ALBERT

Notes: The equilibrium thermodynamics of the reaction:And the equilibrium constant is composed of activities formulated using ideal mixing on sites. Consideration is given to the evaluation of uncertainties in pressures calculated using the geobarometer. Preliminary testing suggests that the geobarometer has considerable potential. Much wider testing is now required.

Notes: Abstract. Pink piemontite-spessartine-bearing and grey-green spessartine-bearing manganiferous quartzose schists derived from siliceous pelagites, and green quartzofeldspathic schists, are described from the greenschist facies of the Haast Schist terrane, near Arrow Junction, western Otago. Electron microprobe data are reported for sphene, spessartine-rich garnet, manganoan epidote, piemontite, tourmaline, phengitic muscovite, chlorite, albite, haematite, rutile, manganoan calcite and chalcopyrite.Metamorphism occurred at about 6.4kbar, 400°C. Xco2 was above the quartz-rutile-calcite-sphene buffer (Xco2± 0.02) throughout the recorded metamorphic history of the piemontite schists. It dropped from above to below this critical buffering value in a spessartine-rich schist and it was close to or below the buffering value in the quartzofeldspathic schists. Production of piemontite required high fO2, believed to be inherited from MnOx in the parent pelagite. Substantial loss of O2 (e.g. minimum of 0.19% by weight in one rock) during diagenesis and/or metamorphism is inferred. In the grey-green schists this inhibited piemontite formation. Slight loss of O2 and Ca2+ accompanied minor late-stage replacement of piemontite by second generation spessartine. Observed zoning and mineral replacements indicate rise of temperature, drop in pressure, or invasion by solutions of lower fO2 and XCO2 equilibrated with surrounding schists.The detailed chemistry of the minerals studied correlates with available Mn and with bulk-rock (Fe3+ x 100)/(Fe2++ Fe3+). The oxidation ratio ranges from 24 in average green quartzofeldspathic schist, through 78 in average grey-green manganiferous quartzose schist, to almost 100 in some piemontite-bearing schists. As Fe2+ gives way to Fe3+, Mg/Fe ratios tend to rise in chlorite, phengite, tourmaline, spessartine, and calcite, Mn increases and Ti decreases in haematite, Mn increases in spessartine and calcite, and Fe increases in rutile. Available divalent cations are depleted relative to Al; chlorite is more aluminous, and phengite more paragonitic than in typical Haast schists.

Notes: Field, petrographic and microprobe investigations of metaclastic rocks, calcareous schists, marbles, chloritic calcareous meta-volcanic units and schists/paragneisses which crop out along the eastern portion of the Central East-West Cross Island Highway in Taiwan demonstrate that metamorphic intensity gradually increases eastward. The lower greenschist facies Slate Formation on the W contains completely recrystallized, pure albitic plagioclase, but at least some of the white micas (± chlorites) probably represent relict detrital flakes. Neo-blastic biotite and epidote occur sporadically in the Pihou(?) Formation, and increase dramatically eastward; concomitantly the abundance of carbonaceous matter decreases to zero in the eastern Tailuko zone, and the amount of chlorite + white mica diminishes somewhat. Epidote becomes more aluminous at higher metamorphic grade. Eastward, phengites change progressively to more muscovitic compositions as the proportion of biotite increases.A close approach to chemical equilibrium for the pre-Cenozoic, complexly deformed metamorphic basement assemblages is suggested by regular, systematic, major and minor element partitioning between analysed coexisting phases. Fractionation is less pronounced on the E, reflecting higher temperatures. Estimated physical conditions of recrystallization with αH2O and αCO2 moderate, are: T 〉 325 ± 75°C, P 〉 3 kbar (W); T 〉 425 ± 75°C, P 〉 4kbar(E).The gradual eastward increase in metamorphic intensity from the Slate Formation through the Pihou(?) Formation and the three Tailuko zones, as well as the relict precursor textures in the pre-Cenozoic layered basement rocks indicate that the observed paragenetic sequence could represent a synchronous Neogene recrystallization event, probably accompanying the Plio-Pleistocene collision of the Asiatic continental margin and the Luzon (Coastal Range) andesitic arc.

Notes: The structure, microstructure and petrology of a small area close to the village of Bard in Val d'Aosta (Italy) has been studied in detail. The area lies across the contact between the Gneiss Minuti (GM) and the Eclogitic Micaschist (EMS) Complexes of the Lower element of the Sesia portion of the Sesia-Lanzo Zone (Western Alps). Both complexes have undergone high-pressure metamorphism, but the metamorphic assemblages indicate a sudden increase in pressure in going across the contact from the GM to the EMS. Therefore, we interpret the contact as a thrust dividing the lower element of the Sesia into two sub-elements. This interpretation is supported by structural evidence.The early Alpine (90-70 Ma) metamorphic history is best preserved in the EMS and is one of increasing pressure associated with thrusting. The maximum P/T recorded in the EMS is 〉1500 MPa (〉15kbar) and 550°C and in the GM is 〈 1500-1300 MPa (〈 15-13 kbar) and 500-550°C. We suggest that the rocks were probably in an active Benioff zone during this time.From then on the histories of the GM and EMS are the same. Deformation continued and the thrust and thrust slices were folded during decreasing pressure. We interpret the first postthrusting deformation in terms of uplift associated with continued shortening of the crust and underplating after the Benioff zone had become inactive and a new Benioff zone had developed further to the north-west.A still later deformation and the Lepontine metamorphism (38 Ma) are related to continued uplift. Much of this deformation is characterized by structures indicative of vertical shortening and lateral spreading as the mountains rose above the general level of the surface.

Notes: In the Boi Massif of Western Timor the Mutis Complex, which is equivalent to the Lolotoi Complex of East Timor, is composed of two lithostratigraphical components: various basement schists and gneisses; and the dismembered remnants of an ophiolite. Cordierite-bearing pelitic schists and gneisses carry an early mineral assemblage of biotite + garnet + plagioclase + Al-silicate, but contain no prograde muscovite; sillimanite occurs in a textural mode which suggests that it replaced and pseudomorphed kyanite at an early stage and some specimens of pelitic schist contain tiny kyanite relics in plagioclase. Textural relations between, and mineral chemistries of, ferro-magnesian phases in these pelitic chists and gneisses suggest that two discontinuous reactions and additional continuous compositional changes have been overstepped, possibly with concomitant anatexis, as a result of decrease in Pload during high temperature metamorphism. The simplified reactions are: garnet and/or biotite + sillimanite + quartz + cordierite + hercynite + ilmenite + excess components. P-T conditions during the development of the early mineral assemblage in the pelitic gneisses are estimated to have been P + 10 kbar and T 〉 750°C, based upon the plagioclase-garnet-Al-silicate-quartz geobarometer and the garnet-biotite geothermometer. P-T conditions during the subsequent development of cordierite-bearing mineral assemblages in the pelitic gneisses are estimated to have been P + 5 kbar and T + 700°C with XH2O 〈 0.5, based upon the Fe content of cordierite occurring in the assemblage quartz + plagioclase + sillimanite + biotite + garnet + cordierite coexisting with melt.Final equilibration between some of the phases suggests that conditions dropped to P 〉 2.3 kbar and T 〉 600°C. A similar exhumation P-T path is suggested for the pelitic schists with early metamorphic conditions of P 〉 6.2 kbar and T 〉 745°C and subsequent development of cordierite under conditions in the range P = 3-4 kbar and T = 600-700°C. The tectonic implications of these P-T estimates are discussed and it is concluded that the P-T path followed by these rocks was caused by decompression during rifting and synmetamorphic ophiolite emplacement resulting from processes during the initiation and development of a convergent plate junction located in Southeast Asia during late Jurassic to Cretaceous time.

Notes: Plagioclase compositions vary from An0.1–2.5 to An32 with increasing grade in chlorite zone to oligoclase zone quartzofeldspathic schists, Franz Josef-Fox Glacier area, Southern Alps, New Zealand. This change is interrupted by the peristerite composition gap in rocks transitional between greenschist and amphibolite facies grade. Oligoclase (An20-24) and albite (An0.1–0.5) are found in biotite zone schists below the garnet isograd. With increasing grade, the plagioclase compositions outline the peristerite gap, which is asymmetric and narrows to compositions of An12 and An6 near the top of the garnet zone. In any one sample, oligoclase is the stable mineral in mica-rich layers above the garnet isograd, whereas albite and oligoclase exist in apparent textural equilibrium in adjacent quartz-plagioclase layers. The initial appearance of oligoclase in both layers results from the breakdown of epidote and possibly sphene. Carbonate is restricted to the quartz-plagioclase rich layers and probably accounts for the more sodic composition of oligoclase in these layers. The formation of more Ca-rich albite and more Na-rich oligoclase near the upper limit of the garnet zone coincides with the disappearance of carbonate and closure of the peristerite gap. Garnet appears to have only a localized effect on Ca-enrichment of plagioclase in mica-rich layers within the garnet zone. The Na-content of white mica increases sympathetically with increasing Ca-content of oligoclase and metamorphic grade.Comparison of the peristerite gap in the Franz Josef-Fox Glacier schists and schists of the same bulk composition in the Haast River area, 80 km to the S, indicates that oligoclase appears and epidote disappears at lower temperatures, and that the composition gap between coexisting albite and oligoclase is narrower in the Franz Josef-Fox Glacier area. It is suggested that a higher thermal gradient (38-40°C/km) and variations in Si/Al ordering during growth of the plagioclases between the two areas may account for these differences. In the Alpine schists the peristerite gap exists over a temperature and pressure interval of about 370-515°C and 5.5-7 kbar (550-700 MPa) PH2O.

