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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (2,098)
  • Chemical Engineering  (380)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1961  (1,159)
  • 1960  (1,319)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974
  • 1960-1964  (2,478)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 116-123 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The molecular weights and molecular weight distribution of a styrene-butadiene rubber produced at 5°C. according to an incrementally modified recipe with tert-dodecyl mercaptan modifier, do not differ significantly from those of similar conventionally modified rubbers. The limiting effect of diffusion upon the mass transfer of mercaptan in the system provides a consistent explanation of this finding.
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  • 2
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. S1 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 3
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. S4 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 4
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 135-148 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the present work a wide variety of nonionic emulsifiers and anionic/nonionic blends of emulsifiers were evaluated in the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate and styrene. It was found that the emulsion stability and other polymer emulsion properties are often dependent upon a certain property of the emulsifier known as the HLB value. It has been shown elsewhere that the HLB value can be correlated with a fundamental physical property of the system oil-water-emulsifier, namely, the spreading coefficient of the internal phase liquid on the surface of a 1% solution of the emulsifier in the external phase. In the emulsion polymerization of styrene, good emulsion stability coupled with adequate conversion rate was obtained in an emulsifier HLB range of 13 to 16. For certain emulsifier blends it was found that emulsion viscosity and emulsion particle size were strongly dependent on the HLB of the emulsifier. Similar comments apply to vinyl acetate polymerization, except that the most stable emulsions were obtained with emulsifiers in an HLB range from 14.5 to 17.5. These observations on preferred HLB range apply only to nonionic emulsifiers and anionic/nonionic emulsifier blends, which were the emulsifier types screened in the present investigation. For both styrene and vinyl acetate the most generally satisfactory emulsion properties were obtained in the present work by the use of an anionic/nonionic emulsifier blend (G-3300/G-3920).
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  • 5
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 149-152 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of grafting on the type of initiator has been examined in the case of three polymer-monomer systems: polystyrene-methyl methacrylate, polymethyl methacrylate-vinyl acetate, and polyethyl α-chloroacrylate-vinyl acetate. The different initiators used in these experiments were benzoyl peroxide (Bz2O2), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). In each case the graft copolymers were separated from the homopolymers by fractional precipitation or by extraction. In the case of the system polystyrene-methyl methacrylate, an appreciable degree of grafting as well as formation of graft copolymer occur in the presence of Bz2O2; in contrast, the grafting is low with DTBP and doubtful with AIBN. For the other two systems no noticeable differences occurred as function of the initiator. In the case of polyethyl α-chloroacrylate the amount of graft copolymer is exceptionally high owing to the sensitivity of this polymer to a radical attack; this sensitivity results in the partial insolubility of the graft copolymers in the presence of TBHP and DTBP, but not in the presence of AIBN.
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  • 6
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 157-162 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new synthetic elastomer has been obtained based on an ethylene-propylene copolymer prepared using an organometallic catalyst system. Reactive sites (phosphonyl dichloride groups) are placed on the copolymer chain by treating the polymer with phosphorus trichloride and oxygen. After hydrolysis or alcoholysis of the phosphonyl dichloride groups to phosphonic acid or phosphonic acid esters, vulcanization may be carried out by reaction with metallic oxides, particularly lead oxide. Vulcanizates of the polyolefin elastomer have outstanding resistance to heat, ozone, and oxygen, and have excellent electrical properties. This combination suggests the use of this material in high temperature electrical applications.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The cellulose of cotton yarns was reacted with acrylonitrile under conditions preventing their longitudinal contraction. Changes taking place in the fine structure of the fiber were studied by means of optical microscopy, density measurements, x-ray diffraction, and thermal stress behavior measurements. The results indicate that in spite of the strong tensions developed in the yarns, the reaction proceeds in both the accessible and the crystalline regions with considerable volume expansion and eventual disappearance of crystalline structure. Suggestions of a glass transition temperature appear at substitutions slightly above D.S. = 1. Annealing becomes possible at substitutions above D.S. = 2 with the development of the cyanoethyl cellulose crystal structure and over 40% increase in tensile strength. Changes in tenacity, ultimate elongation, energy of rupture, and immediate elastic recovery were also observed.
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  • 8
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 184-190 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) has been prepared by polymerizing the monomer over a catalyst made from titanium tetrachloride and lithium aluminum tetradecyl. The molecular weight of the crystalline polymer was invariably too high for fiber preparation, even when polymerization variables were varied drastically, so a technique for thermal cracking was developed. By heating grease-free, crystalline poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) in a vacuum at about 280°, it was possible to lower smoothly the molecular weight of the polymer to any desired value, without undesirable crosslinking or by-product formation. The polymer was melt-spun by conventional techniques to highly oriented, tough fibers. Copolymerization of 10-25% 1-hexene and other linear 1-olefins with 4-methyl-1-pentene gives products which are still high-melting, but which are readily soluble in such solvents as cyclohexane or chloroform, in contrast to the homopolymer which is only slightly soluble. Polymerization in solvents for the copolymer gave solutions which were converted to fibers and film without intermediate isolation of polymer or removal of the catalyst. An interesting terpolymer in which divinylbenzene was the third component was found to be initially soluble, but was readily crosslinked at elevated temperature.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Treatment of unaccelerated natural rubber-sulfur vulcanizate networks with triphenylphosphine in benzene at 80°C. effects the removal of part of the combined sulfur, the proportion removed decreasing with increasing cure time. This partial desulfurization of the network is attributed, on the basis of the mode of interaction of simple organic di- and polysulfides with triphenylphosphine, to the conversion of polysulfide linkages in the network into either mono- or disulfide groups. Knowledge of the amount of sulfur removed by the reagent, and of the chemical degree of crosslinking and combined sulfur content of the untreated networks permits the following semiquantitative conclusions to be reached concerning the structures of the sulfur linkages in the networks: (1) long polysulfidic crosslinks (—S11— to —S12—) are initially formed, which on continued cure progressively decrease in length to a limiting value of —S2— to —S4—; and (2) a very high proportion to the combined sulfur (ca. 77% for short cure times, increasing to ca. 95% on extended cure) is present in cyclic monosulfide groups situated along the polyisoprene chains.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An empirical equation relating glass temperature, molar cohesion, and polymer structure has been developed from data found in the literature. A fairly extensive list of group cohesion values has been obtained from this relationship and glass temperatures which are in good agreement with reported values have been calculated. The equation is $$ H_c = 0.5nRT_g - 25n $$ where Hc is the molar cohesion and n is an empirical number obtained from the polymer structure.
