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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (11,358)
  • Cambridge University Press  (1,978)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (13,336)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1940-1944
  • 1962  (5,164)
  • 1961  (4,090)
  • 1960  (4,082)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964  (13,336)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 0007-0874
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  • 2
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 1-1 
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  • 3
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 99-116 
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    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: SynopsisThe years between 1660 and 1800 were important ones in the study of light. For most of the period the work, especially in this country, was largely dominated by the theories advanced by Newton; unfortunately the protagonists of these theories were much more rigid in their approach than was Newton himself. There was, in effect, almost a century of ‘rear-guard actions’ to maintain the corpuscular theory at all costs.Fortunately, the advance of geometrical optics and the design of optical instruments was not retarded to a very great degree by this partisan approach. The workers in these fields were not, as a rule, too involved in speculation, and worked largely empirically.Some of the modifications to the original corpuscular theory are interesting. Attempts were made to explain, with varying degrees of success, total internal reflection, dispersion, interference effects, diffraction and phosphorescence. Considerable speculation about the velocity of light occurred in connection with these topics. At the same time, wave theories never completely died out and, although they were not developed until the early part of the nineteenth century, their influence was felt even in this country.
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  • 4
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 117-135 
    ISSN: 0007-0874
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    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: SynopsisGeorge Greenough (1778–1856) was one of the influential group of early nineteenth-century English geologists who rejected both Hutton's and Werner's attempts to propound all-embracing geological theories, and followed a deliberately empirical approach. He travelled through Scotland in 1805, studying geological phenomena in the light of both the Plutonist and the Neptunist theories, and generally concluded that neither was entirely satisfactory as an explanation of the observable facts. He was also the first to suggest that the ‘Parallel Roads’ of Glen Roy were the successive beach-levels of a former lake: this theory was later attacked by Darwin but ultimately vindicated by Agassiz's glacial theory. The more important geological passages from Greenough's MS. journal of the tour are reproduced and discussed in this paper. They illustrate some of the scientific problems that were involved in accepting either Hutton's or Werner's theory entire.
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  • 5
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 137-158 
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    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: SynopsisThe University of Leyden was founded in 1575 as the reward of the city's endurance of the Spanish siege in 1574. Its influence on botany in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is part of its far-reaching influence during this period on medicine, to which botany was then ancillary. In this it was the successor of Montpellier and Padua. The first university founded after the Reformation to practise and maintain religious tolerance towards its students, Leyden became the great international university of Europe, drawing students from Scandinavia, Germany, Switzerland and France, from all parts of the British Isles and the British American colonies (roughly 4,000 English-speaking students between 1600 and 1750) and even from Barbados, Jamaica and Constantinople. It offered facilities for higher education then denied, for example, to dissenters in England or else not available, as in Scandinavia. Owing to this religious tolerance in an age of intolerance and also to the personal eminence of a succession of professors, its influence spread widely. Directly and indirectly, Leyden made its greatest contribution to botany and medicine through the work and personality of Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738) and led to the founding or restoration of botanic gardens at Edinburgh, Göttingen, Uppsala and Vienna. Beginning with Clusius, its influence upon botany may be traced through Hermann and Boerhaave to Haller, Linnaeus, Lettsom and others. No other university has a more sustained and continuous record of service to botany and medicine during these two centuries than Leyden. This paper also touches upon the history of other universities.
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  • 6
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 183-183 
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  • 7
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 171-182 
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    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Taking Isaac Newton at his own word, historians have long agreed that the decade of the 1660s, when Newton was a young man in his twenties, was the critical period in his scientific career. In the years 1665 and 1666, he has told us, he hit on the ideas of cosmic gravitation, the composition of white light, and the fluxional calculus. The elaboration of these basic ideas constituted his scientific achievement. Nevertheless, the decade of the 1660s has remained a virtual blank in our knowledge of Newton. It need not remain so always. His papers contain a wealth of manuscripts from his undergraduate years and the period immediately following. The first volume of his mathematical papers, which will soon be published, will demonstrate how extensive the information on his early mathematical development is. The development of his non-mathematical studies, especially of what I shall call his scientific studies to distinguish them from the mathematical, can be followed as well—in his reading notes, in his notebooks, above all in the passage in his philosophical notebook labelled Quaestiones quaedam Philosophicae. In this passage we see emerging into consciousness for the first time the questions on which Newton's philosophy of nature was built.