Notes: Sapphirine occurs in a 3-5 m wide zone between amphibole-lherzolite and garnetiferous metagabbro at Finero in the Ivrea Zone, NW Italian Alps. Layers consisting of plag + hb + sa + cpx + opx + sp + gt are interbanded with spinel pyroxenites, which may contain sapphirine replacing spinel. All minerals are very magnesian, with XMg between 0.78 and 0.92. Bulk rock analyses suggest that precursors to the sapphirine-bearing rocks were igneous cumulates of plagioclase + olivine + hornblende + spinel. Up to 16wt% CaO does not inhibit sapphirine formation and it is the unusually Mg-rich nature of the host rocks which allows sapphirine development. The early igneous assemblage was replaced by one of cpx + sa + hb +± plag at a pressure of 9 ± 1 kbar and temperatures of 900 ± 50°C. Subsequent rapid uplift caused the instability of gt, gt + hb, hb and sa + cpx to form opx + plag ± sp ± sa symplectites.

Notes: The Gran Paradiso basement complex of the French and Italian Alps is composed of metasediments, termed the gneiss minuti, and metabasic rocks, both of which are intruded by a late Hercynian granite. The Bonneval gneiss, which crops out at the western edge of the complex, is composed of highly deformed metasediments, volcanics and volcaniclastic rocks. Eclogites, now highly altered, occur in the metabasic rocks. Kyanite and blue-green amphibole are locally present in the gneiss minuti and aegirine plus riebeckite occur in the Bonneval gneiss. A moderately high pressure - low temperature metamorphic event of probable Alpine age occurred in the basement complex. This metamorphic event differs from that in the overlying Sesia unit and ophiolites of the Schistes lustrés nappe in being at lower pressures (below the ab = jd100+ qz transition) and post-dating the major (D2A) deformation. The origin of the metamorphism is discussed and interpreted as a probable consequence of the overlying nappe pile which was emplaced during the D2A event. Subsequent greenschist facies metamorphism in the basement complex is a consequence of thermal relaxation during uplift.

Notes: Abstract. A method for the quantitative analysis of the spatial relations of minerals is described. Dispersed distributions are formed by annealing and destroyed in post-tectonic migmatization. Aggregate distributions characterize solid-state differentiation, whereas leucosomes formed in systems of high fluid:rock ratio (in the examples studied, anatectic melts) show random distributions.Quantitative textural analysis can be used to indicate whether migmatization was post-tectonic or earlier, though caution is necessary if post-migmatite cooling is slow or if there is some minor deformation. More importantly, it can be used to discriminate melt-present from melt-absent leucosomes; this is exemplified by a suite of metamorphic and anatectic migmatites from the Scottish Caledonides.The textural evolution of anatexites with increasing melt percentage is traced. Initial feldspar porphyroblastesis occurs by Ostwald ripening via grain boundary melts; subsequently ophthalmites develop with fabrics and chemistry inherited from the palaeosome. At greater than 30% melt these inherited fabrics are wholly destroyed. Deformation prompts segregation into melanosome and leucosome; resultant leucosomes contain no inherited crystals. The scale of anatectic systems is fixed at the point at which segregation begins; ophthalmites provide evidence for melt and crystal transfer beyond original palaeosome boundaries. In contrast, metamorphic migmatites are necessarily small-scale systems because of diffusive constraints, and melanosomes are invariably produced.

Notes: The oligoclase-biotite zone of the Bessi area, central Shikoku is characterized by sodic plagioclase (XCa= 0.10–0.28)-bearing assemblages in pelitic schists, and represents the highest-grade zone of the Sanbagawa metamorphic terrain. Mineral assemblages in pelitic schists of this zone, all with quartz, sodic plagioclase, muscovite and clinozoisite (or zoisite), are garnet + biotite + chlorite + paragonite, garnet + biotite + hornblende + chlorite, and partial assemblages of these two types. Correlations between mineral compositions, mineral assemblages and mineral stability data assuming PH2O = Psolid suggests that metamorphic conditions of this zone are about 610 ± 25°C and 10 ± 1 kbar.Based upon a comparative study of mineralogy and chemistry of pelitic schists in the oligoclase-biotite zone of the Sanbagawa terrain with those in the New Caledonia omphacite zone as an example of a typical high-pressure type of metamorphic belt and with those in a generalized‘upper staurolite zone’as an example of a medium-pressure type of metamorphic belt, progressive assemblages within these three zones can be related by reactions such as:

Notes: An assemblage consisting of corundum, sapphirine, spinel, cordierite, garnet, biotite and bronzite is described from the Messina area of the Limpopo Mobile Belt, and consideration given to its petrogenesis. Various geothermometers and geobarometers have been applied in an attempt to determine the temperatures and pressures of metamorphism.A former coexistence of garnet and corundum is suggested to have developed during the earliest high pressure phase of the metamorphism, where temperatures exceeded 800°C and pressures as high as 10kbar may have been experienced. Subsequently, continuous retrograding reactions from medium pressure granulite facies at about 800°C and 8kbar towards amphibolite facies generated spinel, cordierite, sapphirine and possibly also bronzite. The most notable reaction was probably of the form: garnet + corundum = cordierite + sapphirine + spinel.

Notes: A review of currently available information relevant to the Basal Gneiss Complex (BGC) of Western South Norway, combined with the authors’own observations, leads to the following conclusions.1. Most of the BGC consists of Proterozoic crystalline rocks and probably subordinate Lower Palaeozoic cover.2. The last major deformation of these rocks was during the Caledonian orogeny and involved large-scale thrusting, recumbent folding and doming. The structural development of the BGC is closely tied in with that of the Caledonian allochthon.3. The whole eclogite-bearing part of the BGC has suffered a high pressure metamorphism with conditions of between 550°C, 12.5 kbar (Sunnfjord) and about 750°C, 20 kbar (Møre og Romsdal) at the metamorphic climax.4. This metamorphism was of Caledonian age, probably rather early in the Caledonian tectonic history of the BGC and is considered to have been a rather transient event.By setting these conclusions in a framework provided by geophysical evidence for the deep structure of the crust in southern Norway we have constructed a geotectonic model to explain the recorded metamorphic history of the BGC. It is suggested that considerable crustal thickening was caused by imbrication of the Baltic plate margin during continental collision with the Greenland plate. This resulted in high pressure metamorphism in the resulting nappe stack. Progradation of the suture caused underthrusting of the Baltic foreland below the eclogite-bearing terrain causing it to emerge at the Earth's surface, aided by tectonic stripping and erosion.Application of isostacy equations to the model shows that eclogites can be formed by in-situ metamorphism in crustal rocks and reappear at the land surface above a normal thickness of crust in a single orogenic episode of approximately 65-70 Ma duration.

Notes: Detailed geochronological, structural and petrological studies reveal that the geological evolution of the Field Islands area, East Antarctica, was substantially similar to that of the adjacent Archaean Napier Complex, though with notable differences in late and post Archaean times. These differences reflect the area's proximity to the Proterozoic Rayner Complex and consequent vulnerability to tectonic process involved in the formation of the latter. Distinctive structural features of the Field Islands are (1) consistent development of a discordant, pervasive S3 axial-plane foliation; (2) re-orientation of S3 axial planes to approximate to the subsequent E-W tectonic trend of the nearby Rayner Complex; (3) selective retrogression by a post-D3 static thermal overprint; and (4) relatively common development of retrogressive, E-W-trending, mylonitic shear zones.Peak metamorphic conditions in excess of 800°C at 900 ± 100 M Pa (9 kbar) were attained at one locality following, but probably close to the time of D2 folding. D3 took place in late Archaean times when metamorphic temperatures were about 650°C and pressures were about 600 MPa (6 kbar). Later, temperatures of 600 ± 50°C and pressures of 700 MPa (7kbar) were attained in an amphibolite-facies event, presumably associated with the widespread granulite to amphibolite-facies metamorphism and intense deformation involved in the formation of the Rayner Complex at about 1100 Ma. The area was subsequently subjected to near-isothermal uplift.Rb-Sr isotopic data indicate that the pervasive D3 fabric developed at about 2400–2500 Ma, and this age can be further refined to 2456+8-5 Ma by concordant zircon analyses from a syn-D3 pegmatite. All zircons were affected by only minor (〈7–10%) Pb loss and/or new zircon growth during the Rayner event at about 1100Ma. Thus the 450–850 μg/gU concentrations of these zircons were too low to cause sufficient lattice damage over the 1350 Ma (from 2450 Ma) for excessive Pb to be lost during the 1100 Ma event. The emplacement of pegmatite at 522 ± 10 Ma substantially changed the Rb-Sr systematics of the only analysed rock that developed a penetrative fabric during the 1100 Ma event. Monazite in this pegmatite contains an inherited Pb component, which probably resides in small opaque inclusions.A good correlation is found between Rb-Sr total-rock ages and rock fabric. U-Pb zircon intercepts with concordia also mostly correspond to known events. However, in one example a near perfect alignment of zircon analyses, probably developed by mixing of unrelated components, produced concordia intercepts that appear to have no direct geochronological significance.