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  • 11
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 452-459 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The styrene derivatives vinylbenzyl chloride and isopropenylbenzyl chloride were prepared and copolymerized with isobutylene and propylene in order to produce polymers with reactive halogens. Vinylbenzyl chloride and isobutylene have relative reactivities such that the copolymer is much richer in isobutylene than the starting mixture, while with isopropenylbenzyl chloride and isobutylene the difference in reactivities is less and is in the opposite direction. Copolymers containing small amounts of the reactive benzylic chlorine were vulcanized, either with amines or with a conventional butyl rubber cure. Permselective membranes were prepared from copolymers rich in benzylic chlorine.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The necessity for oven post-curing Viton A vulcanizates is explained in the following way: The formation of crosslinks is accompanied by the elimination of HF from the polymer. In the subsequent reaction of HF with the magnesium oxide present as acid acceptor water is formed which acts to inhibit the full development of cure unless it is removed from the vicinity of the polymer by post-curing in an open system. Measurement of the rate of elimination of water from the polymer serves as a method of following the development of crosslinking during cure. Approximately two moles of water, derived from four moles of hydrogen fluoride, are associated with the use of one mole of diamine curing agent. This ratio is confirmed by independent estimates of the relationship of crosslinking density to curing agent level based on measurements of swollen compression moduli.
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  • 13
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 349-353 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Calendered sheets of pale crepe rubber containing an ultra-accelerator, piperidinium N-pentamethylenedithiocarbamate, and zinc oxide were embedded in powdered sulfur and kept at room temperature. Tensile strengths up to 294.2 kg./cm.2 (4185 psi) and elongations up to 530% were attained; the combined sulfur in 115 weeks was 3.60%. Calendered pale crepe rubber containing 10 parts of yellow mercuric oxide to 100 parts of rubber allowed to stand covered with quinone dioxime (GMF) powder at room temperature slowly vulcanizes, reaching a tensile strength of 53.1 kg./cm.2 (754 psi) in 405 days, and retaining this condition for at least twice this same period of time. The elongation reached 740%, and the set was 0.16. The tensile strength obtained is almost as high as that obtained in a press cure with quinone dioxime alone. The untreated sample containing yellow mercuric oxide alone showed a tensile strength of only 5.3 kg./cm.2 (75 psi). Calendered pale crepe with no mercuric oxide set in quinone dioxime and calendered pale crepe containing 2 parts of quinone dioxime, when allowed to stand at room temperature, showed no signs of vulcanization.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Viscose-grade cotton linters (DPw = 1135) were converted to viscose by the emulsion xanthation technique. Two variables - namely, substitution level and xanthation time - were considered insofar as their influence on the uniformity of substitution with regard to chain length was concerned. The stable diethylacetamide derivatives were prepared by reaction with diethylchloroacetamide and fractionally precipitated from aqueous 2-chloroethanol. The DPw and degree of substitution (DS) of the individual fractions were determined. The results in each case indicated that the longer chains were more highly substituted than the shorter chains. For a constant xanthation time (6 hr.), uniformity in substitution improved with increasing substitution level. For a constant CS2:cellulose ratio (1.48), uniformity increased with xanthation time. A mechanism is suggested which accounts for these phenomena.
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  • 15
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 354-363 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The elution method is essentially a single-stage process, whereas the thermal gradient method is a multistage process which depends upon a thermal gradient to bring about reprecipitation of polymer in the fractions. As a test of the effectiveness of the thermal gradient, comparisons have been made of fractionation by these two column methods on high molecular weight polystyrene samples. It was found that the thermal gradient method definitely provides superior resolution and reproducibility, as expected. However, the degree of fractionation obtained by the elution method was surprising, accounting for at least 80% of the sample under the usual conditions and giving complete fractionation with certain modifications of conditions. These results indicate the difference in performance of the two methods is less than expected from an elementary consideration of the operation of the columns, and fractionation by the elution method, as conducted here, exceeds that expected for a single-stage extraction process. Although the reasons for the observed behavior are not clear, the following conclusions have been reached about certain factors which influence fractionation. Alternative methods of controlling the concentration of polymer in the fractions give almost equivalent results but enhanced resolution of the high molecular weight portion of the sample is obtained with extended solvent gradients. The inhibitor, tert-butyl catechol, which it was necessary to add to the solvents to limit degradation of the very high molecular weight sample, plays a specific role in the fractionation due to a reaction with the polystyrene which alters the fractionation behavior without affecting the molecular weight. Also, trace amounts of chemical heterogeneity in the polymers, presumably hydroxyl groups, have a marked adverse effect on fractionation by the elution method and probably account for molecular weight reversals observed in some fractionations by the thermal gradient method. It is suggested that adsorption on the surface of the beads is responsiblp for the adverse effect of chemical heterogeneity on the fractionation and that possibly an adsorption which increases with molecular weight contributes to fractionation by the elution and thermal gradient methods.
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  • 16
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 375-383 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects on viscose ripening of a variety of materials are reported. (1) Normal constituents (Na2CO3, Na2CS3, NaCl) appeared not to affect ripening; however, Na2S retarded ripening. By-product removal appeared to retard ripening. (2) Oxidizing agents (H2O2, Na2Sx) accelerated ripening; reducing agent (Na2SO3) retarded ripening; this is suggestive of possible addition product formation. (3) Na2SO4, (CH3)2SO, KClO3, Na2BH4 showed no effect on ripening. (4) Salts which precipitated as hydroxides or carbonates did not appear to affect ripening. (5) Salts which formed insoluble sulfides resulted in an initial increase in ripening rates. In later stages, ripening proceeded normally, probably after the salts were removed from solution as insoluble sulfides. (6) FeCl3, BiCl3 and Na3AsO3 appeared to retard ripening. (7) A comparison of the effect on ripening of the trivalent state of elements in group V of the periodic table showed that the rate of ripening decreased with the oxidation potential of the element. (8) The addition of sodium zincate retarded ripening and suggested possible cross-linking of xanthate and by-product sulfur, or of two xanthate groups. (9) Addition of tin and chromium salts at the 0.5% level resulted in gelation of the viscose within 30 min. after the addition.
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  • 17
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 388-396 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The crosslinking of internally plasticized polyvinyl chloride-stearate copolymer by irradiation with high-energy electrons was studied. Based on gel yields and swelling as a measure of relative crosslinking, the effect of added tetra-functional monomers, and of carbon black and silica fillers are discussed. Crosslinking by dicumyl peroxide a t 170°C. even in the presence of a stabilizer, causes concurrent decomposition (dehydrochlorination) which is avoided in the radiation-crosslinking process. The heat stability of the copolymer is not impaired by radiation crosslinking under the proper conditions. Results of tensile measurements a t 25 and 150°C. are given for the radiation-crosslinked copolymer with and without filler reinforcement.