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  • 8
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 186-186 
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  • 9
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 184-185 
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  • 10
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 159-169 
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    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The following essay is adapted from one with the same title read to the British Society for the History of Science on 20 October 1958—the anniversary, by a striking coincidence, of the birth of W. H. Young (1863–1942). To his memory I dedicated the talk, and now rededicate its publication, not only because I am his daughter and of all that means, but because he invented a method, the method of monotone sequences, which shows the powerfulness of inequalities as a mathematical tool supremely.
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  • 11
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 187-188 
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  • 12
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 193-195 
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  • 13
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 189-191 
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  • 14
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    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 188-189 
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  • 15
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    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 195-196 
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  • 16
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 192-192 
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  • 17
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 1-2 
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  • 18
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 2-2 
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  • 19
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 3-3 
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  • 20
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 5-17 
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    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Three questions of major historical interest may be asked concerning the neglect and the rediscovery of Mendel's work.1. Why was it so little noticed between its publication in 1866 and its rediscovery in 1900?2. What factors determined its rediscovery?3. What factors favoured the rapid growth of Mendelian genetics?It is with the second and third of these questions that this paper is concerned.
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  • 21
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    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 19-30 
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    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: SynopsisSimon Bredon was one of a remarkable group of scientists who brought fame to Oxford by their achievements in the sphere of natural science, particularly in astronomy. Though his interests lay chiefly in the field of medicine, as indicated by the large collection of books on this subject which he bequeathed to his friends, he was also a mathematician and astronomer.The manuscripts of his works, still preserved at Oxford, Cambridge and the British Museum, which include an arithmetic, a commentary on the Almagest, a theory of the planets and astronomical calculations, have never been properly examined and some kind of preliminary investigation seems necessary before his true position among the Merton school of scientists can be assessed.
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  • 22
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 31-48 
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    Topics: History , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: SynopsisSome of the early superstitious beliefs concerning communication by means of magnets are mentioned.Some of the suggested ‘static telegraphs’ are described, together with the reasons for their failure. An account is given of the rise of the use of the electric current in the telegraph by continental workers early in the nineteenth century, and the manner in which this method became known in England. The work of Cooke and Wheatstone is briefly outlined, and the assistance given to the English workers by Joseph Henry.The development of the American telegraph in the hands of Morse is reviewed, and the similarity of the difficulties experienced by Morse and by Cooke. The origin of the relay is examined.The commercial success of the telegraph was largely due to the several needs it fulfilled, and the uses of the telegraph are enumerated.Submarine telegraphs and especially the Atlantic telegraph are described together with the mechanical and electrical difficulties associated with long distance telegraphy through cables. In this connection the work of William Thomson is very briefly reviewed.The growth of the telephone out of the telegraph at the hands of Bell in America is described, and is shown to be achieved as a result of the synthesis of Bell's knowledge of physiology and of electricity. The paper concludes with a statement of the commercial success of Bell's telephone.
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  • 23
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 49-63 
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    Notes: SynopsisThe paper is an attempt to set the social and historical background against which the Royal Institution was founded, and to trace the events in its very early history. The founder of the Institution was Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, that soldier of fortune who took service with the Elector Palatine of Bavaria, and it was in the course of his duties in Munich that his interest in the practical problems of philanthropy was aroused.In London, in the concluding years of the eighteenth century, he was drawn into the group of philanthropists and reformers among whom William Wilberforce was the leading figure, and Sir Thomas Bernard, Treasurer of the Foundling Hospital, one of the most active members. The focus of their activities was the Society for Bettering the Condition and Increasing the Comforts of the Poor, and to this Society Rumford submitted his proposals for a new scientific institution in London, designed to improve the lot of the poor and the working classes by the application of science to useful purposes.It was decided to make an appeal for funds, Rumford's proposals were circulated, and the Count succeeded in interesting the President of the Royal Society, Sir Joseph Banks, who took the Chair at the early meetings and allowed them to be held at his house, 32 Soho Square. At a meeting held there on 7 March 1799, the new institution was formed by resolution of the subscribers of 50 guineas each, who became the first Proprietors of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, as it was afterwards named in its Royal Charter.