Notes: An occurrence of quartz-eclogite is described from the Inner Schieferhülle unit of the Pennine Basement Complex in the SE Tauern Window, Austria.Field relations strongly suggest a pre-Alpine age for the primary eclogitic mineral assemblage (garnet + omphacite + quartz + rutile). This implies that there was no connection between the formation of these eclogites and the late Cretaceous and Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Eastern Alps. The quartz-eclogite mineral assemblage crystallized under conditions of 620 ± 100°C and at pressures in excess of 12 kbar, and suffered amphibolitic overprinting of Alpine and possibly Hercynian age.A four-stage polymetamorphic history is proposed for the Inner Schieferhülle:

Notes: Mafic and ultramafic xenoliths in a basaltic cone at The Anakies in south-eastern Australia are geochemically equivalent to continental basaltic magmas and cumulates. The xenolith microstructures range from recognizably meta-igneous for intrusive rocks to granoblastic for garnet pyroxenites. Contact relationships between different rock types within some xenoliths suggest a complex petrogenesis of multiple intrusive, metamorphic and metasomatic events at the crust/mantle boundary during the evolution of south-eastern Australia. Unaltered spinel lher-zolite, typical of the uppermost eastern Australian mantle, is interleaved with or veined by the metamorphosed intrusive rocks of basaltic composition.Geothermobarometry calculations by a variety of methods show a concordance of equilibration temperatures ranging from 880°C to 980°C and pressures of 12 to 18 kbar (1200-1800 mPa). These physical conditions span the gabbro to granulite to eclogite transition boundaries. The water-vapour pressure during equilibration is estimated to be about 0.5% of the load pressure, using amphibole breakdown data. Large fluid inclusions of pure CO2 are abundant in the mineral phases in the xenoliths, and it is suggested that flux of CO2 from the mantle has been an important heat source and fluid medium during metamorphism of the mafic and ultramafic protoliths at the lower crust/upper mantle boundary.The calculated pressures and temperatures suggest that the south-eastern Australian crust has sustained a high geothermal gradient. In addition, the nature of the mineral assemblages and the contact relationships of granulitic rock with spinel lherzolite, characteristic of mantle material, suggest that the Moho is not a discrete feature in this region, but is represented by a transition zone approximately 20 km thick. These inferences are in agreement with geophysical data (including seismic, heat-flow and electrical resistivity data) determined for south-eastern Australia.Underplating at the crust/mantle boundary by continental basaltic magmas may be an important alternative or additional mechanism to the conventional andesite model for crustal accretion.

Notes: Abstract. In the Kamuikotan zone, central Hokkaido, Japan, two distinct types of metamorphic rocks are tectonically mixed up, along with a great quantity of ultramafic rocks; one type consists of high-pressure metamorphic rocks, and the other of low-pressure ones. The high-pressure metamorphic rocks are divided into two categories. (1) Prograde greenschist to glaucophaneschist facies rocks derived from mudstone, sandstone, limestone, a variety of basic rocks such as pillow and massive lavas, hyaloclastite and tuff, and radiolarian (Valanginian to Hauterivian) chert, among which the basic rocks and the chert, and occasionally the sandstone, occur as incoherent blocks (or inclusions) enveloped by mudstone. (2) Retrograde amphibolites with minor metachert and glaucophane-calcite rock, which are tectonic (or exotic) blocks enclosed within prograde mudstone or serpentinite, or separated from these prograde rocks by faults. The K-Ar ages of the prograde metamorphic rocks (72, 107 and 116 Ma on phengitic muscovites) are younger than those of the retrograde rocks (109, 132, 135 and 145 Ma on muscovites, and 120 Ma on hornblende). The low-pressure metamorphic rocks consist of the mafic members of an ophiolite sequence with a capping of radiolarian (Tithonian) chert with the metamorphic grade ranging from the zeolite facies, through the greenschist (partly, actinolite-calcic plagioclase) facies to the amphibolite (partly, hornblende-granulite) facies. The low-pressure metamorphism has a number of similarities with that described for‘ocean-floor’metamorphism. The tectonic evolution of such a mixed-up zone is discussed in relation to Mesozoic plate motion.

Notes: The rocks of the Scourian Complex have been intensively studied, but there is still no consensus as to the conditions of the granulite-facies metamorphism preserved in these rocks. Recent estimates of these conditions fall into two groups, one at 820-920°C and ca. 11 kbar and the second at ca. 1000°C and 〉12 kbar. Investigation of a variety of rocks shows that the recorded conditions vary with grain-size, with higher-grade conditions recorded by the cores of coarser (ca. 10 mm) crystals, and lower-grade conditions recorded by the rims of coarser grains and by finer grains. This observation suggests that re-equilibration during recovery of these rocks to the surface has been important which may account for the discrepancy in estimated P-T conditions. Revised estimates of the equilibration conditions of the Scourian Complex of T 〉 1000°C and P 〉 8.5 kbar are presented. The conditions suggested for the peak of metamorphism mean that the role of anatexis in the genesis of these rocks must be considered and the nature of the fluid phase thoroughly investigated.

Notes: Abstract. Plagioclase porphyroblasts from silvergrey schists belonging to the Nevado Filabride Complex in the Sierra Alhamilla (Betic Zone, SE Spain) are interpreted as having been formed preand synkinematically with respect to the second phase of deformation. Different types of inclusion patterns represent 'snap-shots’(high growth-rate/strain-rate ratio features) of the formation of a diffentiated crenulation cleavage during this second phase of deformation, by the processes of kinking, crenulation and associated differentiation.Regional considerations indicate an Alpine age for this tectono-metamorphic event, which can be explained by the‘hot emplacement’of the higher Nevado Filabride units. The observed structural evolution is not consistent with a pre-Alpine polyphase deformation history.

Notes: Evidence from rock microstructures, mass transfer and isotopic exchange indicates that substantial quantities of aqueous fluids are involved in low- and medium-grade regional metamorphism. Similar conclusions are drawn from many retrograde environments, whereas high-grade metamorphic fluids may be melt dominated. The mobile fluids play essential roles in metamorphic reactions, mass transport and deformation processes. These processes are linked by the mechanical consequences of metamorphic fluid pressures (Pf) generally being greater than or equal to the minimum principal compressive stress. Under such conditions metamorphic porosity comprises grain boundary tubules and bubbles together with continuously generated (and healed) microfractures. Deformation results in significant interconnected porosity and hence enhanced permeability. Lithologically and structurally controlled permeability variations may cause effective fluid channelling.Simple Rayleigh-Darcy modelling of a uniformly permeable, crustal slab shows that convective instability of metamorphic fluid is expected at the permeabilities suggested for the high Pf metamorphic conditions. Complex, large-scale convective cells operating in overpressured, but capped systems may provide a satisfactory explanation for the large fluid/rock ratios and extensive mass transport demonstrated for many low- and medium-grade metamorphic environments. Such large-scale fluid circulation may have important consequences for heat transfer in and the thermal evolution of metamorphic belts.

Notes: Hydrothermal synthesis of Fe-pum-pellyites was conducted using high pressure cold-seal apparatus and solid oxygen buffering techniques at temperatures between 250°C and 550°C and 2.0–9.1 kbar Pfluid. Fe-pumpellyites were synthesized from partially crystalline gel mixtures of compositions: 4CaO - 2.1Al2O3_1.5FeO - 0.3MgO - 6SiO2 (II) and 3CaO - 1.5 Al2O3 - 2.7FeO - 0.3MgO - 6SiO2 (III) in the presence of excess H2O at Pfluid of 5–9.1 Kbar, temperatures between 275°C and 325°C, and fO2 defined by the QFM and HM buffers; for both of these compositions (II and III), the condensed synthetic run products included minor 7Å chlorite ± garnet ± Fe-oxide. The cell dimensions and aggregate refractive index (a= 19.13(2)Å, b= 5.940(4)Å, c= 8.847(5)Å, ±= 97.37(6)±, and n= 1.702(2)) of the pum-pellyite synthesized from the bulk composition II mix are compatible with those of natural pumpellyites containing similar total Fe contents. Attempts at synthesizing Fe-pumpellyites from a Mg-free bulk composition were not successful; these results are consistent with the total absence of natural Mg-free pumpellyites.The higher temperature, higher oxygen fugacity assemblages of the equivalent bulk compositions (II and III) consist of epidote ± minor amounts of chlorite, garnet, quartz, hematite, and magnetite. The results of these synthesis experiments accord with the mineral parageneses observed in low-grade metabasites which imply that Fe-pumpellyites are replaced by epidote with increasing temperature and/or fO2 and that Fe3+ is preferentially partitioned into epidote with respect to coexisting pum-pellyite. In addition, these synthesis experiments indicate that Fe-bearing pumpellyites crystallize at and are stable to lower temperatures than more aluminous pumpellyites—a result also consistent with natural systems.

Notes: Underwater photogrammetry is being used in the particularly hostile environment of the North Sea where it has been put into commercially viable operation. The authors discuss underwater photogrammetry related to other means of inspection of oil platforms. They also deal with operational experience of 35 mm and 70 mm cameras, camera calibration, the provision of control and photogrammetric observations and data analysis. The demand for underwater photogrammetry continues to grow.

Notes: This paper summarises the theoretical and practical development of’an analytical system for close range photogrammetry. The system uses the extended bundle method of phototriangulation and a sophisticated least squares algorithm. A description is given of computer software, and aspects of statistical testing and gross error detection are discussed in order to assess the accuracy potential. Applications of the system, for precise co-ordination of a target range and camera calibration are outlined.

Notes: A photogrammetric system that is suitable for shallow water detailed mapping at scales from 1:50 to 1:500 for coastal and harbour engineering projects is described. The results from tests using automatic 35 mm Canon cameras on an elevated platform to determine the accuracy of planimetric and depth co-ordinates are presented. The economic benefits of stereophotography through shallow water rather than underwater photography are discussed.

Notes: This paper reviews the growth in the use of photogrammetric techniques in architecture, principally in the United Kingdom, over the past ten years. The work of the various establishments involved in architectural photogrammetry is described and the results of a questionnaire, distributed within the architectural profession, are analysed. Some comparisons are made with developments elsewhere in Europe.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn examine dans cet article l'extension qu'a connue l'utilisation des méthodes photogrammétriques en architecture au cows des dix dernières années, principalement dans le Royaume-Uni. On y décrit les travaux des divers organismes impliqués dans la photogrammétrie architecturale et l'on y analyse les résultats d'un questionnaire diffusé au sein de la profession liée à l'architecture. On fournit enfin quelques comparaisons avec les développements constatés par ailleurs en Europe.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungIm Artikel wird über die zunehmende Anwendung photogrammetrischer Verfahren während der letzten 10 Jahre in der Architektur, insbesondere im Vereinigten Königreich, berichtet. Die Arbeit verschiedener Institutionen, die sich mit Architekturphotogrammetrie befassen, wird beschrieben, und es werden die Ergebnisse eines unter Architekten verteilten Fragebogens analysiert. Weiterhin werden Vergleiche zu Entwicklungen in anderen europäischen Ländern gezogen.