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  • 18
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 401-407 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As the accelerating effect of water in the crosslinking reaction of rubber in natural latex by γ-irradiation was assumed to stem from the decomposition of water into radicals by γ-irradiation, more effective reagents were sought among the organic halides which have greater G values for radical formation by γ-irradiation and, simultaneously, an affinity for rubber greater than that of water. 1,2-Dichloroethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene (for comparison) were tested, and these compounds, except for benzene, were found to accelerate the reaction in proportion to their G values for radical formation. Benzene was found to have no effect, in concentrations between 1 and 5 phr. The optimum dosage was decreased to 2.1 × 106, 1.0 × 106, and 7.6 × 105 r by the addition of 1, 3, and 5 phr of carbon tetrachloride, respectively, and was assumed to have decreased to 1.17 × 107, 9.0 × 106, and 7.6 × 106 r with 1, 3, and 5 phr of 1,2-dichloroethane, and to 8.6 × 106, 6.2 × 106, and 5.2 × 106 r with 1, 3, and 5 phr of chloroform, respectively. The physical properties of the films obtained at the optimum dosages under these accelerating conditions were equal to those of the latex irradiated up to the optimum dosage with no addition of halide. No side reactions occurred during the halide-accelerated crosslinking that were sufficiently extensive to influence the infrared spectra.
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  • 19
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 424-427 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polyaddition process involving a hydroxy-terminated linear polyester and an organic diisocyanate in the presence of a series of metal acetylacetonates has been investigated. The method involved kinetic analysis of plasticity build-up in a Brabender Plastograph. Catalytic orders and relative catalytic constants (kc/k0) were determined for Mn(Aa)3, VO(Aa)2, V(Aa)3, Fe(Aa)3, Cu(Aa)2, Co(Aa)3, and Cr(Aa)3; the constants decrease in that order. Catalytic orders are unity for all complexes save manganese, which is 1.75. No correlation between dissociation potential and catalytic coefficient has been found, and it is believed that catalysis may be associated with the paramagnetic properties of the metal.
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  • 20
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 428-435 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic Young's moduli are derived from observations of wave propagation in stretched filaments of natural and butyl rubbers. Extensions up to about 700% are studied within a temperature range of -45 to +50°C. and a frequency range of 0.2 to 20 kycles/sec. At constant temperature and frequency both the real (E') and imaginary (E″) components increase with increasing extension. The loss factor (E″/E') decreases with increasing extension, but the decrease is more pronounced for the butyl rubber so that the large difference in damping between the two polymers in the unstrained state is greatly reduced at high extensions. Approximate relaxation spectra are derived for the strained materials on the basis of several assumptions regarding the applicability of the WLF equation. It is found that the spectra are displaced in the direction of longer times by increasing extension; this is equivalent to an increase in the monomeric friction coefficient with extension. The effect is more pronounced for the natural rubber than for the butyl, and consequently the ratio of the friction coefficients (butyl:natural) falls from several hundred unstrained state to approximately 3 at 550% extension.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Investigations of the viscoelastic aspects of the mechanical behavior of polymers have been limited almost exclusively to relatively simple conditions of homogeneous stress, that is, to tension or shear loadings. In the present work a study has been made from the viscoelastic standpoint of the response of several elastomers to a much more complex type of stress distribution arising from penetration up to failure by a cylindrical indentor for a range of temperatures and rates of penetration. The failure or “puncture point” was determined by a dip in the recorded curve of load versus depth of penetration. The puncture strength values were reduced to 25°C. by applying the ratio of absolute temperatures and plotted against the logarithm of the reciprocal of the rate of penetration. These curves were then shifted on the time scale to give a master curve after the manner of Tobolsky and of Ferry. The logarithms of the shift factors thus obtained were related to the reciprocal of the absolute temperature over the range studied. The results indicate a broader generality for the viscoelastic principle of time-temperature equivalence than has usually been supposed.
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  • 22
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 612-619 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In an attempt to extend the outdoor serviceability of items molded from linear polyethylene and copolymers, three ultraviolet absorbers, namely, Cyasorb UV-9 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone), Cyasorb UV-314 (2,2′-dihydroxy-4-n-octoxybenzophenone), and TBS (4-tert-butyl phenyl salicylate), sixteen different pigments, and combinations of both ultraviolet absorber and pigment were investigated. Injection-molded test specimens were employed in this study. The laboratory source of radiation to which these samples were exposed was an Atlas XW Weatherometer. Similar samples also were exposed at various outdoor locations including Phoenix, Arizona, Summit, New Jersey, and Newark, New Jersey, to utilize practical conditions of outdoor weathering. During these weathering studies surface cracking was observed as occurring at approximately the same time as a significant decrease in tensile strength, elongation, and melt index. Such observations became a method of rapidly screening a large number of formulations for resistance to ultraviolet radiation. For optimal outdoor serviceability with respect to retention of elongation, tensile strength, and melt index properties of molded items, the following steps are necessary. A high-density resin having as low a melt index as possible is selected. The molded item is designed to minimize the formation of molded-in stresses and strains. Proper selection of UV absorbers, pigments, and combinations of both are made. Pigments such as green, orange, peacock blue, monastral purple, red, and black, in high concentrations, will prolong the outdoor weatherability of a given product.
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  • 23
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 647-654 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The viscoelastic properties of regenerated cellulose containing several different softeners or water only were investigated. Measurements of creep and Young's modulus were made on the Instron tensile tester, and the creep curves were fitted to a mechanical model consisting of Voigt and Maxwell elements of springs and dashpots in series. The elastic and viscous parameters were determined for the various softened films and compared with each other and with measurements of Young's modulus. It was found that the elastic modulus is a function of the effective molar concentration of the softener in the film which is related to its ability to break hydrogen bonds. The inelastic deformation was found to be a linear function of the heat of vaporization of softener (including water) in the film which is related to hydrogen-bonding energy. Thus, inelastic deformation requires breaking of interchain hydrogen bonds in contrast to pure elastic deformation which involves stretching of hydrogen bonds. A relationship of the Voigt unit and of the Maxwell unit on the composition of the cellulose-softener system and on cellulose-softener interaction has been demonstrated.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The exocellular polysaccharide fermented from glucose in good yield by Xanthomonas campestrìs NRRL B-1459, has been characterized. The general aspects of chemical constitution have been established, as well as the physical properties related to practical applicability. This macromolecular polysaccharide is composed of D-mannose, D-glucose, D-glucuronic acid (as the potassium salt), and a small proportion of acetyl groups. It can be produced on an industrial scale and is stable is storage. Analytical fractionation indicates fairly sharp molecular distribution for the native polysaccharide. The polysaccharide forms homogeneous dispersions in water which show plastic rheological properties and viscosity comparable with that of high-grade plant gums. Outstanding characteristics of practical significance are the atypical insensitivity of solution viscosity to salt effects and to heat, especially when salt is present. Solutions of low concentration show a restricted viscosity decrease upon salt addition; those of higher concentrations show substantial increases. Viscosity is enhanced still further by monovalent cations at basic pH and by divalent cations at neutral or slightly basic pH. Salt moderates or eliminates any viscosity decrease due to heat and, in somewhat higher concentrations, it increases the viscosity of heated solutions. Heating or deacetylating Polysaccharide B-1459 causes no impairment of its properties, but actual improvement. The constitutional basis for these unusual properties is discussed.