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  • 24
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    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 79-87 
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  • 25
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    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 88-88 
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  • 26
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    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 91-95 
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  • 27
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    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 65-77 
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    Notes: Synopsis‘Recent studies of Babylonian sources have shown that we must revise former estimates of the extent to which the Greeks were indebted for the details of their astronomy to the Babylonians; the debt proves to have been much greater than had been imagined, and further researches may prove it to have been greater still.’ So wrote Sir Thomas Heath in 1932; in the previous year, Professor Filon had written, ‘It is gradually beginning to be realized that many of the achievements of Greek culture in the fields of astronomy and mathematics did not spring, fully armed, from the Hellenic brain, but had their more remote origins in the civilizations of the ancient East.’There is available now sufficient evidence to show that a great deal of the astronomical knowledge which has come down to us from the Hellenistic period (c. 500 b.c. to a.d. 150) was not initially discovered during that period; and such new empiric discoveries as were made in that time were not all due to Greeks, for important contributions were still being made by Babylonians during the Seleucid Era.To a large extent it seems that the Greeks kept very closely, even in astronomy, to the mode of research advocated by Plato, who said in The Republic, ‘Which things (i.e. “the variegated bodies in the heavens”) truly are to be comprehended by reason and intellect, but not by sight’. The Greeks founded a ‘school’ of theoretical astronomy and, with their highly developed mathematics, were able to go far with it; but their source-material was in very many cases not Greek.The author of Epinomis states, ‘We may assume that whatever the Greeks take from the barbarians, they bring it to a finer perfection’. Adrastus (second century a.d.) wrote that the methods used by the Chaldeans and Egyptians in astronomy were imperfect because these people lacked physiologia; no doubt this was true, but it was people of these races who had done, and continued to do, most of the equivalent of modern observatory routine work.
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  • 28
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    The @British journal for the history of science 1 (1962), S. 89-89 
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  • 29
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 7 (1961), S. 112-120 
    ISSN: 0305-7410
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: According to Po I-p'o (Chairman of the State Economic Commission), mainland China's steel output in 1960 amounted to 18·45 million metric tons. This output level shows an increase of 245 per cent, over 1957, or an annual average increase of 51 per cent, for the three-year period 1958–60. This latter rate is considerably higher than that achieved hi the First Five-Year Plan period. The purpose of this paper is to examine the major changes hi the steel industry which have made possible a higher growth rate since 1958, and the problems with which the industry has been confronted hi the course of expanding its output.
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  • 30
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 7 (1961), S. 148-153 
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  • 32
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    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    The @China quarterly 7 (1961), S. 1-2 
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    The @China quarterly 7 (1961), S. 1-16 
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: As we all know only too well, the American student of Chinese Communist affairs must rely heavily on the recorded public utterances of representatives of the régime. The interpretation of such data is of course subject to a number of uncertainties. The ways in which public political statements can be used to deceive, to mislead, or to bargain are not always obvious. Even when a statement embodies a real calculation or the speaker's genuine perception of the world, the motive for making it may lie in the passing demands of small-scale tactics, or it may be of extreme subjective import to the speaker. One of the more favourable situations for analysis of this kind of material is found when linked propositions concerning a unitary topic are reiterated over a fairly long tune period, so that they occur in varying environmental contexts, with qualitative or quantitative variations in content, and with fluctuations of frequency or emphasis. The problem under examination here— the way the Chinese Communists have represented the significance for others of their experience in achieving power by revolutionary means— fits these last specifications.
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    The @China quarterly 7 (1961), S. 121-127 
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    Notes: Recently reports have filled the columns of the world Press suggesting that malnutrition or even starvation is widespread in the most populous country in the world. This is clearly a matter of far-reaching implications and no longer a subject for discussion only among scientists. The evidence available is scanty and far from conclusive. Reports remain conflicting, but they seem to indicate that malnutrition is not a general feature of the Chinese scene. Whereas Western observers have tended to conclude from sparse reports emanating from China that malnutrition may be widespread, the Chinese authorities have denied these reports and have rejected all offers of relief by voluntary organisations as based on misconceptions.
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    The @China quarterly 7 (1961), S. 154-157 
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    The @China quarterly 7 (1961), S. 17-34 
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    Notes: On August 26 Tass announced that the Soviet Union had successfully tested “an intercontinental multistage ballistic rocket.” On October 4, Moscow announced the launching of the first earth satellite. On November 3, Moscow announced the launching of the second sputnik. Ironically, it was these dramatic indications of Soviet power that accelerated the Sino-Soviet conflict on strategy.