Notes: A method of delineating the extent of floods has been devised involving the establishment of flood surfaces and the creation of photogrammetric digital terrain models. These two data sources are combined in a computer aided map production system and comparisons are drawn between the efficacy of different forms of terrain modelling in a floodplain environment.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméOn a mis au point, en vue de déterminer l'étendue d'innondations, une méthode numérique combinant les notions de surface innondable et de modèle numérique de terrain (MNT); on se pose le problème du choix du MNT dans un environnement de plaine innondable.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungAngabe eines Verfahrens zur Ableitung der Ausdehnung von Überschwemmungen, wobei die Flut-Oberfläche bestimmt und photogrammetrisch digitale Geländemodelle erzeugt werden. Diese beiden Datenquellen werden in einem rechnergestützten Kartiersystem kombiniert, und es werden Vergleiche bezüglich der Wirksamkeit verschiedener Verfahren der Geländemodellierung in Flussniederungen gezogen.

Notes: SUMMARY. The mating behavior of 16 stocks of Paramecium multimicronucleatum from 12 states has been studied. Mating always follows a decline in nutritive conditions. The evidence indicates that there exists one set of four interbreeding mating types. The period of subculture strongly influences the mating reactions, many stocks mating only long after isolation from nature and culture in the laboratory under the restricted conditions employed. Selfing was observed to occur in many races, usually after long periods of subculture. It first occurred in only a small proportion of the population, later in a larger proportion. The similarities and differences between P. multimicronucleatum and other species of protozoa showing multiple mating types are discussed.

Notes: SUMMARY. A study of the temperature-pressure relationship in oxygen poisoning of Paramecium caudatum was undertaken, as the initial step in defining some of the major factors in in vivo oxygen poisoning. Paramecium was selected because it was relatively simple to culture in a pureline clone, large numbers were readily obtained, and it was large enough to be clearly visible under low magnification. The protozoa were exposed to oxygen pressures of 0 (100%), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 pounds/inch2 gauge pressure at each of the following temperatures: 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 27°C. Exposure was accomplished in a transparent, high-pressure lucite tank which permitted visual observation with aid of a dissecting microscope. It was found at temperatures above 5°C. that oxygen toxicity varied directly with pressure, but below this temperature, with oxygen tensions of 1–2 atmospheres (absolute), oxygen toxicity varied inversely as the temperature. The possibility is advanced that oxygen may be affecting two cellular processes (perhaps enzymatic), one of which is temperature-limited below 5°C. and would, therefore, decrease the death time as the temperature is decreased. Several experiments performed at 3°C. produced a death time intermediate between results obtained at 1° and 5°C.

Notes: SUMMARY. A stock of Paramecium bursaria is described in which the peniculus contains only 8 columns of cilia and associated “granules”. The gullet system is composed of organelle complexes almost exclusively, and incorporates no underlying or transecting extensions of “pellicular fibrillar systems”. A brief discussion is presented on the value of the peniculus as a taxonomic criterion in separating “aurelia” and “bursaria” groups in Paramecium.

Notes: SUMMARY. Strains E, S and W of Tetrahymena pyriformis were examined for their ability to carry out the reactions of the Krebs-Henseleit urea cycle, using growth and enzyme studies. None of the strains was able to grow on either citruliine or ornithine in place of arginine, and proline was as active as citrulline or ornithine in sparing arginine. So little citrulline or arginine was synthesized by cell-free preparations as to be of no significance in the growth or nitrogen metabolism of the ciliates. Slight arginase activity could be detected in homogenates, but no urea was found in cultures. No urease activity could be detected using urea-C14.

Notes: SUMMARY. An eimerian coccidian is described from the flying squirrel, Glaucomys volans, in Florida. It is identified as the same eimerian described by Roudabush from the flying squirrel in Iowa as Eimeria sciurorum. Evidence is presented that Roudabush incorrectly identified the organism. It is renamed as E. parasciurorum nov. sp. Mature oocysts have mean measurements of 29 × 16°, an index of 1.82, are cylindrical with rounded ends, have a dual membrane, and no extra residual body. Oocysts are without micropyle. Four egg-shaped, mature sporocysts in the oocyst have mean measurements of 11.2 × 6.2°, an index of 1.81, contain an oval, granular, intraresidual body and two pyriform sporozoites 10 × 3.2°, index 3.11.

Notes: SUMMARY. Two centrioles, an old one and a new one, are always present in the resting cell. From prophase onward two new ones and two old ones are present. Beginning with the resting stage, five types of centriole life cycles are described and compared with one another: In type 1, both centrioles are elongate; in type 2, the old one is long and the new one, which is short, elongates in prophase; in type 3, both are short, both elongate in prophase, and both, except for their anterior tips, degenerate in late telophase; in type 4, both are long but in prophase their distal ends become free of the rest of the centrioles, these ends migrate to center or posterior end of cell, where, after they produce the achromatic figure and it completes its function in nuclear division, they degenerate; in type 5, both are short and neither elongates at any stage of its life cycle.New centrioles are produced by the anterior ends of old ones. In their first generation, centrioles produce only extranuclear organelles (flagella, parabasals, axostyles, etc.); in their second and later generations, they produce only the achromatic figure (gametogenesis in Trichonympha and reorganization in Barbulanympha and Rhynchonympha are exceptions to this rule).The distal ends of centrioles in some types of cycles are surrounded by centrosomes; in others they are not. In one type of centriole life cycle a small central spindle is present in the resting cell in two genera; in the other types this is not the case.

Notes: SUMMARY. The endogenous development of the life cycle of Eimeria alabamensis Christensen, 1941, occurs in the nucleus of the intestinal cells of cattle. Calves were killed at various intervals after inoculation with infective oöcysts to study the endogenous cycle. Excysted sporozoites were found in the contents or scrapings from the walls of rumen, omasum, small intestine, cecum, and colon. They were found in the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelium at 2 days. Schizonts were found in the nuclei beginning at 2 days, but the number was low by the 8th day. Merozoite numbers usually ranged between 16 and 32. Some host nuclei contained as many as 48 or more, but these appeared to be the result of more than one schizont merging in the same host nucleus. Merozoites were slender, spindle-shaped bodies while still in the schizont walls, but were short with bluntly rounded tips when found in intracellular spaces and crypts. Gametocytes were found as early as the 4th day. Most of the stages of gametogenesis were limited to the lowest third of the small intestine, but in heavy infections some were also found in the cecum and upper colon. Microgametocytes were multinucleate and were more densely stained than the uninucleate macrogametocytes. The ratio of macrogametocytes to microgametocytes in 100 gametes was 78: 22. Oöcysis with “shells” were found in sections of the lower 20 feet of the ileum on the 6th day, which coincided with the shortest prepatent period reported previously. As many as three schizonts or microgametocytes or four or five macrogametocytes or oöcysts could be found in the same host nucleus. The variations in shape of the oöcysts appeared to be dependent on the number of oöcysts crowded into each nucleus.

Notes: SUMMARY. The role of centrioles in achromatic figure production is considered when the number present varies from 1–8. Each centriole after it becomes elongate produces astral rays from its distal end. Some of these rays remain free; some, by joining centromeres, become chromosomal fibers; and some, by joining and growing along those produced by one or more other centrioles, produce the central spindle portion of the achromatic figures. Thus, one centriole may function cooperatively with one to several others in the production of central spindles. But at least two centrioles must be present, and in the proper spacial relation to each other, to form a central spindle; one by itself can form only free astral rays, no central spindle or chromosomal fibers.The flagellated areas (to which the centrioles are anchored anteriorly) play an important role in determining the position of the distal ends of the centrioles with respect to one another, and the position of these ends, in turn, in a large measure, determines the types of achromatic figures produced, particularly the number of central spindles.

Notes: SUMMARY. Observations on binary fission of Lacrymaria olor show that it is a transverse fission. It involves probable intranuclear division of the micronucleus. Both micro- and macronucleus elongate in preliminary stages. Each is ultimately divided as cytoplasmic constriction cuts the spindle fibers of the former, and the connecting, nucleoplasmic thread of the latter.Surging movements of cytoplasm after fission elongate the daughter organisms and move new nuclei to normal, central sites. The anterior proboscis of the posterior daughter regenerates suddenly, complete with coronal cilia. Metachronal waves along ciliary meridians, strongly reversed on the posterior daughter, cause an oscillating movement which pulls the two apart, except for a slender, pellicular thread, ultimately severed. Until broken, this thread connects the rear tip of the anterior animal to the forward end of the proboscis of the posterior one. The organism is semi-quiescent, with proboscis retracted (except spasmodically) throughout fission. After fission the anterior animal quickly begins feeding movements and soon swims away. The posterior animal requires about half an hour before being able to begin feeding and swimming movements.The anterior contractile vacuole of the original animal becomes the primarily active vacuole of the anterior daughter; the posterior one that of the posterior daughter. Missing vacuoles are regenerated by the daughters in about one hour after fission. The division process requires about one hour for completion at 22.4°C.

Notes: SUMMARY. The multiplication rate of Tetrahymena pyriformis HS in proteose peptone medium was measured at 12 temperatures between 18.4°C. and 36.6°C. At the temperature optimum, 32.5°C., the generation time is 2.25 hours. The upper lethal temperature lies between 36.6°C. and 38.0°C. Similarly, a study of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL revealed a temperature optimum for multiplication of 29°C. with a generation time of 3.70 hours. The upper lethal temperature falls between 34.6°C. and 35.4°C. At all temperatures employed the HS strain of organisms multiplies more rapidly than strain GL. Under identical conditions, the two strains have distinctly different growth optima, upper lethal temperatures and growth rates.As measured by multiplication rate the readjustment to a sudden change in temperature (from 18.4°C. to 27.7°C.) is completed very rapidly, with an effective lag time of about 1 hour. Such a shift in temperature gives rise to a small degree of division synchrony during the first and second population doublings which follow. Subsequently, all traces of division synchrony are lost.