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  • 25
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 527-533 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A system is described for automatic collection of stress-strain data for polymeric films on magnetic tape for subsequent automatic data reduction and computation of a variety of stress-strain parameters. Two shaft analog-to-digital encoders attached to a conventional tensile tester feed digital information to an incremental pulse recorder which stores all stress and strain data in two channels on 0.625-in. magnetic tape. Specimen information and test constants are inserted by the operator through a keyboard located at the tensile tester. The tape is subsequently fed into a standard digital computer through a special incremental pulse magnetic tape reader. The data pulses are internally stored and converted by means of a special program into eight significant stress-strain parameters for polymeric film samples, plus averages and standard deviations for groups of replicate determinations. These parameters include: corrected length of specimen, initial maximum tensile modulus, offset yield stress, strain at break, strain at maximum stress, maximum tensile stress, tensile stress at break, and work to break. While the program described applies to polymer film testing, both it and the digital recording equipment accessories are applicable with suitable modification, to any analog experimental data. Significant savings in man-hours and increased information output result from use of this system.
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  • 26
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 545-552 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects on mechanical properties of heterogeneous acetylation and methylation of isotropic cellulose films have been studied. The effects on breaking load, extensibility, yield point, elastic recovery, and initial Young's modulus in the air-dry state were very small. It is concluded that these properties are not markedly influenced in cellulose derivatives by variation of the nature of the intermolecular cohesive forces in the way that might have been anticipated from the analogy of a simple molecular network. It is suggested that the lack of effect of such treatments, and also the cause of the low elastic recovery in cellulose and its derivatives, may be connected with molecular stiffness, dipole distribution, and supracrystalline structure. Cellulose and its derivatives are contrasted with nylon in this respect. The effects of methylation or acetylation on mechanical properties in water are much more extensive and are attributed to a solubilizing effect which, in the case of progressive acetylation, is ultimately opposed by the formation of acetate-acetate intermolecular bonds that are relatively stable to water.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 580-588 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Torsional modulus-temperature data have been obtained on heterogeneous polymer compositions prepared by several procedures. Both the state of aggregation of the component chain molecules and their degree of compatibility are significant variables. Modulus curves similar to those for crystalline polymers can be obtained from incompatible polymers having glass temperatures sufficiently far apart. Detailed interpretations are presented for modulus curves of both individual homopolymers and bicomponent heterogeneous polymer mixtures.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Improvements in physical properties of polyvinyl alcohol fibers were attempted by means of both crosslinking and graft copolymerization. By using the ceric iron redox system on synthetic fibers spun from polymer blends containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and its partially (about 15 mole-%) N-methylolcarbamoylethylated products (PVM) in which the blend ratios were 0/100, 10/90, 15/85, and 20/80 by weight, methyl methacrylate (MMA) was grafted at 30°C. in the aldehyde-free acetone-water system after crosslinking by heat treatment or successive acid treatment. Grafting increases with increasing PVM component. This may be ascribed to the coarsening of the fiber texture caused by polymer blending and the increasing of methylol groups as a reducing agent. Moisture regains decrease with increasing graft fraction, but these appear to be greater than the additive values of backbone and graft polymer. Less shrinkage in boiling water is obtained with the increase of PVM component and grafting; the decreased shrinkage is significant in the acid-treated PVM-PVA fibers, and it reaches a nearly sufficient value at about 50% graft-on. The PVA fibers do not give sufficient shrink-proofing. The inherent tenacity and elongation of the grafted fibers increase slightly with increasing graft-on or denier except at the high grafting above about 100, 150, and 300 in the PVA, acid-treated, and acid-untreated PVM/PVA fibers, respectively; whereas the tensile strength in grams/denier decreases with grafting. Although at high grafting, a destruction in the fiber texture will perhaps occur, the coarser the texture of backbone fiber, the harder the change by grafting. The knot/normal ratios in tensile strength or elongation of the grafted fibers have been retained at above 90%. The elastic recovery of the grafted fibers is considerably improved as compared to the conventional Vinylon fibers. The improvements in the acid-treated and grafted PVM/PVA (20/80) fibers are significantly greater above and below 50% graft-on, especially in the range of lower extension. As expected, the thermosetting property is also appreciably imparted with grafting. In the conventional Vinylon fibers, the formalization for shrink-proofing is usually at a sacrifice of elastic recovery. But MMA grafting in the PVM/PVA fibers gives a fairly good elastic recovery and less shrinkage in addition to thermosetting property, making the most of the characteristics in the longer intermolecular crosslinkages formed between methylol groups or PVA-OH groups and methylol groups.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 620-620 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 704-713 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made of the reactions of cellulose with formaldehyde under acid conditions, where the fabrics are baked at elevated temperature. These treatments have involved cotton cellulose in a “dry” or relatively unswollen state and have resulted in the treated fabrics exhibiting improved crease rccovery both dry and wet. It has been found that boiling 1% acetic acid solution reduces the acetal contents of the treated fabrics and causes corresponding decreases in both dry and wet crease-recovery improvement. The reproducibility of these treatments, with respect both to extents of formaldehyde incorporation and to dry and wet crease recovery, is found to be very good within a single treatment and, more importantly, tietween different treatments carried out under the same conditions. The rates of acetal removal by the boiling 1% acetic acid and the relationships between acetal content and crease-recovery improvement have been found to be fairly complex. A study has also been made of the rates of acetal removal by boiling 1% acetic acid for samples of cotton card sliver treated with acid and subsequently heated in sealed tubes with paraformaldehyde. The rates of acetal removal in this case have been observed to be qualitatively similar to those observed for treated fabrics. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 5 (1961), S. 753-753 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 137-137 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 144-144 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 176-179 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 156-162 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Anodic and cathodic polarisation phenomena with the inhibition of the acid corrosion of ironIt is shown that the inhibitors are primarily adsorbed or chemically fixed by the local anodes, and only later by the local cathodes. These phenomena are exclusively governed by the energy conditions on the metal surface, and not by the sign of the inhibitor particles. The adsorption takes place in two phases as it were. Good inhibitors show, apart from higher ohmic resistances, stronger anodic and cathodic polarisations. If the adsorption happens to take place, predominantly, at the local anode, the inhibiting effects and film resistances are lower. A high film resistance is always associated with a stronger cathodic polarisation. Poor inhibitors do not survive the first phase of adsorption to the local anodes. With good inhibitors, however, this phase is overcome very soon, and even with very low concentrations of approx. 0.01 gram per litre and over. The phenomena at the local anode are retarded by the blocking of the active centres whilst those at the local cathode are slowed down or arrested by a coherent layer of the inhibitor of higher ohmic resistance.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß die Inhibitoren primär an den Lokalanoden und dann erst an den Lokalkathoden adsorbiert oder chemisorbiert werden. Für diese Vorgänge sind nur die energetischen Verhältnisse an der Metalloberfläche, nicht aber der Ladungssinn der Inhibitionsteilchen maßgeblich. Die Adsorption geht gleichsam in zwei Stufen vor sich. Gute Inhibitoren zeigen neben höheren Ohmschen Widerstdänden auch stärkere anodische und kathodische Polarisationen. Erfolgt die Adsorption vorwiegend an der Lokalanode, dann treten nur niedrige Hemmungswirkungen und Filmwiderstände auf. Einem hohen Filmwiderstand entspricht stets auch eine stärkere kathodische Polarisation. Schlechte Inhibitoren kommen über das erste Stadium der Adsorption an den Lokalanoden nicht hinaus, bei guten wird dieses Stadium jedoch bald und bereits bei sehr niedrigen Konzentrationen von mehr als etwa 0,01 g/l überschritten. Die Vorgänge an der Lokalanode werden durch Blockierung der aktiven Zentren gehemmt, während jene an der Lokalkathode durch eine zusammenhängende Schicht des Inhibitors höheren Ohmschen Widerstandes verlangsamt oder zum Stillstand gebracht werden.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 192-197 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 228-229 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 237-238 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 255-255 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 256-256 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 263-264 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 265-269 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aluminum use in refineries is increasingThe acceptance of aluminum in petroleum refinery construction is growing rapidly. Main reason for this development is the excellent resistance of aluminum to corrosion in situations frequently encountered in refinery practice. Other reasons for the metal's growing popularity are found in its low unit weight, low cost per unit volume and various secondary physical properties. A survey is provided of the corrosion behavior of aluminum in refinery processes and information is given on the composition and forms of aluminum alloys which are of primary importance in petroleum processing service. Comparative economics of aluminum and carbon steel are provided for some typical refinery applications and various successful areas for the use of aluminum-built process equipment are reported, from actual commercial practice.
    Notes: Der Verbrauch von Aluminium in Erdölraffinationsanlagen ist stark ansteigend. Einer der wichtigsten Gründe für diese Entwicklung ist die Korrosionsbeständigkeit des Aluminiums gerade unter den Bedingungen, die in der Praxis der Erdöraffination häufig auftreten. Als weitere Gründe für die zunehmende Verwendung sind das niedrige spezifische Gewicht, die niedrigen Kosten je Volumeneinheit und verschiendene physikalische Eigenschaften zu nennen. In einem Überblick werden die Korrosionseigenschaften des Aluminiums in Raffinationsprozessen beschrieben und die Zusammensetzungen und Formen derjenigen Aluminiumlegierungen angegeben, die für die Raffinationsprozesse am wichtigsten sind. Für einige typische Beispiele von Raffinationsanlagen sind die Kosten für die Ausführung in Stahl und in Aluminium zum Vergleich aufgestellt. Weiterhin wird unter dem Gesichtspunkt aktueller Geschäftspraxis von verschiedenen, erfolgreichen Anwendungsgebieten des Aluminiums im Bau von Raffinationisanlagen berichtet.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 298-305 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 318-322 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 28-33 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion phenomena in electrolytic condensers, and their causesA breakdown and failure of an electrolytic condenser with aluminium electrodes is mainly attributable to corrosion phenomena. These are initiated by the presence of certain cations and anions which may already be present in the raw materials, or may have entered the condenser during the manufacturing process. Compared with aluminium corrosion under normal conditions, the corrosion effect is increased by the prevailing potentials. Moreover, the formation of the 'filter layer' formed by the dielectric in the electrolytic condenser is liable to be disturbed by the slightest impurities in the electrolyte. These phenomena can be avoided by using tantalum anodes and a solid electrolyte.
    Notes: Für den Ausfall und das Versagen eines Elektrolytkondensators mit Aluminiumelektroden sind vorwiegend Korrosionserscheinungen verantwortlich. Sie werden durch die Anwesenheit bestimmter Kationen und Anionen eingeleitet. Diese können bereits in den Ausgangsmaterialien vorhanden sein oder während des Fertigungsprozesses in den Kondensator gelangen. Die Wirkungen werden gegenüber des Angriffs des Aluminiums unter normalen Bedingungen durch die herrschenden Spannungsverhältnisse vergrößert. Ferner wird die Ausbildung der Ventilschicht, die das Dielektrikum im Elektrolytkondensator darstellt, durch geringste Elektrolytverunreinigungen gestört. Die beschriebene Erscheinungen lassen sich durch Anwendung von Tantalanoden und eines festen Elektrolyten umgehen.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 48-52 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 57-60 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 124-126 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 527-528 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 529-547 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Progress and experience in the use of corrosion-resistant steelsThis report surveys the different categories of corrosion-resistant steels, taking into account the development during recent years, and experience in application, especially in respect of corrosion properties.First, some cases of corrosion damage encountered on low-Carbon chromium steels with 13 and 17 pC Cr are described where, according to previous knowledge of the properties of these steels, such damage was hardly to be expected and is therefore deserving of special interest.This is followed by a brief survey of the technological properties and corrosion behaviour of high-temperature resistant and age-hardening steels which have played a particularly important part in recent developments. Particulars are given concerning the influence of sustained temperature stresses on the proneness of heat-resistant austentitic steels to intercrystalline corrosion and tension crack corrosion.As far as austenitic Cr-Mn-Ni steels are concerned, particular attention is paid to low-temperature properties and to sensitivity to tension crack corrosion. These steels, originally developed during the war, are again attracting interest.In conclusion, some data are given concerning the suitability of electrodes with high nickel contents for the welding of ferritic and austenitic steel.
