family, which aims at completeness for the whole world. The bibliography deals with all names (infraspecific taxa included!) ever published in the Lauraceae and with all subsequent references in literature. All cross-references have been incorporated for all binomials, as well as the pre-Linnean names. The names which in the course of time have been misinterpreted have been included, which gives the bibliography a taxonomic aspect. Negotiations about publication have started, but to attain more certainty in this respect, institutes and private persons who might be interested in this work are encouraged to contact Dr. Kostermans at the Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Java, Indonesia, or the Editor of the Flora Malesiana, Rijksherbarium, Leyden, Netherlands.

Description: In 1834 Royle (Ill. Him. Bot. p. 136) indicated very briefly, but sufficiently, as was not infrequently done in those early days, the characters of a new genus, already recognized but not validly published by Wallich, named Cardiopteris. Under this name it was taken up and fully described and pictured by Blume (Rumphia part 29, Dec. 1842-April 1843, p. 206) who based a new family on it, Cardiopteridaceae. Hasskarl described the same plant independently as the type of a new genus for his Cat. Hort. Bog. (1844) 235, naming it Peripterygium. In a precursor to that Catalogue he published this name in advance (in Tijd. Natuurl. Geschied. & Phys. 10, 2nd instalment, March 1843, 142). The date March 1843 is cited by Hasskarl himself, cf. Flora 27 (1844) 583.

Description: Mr J. Sinclair reported that during 1959 several smaller collections were made in Pahang, Johore, Kelantan, and Perak.

Description: De door Linnaeus (1753) beschreven Juncus bufonius L. is een soort die de gemoederen van vele botanici in opstand heeft gebracht. Het is gebleken, dat er een aantal verwante taxa zijn waarvan de systematische betekenis nooit geheel duidelijk is geworden. Vele botanici hebben zich dan ook beijverd nieuwe soorten te beschrijven, anderen durfden dit niet aan en beschreven de van de typische J. bufonius afwijkende planten als ondersoorten of variëteiten van J. bufonius. Tot deze afwijkende typen behoren J. foliosus Desf., J. sphaerocarpus Nees, J. sorrentinii Parlat. (een Sardico-Siciliaans endeem), J. mutabilis Savi, J. ranarius Song. & Perr. en J. ambiguus Guss., elk met een aantal synoniemen. J. foliosus (vlakke, tot 2 mm brede bladeren) en J. sphaerocarpus (bloemen klein, met 2-3 mm lange bloemdekbladen en kogelronde vruchtbeginsels) staan geheel apart en zijn beide zonder enige twijfel goede soorten, of eventueel “kleine soorten” binnen de collectiefsoort J. bufonius L. Ook J. sorrentinii is een duidelijk van de andere vormen te onderscheiden type (zeer lang onderst schutblad, meestal veel, zelfs tot 20 bloemen bijeen in een waaiervormige bloeiwijze, bloemdekbladen tweemaal zo lang als het vruchtbeginsel).

Description: It was a nice and cool evening in October 1958, when we were sitting in all safety and comfort in the Resthouse at Ranau. The sky had cleared up and Mt Kinabalu dominated the scenery in all its rugged majesty. Mr D.I. Nicholson, the Ecologist of Sandakan, and I were to start next day to climb the mountain. The preparations had been made, and, lingering around, my eye fell on a booklet on the table. It was ”A Tragedy of Borneo 1941-1945”, and its subtitle was ”Kinabalu National Memorial Park Project”. While reading, I became deeply impressed. The Tragedy of Borneo began seriously in September 1944. Then the 2400 prisoners, 1800 Australians and 600 Englishmen, who had been kept in a P.O.W. camp at Sandakan, were driven by the Japs westward, into the interior, along a murderous track 150 miles long through the heaviest country, on a daily ration of 2½ ounces of rice, while the stores in Sandakan were packed with International Red Cross parcels, and while the American planes came over high in the sky, using the Kinabalu as a land mark, unaware of the terrible things that were happening on the ground. When in August 1945 the death march ended at the foot of the Kinabalu, the Imperial Army of Japan had massacred all these men, except for six Australians who somehow had managed to escape. While we made the ascent, I saw Mr Nicholson busy collecting data for the setting out of a National Park. This will comprise the summit of the mountain, and a good deal of its slopes. In the booklet, which I was very glad to see now again on my desk, this is explained extensively. For its objective is to seek approval and support for the following aims: ” 1) To commemorate in a more constructive way than War Graves Cemeteries are, by their nature, intended to do, a wartime disaster and recovery of deep national significance to Australia, Great Britain, and British Borneo. 2) To symbolize for posterity the close bonds of friendship, mutual respect, and common endeavour, which have always existed between the British and the indigenous people of Borneo, and which during World War II found frequent and courageous expression throughout the dreadful ordeal through which the country passed. 3) To focus historical interest on Kundasan (4000 ft) near Ranau on the slopes of Mt Kinabalu (13455 ft), the highest mountain in SE. Asia and the most imposing feature in all Borneo. Subject to other conditions being favourable, to work also towards the development of the area for the future benefit of native as well as British interests in Borneo.”