Notes: SUMMARY. Test tube cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL in the early maximum stationary phase of growth were used as inocula. After the elapse of a short lag phase a rapid transition to the logarithmic phase of growth was observed in cultures grown on peptone media(4,6). During the early phase of exponential multiplication more cells (as expressed on a percentual basis of the population number) were in the visible stage of cytoplasmic fission than after the elapse of 5 to 6 generations. Analysis of comprehensive data suggests that the higher division index in the early logarithmic phase of growth is not the expression of a synchronization of cells in metabolic respects but rather indicates a prolongation of the stage of cell fission during this phase.

Notes: SUMMARY. Ochromonas malhamensis (Pringsheim strain) can be grown above 35.5°C.; below 35°, the previous chemically defined medium supports dense growth. The B12 and thiamine requirements rise steeply with temperature, and growth promotion by folic acid emerges; folic acid spares the enhanced B12 requirement. B12 is spared also, perhaps wholly bypassed, by purines + pyrimidines + amino acids (below 35°, exogenous purines, pyrimidines, and folic acid have little effect). Requirements also emerge for glycine (spared by serine), valine and isoleucine (their ratio is critical; leucine and threonine assist in maintaining a good balance), and, at very slightly higher temperatures, phenylalanine, tryptophan, cystine, and lysine. Requirements for Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn appear to rise steeply with temperature; metal toxicities have to be circumvented carefully. The proportion of histidine + arginine to carbohydrate has to be increased, and a Krebs-cycle component such as succinic acid becomes stimulatory. At 36.3–36.7°, a further supplement of crude natural materials such as an autoclaved suspension of Ochromonas cells is needed. Relevance of these findings to fever stress in vertebrates, general mitochondrial function, and repair of radiation damage, is discussed.

Notes: SUMMARY. According to Kahl the trichostome genus Trichopelma may be considered to include five species: T. sphagnetanim, T. eurystoma, T. euglenivora, T. opaca, and T. torpens. A sixth species is added in the present account. The following constant characteristics distinguish it from the five earlier described ones: total lack of trichocysts; differences in the morphology of the body surfaces; dissimilarity of the upper and lower surfaces in shape (one plane, the other convex), in ciliation, and in number of cuticular furrows; unique location of the contractile vacuole.

Notes: SUMMARY. Isospora citelli n. sp. is described from the rock squirrel, Citellus variegatus Utah, from Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Its oocysts are subspherical, 22.4 by 21.5 μ, with a smooth, two-layered wall, an oocyst refractile globule and a sporocyst residuum, but without a micropyle or oocyst residuum.

Notes: SUMMARY. Leptomonads of Leishmania tarentolae were grown continuously in a defined medium containing: inorganic salts', glucose, hemin, 17 amino acids, purines and pyrimidines, and a mixture of vitamins of the B group. In this medium the population of organisms reached about 20 to 50 million per ml. alter 1 week at 27°C. Only slightly better growth occurred in a partially defined medium containing bovine plasma fraction V. In earlier experiments, however, omission of the plasma fraction resulted in decreased growth, and under these circumstances cholesterol or lecithin had growth-stimulating effects. In later experiments in the fully-defined medium no effect of these lipids could be found. The leptomonads were shown to require at least the following substances: inorganic salts; a source of purines and pyrimidines; tryptophan and the nine other amino acids essential for the growth of rats, glutamic acid, tyrosine, proline, serine, one or more of the group alanine, glycine and aspartic acid; folic acid, biotin, pantothenic acid, nicotinamide, riboflavm, thiamine, and either pyridoxine plus choline or pyridoxal or pyridoxamine. Choline at 2 × 10−5 m gave optimal growth in the presence of pyridoxine at 1 × 10−5 m. In a medium with a suboptimal concentration of choline (0.4 × 10−5 m) the leptomonads grew through nine transfers but they were mostly somewhat rounded and aflagellate.

Notes: SUMMARY. Trichopus lachmanni n. sp. possesses, in common with other members of the family Dysteriidae, a fixation organelle composed of vesicles and a secretory ampoule. But no “foot-like” appendix exists in this species, and the ampoule opens at the bottom of an antapical pit which bears a short fringe of membranelles derived from the somatic ciliature. The vibratile fringe participates in the spinning of the glutinous secretion which temporarily fastens the organism to the substrate. This specialized ciliature is characteristic of the genus Trichopus which was created by Claparède & Lachmann for a species, T. dysteria, which, though insufficiently described, is certainly different from T. lachmanni.

Notes: SUMMARY. Various species of ciliates are characterized by the formation and accumulation in the cytoplasm of mineral concretions which are refringent, isotropic or anisotropic. These cytoplasmic inclusions most often are composed of calcium carbonate; in several species, however, their nature remains partially or even totally undetermined. The isotropic calcium-containing concretions often exhibit a definite shape; the calcium carbonate in this case appears to be bound to an organic substrate. The physiological role of the calcic concretions is not known; their characteristic presence in a given species is not necessarily related to ecological conditions. In a few species the calcification is localized in definite structures: spicules, skeletal plates, or otoliths of organelles supposedly sensory in nature.

Notes: SUMMARY. The combination Tween 80 and cholesterol replaced blood serum as a requirement for the cultivation of Tritrichomonas foetus. Choline + potassium glycerophosphate enhanced growth in the presence of Tween 80 + cholesterol. A method for ensuring adequate cholesterol suspension-an essential factor for consistent growth-is described.

Notes: SUMMARY. High variability within cultures of Tritrichomonas batrachorum (from Bufo boreas halophilus, Rana catesbeiana, and Rana pipiens) casts doubt on the validity of length measurements for species designation.The morphology differs from that described previously. The axostylar capitulum is a complex structure with a preblepharoplastic portion and a perinuclear cup spreading laterally in curved membranes ending in filaments. The parabasal apparatus is Y-shaped with a very short base.Two types of amoeboid activity occur. Filopodia are used for anchorage. Their bases migrate and the filopodia may fuse and reseparate as in foraminifers. Ingestion is an amoeboid process utilizing lobopodia. Food adherent to a lobopod is invested in a food cup at the surface. Ingrowth of the lip of the food cup forms the food vacuole, or in cases of cannibalism, constricts the prey and forms a food tube pushing a vacuole before it. Repeated, this produces an alternating series of vacuoles and tubes. There is a pseudo-amoeboid degenerative process in which the flagella, withdrawn into the cytosome, continue to move and produce non-functional lobopod-like protrusions.An actual cytostome has not been observed, but there is a region of reduced staining intensity ventral to the axostylar capitulum.

Notes: One third of a collection of cloned Stylonychia pustulata micronuclear DNA PstI fragments were found to be of a similar size, consistent with their being members of a repetitious sequence family with a repeat size of about 160 base pairs. Cross-hybridization experiments confirmed that these small cloned fragments are related by sequence homology. Hybridization of the cloned repetitious sequences to PstI digested micronuclear DNA revealed a “ladder” of bands (step size = 160 base pairs), indicating that the repeats are found in tandem arrays. This is the first demonstration of highly repetitious, tandemly repeated sequences in a ciliated protozoan.

Notes: The erythrocytic developmental cycle of Plasmodium falciparum can be conveniently divided into the ring, trophozoite, and schizont stages based on morphology and metabolism. Using highly synchronous cultures of P. falciparum, considerable variation was demonstrated among these stages in sensitivity to chloroquine. The effects of timed, sequential exposure to several clinically relevant concentrations of chloroquine were monitored by three techniques: morphological analysis, changes in the rate of glucose consumption, and changes in the incorporation of 3H-hypoxanthine into parasite nucleic acids. All three techniques gave essentially identical results. The trophozoite and schizont stages were considerably more sensitive to the drug than ring-stage parasites. Chloroquine sensitivity decreased as nuclear division neared completion. The increase in chloroquine sensitivity was coincident with a marked rise in the rate of glucose consumption and nucleic acid synthesis. The rate of nucleic acid synthesis decreased as schizogony progressed while glucose consumption continued at high rates during this process. The degree of chloroquine sensitivity was not highly correlated with either metabolic activity.

Notes: Bloodstream trypomastigote and culture procyclic (insect midgut) forms of a cloned T. rhodesiense variant (WRATat 1) were tested for agglutination with the lectins concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin P (PP), soybean agglutinin (SBA), fucose binding protein (FBP), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and castor bean lectin (RCA). Fluorescence-microscopic localization of lectin binding to both formalin-fixed trypomastigotes and red cells was determined with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated Con A, SBA, FBP, WGA, RCA, PNA (peanut agglutinin), DBA (Dolichos bifloris), and UEA (Ulex europaeus) lectins. Electron microscopic localization of lectin binding sites on bloodstream trypomastigotes was accomplished by the Con A-horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine (HRP-DAB) technique, and by a Con A-biotin/avidin-ferritin method. Trypomastigotes, isolated by centrifugation or filtration through DEAE-cellulose or thawed after cryopreservation, were agglutinated by the lectins Con A and PP with agglutination strength scored as Con A 〈 PP. No agglutination was observed in control preparations or with the lectins WGA, FBA or SBA. Red cells were agglutinated by all the lectins tested. Formalin-fixed bloodstream trypomastigotes bound FITC-Con A and FITC-RCA but not FITC-WGA, -SBA, -PNA, -UEA or -DBA lectins. All FITC-labeled lectins bound to red cells. Con A receptors, visualized by Con A-HRP-DAB and Con A-biotin/avidin-ferritin techniques, were distributed uniformly on T. rhodesiense bloodstream forms. No lectin receptors were visualized on control preparations. Culture procyclics lacked a cell surface coat and were agglutinated by Con A and WGA but not RCA, SBA, PP and FBP. Procyclics were not agglutinated by lectins in the presence of competing sugar at 0.25 M. The expression of lectin binding cell surface saccharides of T. rhodesiense WRATat 1 is related to the parasite stage. Sugars resembling α-D-mannose are on the surface of bloodstream trypomastigotes and culture procyclics; n-acetyl-D-galactosamine and D-galactose residues are on bloodstream forms; and n-acetyl-D-glucosamine-like sugars are on procyclic stages.