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    The @China quarterly 7 (1961), S. 57-68 
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Traditional China was often singled out in economic texts as an example of a country in which a large population and a backward economy had combined to create “underemployment” or “disguised unemployment” in agriculture. Although estimates varied, it was suggested that in countries such as China the rural labour force could be reduced by as much as 25 per cent, without diminishing the agricultural output. The problem was intensified during the winter months when seasonal unemployment forced minions of peasants to seek some form of work in the already overcrowded cities. Because of the relatively slow growth of China's cities and since no major efforts were made to expand the acreage under cultivation, the long-range trend was an increasing population pressure on already available arable land. Although, as a result of characteristically high death rates, the natural increase of the population in rural China was generally low (in periods of natural and man-made calamities the death rates even exceeded the birth rates), the population nevertheless continued to grow, with ever-increasing numbers seeking a livelihood.
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    The @China quarterly 6 (1961), S. 1-2 
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  • 39
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    The @China quarterly 6 (1961), S. 15-28 
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Victimised by its strategic location throughout history, North Korea appears once again to be the scene of competition for dominant influence between its powerful neighbours. As the recent statement by Chairman Kim Il-sung quoted above suggests, the Communist régime in North Korea was apprehensive about the mounting crisis in Sino-Soviet relations in the summer and autumn of 1960. What it did not reveal is that the issues involved in the Sino-Soviet dispute had already exercised a profound effect on the domestic and foreign policies of this Asian satellite for a period of several years.
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    The @China quarterly 6 (1961), S. 29-52 
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: If one were to imagine what occupation one might like to follow in a Communist state, it is unlikely that one would choose that of Westerntrained political scientist. The intellectual apparatus associated with social science alone makes such an occupation untenable in the face of Communist ideology. Social science, as practised in the democracies, may be said to be non-existent in the Communist world. However, this does not eliminate the practical problem that faces the newly established Communist régime of what to do with those social scientists, and certain other types of intellectuals, who are already present. The problem becomes doubly complicated if the professors, journalists, and authors welcomed the advent of the new government and regarded themselves as “progressives”—as many of them did in China. One of the most striking ironies of ssu-hsiang kai-tsao (thought reform) in 1951–52 and of the rectification movement of 1957 was that the accused had, to varying degrees, all supported the régime when it came to power and had tried sincerely to work within its frame of reference.
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    The @China quarterly 6 (1961), S. 87-90 
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Among the minority of Communist Parties supporting China at the Moscow Conference last November was the Australian party. The feuds that have riven that Party since then illustrate the most damaging result for the Communist movement of the Sino-Soviet dispute—the end of the era of unique ideological authority.
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    The @China quarterly 6 (1961), S. 1-2 
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    The @China quarterly 6 (1961), S. 91-97 
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    Notes: The AAAS Symposium on the Sciences in Communist China covered pretty thoroughly all of the scientific literature from that isolated land that is available in the Western world. The amount of such literature turns out to be substantial, but the scientists analysing it are faced with the problem of sorting out facts from propaganda, real achievements from grandiose claims. That there has been a great deal of real achievement in the ten years of Communist rule emerges beyond doubt. China, for years torn with external war and internal revolution, began the decade of the fifties with no systematic programme in science, no schools capable of training scientists and technicians at an advanced level, and only a handful of scientists—mostly Western trained—capable of doing the research, planning and building needed to get industrialisation under way, while at the same time taking on the enormous task of educating the new generations of scientists and technical specialists required to operate an industrialised economy.
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    The @China quarterly 6 (1961), S. 153-169 
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    Notes: In order to cope with the demands of national industrialisation and reconstruction, much attention has been paid in Communist China to public health and medicine in an effort to prevent disease and promote health and thus increase productivity. Since public health practice is closely related to the political system and governmental structure, in addition to indicating actual achievements it serves as an indirect reflection of political and socio-economic conditions in present-day China.
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    The @China quarterly 6 (1961), S. 170-173 
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    The @China quarterly 6 (1961), S. 175-179 
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    The @China quarterly 6 (1961), S. 195-195 
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    The @China quarterly 5 (1961), S. 1-3 
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    The @China quarterly 5 (1961), S. 53-61 
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    Notes: When in 1953 the Central Obrera Boliviana was examining the proposals for agrarian reform submitted by a commission appointed by the President of Bolivia, the Communist José Pereira criticised the proposals and read out a draft law on agrarian reform which, in the opinion of the Communists, adequately met Bolivian conditions. Nuflo Chavez, Minister for Peasant Affairs, stated that this Communist draft was an almost literal translation of the Chinese agrarian reform law of 1950.
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    The @China quarterly 5 (1961), S. 25-52 
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    Notes: Representatives of the Communist and Workers' Parties have discussed at this Meeting urgent problems of the present international situation and of the further struggle for peace, national independence, democracy and socialism.