Description: Allioni, C., Auctuarium ..... Horti reg. Taurinensis (Mél. Philos. Math. Soc. Roy. Turin 5, 94 seq.). Cf. H.P. Fuchs, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 71 (1961) 350-351.

Description: The frontispiece selected for this number is a photograph made during a visit by Leyden botanists to the nestor of Malaysian botany, Dr C.A. Backer, at Heemstede, who celebrated his 85th birthday, September 18, 1959. Though now almost confined to his room and his eyesight unfortunately no longer sufficient to dissect plants under the microscope, he is still busy as a bee pursuing literary subjects of study, connected with the use of Latin in botany, of which he has an almost unrivalled knowledge. It is a blessing to him that his mind is as sharp and clever and his memory as good as before. During visits of his juniors he cannot leave out teaching, in which Latin is the main theme, especially the proper pronunciation of plant names; we always wonder what the Romans would have thought in hearing our ignorance of their language. When the photograph was taken by Dr Ding Hou he was just cracking one of his jokes, of the usual sharp kind. We are happy to have him still with us, humbly remembering the very large amount of exemplary and critical work he performed on the Javanese flora from which we daily profit. The main activities of the Flora Malesiana since the last Bulletin were concerned with the printing and preparation of two instalments, viz the first of the fern series by Dr Holttum, which was published in December 1959, and the first of volume 6 of the Phanerogams, which was nearly ready for the press at that date.

Description: Although our knowledge of reproductive parts of bamboos is still very defective, an adequately collected vegetative specimen is valuable and sufficient for identification. Like in tree ferns (see p. 567) and in rattans, a well-collected specimen does not need to be excessively bulky, provided the essential parts are taken. We hope that field workers will overcome the hesitation they might feel to attack this difficult but very important plant group.

Description: Cyatheaceae. The MS of the Flora Malesiana revision by Dr. R. E. Holttum is now in the press. Lomariopsis Group. Mr. E. Hennipman started a revision of Egenolfia and Bolbitis at the Rijksherbarium, as part of the project on this group by Dr. Holttum.

Description: Abeywickrama, B. A.: A provisional check list of the flowering plants of Ceylon (Ceylon J. Sc., Biol. Sec. 2, 1959, 119- 240). Ahti, T.: Taxonomic studies on reindeer lichens (Cladonia, subg. Cladina) (Ann. Bot. Soc. Zool. Bot Fenn. Vanamo 32¹, 1961, 1-160, many fig.). Also map of C. mitis, p. 121. Bipolar type of distribution.