    Notes: In diesem Bericht wird ein Überblick über die einzelnen Gruppen der korrosionsbeständigen Stähle gegeben unter Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung der letzten Jahre und der Erfahrungen in der Anwendung, besonders im Hinblick auf die Korrosionseigenschaften.Zunächst wird auf einige Korrosionsschäden an niedriggekohlten 13- und 17%igen Cr-Stählen eingegangen, die nach den bisherigen Kenntnissen der Eigenschaften dieser Stähle nicht ohne weiteres zu erwarten waren und daher Interesse verdienen.In Bezug auf hochwarmfeste und aushärtbare Stähle, die in den letzten Jahren im Brennpunkt der Entwicklung standen, werden nach einer kurzen Übersicht die technologischen Eigenschaften und das Korrosionsverhalten erörtert. Über den Einfluß der Dauertemperaturbeanspruchung auf die Anfälligkeit der warmfesten austenitischen Stähle zu interkristalliner Korrosion und Spannungsrißkorrosion werden Angaben gemacht.Über austenitische Cr-Mn-Ni-Stähle wird vor allem im Hinblick auf Tieftemperatureigenschaften und der Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Spannungsrißkorrosion berichtet; diese in den Kriegsjahren entwickelten Stähle finden neuerdings wieder Beachtung.Abschließend werden noch Angaben gemacht über die Eignung von hochnickelhaltigen Elektroden zum Verschweißen von ferritischem mit austenitischem Stahl.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 571-574 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 396-396 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 399-400 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 461-463 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 488-488 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 551-551 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A new nickel alloy prevents corrosion by hot sulphuric acidsThe new alloy here described is the first material which has been found to be proof against corrosion by hot sulphuric acid within wide concentration ranges. The composition of this material, expressed in mean values, is a follows:Ni = 55%, Cr = 28%, Cu = 5,5%, Mn = 1,25%, Fe = 1,0% and C = 0,05%.Any variation in these percentage shares of the different alloy constituents will also affect the corrosion resistance of the alloy.The present report discusses the new alloys Illium G, Alloy 20 and Illium 98, their composition, and their resistance values which are tabulated.
    Notes: Die beschriebene neue Legierung ist das erste Material welches in weiten Konzentrationsbereichen gegen heiße Schwefelsäure beständig ist. Die Zusammensetzung dieses neuen Werkstoffes ist (Mittelwerte):Ni = 55%, Cr = 28%, Cu = 5,5%, Mn = 1,25%, Fe = 1,0% und C = 0,05%.Änderungen in diesen Anteilen der einzelnen Legierungskomponenten verändern auch gleichzeitig die Korrosionsbeständigkeit der Legierung.In dem Bericht werden die neuen Legierungen Illium G, Legierung 20 und Illium 98 besprochen, ihre Zusammensetzungen gegeben und die Beständigkeitswerte in einer Tabelle dargestellt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion of metal in wooden casingsCertain woods (e.g. beech and oak) contain up to 5 per cent, combined acid, mainly acetic acid. During furnace drying and steam treatment, a considerable quantity of acetic acid is released which, being volatile, is liable to promote corrosion through the gaseous phase. The dependence of this acid separation on the external conditions and the escape of the acid from the wood during storage have been investigated.Corrosion tests showed that the free acetic acid of the wood does not promote corrosion until the air humidity has reached about 70 per cent. In moist basements, even normally dry and properly packed casings (e.g. clock casing) absorb so much moisture in a matter of days that steel parts begin to rust.Measures to prevent such corrosion include: storing at humidities below approx. 75 per cent., using casing made from adequately seasoned wood (which is relatively free from acid), and wrapping the steel parts to be protected (especially clocks) with VPI paper.
    Notes: Gewisse Holzarten (z.B. Buche und Eiche) enthalten bis zu 5% gebundene Säure, in der Hauptsache Essigsäure. Beim künstlichen Trocknen und beim Dämpfen spaltet sich hiervon in erheblicher Menge freie Essigsäure ab, die, da sie flüchtig ist, über die Gasphase korrosionsbegünstigend wirken kann. Die Abhängigkeit dieser Säureabspaltung von den äußeren Bedingungen und das Entweichen der Säure aus dem Holz bei der Lagerung wurden untersucht.Wie Rostversuche ergaben, wirkte die freie Essigsäure des Holzes erst bei Luftfeuchtigkeiten oberhalb etwa 80% rostbegünstigend. In feuchten Kellern nehmen auch an sich trockene, normal verpackte Gehäuse (z. B. Uhrgehäuse) in einigen Tagen soviel Feuchtigkeit auf, daß Stahlteile zu rosten beginnen.Maßnahmen zur Korrosionsverhütung sind: Lagerung bei Feuchtigkeiten unterhalb etwa 75%, Herstellung der Gehäuse aus genügend abgelagertem und damit säurearmem Holz, Umhüllung der zu schützenden Stahlteile (im besonderen bei Uhren) mit VPI-Papier.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 46-58 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 68-68 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 70-72 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 88-98 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 107-110 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 85-88 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: The systematology of the corrosion of metals in soil (VI) Lead, zinc and aluminum coatingsThe results of the field tests carried out by the U.S. Bureau of Standards with metallic coatings in U.S. soils have been evaluated on the basis of the results obtained and published so far. It was found that the resistance of lead coatings on iron pipes depends on the duration of the test, on the pH value of the soil, and on the average annual rainfall. In this respect, it was possible to find simple relationships explaining the behaviour of „parkway cable“ in different U.S. soils. Similarly, it was possible to find a simple law governing the longterm corrosion behaviour of galvanized iron' pipes buried in the soil. Like the behaviour of metallic coatings in new electrolytes, the behaviour of metallic coatings in the soil can be illustrated by corrosion rate/pH diagrams. The resistance of dip and powder calorized iron pipes depends on the pH value of the soil, and on its airing.
    Notes: Die Ergebnisse der von US-Bureau of Standards mit metallischen Überzügen in USA-Böden durchgeführten Naturkorrosionsversuche wurden unter Zugrundelegung der bisher gewonnenen und bekanntgegebene Erkenntnisse ausgewertet. Dabie wurde festgestellt, daß die Widerstandsfähigkeit von Bleiüberzügen auf Eisenrohren von der Versuchsdauer, dem pH-Wert des Bodens und der durchschnittlichen jährlichen Regenmenge abhängt. Für das Verhalten von „parkway cable„ in verschiedenen USA-Böden konnten in dieser Hinsicht einfache Zusammenhänge gefunden werden. Verzinkte Eisenrohre ließen ebenfalls im Erdboden hinsichtlich ihres Korrosions-Dauerverhaltens eine einfache Gesetzmäßigkeit erkennen. Für das Verhalten der verschiedenen metallischen Überzüge im Erdreich können ähnlich wie für deren Verhalten im neuen Elektrolyten, Korrosionsgeschwindigkeits-pH-Diagramme entwickelt werden. Die Widerstandsfähigkeit von tauch- und pulverkalorisierten Eisenrohren hängt vom pH-Wert des Bodens und von dessen Belüftung ab.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 300-303 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 154-156 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. X 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Cathodic protection of installations embedded in the soil or immersed in waterHaving emphasized the importance and development of cathodic polarisation methods as means of protecting metallic structures embedded in the soil or immersed in water, the author discusses the notion and working of the protective potential. The discussion covers, in some detail, the measuring of the different potentials, the type and effect of the reference electrodes used in cathodic protection, the standard values, the method of well as the determination of a limit value of the protective potential of the polarisation curves and the significance of this limit value as regards the service life of anti-corrosion sheathings of metallic surfaces. By way of example for the successful application of cathodic corrosion protection, a description is given of the drinking water pipeline supplying the islands of Procida and Ischia in the Gulf of Naples which, over a length ofs 6.2 kilometres, runs along the sea bed.