Notes: The cationic permeant fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 (R123) was used to stain Plasmodium yoelii-infected mouse erythrocytes. Fluorescence microscopic observations demonstrated that the parasite, but not the matrix of the infected erythrocyte, accumulated the dye. Differences in fluorescence intensity could not be found at the various developmental stages of the parasite; however, quantitation of the cell-associated dye revealed an increase in R123 uptake with parasite development. The retention of the parasite-associated dye, as measured by fluorescence microscopy and spectrophotometry after extraction of R123 with butanol, was markedly reduced by treatment of the infected erythrocytes with a proton ionophore, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), and an inhibitor of proton ATPase, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). These results indicate that the accumulation and retention of R123 in P. yoelii reflect the parasite membrane potential and suggest that the parasite plasma membrane has a membrane potential-generating proton pump.

Notes: Distinctive organic-walled resting cysts of at least three different types with a highly conservative morphology appear to characterize specific orders or groups of genera within the Class Polyhymenophorea (Protozoa, Ciliophora), contrasting markedly with the great diversity of form seen in trophic stages. Polyhymenophorean ciliates have been considered in the past to form a cohesive class within the Phylum Ciliophora and, possibly, to represent the pinnacle of ciliate evolution. Evidence from cysts challenges the cohesive nature of the class, suggesting that the hypotrichs should be subdivided and that they have a different phylogenetic origin from the heterotrichs, tintinnids, and oligotrichs.

Notes: Yellow-brown, algal symbionts varying in diameter from approximately 5 μ m to 20 μ m, associated with solitary Radiolaria with spongiose skeletons (i.e. Spongodrymus sp.), exhibit fine structural features resembling the Prymnesiida (botanical class, Prymnesiophyceae). A large central vacuole is surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm containing plastids with lamellae composed of three thylakoids and granular pyrenoids with internal tubules immersed between the thylakoids. The pyrenoids lack internal thylakoid membranes. The nucleus is surrounded by a dilated cisterna of the nuclear envelope that also encloses the plastids and gives rise to saccules of the endoplasmic reticulum. The algal symbionts appear coccoid; hence no flagella nor surface scales were observed. The symbiont fine structure is compared to similar yellow-brown symbionts associated with Acantharia. Thus far, three kinds of algal symbionts have been observed to be associated with solitary Radiolaria: dinoflagellate, prasinomonad, and this apparent prymnesiomonad.

Notes: Ultrastructural observations of the cortically-located mitochondria of Tetrahymena thermophila revealed associations not only between the mitochondria and certain of the cortical microtubule bands, but also between the mitochondria and the epiplasm of the cortex. Most of the distal mitochondrial surface is close and parallel to the epiplasm; favorable views show bridge-like structures spanning the 20–10 nm gap between the mitochondrion and the epiplasm.Previous studies have shown that the placement of mitochondria in the cortex appears to be determined by certain of the cortical microtubule bands. This study, however, shows that mitochondrion-microtubule interactions account for only a small proportion of the total mitochondrial area associated with the cortex; the rest is accounted for by the epiplasm. A possible analogue of the spectrin layer of erythrocyte membranes, the epiplasm may be important in helping to arrange the intricately organized components of the ciliate cortex. Its involvement in apparently helping to “moor” mitochondria to their cortical sites is the first suggestion of any role in cell patterning played by the epiplasm.

Notes: Ce Tetradimorpha, rencontre en eau douce se présente soit sous forme sphérique pourvue de quatre flagelles et d'axopodes rayonnants, soit sous forme allongée avec a l'avant quatre flagelles associes a quatre axopodes et a l'arriére six a huit axopodes divergents. L'etude ultrastructurale révèle un cytosquelette axopodial de type centroplastidie comprenant un centroplaste lenticulaire homogéne, centre organisateur des quatre axopodes anterieurs et des six a huit axopodes posterieurs, auquel s'ajoutent les quatre cinetosomes des flagelles anterieurs. En outre, un deuxiéme éleément cytosquelettique incluant un microtubule associe chacun des quatre cinetosomes a l'axopode antérieur correspondant. Des cordons microfibrillaires réunissent axopodes et cinetosomes au niveau du centroplaste, puis a quelque distance du centroplaste les axopodes posterieurs. Les axonémes des axopodes comprenant de 5 a 30 microtubules sont constitues de triades, lorsqu'on peut détecter une organisation. Le noyau, a nucléole central est coince dans le cone axopodial posterieur, lui-méme entouré des dictyosomes. Par l'organisation du cytosquelette, par la structure des kinétocystes, par la structure des flagelles dépourvus de mastigonémes tubulaires, Tetradimorpha différe nettement de Ciliophrys marina. Comme le prévoyait Davidson (1975), il represönte bien un des chainons dans la série évolutive des Héliozoaires centrohélidiens. Mais il ne présente guère d'affinites avec les Chrysomonadines considerees comme la souche des Héliozoaires. L'intéret de ce Protiste dans l'étude de la differentiation et de l'evolution du cytosquelette est également présente.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ABSTRACTThis freshwater species of Tetradimorpha has a spherical body with four flagella and radiating axopods; it transforms into a pear-shaped cell that anteriorly has four flagella intercalated between four axopods and posteriorly has six to eight divergent axopods. Ultrastructural study reveals an axopodial cytoskeleton of the centrohelidan type comprising an homogeneous lenticular centroplast which acts as MTOC for axopodial microtubules. A second skeletal element is a microtubular linkage between the kinetosomes and the axonemes of anterior axopods. A microtubule embedded in dense material diverges from near the base of each kinetosomes and parallels the distal portion of the axoneme of each anterior axopod. A microfibrillar envelope around the centroplast links the axopodial bases to the kinetosomes situated just above. Close to the centroplast, microfibrillar strands link the axopodial axonemes to the kinetosomes. Axopodial axonemes are composed of 5 to 30 microtubules irregularly arranged except for some that form equilateral triangles. The nucleus containing a central nucleolus is constrained within a cone formed by the axonemes of the posterior axopods and surrounded by dictyosomes. By the cytoskeletal organization, the structure of kinetocysts, and flagella wthout tubular mastigonemes, Tetradimorpha differs obviously from Ciliophrys marina. As Davidson (1975) predicted, Tetradimorpha is an intermediate link in the centrohelidan lineage: however, it lacks the characteristics of chrysomonads, the supposed ancestors of Heliozoa. The contribution of this genus to the study of the differentiation and the evolution of the cytoskeleton is also presented and discussed.

Notes: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to identify the patterns of protein synthesis during initiation, and the patterns of membrane protein expression following initiation, in all of the mating types of the Tetrahymena thermophila B family. In addition, one-dimensional analysis was used to survey 125I-Concanavalin A-binding proteins. Although a large number of proteins was identified by each technique, no variation among the mating types was observed.

Notes: Cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis, T. thermophila, and Euglena gracilis were saturated with nitrogen gas at pressures up to 300 atm and rapidly decompressed. Damage was assessed by measuring post-decompression cell fragmentation or viability. Occurrence of intracellular bubbles was determined by cinephotomicrography performed during the decompression or by direct observations afterwards. The extreme gas supersaturations induced led to intracellular bubble formation and rupture in cells of Tetrahymena that contained food vacuoles, but only with supersaturations of 175 atm or higher; 225 atm left few cells intact. Bubbles were never observed in cells of Euglena or in Tetrahymena cells freed of food vacuoles, even when they were decompressed from substantially higher nitrogen supersaturations. Cells of Euglena were most resistant and were unaffected by supersaturations up to 250 atm.

Notes: The rapid, synchronous differentiation of N. gruberi from amoebae to flagellates is a useful paradigm to study aspects of cell differentiation, including regulation of the synthesis of proteins that are related to the changes in cell shape and motility, which occur during differentiation. The differentiation requires synthesis of new RNA and protein molecules to accomplish defined morphogenetic events. Specific new proteins, including the tubulins that form the flagellar microtubules, are synthesized at various times during differentiation, and particular mRNA species appear and disappear. The time course of the synthesis of the α and β subunits of flagellar tubulin is paralleled by the programmed appearance and disappearance of flagellar tubulin mRNAs. The evidence supports the hypothesis that the synthesis of flagellar tubulin is regulated by the transcription, and subsequent disappearance, of flagellar tubulin mRNA. Translatable mRNAs for two calmodulin-like calcium-binding proteins appear and disappear contemporaneously with those for flagellar tubulin. During differentiation the synthesis of actin, the major protein of amoebae, is selectively shut down, and translatable actin mRNA rapidly disappears. This description of the orderly appearance, utilization, and disappearance of the mRNAs for actin, calcium-binding proteins, and flagellar tubulin during differentiation provides means and motivation to investigate the mechanisms that regulate these events.

Notes: Earlier experimental work involving macronuclear implants in Stentor coeruleus has shown that the cytoplasmic cortex of the nuclear site 1) attracts the macronucleus and 2) holds it in place during interphase. Now experiments indicate macronuclei transferred with overlying cortex elongate in the direction of the transferred cortical pigment stripes, whether or not the transferred stripes realign in the direction of the host stentor's stripes. Therefore the third function of the cortex is to determine the direction of elongation and thus assure that both daughter cells at division receive part of the macronucleus.

Notes: During an electron microscopic study of Glugea stephani, three morphologically distinct tubular appendages that are continuous with the sporoblast plasmalemma were observed. The tubules were designated as: type I, 45–50 nm in diameter and 600–900 nm in length; type II, 25–35 nm in diameter, averaging 1300 nm in length; type III, 50–70 nm in diameter and with an indeterminate length, which often exceeds 3000 nm. Type III tubules contain regularly spaced, electron-dense particles that are approximately 30 nm in diameter. Since many genera of microsporida have some type of appendage, which may eventually be utilized for taxonomic purposes, we propose the formation of a system of serially numbered detailed descriptions of these structures to promote uniformity and clarity in future publications.