Description: Herbs or shrubs, often climbing, rarely trees. Indument, if present, consisting of simple (unicellular or multicellular) hairs (sometimes capitate-glandular), stellate hairs, or appendages ( Cleome). Leaves spirally arranged, petioled, simple, palmately dissected, or compound, entire, penninerved, in Stixis pelluciddotted. Stipules thorny, or minute, or wanting. Inflorescences racemose, terminal or lateral, rarely the flowers axillary, or sometimes serial. Bracts, if present, small and caducous, rarely with stipular bracteoles. Flowers bisexual but sometimes the gynoecium reduced (in extra-Mal. spp. staminodes may occur), actinomorphic with a tendency towards zygomorphism, especially in the receptacle and in the position of the petals, mostly in bud until anthesis, but in Crateva opening at a very early stage. Sepals 4, either equal or in 2 whorls of 2 and then the outer pair enveloping the bud and slightly different from the inner pair, or (in Stixis) in 2 equal whorls of 3, free, rarely the outer pair connate in bud. Petals 4 or (in Stixis) absent, free, often unguiculate, equal, or sometimes 2 of the Petals slightly asymmetrical and adjoining at the base. Receptacle more or less conical, often with peculiar protrusions, such as (in Malaysia) a small anterior disk in Capparis, or a long anterior tubular gland in Cadaba, or a ring in Crateva. Stamens (4-)6 to ~, in Malaysian genera all fertile, either free or their base connate with the gynophore in a very short to very long androgynophore; anthers dorsifixed, often near the base, introrse, 2-locular, dehiscent lengthwise, connective inconspicuous. Ovary generally on a long gynophore, to sessile, ovoid to cylindrical, with a small, simple, sessile stigma, 2-6-carpellate, in Malaysia 1-3-locular. Ovules mostly ~, on parietal, rarely axillary placentas, campyotropous, with 2 integuments, a third, thin, innermost seed-coat of tracheal tissue being present at least in certain examined cases. Fruit a capsule, or a berry with tough exocarp. Seeds ~, rarely 1 (Stixis), mostly coiled-reniform, poor in endosperm; embryo curved, horseshoe-shaped or coiled, the cotyledons mostly involute or plicate, or coiled, or one partly enveloping the other; testa in seeds of dry fruits mostly sculptured and sometimes with an elaiosome, otherwise smooth. Distribution. About 45 genera and approximately 700 spp. in tropical and subtropical regions. The largest genera are Capparis (over 250 spp.), Cleome (over 150 spp.), Maerua (over 50 spp.), and Boscia (over 35 spp.). Capparis and Cleome are both best-represented in the neotropics; another large centre is Africa. Monotypic genera are extremely numerous in this family: of the 45 genera acknowledged by PAX & HOFFMANN 20 (44%) are monotypic. Even if some might be reduced in future studies the figure will remain remarkably high. SE. Asia and Australia are the poorest in monotypic genera, either area having 3; it is not certain that all these six monotypic genera can be upheld. These six monotypic genera are also endemic and only SE. Asia has one more endemic genus. On account of these facts, I presume that the family occupied these parts of the world later than Africa and the `neotropics.

Description: Shrubs, trees, or lianas, rarely undershrubs or herbs, with a very strongly developed and layered, fibrous, tough bast (“Seidenbast”, silky fibres). Leaves opposite or decussate, spiral or alternate, very rarely some ternate, simple, entire, exstipulate, articulated at the base, glandular-punctate in Gonystyloideae. Inflorescences terminal, axillary or extra-axillary, or on internodes, sometimes on brachyblasts, simple or rarely branched, sessile or peduncled, racemose, umbelliform, spicate, capitate, or fascicled, obviously basically racemose; flowers rarely solitary, sometimes cauliflorous and condensed into glomerules, bracteate (bracts sometimes forming an involucre) or ebracteate. Flowers bisexual (rarely unisexual by abortion and polygamodioecious or dioecious in extra-Mal. spp.), homomorphic, rarely heteromorphic, regular, tubular, campanulate or infundibuliform, tube very short in Gonystyloideae, or with almost free sepals in extra-Mal. spp., mostly caducous, some circumsciss in the lower part, or persistent (sometimes enveloping the ripe fruit in extra-Mal. spp.), sometimes slit lengthwise in fruit, 4-5(-6)-lobed, the lobes imbricate (rarely valvate in some extra-Mal. spp.), equal or rarely the interior 2 slightly smaller, erect or reflexed. Corolla absent or represented by free or united petaloid appendages, isomerous and alternating with the calyx lobes, or double in number and arranged in pairs opposite the calyx lobes, rarely more (Gonystylus), fleshy or membranous, filamentous or oblong, entire or lobed, rarely united into a ring, inserted at the throat of floral tube or slightly lower, sometimes behind the stamens, or absent. Stamens 2 only, or 4-~, in Malaysia (except in some Gonystyloideae) mostly diplostemonous, in two or in one series, if in two series then at two different levels, the upper ones opposite the calyx lobes and the lower ones alternate with them, sessile or filamentous; filaments filiform or slightly flattened, entirely or partly adnate to the floral tube; anthers 2-celled, basi- or dorsifixed, obtuse or apiculate, introrse, hippocrepiform (Gonystyloideae), or extrorse (extra-Mal. spp.), dehiscing length-Wise, usually free, sometimes the lower 1/3—1/2 adnate to the tube (Aquilaria cumingiana) Disk hypogynous, membranous or subcarnose, annular, cupular, obed, free and scale-like, or none. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled, 3-5(-8)-celled in Gonystyloideae and extra-Mal. spp., sessile or shortly stalked; style filiform, caducous, sometimes very short or obscure, terminal or excentric, in Gonystyloideae sometimes accompanied by ‘parastyles’ at the base; stigma capitate, subglobose, oblong, subclavate or pyramidal, entire and smooth, or slightly emarginate, sometimes papillose. Ovules solitary in each cell, with axial or parietal placentation, pendulous from near the top, sometimes partly or entirely and laterally adnate to the placenta, the micropyle towards the top and outward. Fruit a drupe or drupaceous, a berry, or a capsule, either apically or laterally emerging from the floral tube, 1- or 2(-3)-seeded, or 3-5(-8)-seeded in Gonystyloideae and extra-Mal. spp.; pericarp membranous, pulpy, coriaceous, or fibrous. Seeds with a caruncle-like or tail-like appendage, usually with an aril in Gonystyloideae, the seed usually hanging out by one end on a thin, string-like funicle in Aquilarioideae; testa usually crustaceous, black, often with rather irregular ridges, glabrous or short-hairy in some spp. of Aquilarioideae; albuminous or exalbuminous. Embryo straight; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle short, superior. Distribution. About 50 genera with about 500 species, chiefly developed in south and tropical Africa and Australia; it is almost cosmopolitan.