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    The @China quarterly 5 (1961), S. 90-115 
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    Notes: This paper attempts to develop some hypotheses concerning Communist China's political strategy toward the Asian area, with particular reference to the function in this strategy of neutralism. I have chosen November 1957 as the initial date for the period to be examined in the belief that a major shift in the overall Chinese line on both domestic and international problems took place at or about this time. At the root of this shift was the Chinese conviction that a decisive shift in the world balance of power, symbolised by Sputnik I, had occurred. I take this Chinese estimate to be genuine and to provide the essential standpoint from which all problems of foreign political strategy have been evaluated by the Chinese for the past three years.
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    The @China quarterly 5 (1961), S. 131-144 
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    Notes: In his Burma in the Family of Nations (Amsterdam, 1956), Dr. Maung Maung, Burma's modern jurist-scholar, tried to dissipate the impression —created according to him by Chinese nationalist pride rather than legal rights—that Burma had at any time in her history borne tribute to the Imperial Court of China. It must have made him shudder that hundreds of his compatriots should shout “Chou En-lai wan sui” when the latter visited their country in mid–April 1960. For Burma relations with mainland China in recent years have been in many ways difficult. When China under the Nationalists had to trade space for time vis-à-vis powerful Japanese invaders in the late 1930s, the building of the Burma Road almost inevitably led to a common defence of the two neighbours in later stages of the Second World War. Between 1942 and 1945 Chinese troops were in and out of Burmese territory, and Burmese freedom fighters and independence leaders likewise used China as their shelter and planning headquarters. The Chinese Nationalist Government expressed its readiness to exchange Ambassadors with Burma in September 1947, when the latter had hardly completed the formalities of its independence pact with Britain. But no sooner had the Burmese envoy been appointed to Nanking than the latter had to face the menace of the Chinese Communists, whose leader, Mao Tse-tung, had himself supported Burmese independence as early as 1945.
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    The @China quarterly 5 (1961), S. 153-155 
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    The @China quarterly 5 (1961), S. 156-158 
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    The @China quarterly 5 (1961), S. 160-167 
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    The @China quarterly 5 (1961), S. 168-168 
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    The @China quarterly 4 (1960), S. 82-87 
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    Notes: “As the motion picture is one of the most popular arts and one of the Party's most effective weapons of propaganda and education, in our film undertakings we must necessarily put political ideological work and the question of creative thinking in the leading position, strengthen the Party's leadership over the cinema....” Thus declared Hsia Yen, Deputy Minister of Culture. But the problem is, how much artistic independence must be sacrificed in order to strengthen the Party's leadership over the cinema? The answer seems to be clear after viewing the dozen or so films from China shown recently at the National Film Theatre in London.
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    The @China quarterly 4 (1960), S. 102-113 
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    The @China quarterly 4 (1960), S. 114-118 
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    The @China quarterly 4 (1960), S. 127-140 
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 1-2 
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 32-41 
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    Notes: Sinkiang occupies an important place in the vast arc of Inner Asia linking Russia and China. Over the past century, it has witnessed recurring political and economic tension between these two Powers. On one occasion, Sino-Russian co-operation suppressed anti-Chinese rebellion among its predominantly Moslem peoples. More frequently, however, Russian influence benefited from these results, to the detriment of Chinese power. In addition, Russian trade concessions during the nineteenth century, and Soviet mineral exploitation in the twentieth century, spurred economic penetration of China's largest province.
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 16-31 
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    Notes: The events of the six months between October 1, 1959, and April 1, 1960—the period, roughly, between Khrushchev's visit to the U.S. and his visit to South Asia—clearly affected Communist China. What is not so clear is the direction in which China has been moved and the depth and duration of the influence which events have brought to bear on China's relations with the world around her.
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    Notes: The Great Leap Forward has not only been measured by the claimed increases of grain and steel production by so many million tons. Peking boasts too that the Leap produced, in 1958 alone, millions and millions of poems and songs. These products, both in themselves as art and in their way and manner of accomplishment, should reveal a picture of how the mental life, or, more precisely, how the mental as well as physical energy, of the nation is being vigorously mobilised, organised and directed. For, as much of the steel was, regardless of its quality, produced in “backyard furnaces,” so are myriads of these poems and songs, regardless of their aesthetics, made by farm teams in the fields, workers in the factories, and labourers building roads or bridges. The people are goaded and urged, instructed and inspired by tireless party cadres who exhort all social and racial groups that, among other purposes, there has to be a new epoch of poetry production to celebrate the new era in Chinese history.