    Notes: Nach Hinweis auf Bedeutung und Entwicklung kathodischer Polarisationsmethoden zum Schutz bodenverlegter oder in Wasser eintauchender metallischer Konstruktionen erörtert Verfasser Begriff und Wirkungsweise des Schutzpotentials. Messung der verschiedenen Potentialwerte, Art und Einfluß der Bezugselektroden beim kathodischen Schutz, Normwerte, Ausführung der Kontrollmessungen sowie Festlegung und Bedeutung eines Grenzwertes des Schutz potentials bzw. der Polarisationskurven für die Lebensdauer korrosionsschützender Umhüllungen metallischer Oberflächen werden eingehend behandelt. Als Beispiel der erfolgreichen Anwendung des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes wird die im Golf von Neapel auf den Meeresboden verlegte Trinkwasserleitung nach den beiden Inseln Procida und Ischia beschrieben, deren gesamte Unterwasserlänge 6,2 km beträgt.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 346-350 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 469-470 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 472-472 
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 486-493 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Chromate treatments of non-ferrous metalsThe present article deals with the prerequisites and working conditions required for the chromate treatment of non-ferrous metals. The treatment takes place in solutions containg chromic acid and some further chemicals. In a matter of seconds, the metals are covered by coatings of between 0.01 and 1 micron thickness which have the effect of improving the corrosion resistance and varnish adhesion.The growth of the chromate conversion coatings follows parabolic laws. The degree of corrosion protection depends on the thickness of the coating and on the presence in the coating of soluble chromate. The chromate treatment does not cause a shift of the metal potential to the electropositive side.The coatings can be distinguished by their inherent colour which may be blueish, yellow, or olive drab. It is also possible to modify the colour shade by adding organic dyes.As the treatment represents a simple dipping process which does not call for special capital investments, chromate treatment is among the most economic methods of surface protection.
    Notes: In dem vorliegenden Aufsatz werden die Voraussetzungen und Arbeitsbedingungen für die Chromatierung von Nichteisenmetallen beschrieben. Die Chromatierung erfolgt in chromsäurehaltigen, mit weiteren Chemikalien versetzten Lösungen. Dabei entstehen auf den Metallen in wenigen Sekunden 0,01 bis 1 μ dicke Deckschichten, die eine Verbesserung der Korrosionbeständigkeit und der Lackhaftung bewirken.Das Wachstum der Chromatierungsschichten läßt sich durch parabolische Zeitgesetze darstellen. Der Korrosionsschutz hängt von der Schichtdicke und von dem Vorhandensein löslichen Chromats in der Schicht ab. Die Chromatierung bewirkt keine Veredelung des Metallpotentials.Die Überzüge lassen sich durch ihre bläuliche, gelbe oder olivgrüne Eigenfarbe unterscheiden. Sie können zusätzlich auch mit organischen Farbstoffen eingefärbt werden.Da es sich um einfache Tauchprozesse handelt, die keine besonderen Investitionen erfordern, gehören die Chromatierverfahren zu dem wirtschaftlichsten Verfahren des Oberflächenschutzes.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 475-485 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The formation of amorphous phosphate layers on iron surfacesThe present communication is based on a British Patent by Albright and Wilson which recommends, for the phosphating process, the use of hexa-meta-phosphate baths with the addition of different metal salts and oxidants. The authors' own research work was intended to ascertain the most favourable working conditions for obtaining optimal quality and durability of the amorphous phosphat coatings obtained.Interpreting the mechanism of the formation of amorphous phosphate coatings on iron, reference is made to existing knowledge concerning the inhibition of sodium hexa-meta-phosphate, supplemented by present theories concerning the passivity of metals. It is assumed that the surface of an iron electrode contains anodic spots, giving rise to the electro-chemical reaction Fe → Fe++ + 2∊, as well as cathodic spots covered with iron oxide FexOy, where the electro-chemical reaction 2 H+ + 2∊ → H2 takes place. This gives rise to a local cell with the current iL which, according to W. J. Müller, is associated with potentials ∊a, ∊k and with the resistances Wa, Wk the local cell is characterized by the measured total potential eg and by the potential of the anodic spot, ∊a, to which the corrective factor iLWa is assigned.In the presence of hexa-meta-phosphate and a suitable metal salt, or any complex anion AZ- with the valency z, and after the anodic spots are covered by the phosphate coating, FemAn so that the local current is reduced, the surface of the oxide film FexOy at the cathodic spots is modified to FemAn while the phosphate coating at the original anodic spots is reinforced. This electro-chemical anion exchange can be observed in the presence of Quinhydrone, and can be demonstrated by measuring the total potential of the iron electrode observed. Such measurements also lead to an explanation of the influence of acidity on the phosphating process, and to the determination and the application of a suitable phosphating period under different working conditions.