Description: Juglandaceae represent a characteristic northern hemisphere family, in the New World going south to Central America (Mexico, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, Cuba, Hispaniola and found S of the equator as fas as c. 30° S, absent from Africa, and overstepping the equator also in the Malaysian region where Engelhardia extends to Java and New Guinea. This distribution shows a remarkable resemblance with that of the Fagaceae-Castaneae which though absent S of the equator in the Americas, occur in Africa in the Mediterranean part only, and though rather well represented as far as New Guinea are also absent in Australia and the Pacific islands. A noteworthy detail of this parallel is that although both are well represented in the Himalayan region and the Indo-Chinese Peninsula no representative of either group is found in Ceylon and the Deccan Peninsula! Northwards the family extended much farther in Tertiary time and fossils are known from Sakhalin, E. Siberia to 61° N (where at present Juglans occurs to 51° N), also Alaska (pollen grains), Greenland, and Spitsbergen. Several genera which are now confined to East Asia or North America occurred in Europe from the Upper Cretaceous until the Pliocene but became gradually extinct there during the Pleistocene Ice Age. See also under Engelhardia.

Description: Trees, erect or scandent shrubs; stems sometimes producing rootlets ( Euonymus spp.), rarely buttressed at the base (e.g. Bhesa) or with aerophores (Lophopetalum multinervium), sometimes thorny (Maytenus spp.) ; sometimes with elastic or resinous threads in the leaves, inflorescences, floral parts, fruits, or branchlets, showing on fractures. Leaves simple, alternate, spiral, decussate or opposite, sometimes fascicled on short branchlets, penninerved, sometimes black-dotted beneath, rarely so on both surfaces, often crenate, more rarely entire. Stipules small, simple or laciniate, caducous, or none. Inflorescences axillary and/or terminal, sometimes extra-axillary, or ramiferous, cymose, thyrsoid, paniculate, racemose, fasciculate, sometimes 1-flowered, usually bracteate. Flowers generally small, actinomorphic, bisexual or unisexual, in the latter case the plants usually dioecious or sometimes polygamous. Calyx 4- or 5-lobed, lobes imbricate, rarely valvate, usually persistent. Petals 4 or 5, imbricate, contorted, rarely valvate, caducous, sometimes persistent, rarely slightly connate at the base and sometimes also united with the staminal ring below the connate filament bases (i.e. the so-called ‘disk’ in Microtropis), upper surface usually smooth, sometimes Partly covered with cristate, lamellate, fimbriate, or fleshy papilla-like appendages (e.g. Lophopetalum). Stamens (2-) 3, 4, or 5, rarely 8-10 (extra-Mal. gen. Forsellesia), alternate with the petals (except in Forsellesia), filaments inserted on or within the disk, on its margin or slightly below it, or on a basal ring (Microtropis), caducous or persistent; anthers mostly 2-celled, very rarely 1-celled (extra-Mal. spp.), usually ovoid, ellipsoid, or subglobose, rarely reniform, sometimes divergent, longitudinally, laterally, or very rarely apically (extra-Mal. spp.) dehiscent, introrse or extrorse, basifixed, dorsifixed, or dorso-basifixed. Disk various, often Present and conspicuous, fleshy or membranous, patelliform or cupular, or flat, entire, dentate, angular, or lobed; extrastaminal to intrastaminal, sometimes adnate to the torus or partially free at the margin, usually annular and continuous, rarely discontinuous and lobed, or even forming staminiferous pockets (extra-Mal. genera Cheiloclinium and Apodostigma), rarely obscure ( Microtropis), dually smooth, rarely covered with papilla-like or fleshy subulate processes). Ovary partly or entirely immersed in the disk, sometimes concealed within