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 42-58 
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    Notes: The present dispute between India and the People's Republic of China concerning the frontier between those two countries was, to a great extent, touched off by the developments in relations between Tibet and China, although there had been certain recriminations concerning alleged frontier crossings as early as 1954. Furthermore, a large part of the dispute relates to the boundary as established in accordance with the so-called McMahon Line, resulting from the alleged “treaty” of Simla between the United Kingdom and Tibet of 1904. It is therefore advisable to examine the legal status of Tibet itself.
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 59-73 
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    Notes: Whereas throughout most of the world the results of the 1953 censusregistration of Communist China, reporting a population of 582·6 million, evoked anxiety and even alarm, the Communists expressed only pride and overwhelming confidence. As a people “liberated from the oppressive chains of capitalism,” Communist leaders felt that their horizons were unlimited and that feeding and caring for a population of this size presented no problems under a system in which people are “the most precious of all categories of capital.” The simultaneous release of vital rates which indicated a birth rate of 37 per thousand population and a death rate of 17 per thousand, further stressed the “great vitality of the people of new China.” The 2 per cent, natural increase (excess of births over deaths), resulting in an annual population growth of some 12 million, was declared, in line with Marxist doctrine, to be an asset in a country with vast new lands and unexploited natural resources, where additional people create additional wealth.
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 80-84 
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    Notes: The Chinese poet's call to Bulgaria to follow China's path into a bright Communist future reflects a view of the relationship between the two countries, which towards the end of 1958 was widely held in the West. Bulgaria's “Great Leap Forward” and the methods used to mobilise the masses for the Utopian plan for the economic break-through were linked with the visit of two high-powered Bulgarian delegations to China and interpreted by some observers as signs that the Party leaders in Sofia were deviating from the Moscow course in an attempt to hitch their wagon to the rising star of Peking.
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 74-79 
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    Notes: The early development of the Chinese communes was intimately linked with the decentralisation of the industrial and administrative machinery, foreshadowed at the Eighth Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1956 and carried out during 1957. The rural communes provided the most efficient unit for the management of small-scale industry set up under this scheme, for mobilising manpower in irrigation, implementing repair and other capital works in agriculture, and for generating the internal savings needed to finance investment. Further, they could be used to free women from housework, through the communal facilities they provided, so as to supplement the labour force needed for such undertakings.
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 85-88 
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    Notes: To the ordinary man in the drab East German street Communist China is a bore: it strikes him that the main use of this remote and shadowy ally is to help inflate the numerical strength of the “socialist camp” by a few useful hundreds of million souls. He realises that this is meant to overcome his feeling of isolation, to convince him that he is allied not only with a collection of uncouth Balkan tribes and formidable but unloved Russians, but also with a nation that can be claimed to be among the oldest civilised countries of the world, that had invented gunpowder long before even a German monk, Berthold Schwarz, invented it for the West. But on the whole the exploitation of the cultural prestige of the Chinese ally is poverty stricken and inept. Reprints of pre-war editions of a few Chinese novels like The Dream of the Red Chamber, an occasional art book of Chinese paintings or an edition by the publishing house of the Ministry of National Defence of an old Chinese Treatise on the Art of War by Sun Tzu, translated from the Russian, hardly carry great weight or conviction.
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 97-103 
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    Notes: In September 1956, Ochab, then the First Secretary of the Polish C.P., visited Peking to attend the Congress of the Chinese C.P. When the Soviet delegate, the “liberal” Mikoyan, reproached him abusively for tolerating “anti-Soviet ideas,” the Pole received words of support from his host, Mao Tse-tung. According to Warsaw sources, this was later confirmed in a special letter from Mao and is supposed to have played an important part in inducing Ochab to switch to Gomulka. Thus, the Chinese attitude helped to stiffen Polish resistance when in October 1956 the Soviet delegation headed by Khrushchev landed in Warsaw and threatened to intervene militarily. It is also said that some Chinese leaders in Moscow had argued against the use of force in Poland even before this.