Notes: Cells of Paramecium tetraurelia, stock hrd, cultured in a micro-capillary containing 1 μl fresh culture medium, expressed mating activity through the whole cell cycle. Mating-reactive G2 phase cells can conjugate with cells of other phases. The G2 phase cells, which have double (4C) the normal micronuclear DNA content, undergo pre-meiotic DNA synthesis when conjugated with G1 phase cells. The micronucleus of the progeny from the cross between a G1 and a G2 cell becomes triploid.

Notes: Buffered solutions of KCl and NaCl were tested for their stimulatory effect on the germination of variously-aged spores of Vavraia culicis. Germination was optimal in 0.2 M KCl, pH 6.5 for one isolate, and, for another isolate, peaks of germination occurred at pH 7.0 and 9.5. Spores incubated for several hours in suboptimal solutions became unable to germinate under optimal conditions. After being returned to water, they regained their ability to germinate. Calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and ammonium chloride inhibited germination. After ingestion by mosquito larvae, spores germinated near the posterior end of the midgut.

Notes: . Leishmania tropica promastigotes transport α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), the nonmetabolizable analog of neutral amino acids, against a substantial concentration gradient. AIB is not incorporated into cellular material but accumulates within the cells in an unaltered form. Intracellular AIB exchanges with external AIB. Various energy inhibitors (amytal, HOQNO, KCN, DNP, CCCP, and arsenate) and sulfhydryl reagents (NEM, pCMB, and iodoacetate) severely inhibit uptake. The uptake system is saturable with reference to AIB-and the Lineweaver-Burk plots show biphasic kinetics suggesting the involvement of two transport systems. AIB shares a common transport system with alanine, cysteine, glycine, methionine, serine, and proline. Uptake is regulated by feedback inhibition and transinhibition.

Notes: . Oxytricha strains used in biochemical studies have traditionally been grown in unaerated, unagitated culture tubes or Fernbach flasks. These cultures are limited in volume to about one liter and have a very nonuniform distribution of cells, with the majority of the cells at the very top or bottom of the medium. We have found conditions in which Oxytricha can be grown in 50-liter fermentation vats. The cultures grow to a uniform density of about 6000 cells/ml.

Notes: . The fine structure of the tomite of Foettingeria actiniarum (Claparède) was examined and compared with that of other apostome tomites. This stage in the life cycle has a unique configuration of kineties that form a spiral through the cytoplasm in the interior of the body. The structure and behavior of this internal spiral were evaluated as a mechanism for the storage of kinetosomes, an adaptation to the ciliate's two-host life cycle. The spiral is composed of nine ribbons of laterally compressed kinetosomes that are in contact with a thin electron-dense fibril. Paralleling the kineties of the spiral are conspicuous, swollen lamellae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum; these lamellae contain moderately electron-dense material. The spiral is associated with the large contractile vacuole and winds about the macronucleus. The tomite of Foettingeria possesses a single, robust, caudal cilium located in a pit, along with the nozzle-like pore of the contractile vacuole. The walls of the pit contain several trichocysts arranged radially about the caudal cilium and aimed into the pit.

Notes: . Fine structural studies of a specialized vesicle system associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of exo-erythrocytic Plasmodium berghei suggest that this system may be the equivalent of a Golgi apparatus. Patches of ER, randomly distributed in the cytoplasm of developing parasites, are formed of smooth and ribosome-studded cisternae intermingled with each other. The vesicle systems are located between as well as at the edges of ER aggregates and appear to be in different stages of budding from the cisternae. Prolonged osmication reveals distinct staining of the nuclear envelope and ER of the parasites as well as part of the Golgi apparatus of the hepatocytes. However, the small vesicles associated with the parasite's ER are unstained, as are the coated vesicles in the Golgi region of the liver cell. These sites in the parasite cytoplasm seem comparable to the concave surface of the Golgi apparatus in liver cells. The pinched-off vesicles fuse with others to form the prominent peripheral vacuolization characteristic of the nearly mature exo-erythrocytic form. The formation of these peripheral vacuoles and their subsequent fusion with the parasite membrane may be an exocytosis mechanism supplying the rapidly expanding parasite with new plasma membrane material.

Notes: . Ultrastructural cytochemical techniques were used to analyze the nucleus and the kinetoplast of epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. With the use of ethanolic phosphotungstic acid, which detects basic proteins, reaction product was seen in the chromatin and at the periphery of the kinetoplast. Thallium alcoholate, which interacts with DNA, stained strongly the whole kinetoplast and the chromatin. With the use of a silver impregnation method that detects acidic nucleolar proteins, silver granules were seen preferentially located in the central region of the nucleolus. With the EDTA method, which reveals the presence of ribonucleoproteins, staining was observed in the nuclear pores. Also 6–8 nm fibrils, 25 nm and 40 nm granules, which correspond to the perichromatin fibers, interchromatin granules and the perichromatin granules, respectively, were identified in the nucleus. The EDTA method also revealed the presence of 40 nm granules in the kinetoplast. These granules were seen mainly at the two extremities of the kinetoplast. Freeze-fracture images indicate that the nuclear membrane contains ca. 9 pores/μm2 of nuclear surface area. The mean diameter of the pores was 80 nm. All these results suggest that epimastigotes of T. cruzi have a very active nucleus and a high rate of nucleocytoplasmic interchange.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Thymidylate synthetase (E.C.2.1.1.45) has been demonstrated in unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. The properties of this enzyme have also been investigated in Tetrahymena pyriformis, as a protozoan model, and 7-day-old chick embryo, as a host model. The enzymes from E. tenella and chick embryo were inhibited by all concentrations of MnCl2 and MgCl2 tested. Tetrahymena pyriformis thymidylate synthetase was stimulated by low concentrations of both these cations but was inhibited by high concentrations. Subsequent data refer to chick embryo, E. tenella and T. pyriformis respectively: the apparent Km was 5.89 μM, 5.94 μM, and 0.53 M for the substrate dUMP: and 5.13 μM, 1.10 μM and 4.65 μM, respectively for the cofactor N5N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The pH optimum for the enzyme from both chick embryo and T. pyriformis was 8.0, with Tris-HCl buffer; activity of E. tenella thymidylate synthetase was still increasing at pH 8.2. The E. tenella enzyme was found to have a molecular weight of 4.6–4.9 × 105 daltons. The effects of nucleotides, inhibitors, and the omission of assay components on each enzyme are presented. Thymidylate synthetase from E. tenella is not greatly different from that of chick embryo, but does not resemble the enzyme from T. pyriformis. A case for using thymidylate synthetase as a chemotherapeutic target in the treatment of Eimeria infections remains. Indeed Eimeria may be considered as a model for infections caused by other protozoan parasites, such as Toxoplasma and Plasmodium, provided that suitable inhibitors can be found that are not toxic to the host.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A protocol based on density differences between starved and fed cells and employing density gradient centrifugation has been devised to facilitate the isolation of auxotrophic mutants of cell lines derived from Tetrahymena thermophila strain B1868. First, a mass phenotype screening procedure was established whereby true auxotrophic mutants and slow-growing wild-type cells such as strain C* could readily be distinguished. Second, simulation experiments were performed in which wild-type cells starved first in non-nutritive buffer, then suspended in a defined medium lacking a single essential amino acid became significantly denser than the same cells when starved, then suspended in a complete defined medium. Finally, using the same protocol, a reconstruction experiment was carried out which resulted in effective separation of wild-type cells from cells of a tyrosine auxotroph. The overall procedure resulted in a 9-fold increase in the relative frequency of auxotrophic cells, while the density gradient centrifugation alone provided a 400-fold enrichment.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Infectivity of Plasmodium gallinaceum (Brumpt) sporozoites isolated from midguts and salivary glands of experimentally infected Aedes fluviatilis (Lutz) was studied. The 2 populations were compared at 7, 8, and 9 days postisolation from mosquitoes, which were maintained at 27 C ± 1C and ∼75% relative humidity. Infectivity of the parasites was evaluated by the length of the prepatent period of the infection in 2-week-old chicks inoculated intramuscularly. Infection was caused by 7-day-old sporozoites from salivary glands, but not from midguts. Older sporozoites induced infection in all the inoculated chicks. The results suggested a somewhat higher infectivity of the 8- and 9-day salivary-gland parasites than of the oocyst sporozoites. However, unlike sporozoites from mammalian malaria, oocyst sporozoites from avian malaria were highly infective at this age.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Sorogena stoianovitchae Bradbury & Olive, an epiphytic ciliate found in various parts of the world, has a trophic stage that feeds on members of the ciliate genus Colpoda. When grown in the presence of the food ciliate, it multiplies rapidly. When the cells become abundant they aggregate at the water surface on inserted plant fragments or floating pollen grains, the sides of culture dishes, or on floating films such as those deposited by bacteria or pollen grains. an aggregate mounds up and becomes ensheathed above the water level, after which the mass of cells called a sorogen rises aerially at the apex of a stalk deposited at its base. the tapering, noncellular stalk consists of a conspicuously furrowed sheath that encloses a mucilaginous matrix. At completion of stalk development the cells of the sorogen become encysted. the sorocysts are commonly discharged by fracturing of the drying sorus. Alternating light and dark conditions are required for sorocarp development.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. the antigenic types in populations of metacyclic trypanosomes of Trypanosoma brucei isolated from Glossina morsitans head-salivary gland trypanosome cultures and bloodstream forms in the early parasitemias produced from whole culture supernatant fluids containing metacyclic forms, were analyzed by the indirect fluorescent antibody test using clone-specific antisera. Metacyclic trypanosomes in cultures initiated with cloned bloodstream forms were heterogeneous with respect to their variable antigenic type (VAT). Trypanosomes comprising early parasitemias in immunosuppressed mice infected with metacyclics produced in cultures also had a range of VATs. Three of the VATs detected in the early parasitemias in mice have also been identified by other investigators in tsetse fly-transmitted populations of the same stock.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A simple method is described for plating and cloning ciliates and other protozoa, based on a principle differing from that traditionally used for plating and cloning bacteria and other microorganisms. This procedure, referred to as the silicone-oil-plating-procedure (SOPP), involves vortexing small volumes of culture medium containing protozoa with larger volumes of a non-toxic silicone oil and plating the resulting unstable emulsion in small plastic petri plates. Discrete microdroplets of culture medium form containing protozoa entrapped and immobilized between the hydrophobic surfaces of the plastic petri dish and the oil. Protozoa, isolated by this method grow, divide, and multiply to form clones. the procedure may be used for plating and cloning protozoa in bacterized and axenic culture. Variations of the basic method may be applied to isolating protozoa from the wild, washing protozoa to remove microorganisms, screening for potential mutants, and for replica plating.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase [EC 3.1.4.17] was examined in Tetrahymena pyriformis strain NT-1. Enzymic activity was associated with the soluble and the particulate fractions, whereas most of the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase activity was localized in the soluble fraction: the activities were optimal at pH 8.0–9.0. Although very low activities were detected in the absence of divalent cations, they were significantly increased by the addition of either Mg2+ or Mn2-. A kinetic analysis of the properties of the enzymes yielded 2 apparent KIII values ranging in concentration from 0.5 to 50 μM and from 0.1 to 62 μ M for cyclic AMP and GMP. respectively. A Ca2+-dependent activating factor for cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase was extracted from Tetrahymena cells, but this factor did not stimulate guanylate cyclase [EC 4.6.1.2] activity in this organism. On the other hand, Tetrahymena also contained a protein activator which stimulated guanylate cyclase in the presence of Ca2+, although this activator did not stimulate the phosphodiesterase. the results suggested that Tetrahymena might contain 2 types of Ca2+-dependent activators, one specific for phosphodiesterase and the other for guanylate cyclase.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. the cell size of Didinium nasutum was found to be dependent on the size of the Paramecium species available as prey. Didinium feeding on P. tetraurelia averaged 5.6 × 105μm3. the cell volume of Didinium increased with increasing prey size for the 5 prey species tested, to 9.1 × 105μm3 for Didinium feeding on P. caudatum. Didinium nearing a cell division ranged in size from 8.6 × 105μm3 on P. tetraurelia to 12.9 × 105μm3 on P. caudatum. the range in cell volume is such that Didinium feeding on P. caudatum are larger than the size at which Didinium divide when feeding on P. tetraurelia. This morphologic plasticity in cell volume allows Didinium to exploit a wide size range of Paramecium species as prey. It is proposed that the size of a Didinium may have profound effects on its ability to encounter and capture prey of different sizes.