it or adnate to it, or free from it, usually glabrous, sometimes with a tuft of hairs at the top (Bhesa), rarely puberulous (extra-Mal. spp.), or covered with papillalike or fleshy subulate processes at the base (Euonymus spp.), (l-)2-5-celled or rarely many-celled (Siphonodon), mostly completely, very rarely incompletely felled; usually ending in a style, or very rarely hollow at the top (Siphonodon; style distinct, short, or obscure, or lacking (Brassiantha, Siphonodon and extra- Mal. genus), simple, rarely almost divided to the base (Bhesa), terminal, rarely lateral in fruit (Pleurostylia); stigma(s) simple, or lobed. Ovules mostly 2 in each cell, sometimes 1, or 3-18, anatropous, inserted at the inner angle, erect and inserted at the base or slightly higher, or pendulous, collateral, superposed or in 2 series. Fruit capsular, loculicidal or with 3 divergent separate or laterally connate ‘follicles’, or drupaceous, dehiscent, and sometimes leaving a columella, or indehiscent, smooth, sometimes echinate. Seeds erect or pendulous, sometimes winged; aril present or none, when present usually partly or entirely enveloping the seed or cushion-like situated at the base of it; usually orange or orange-red, rarely white; albumen present or 0; embryo erect; cotyledons flat, foliaceous. Distribution. The family Celastraceae (including Hippocrateaceae) comprises c. 90 genera and over 1000 spp., distributed in both hemispheres except the arctic regions, predominantly occurring in the tropics and subtropics.

Description: Annual or perennial herbs (in Malesia) or shrubs with simple and capitateglandular hairs. Leaves opposite or alternate, petioled, usually stipulate: blade dentate and/or lobed, dissected or even compound (very rarely entire but not so in Malesia). Flowers bisexual, regular or irregular, protandrous, solitary and terminal or arranged in terminal cymes which appear to be axillary due to sympodial growth. Sepals 5 (rarely 4 and not so in Malesia), persistent. Petals equal in number to sepals (rarely absent), free. Stamens as many as petals or twice as many (rarely three times as many but not in Malesia), free or connate, some frequently staminodal, hypogynous. Ovary usually 5-locular with 1-2 ± superposed pendulous ovules in each cell. Fruit a schizocarp (sometimes a capsule but not so in Malesia) splitting into 5 one-seeded mericarps each bearing part (an awn) of the elongated style (rostrum). Seeds with or without endosperm. Distribution. Genera 11 and c. 600 spp., centred in southern Africa but very widespread in temperate parts of the world, in the tropics mainly at higher altitudes, in Malesia exclusively so.

Description: In Persoonia 2: 389. 1962, the new combination Hydnellum piperatum (Coker) Maas G. was proposed, but it escaped my attention that the basionym, Sarcodon piperatus, had not been provided with a Latin description, rendering the new combination invalid. The following diagnosis, taken from Coker’s description and augmented with a few notes of my own, should validate the name.

Description: 1. Navarretia squarrosa (Eschsch.) Hook. & Arn. is mentioned here in addition to our last paper on the Netherlands adventitious flora, published in Gorteria 1, no. 10, 1963, p. 113—117. The species was found in 1962 near Joure, prov. Friesland, and was most probably introduced with bird-seed. 2. All Dutch specimens formerly named Erodium chium (Burm. f.) Willd. and E. cygnorum Nees appear to belong to the Australian E. crinitum Carolin. This species was found as an alien near the wool-mills at Tilburg, prov. N. Brabant and along the river Meuse near Meers, Grevenbicht, and Itteren, prov. Limburg. In the last named localities it was most probably introduced from the wool-factories along the Vesdre in Belgium. Differences between E. cygnorum and E. crinitum are discussed.