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 108-110 
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 89-96 
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    Notes: When, in the spring of 1949, the Chinese Communist troops captured Nanking in an impetuous surprise advance, there was a Peace Congress in session at Prague. The news of the fall of Nanking was greeted with a raging thunderstorm of claps and rhythmic applause. There followed an outbreak of promiscuous hugging all over the place. The Chinese delegates were carried on fervent shoulders all round the conference room. A Hungarian poet who attended the Congress as a member of the Hungarian delegation withdrew to a sound-proof distance from the jubilant crowd, only to return delivered of a poem written in honour of the Chinese People's Army. The fruit of his labours, entitled “Glad Tidings from Nanking,” was translated that very day into Russian, and later into Chinese. The era of the Grand Victory celebrations had begun.
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 104-108 
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 110-112 
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 114-127 
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 128-128 
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    The @China quarterly 3 (1960), S. 112-113 
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    The @China quarterly 12 (1962), S. 1-6 
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    The @China quarterly 12 (1962), S. 53-55 
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    The @China quarterly 12 (1962), S. 1-18 
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    Notes: In Chinese Communist fashions, Confucius seems to be “in” this year. Earlier, certainly in the nineteen-twenties, revolutionaries were quite ready to see him out, and even now, in the first decade or so of the People's Republic, there are plenty of people with little patience for the sage of the old intelligence. Indeed, “despise the old” and “preserve the national heritage” have been chasing each other down the mneteen-fifties and incipient sixties, and contemporary historians, hi this area, should perhaps not dwell too seriously on trends pro and anti, so foreshortened, if discernible at all, in the foreground of our age. What seems historically significant is the range, not the petty successions, of recent Communist options in evaluating Confucius. For all the possibilities are equally modern, all plausible and consistent within a new Chinese view —an essentially anti-Confucian view informing even the pro-Confucius minds.
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    The @China quarterly 12 (1962), S. 92-101 
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    Notes: The sudden death of Dr. Hu Shih in Taiwan on February 24, 1962, inflicted on many of the people of that island a sense of irreparable loss. This was not because the present situation in Nationalist China is likely to be much affected by Dr. Hu's passing, for in spite of his great reputation as a scholar, his considerable personal popularity and the prestige of his position as President of the Academia Sinica, he remained a peripheral figure there. He was, however, the last surviving representative of the great generation of revolutionary intellectuals who, nearly half a century ago, undertook the enormous task of creating a cultural “renaissance” in China, and with his death a final link with that optimistic era was forever severed.
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    Notes: In the present context we need not trace in detail the changes Lenin made in Marx's socio-historical views on the eve of and after the revolutions of 1917. Having previously described Lenin's doctrinal engineering of institutional history in general and of Russian history in particular, I shall here indicate only the change in the image of China that Lenin initiated after 1917 and that after his death Stalin and the Chinese Communists completed.
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    The @China quarterly 12 (1962), S. 170-182 
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    Notes: When the Chinese Communists spelled out their policy of regional autonomy for ethnic minorities, it appeared to many observers that a significant break with the past had been made. Throughout China's modern history, central governments sought to amalgamate the various ethnic minorities with the dominant Han group. Now, hi 1949, it seemed as if, for the first time, a central Chinese government was determined to end this process of sinification and to give its non-Chinese subjects a degree of autonomy. This self-rule, as outlined hi official documents of the Peking regime, included the administrative, economic, educational and cultural spheres of life.
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    The @China quarterly 12 (1962), S. 191-202 
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    Notes: In the months prior to the recent fighting with India, China initiated a new policy in Tibet and towards the Himalayan border countries in order to recover the ground lost—in the case of Tibet—by its previous policies, and—in the case of the neighbouring Himalayan territories—by its suppression of the Tibetan revolt. China's recent successful attacks in the border areas will probably lend added strength to her diplomacy in the border states whatever the immediate reactions of some local statesmen.
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  • 87
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    The @China quarterly 12 (1962), S. 231-234 
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  • 88
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    The @China quarterly 12 (1962), S. 211-230 
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    Notes: When the Geneva agreements of July 1954 at Jast brought a measure of peace back to Indo-China, the Viet-Minh régime found itself in legal and recognised possession of that section of the country which lay north of the seventeenth parallel and which is officially known today as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. By then, part of this area, comprising the Viet-Minh's war-zones I, II, III and most of IV, thirty-three provinces in all, had already long been held by Ho Chi Minh's troops and in much of it a semblance of the new order's system of local government had been in regular operation for some years back. In a good deal of the rest, clandestine and fragmented centres of rebel control had perilously co-existed throughout the war with the old administration maintained at great cost by the French authorities. Finally, in many places, particularly the urban concentrations, no appreciable degree of Viet-Minh influence had managed to last out the conflict.