Notes: RESUME. Chacun des 45–80 organelles adoraux de Bursaria truncatella O. F. Müller est constitué de 3 rangées de cinétosomes et l'aire buccale droite est couverte de nombreuses doubles rangées de cinétosomes. La stomatogenèse débute par la désorganisation et la résorption des organelles buccaux postérieurs. Puis, il y a désorganisation des rangées parorales de cinétosomes et multiplication des cinétosomes sur l'aire orale droite, en měme temps que sont rompues, selon une ligne oblique, un certain nombre de cinéties somatiques. La prolifération des cinétosomes aux extrémités des cinéties. de part et d'autre de la ligne de rupture, aboutit, d'une part, à la formation d'un champ anarchique qui est le primordium oral droit de l'opisthe, d'autre part, à la formation de nombreux doublets qui constituent chacun le primordium de chaque organelle adoral. Après la séparation des tomites, les cinétosomes de l'aire droite s'ordonnent en doubles rangées et les organelles adoraux se complètent par addition d'une 3ème rangée de cinétosomes. Les cinétosomes somatiques sont jumelés, reliés par 2 desmoses. Les fibres transverses postérieures et les fibres postciliaires forment de longs rubans de microtubules dirigés vers l'arrière et juxtaposés dans les crětes intercinétiennes. Les doubles rangées droites de cinétosomes buccaux sont assimilables à des stichodyades. Les organelles des cinétosomes adoraux portent des rideaux de fibres postciliaires convergents ou divergents. La rangée postérieure de chaque organelle est non ciliée. Par son type de stomatogenèse, par sa structure corticale, par l'ultrastructure des organelles adoraux, Bursaria appartient aux Colpodidea, ce qui suggère des remarques de plusieurs types.SYNOPSIS. In Bursaria truncatella O. F. Müller, each of the 45–80 adoral organelles is composed of 3 rows of kinetosomes, and the right buccal area is covered by many double rows of kinetosomes. Stomatogenesis begins by disorganization and disappearance of the posterior buccal organelles. Next, there is disorganization of the paroral rows of kinetosomes and multiplication of kinetosomes in the right oral area; at the same time, some somatic kineties are disrupted along an oblique line. Multiplication of kinetosomes at the extremities of the kineties, on both sides of the disruption, leads to the formation of an anarchic field which is the right oral primordium of the opisthe and the formation of doublets each of which constitutes an adoral organelle. After the separation of the tomites. the kinetosomes in the right buccal area position themselves, and the adoral organelles are completed by the addition of a 3rd row of kinetosomes. Somatic kineties are formed by successive pairs of ciliated kinetosomes united by 2 desmoses. the long posterior transverse ribbons and the postciliary ribbons extend posteriad, overlapping in the pellicular ridges. Oral rows of kinetosomes on the right can be compared with stichodyads. the adoral kinetosomes have convergent or divergent postciliary ribbons. the posterior row of kinetosomes in each organelle is not ciliated. By the type of stomatogenesis, the cortical ultrastructure, the ultrastructure adoral of its organelles, Bursaria belongs to the Colpodidea.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Free-living marine ciliates occur in the interstitial spaces of a wide vareity of filamentous and particulate substrata, on the surfaces of planar substrata, and in the plankton. In addition, they are found in association with a wide variety of plant and animal hosts. In this paper I review the progress during the past decade in understanding the distribution of marine ciliates, with particular emphasis on the relationship between ciliate biogeography and the species problem. It is concluded that as a general rule among marine ciliates, genera and species complexes are cosmopolitan. Specific locales may support a confusing array of sibling species or subspecific morphologic variants. Because the distributional processes and breeding biology of marine ciliates are only beginning to be understood, conventional ideas that marine ciliate species are cosmopolitan may require modification.

Notes: SYNOPSIS The subkingdom Protozoa now includes over 65,000 named species, of which over half are fossil and ∼ 10,000 are parasitic. Among living species, this includes ∼ 250 parasitic and 11,300 free-living sarcodines (of which ∼ 4,600 are foraminiferids); 1.800 parasitic and 5,100 free-living flagellates: ∼ 5,600 parasitic “Sporozoa” (including Apicomplexa, Microspora, Myxospora, and Aseetospora); and ∼ 2,500 parasitic and 4,700 free-living ciliates. There are undoubtedly thousands more still unmamed. Seven phyla of PROTOZOA are accepted in this classification—SARCOMASTIGOPHORA. LABYRINTHOMORPHA, APICOMPLEXA, MICROSPORA, ASCETOSPORA, MYXOSPORA, and CILIOPHORA. Diagnoses are given for these and for all higher taxa through suborders, and representative genera of each are named. the present scheme is a considerable revision of the Society's 1964 classification, which was prepared at a time when perhaps 48,000 species had been named. It has been necessitated by the acquisition of a great deal of new taxonomic information, much of it through electron microscopy. It is hoped that the present classification incorporates most of the major changes that will be made for some time. and that it will be used for many years by both protozoologists and non-protozoologists.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Leishmania donovani amastigote-to-promastigote transformation is inhibited by homogenates of infected hamster liver and spleen. This inhibitory activity is localized in the 100,000 g pellet fraction. Tests with lysates of adherent (macrophyages) and nonadherent (lymphocytes) spleen cells indicated that the inhibitory activity resided in the lymphocytes, specifically in the 100,000 g pellet fraction.

Notes: SYNOPSIS Antibodies induced in rabbits against Paramecium multimicronucleatum syngen 2 prevent sexually reactive cells from clumping, pairing, and forming cytoplasmic fusions. A biologic assay for the detection of these antibodies (designated blocking antibodies) is described. the blocking antibodies, unlike the immobilization antibodies, are produced against breis of sexually reactive cells and nonreactive cells of 2 types, nonstarved and immature. Isolated cilia from reactive cells of either mating type are weak immunogens for blocking antibodies. No correlation between the mating type specificity (III or IV) and these antibodies has been detected. Blocking antibodies can be absorbed with living cells, of which sexually reactive ones are the most effective absorbers, while immature ones are the least effective.

Notes: SYNOPSIS A method is described for the axenic mass cultivation of Paramecium tetraurelia strains 51s and 299s. the ciliate is grown in an enriched axenic medium developed by Soldo, Godoy & van Wagtendonk. Under continuous shaking on a rotary shaker, cultures were grown in one-liter Erlenmeyer flasks with 330 ml medium yield cell densities of 32,000 cell/ml and 20,000 cells/ml for strains 299s and 51s respectively. Doubling time is considerably shorter under these conditions than in the conventional static cultures. A 20-liter airlift bioreactor is described in detail which can be used successfully to otain up to 100 g wet weight of Paramecium in a single run; in this reactor the cell density reaches 38,000 cells/ml for strain 299s. and 23,000 cells/ml for 51s. This technic should facilitate the study of minor protein components of the ciliate.

Notes: SYNOPSIS The cadmium ion (Cd2+) was accumulated by Amoeba proteus in all cellular fractions, the highest level being associated with the cytosol fraction. On gel separation of the cytosol fraction, Cd-binding protein appeared in 2 peaks: one 〉45,000 MW (peak I) and the other 12,000 MW (peak II). Added cysteine increased the total Cd2+ taken up by the cells and resulted in disproportionate increase of Cd incorporated into the Cd-binding protein of peak II. the Cd-binding protein of peak II is analogous to the low-MW, Cdbinding proteins in Anacystis nidulans, Mytilus edulis, and to the metalloprotein of some vertebrates.