Description: This paper contains some additional information and discussions as well as corrections of statements and of facts recorded in a previously published paper entitled “The generic names proposed for Polyporaceae”.

Description: The enumeration of about 760 species and 140 varieties and forms of marine algae growing along the eastern coasts of the tropical and subtropical parts of America, and belonging to the Phacophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Chrysophyceae, and Rhodophyceae, is preceded by an historical review of collecting and knowledge of those algae. One new family, Wurdemanniaceae, eight new species of the genera Caulerpa, Dictyota, Dictyopteris, Padina (by Thivy), Cryptonemia and Ceramium, and four new varieties belonging to the genera Dictyota, Galaxaura, Rhodymenia, and Herposiphonia, have been described. Several formae are only marked as such, but not given a name. A number of new combinations are found all through the systematical part of the book. Though this book contains a great quantity of information about the marine algae from the coasts of Bermuda and North Carolina up to that of southern Brazil, the author does not claim monographic completeness. Doubtful records remain for further investigation. A short chapter on geographical distribution is included, as well as an extensive one on the habitats of the algae, illustrated by 14 photographs from Bermuda and Jamaica. The last mentioned chapter contains an elaborate description of the algal vegetation in all its variations in the territory dealt with. Moreover, it gives many practical indications for effective ecological studies. At the end an explanation of the “Sargasso Sea” is found.

Description: Michelia pilifera Bakh. ƒ., nom. nou. Michelia velutina Bl., Fl. Jav. (1829) Magn., p. 17, non DC., Prod. 1 (1824) 79.

Description: (1) The accompanying map illustrates the hierarchy of the floristic subdivision of the Malaysian-Pacific area and its demarcation against the New World flora. The way of linking it with the mainland of Eastern Asia has not been worked out. Further it has not been attempted to subdivide the Australian flora including Tasmania. The following names are proposed: (2) As has appeared from the surveys the number of endemic genera pro subdivision cannot be placed in any proportion to the surface of that subdivision; this appears for example from the following figures: (3) If two islands are comparable ecologically (latitude, altitude, climate, soils) and are at comparable distance from a continental flora or other big plant source, the island with the smallest surface has the largest percentage of world-wide genera (type 1). This appears from a comparison of Samoa (43%) with Tonga (50%), and Tonga with Cook I. (61.6%). (4) The highest percentage of worldwides is found in the coral islets and atolls. (5) For ecologically more or less comparable islands the rule seems to be that the distance to a continental flora or other rich plant source and the total number of genera are inversely proportional. For example Lord Howe I. (surface 13 sq.km) at a distance of 500 km from Australia has 126 genera and Norfolk I. (surface 40 sq.km) at a distance of 1600 km from Australia has only 103 genera, even though it is thrice as large as Lord Howe I. (6) Generic endemism and specific endemism often do not go parallel. The Galápagos, Marquesas, New Hebrides, and Rapa I. have a high specific endemism, but possess very few endemic genera. (7) a. In the Pacific the Malaysian influence reaches in general wide and far. b. The Australian influence in the Pacific is proportionally small and affects mostly the southern Pacific. c. The influence of the American flora is surprisingly small, even in islands which are situated relatively very close to the. New World if compared with their distance to the Old World, for example the Marquesas, Easter I., etc. d. If the South American element is found far in the Pacific it is almost restricted to the subantarctic part of it. (8) The method of the demarcation knots is only useful if islands or island groups are contrasted which have a comparably rich flora, containing a number of genera of about the same order, for example Formosa and the Philippines, Malaysia and Australia, the Solomons and the New Hebrides (the latter with respectively 431 and 371 genera: demarcation 60 %). If the areas are very dissimilar in number of genera the method of demarcation knots will result in a wrong picture of the situation. In the latter case the approach for the estimate should be made in another way, for example by focussing attention to the number of genera which occur in the poorest of the pair and not in the richest. An illustrative example of this is a comparison between New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands, where the demarcation knot would be 61 % on account of the very high number of New Caledonian genera which do not occur in the Loyalties. Actually, only 2 genera occur in the Loyalties which have not been recorded from New Caledonia, showing that the Loyalty Islands flora is merely a depauperated New Caledonian one.