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  • 89
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    The @China quarterly 12 (1962), S. 244-248 
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  • 90
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    The @China quarterly 12 (1962), S. 248-251 
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  • 91
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    The @China quarterly 12 (1962), S. 1-8 
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  • 92
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    The @China quarterly 11 (1962), S. 21-37 
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    Topics: Linguistics and Literary Studies , History , Political Science , Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The present condition of Communist China raises a political question of great theoretical and practical importance. The question is whether there are limits to the hardships which any government can safely inflict upon the governed.
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  • 93
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    The @China quarterly 11 (1962), S. 184-199 
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    Notes: Chinese diplomatic interest in Indonesia has been developing for three-quarters of a century. The past dozen years since the completion of the military phases of the revolutions in the two countries have heard both harmonious pledges of amity and, not altogether paradoxically, the grating sound of national purposes crossing. In most exchanges, the Peking Communists and the Djakarta nationalists have bubbled with friendship; on one occasion, however, this duologue became sensationally antagonistic. In South-East Asia, as in other regions, China has not yet worked out a diplomatic means for the full reconciliation of continuing national interests with the demands of revolutionary strategy. The survey to follow forms a fever chart recording a steady rise in Sino-Indonesian warmth, a plunge to racking chills, and, for the moment, convalescence.
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  • 94
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    The @China quarterly 11 (1962), S. 200-213 
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    Notes: Nearly all Chinese, and many foreign students of China, will have it that China has never been, and is now unlikely to become, an expansionist power. A recent article in The Times said that China, being land-based rather than maritime, “never developed any sense of international relations”; instead of a Foreign Office, the old China had until 1842 an office for the management of barbarians, “whose respect for Chinese supremacy was demanded or exacted.” In other words, China's non-aggressiveness contains an element of semantic jugglery. How could China “expand,” and how could there be international relations when the Emperor was already regarded as ruler of the world? It is worth recalling that when the Ming fleets visited places as distant as Aden to “make known the Imperial commands,” this concept was in fact extended to peoples overseas; on their return, the envoys announced: “The countries beyond the horizon and from the ends of the earth have all become subjects ... the barbarians from beyond the seas ... have come to audience bearing precious objects and presents.”
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  • 95
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    The @China quarterly 11 (1962), S. 225-235 
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  • 96
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    The @China quarterly 11 (1962), S. 161-168 
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    Notes: August 1, 1927, is one of the big days in the history of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). It marked the opening of a military phase which was to last more than twenty years and was to leave a deep mark on the Party and the present régime both in their outlook and their structure. Symbolically, it is the birthday of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the Chinese Red Army, and it is as such that it is celebrated every year. It would perhaps be worthwhile after thirty-five years to make an accurate assessment of this event and first to place it in the political context of the time.
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  • 97
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    The @China quarterly 11 (1962), S. 124-139 
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    Notes: Among all dramatic and operatic forms in China, Peking Opera is perhaps the most popular one, and has been enjoyed by the people for more than a hundred years. The name “Peking,” however, does not really suggest the origin of this opera. Its Chinese name is p'i-huang, or erh-huang, which does indicate the origin of the opera. The word “p'i” in Chinese means “tunes,” and the character “huang” refers to one or two districts located in Hupeh province (the other name “erh-huang” means “two Huangs”) where this kind of music first originated, although the district of Huang-kang is generally believed to be the birthplace of this opera. Apparently this new kind of music soon spread to other districts of Hupeh, as well as to the adjacent provinces including Anhwei. The popularity of this new opera form encouraged and justified professional organisations, and troupes brought the opera to Peking, then the capital city of the Manchu (Ch'ing) dynasty. However, credit went to the Four Great Anhwei Troupes for their role in establishing this opera in the capital during the waning years of the Ch'ing period. The patronage of official circles, especially the royal clans in the Manchu court, helped tremendously in gaining fame and position for this new opera form. The Empress Dowager, Tz'u-hsi, so enjoyed this opera form that she ordered private theatres built in the palaces for her own enjoyment. (One of such theatres is still standing in the Summer Palace today.) As a result, the new operatic form was given a new name, ching-hsi (“Capital Opera”). And since Peking was the capital then, it was nicknamed the “Peking Opera” which subsequently has become the recognised name for it.
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    The @China quarterly 11 (1962), S. 214-218 
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    The @China quarterly 11 (1962), S. 219-224 
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    The @China quarterly 11 (1962), S. 235-239 
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