    Notes: Die vorliegende Mitteilung stützt sich auf ein Englisches Patent von Albright and Wilson, das für die Phosphatierung Hexamtaphosphatbäder unter Zusatz verschiedner Metallsalze und oxydierend wirkender Stoffe empfiehlt. Die eigenen Versuche waren auf die Erforschung der günstigsten Arbeitsbedingungen zur Erzielung einer optimalen Güte und Dauerhaftigkeit der erhaltenen amorphen Phosphatüberzüge gerichtet.Bei der Deutung des Mechanismus der Bildung amorpher Phosphatüberzüge auf Eisen wurde auf bisherige Erkenntnisse über die Inhibition von Natriumhexametaphosphat Bezug genommen, die durch die Vorstellungen über den passiven Zustand der Metalle ergänzt wurden. Vorausgesetzt wird, daß die Oberfläche einer Eisenelektrode anodische Stellen, an denen die elektrochemische Reaktion Fe → Fe++ + 2 ∊ abläuft und kathodische, mit dem Oxyd FexOy bedeckte Stellen aufweist, an welchen die elektrochemische Reaktion 2 H+ + 2 ∊ → H2 abläuft. Hier entsteht ein Lokalelement mit dem Strom iL, der nach W. J. Müller den Potentialen ∊a, ∊k und den Widerständen Wa, Wk zugeordnet ist. Das Lokalelement ist durch das gemessene Gesamtpotential ∊g, das Potential der anodischen Stelle ∊a, der das Korrekturglied iLWa zugeordnet wird, gekennzeichnet.Bei Gegenwart von Hexametaphosphat und einem geeigneten Metallsalz bzw. dem beliebigen z-wertigen komplexen Anion AZ- und nach Abdecken der anodischen Stellen durch die Phosphatschicht FemAn, und des verringerten Lokalstromes wird die Oberfläche der Oxydschicht FexOy an den kathodischen Stellen unter Verstärkung des Phosphatüberzuges an den ursprünglich anodischen Stellen zu der Substanz FemAn verändert. Diese auf elektrochemischen Wege vor sich gehende Auswechslung von Anionen kann bei Gegenwart von Chinhydron verfolgt und durch Messen des Gesamtpotential an der betrachteten Eisen-Elektrode belegt werden. Solche Messungen führen weiter zu der Erklärung des Einflusses der Acidität auf den Phosphatierungsverlauf zur Bestimmung und Anwendung einer geeigneten Phosphatierungsdauer unter verschiedenen Arbeitsbedingungen.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 87
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 531-532 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 88
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 533-543 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Silicones  -  High-quality materials and auxiliaries for the engineerIn the silicone oils, hot and cold vulcanisable silicone rubber types, silicone fats and silicone resins, silicone chemistry has created materials distinguished by exceptional properties. The article describes certain recent developments such as the creation of oil types with extreme heat resistance; the visco-elastic behavior of high-molecular dimethylpolysiloxanes; improved processing methods and quality in the sphere of hot vulcanisable silicone rubber types; applications of cold vulcanisable silicone rubbers; and silicone resin varnishings which are particularly important from a corrosion protection point of view. With the aid of silicone films of minute thickness, it is possible, generally without modification to the character of the material water-repellant, and adhesive to adhesive agents. As os demonstrated by recent examples, silicones have thereby become variegated and valuable aids in engineering technology, especially in the sphere of surface protection and surface improvement.
    Notes: Die Siliconchemie hat in den Siliconölen heiß- und kalt vulkanisierbaren Siliconkautschuktypen, siliconfetten und Siliconkautschuktypen, Siliconfetten und Siliconharzen Werkstoffe mit außergewöhnlichen eigenschaften geschaffen. Es werden jüngere Entwicklungen geschildert so Öltypen extremer Wärmebeständigkeit das viskoelastiche Verhalten hochmolekularer Dimethylpolysilozane, Verarbeitungs- und Qualitätsfortschritte auf dem Gebiete der heißvulkanisierbaren Siliconkautschuktypen, Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des kaltvulkanisierbaren Siliconkautschuks sowie die vom Standpunkt des Korrosionsschutzes besonders interessierenden Lackierungen mit Siliconharzen. Dünnste Siliconfilme vermögen, im allgemeinen ohne Veränderung des Werkstoffcharakters, Werkstoffoberflächen Wasserabweisung und Adhäsivität gegenüber klebenden Materialien zu verleihen. Diese Eigenschaften machen sie, wie an neueren Beispielen dargetan wird, zu vielseitigen, wertvollen Hilfsmitteln der Ingenieurtechnik in Fragen des Oberflächenschutzes und der Oberflächenveredlung.
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  • 89
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 576-581 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 591-592 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 12 (1961), S. 592-592 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 92
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: On the causes and progress of aggression due to the attack of corrosive waters on cement mortar and concrete (Second Communication)This Second Communication contains a report about the comparative evaluation and interpretation of long-time tests with concrete made with Portland cement and blast furnace cement, and about analytical investigations after storage in corrosive media. These investigations have proved the decisive importance of the chemical and mineralogical composition of the Portland cement and of the setting and hardening processes in the mortar bed. In view of the agreement between the results obtained on the strength of different bases, the knowledge gained from these investigations can be regarded as a contribution, of general validity, to the clarification of the causes and processes of the aggression of corrosive waters on cement mortar and concrete. As a result, it is possible to draw certain fundamental conclusions which have a bearing on cement theory and concrete technology.
    Notes: In der II. Mitteilung wird über die vergleichende Auswertung und Deutung von Langzeitversuchen mit Beton aus Portlandzement und Hochofenzement und von analytischen Untersuchungen bei Einlagerung in aggressive Medien berichtet, durch die es gelungen ist, die entscheidende Bedeutung der chemischen und mineralogischen Zusammensetzung des Portlandzementes und der Hydrations- und Erhärtungsvorgänge im Mörtelbett nachzuweisen. Im Hinblick auf die Übereinstimmung der Untersuchungsergebnisse der verschiedenen Auswertungsunterlagen sind die Erkenntnisse, die dadurch gewonnen werden konnten, ein allgemeingültiger Beitrag zur Aufklärung der Ursachen und des Verlaufs der Aggression bei Einwirkung angreifender Wässer auf Zementmörtel und Beton, aus dem sich grundlegende zementtheoretische und betontechnologische Schlußfolgerungen ergeben.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 40-42 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 46-48 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 95
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 65-68 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The ferr oxyl tesAll solutions containing potassium ferricyanide and sodium chloride cause pitcorrosion on nickel coatings. With constant sodium chloride content, the corrosion attack is the stronger the higher the ferricyanide content, and the higher the temperature of the solution.With thin nickel coatings, the ferroxyl test provides so many blue spots that there is no longer any point in counting them. From 12 m̈ Ni onwards, mustard yellow spots are encountered which must be interpreted as products of the ferricyanidel nickel reaction. If exposed to the solution for a longer period, these spots become blue.The ferroxyl test is thus not suited for determining the porosity of Ni coatings. Its usefulness as a corrosion test is impaired by the fact that the test is difficult to reproduce. Even if the test conditions are laid down in great detail, the results obtained by different observers vary greatly.
    Notes: Sämtliche Kaliumferricyanid und Natriumchlorid enthaltende Lösungen greifen Nickelüberzüge lochfraßartig an. Bei gleichgehaltenem Gehalt an Natriumchlorid ist der Angriff umso stärker, je höher der Ferricyanidgehalt und je höber die Temperatur der Lösung ist.Bei dünnen Nickelüberzügen findet man durch die Ferroxylprüfung so zahlreiche blaue Flecken, daß die Auszählung nicht mehr sinnvoll ist. Ab 12 m̈ Ni treten senfgelbe Flecken auf, die als Produkt der Einwirkung des Ferricyanides auf Ni zu deuten sind. Bei längerer Einwirkung der Lösung verwandeln sie sich in blaue Flecken.Die Ferroxylprobe ist also zur Bestimmung der Porigkeit von Ni-Überzügen ungeeignet. Ihrer Anwendung als Korrosionsprobe steht die sehr schlechte Reproduzierbarkeit entgegen. Auch bei weitgehender Festlegung der Versuchsbedingungen weichen die Ergebnisse verschiedener Beobachter stark voneinander ab.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 191-192 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 203-205 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 216-219 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 11 (1960), S. 220-223 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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