Description: The amount of both living and herbarium material of Ericaceae, which has become accessible to the author in and from Malaysia since his various precursory papers on the family have been published, are the reason for this supplement. In Borneo, collecting in the last years has increased considerably in its northern part. In Sarawak, J. A. R. Anderson and E. F. W. Brunig collected a large number of Ericaceae on various mountains, partly not yet previously visited both within the ‘kerangas’ and the mossy forest. In N. Borneo it was Mrs Sheila Collenette who in 1960 climbed Mt Trus Madi, with c. 2620 m altitude the highest peak there next to Mt Kinabalu, and found on it a new species of Rhododendron besides other species, described from and thought to be limited to Mt Kinabalu up to now. Mt Kinabalu was visited again by W. Meijer in the lower part and the eastern shoulder above Kundasan, by Mrs Collenette in 1960 on a new path, the so-called Mesilau East route, and by the R. Society Expedition in 1961 under E. J. H. Corner (together with W. L. Chew and A. Stainton) on a new trail via the eastern shoulder towards the point, where it meets the Mesilau East route at c. 3440 m.

Description: For a long time, the genus Stixis has been known in the Indian Floras under the name Roydsia, until Pierre monographed it in 1887. Several of Pierre’s species have in the present paper been reduced, leaving Stixis a genus comprising 7 species and 1 subspecies. The genus, which is very uniform, extends from the eastern Himalayas to Hainan and western Malaysia, its centre being in Indo-China.

Description: While studying the generic delimitation between the New Guinea Sericolea and the Subantarctic genus Aristotelia of the Elaeocarpaceae I got the impression from the descriptions that all but one species of Aristotelia described from Australia would belong to Aceratium. Also in Australia obviously doubts had arisen concerning their proper generic disposition. C. T. White (Kew Bull. 1932: 42) had already reduced his Aristotelia pubescens to Aceratium. Moreover, all Queensland “Aristotelias” I received from Brisbane had been relabelled“ Aceratium”. As unfortunately no material of these species is represented in the Leyden Herbarium, my study is mainly based on material from the Brisbane and Melbourne Herbaria. This study confirmed that only Aristotelia australasica F. v. M. from New South Wales had been described in the proper genus. In the present paper one new species and one new variety are described and one new combination is made in Aceratium, increasing the total of Australian species to five. As a fair amount of material has now become available, amplified descriptions are here presented of all species.

Description: Among the extensive collections of algae made by Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck (Utrecht) in the Antilles and adjacent regions during the years 1930, 1936, 1937, 1948—1949, 1955, a number of chiefly brackish, but also freshwater, Cyanophyceae were incorporated. This collection was kindly committed for study to the author. She is indebted to Dr F. Drouet, who identified part of it. Most of the localities have been amply described by the collector (1940, 1953), who also included pictures of several localities in the same papers. The map illustrating this paper was drawn by the collector. He also was so kind as to complete the descriptions of the localities in the present paper.

Description: During the pre-naming of some new collections made by the Forestry Service of North Borneo, Mr L. L. Forman, Kew, provisionally identified a collection from Pulau Gaya, District of Jesselton, San 20499, gathered by Dr. W. Meijer, as an undescribed species of the American genus Simaba. As he knew that I had almost finished a revision of the Simaroubaceae for the Flora Malesiana, he immediately gave notice and sent the material with the permission of the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, without delay to Leyden. I have to thank him most cordially for this friendly and generous gesture. Later Dr. J. A. R. Anderson, of the Sarawak Forestry Service, Kuching, kindly pointed our attention to the fact that the species had been collected in the past, both in Borneo and Sumatra, and that these specimens had been distributed as Parishia sp. In critical checking the generic identity of the specimen, Mr Forman’s opinion appeared to be correct, and the new plant has been since described as a new species in the Flora Malesiana. At the same time it appeared possible to accommodate it also in several other American and African genera as well, for example Simarouba, Hannoa, and Odyendyea. This necessitated a closer comparison of these genera, and some others, a desirability which I had earlier thought to lie outside the scope of the Flora Malesiana revision.