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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic Relationships Among Hypotrichous Ciliates Determined with the Macronuclear Gene Encoding the Large, Catalytic Subunit of DNA Polymerase α (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 45 (1997), S. 301-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: DNA polymerase α gene — Hypotrichous ciliates — Macronuclear genes — Phylogenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The complete macronuclear DNA polymerase α gene, previously sequenced in Oxytricha nova, has been cloned from a genomic macronuclear library and sequenced for the hypotrich O. trifallax. Macronuclear DNA clones of DNA polymerase α encoding ∼1000 amino acids, or approximately two-thirds of the open reading frame, have been obtained by PCR and sequenced for Halteria grandinella, Holosticha species, Paraurostyla viridis, Pleurotricha lanceolata, Stylonychia lemnae Teller, Sty. mytilus, Uroleptus gallina, and Urostyla grandis. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from DNA polymerase α amino acid sequences have been used to clarify taxonomic relationships previously determined by morphology of the cell cortex. Hypotrich phylogenies based on DNA polymerase α amino acid sequences are incongruent with morphological and other molecular phylogenies. Based upon these data, we assert that, contrary to morphological data, O. nova and O. trifallax are different species, and we propose that the oligotrich Halteria grandinella be reclassified as a hypotrich. This work also extends the available data base of eukaryotic DNA polymerase α sequences, and suggests new amino acid sequence targets for mutagenesis experiments to continue the functional dissection of DNA pol α biochemistry at the molecular level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006234
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of the scrambled germline gene encoding α-telomere binding protein in three hypotrichous ciliates (1998)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 107 (1998), S. 293-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The micronuclear genes encoding α-telomere-binding protein (αTP) in Oxytricha trifallax and Stylonychia mytilus contain multiple internal eliminated segments, or IESs, that divide the gene into multiple parts called macronuclear destined segments, or MDSs. The MDSs have become disordered, or scrambled, during evolution. The scrambled structures of the αTP genes in Oxytricha trifallax and S. mytilus have been compared with the previously published scrambled structure of the αTP gene in O. nova. The scrambled patterns of the αTP gene in the three species are similar but show significant differences. The micronuclear genes in O. nova and S. mytilus consist of 13 IESs and 14 MDSs, but the gene in O. trifallax is divided into three additional MDSs by the presence of three additional IESs, believed to have been inserted into the O. trifallaxαTP gene after divergence of O. trifallax from the other two species. Corresponding IESs among the three species have shifted along the DNA during evolution, presumably by a mutational mechanism that changes the short repeat sequences that flank IESs. The IESs also have changed markedly in length by insertion and/or deletion of nucleotides. Comparison of the putative αTP amino acid sequences in the three species reveals three conserved and three nonconserved domains. The 5′ nontranslated regions of the gene-sized molecules encoding αTP contain several conserved segments, and the 3′ nontranscribed trailer contains one conserved segment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004120050311
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arrangement of coding and non-coding sequences in the DNA molecules coding for rRNAs in Oxytricha sp. (1980)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 77 (1980), S. 203-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract All of the genes in the macronucleus of Oxytricha sp. occur on physically separate “gene-sized” DNA molecules. We have inserted the DNA molecule that codes for rRNA into a bacterial plasmid in order to study its structure and function. Using restriction nuclease mapping and hybridization of 125I-rRNAs to gel separated DNA fragments we have determined that the intact rDNA is 8,140±50 base pairs (bp) in length. Reading from one end, the molecule consists of ∼1,540 bp of non-coding DNA, ∼2,100±50 bp that code for 19S rRNA, ∼ 3,700±50 bp that code for 25S rRNA, and ∼620±50 bp of non-coding DNA. The 5.8S rRNA coding sequence (∼150 bp) occurs at one end of the 25S RNA coding region but which end is not known yet. All three rRNAs are encoded in the same strand of the DNA molecule, and transcription is in the order: 19S→25S.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329545
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene-sized DNA molecules of the macronuclei in three species of hypotrichs: Size distributions and absence of nicks (1980)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 77 (1980), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Macronuclear DNAs from three related hypotrichous ciliated protozoans were compared by agarose gel electrophoresis. Each was shown to be composed of DNA duplexes that yielded a unique pattern of bands overlying a continuous distribution of DNA sizes ranging from ∼400 bp to ∼20,000 bp. By EM, the number average molecular sizes for doublestranded DNA were 2,200 bp for Oxytricha sp., 2,514 bp for Stylonychia pustulata and 1,836 bp for Euplotes aediculatus. Contrary to previous reports we present evidence that the macronuclear DNAs in each of these three organisms lack single-stranded interruptions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00329546
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectroscopic Observations on Commercial Preparations of Cytochrome c (1955)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 176 (1955), S. 1121-1122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Bands Absorption lines in the visible spectrum for commercial cytochrome c Reduced Oxidized Liquid (23 C.) Vitreous (-196 C.) Liquid (23 C.) Vitreous (-196 C.) 509 m/z 500 m// 508 511 very weak, darkening between 520 and 545 rap and also between 560 and 565 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1761121a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protein Synthesis in the Cell Nucleus (1955)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 175 (1955), S. 300-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The experimental material was Amoeba proteus. The conditions were basal; that is, the cells were maintained in inorganic medium without food organisms for 24 hr. before the first observations and during the entire experiment. Amoebae were cut into nucleated and enucleated halves. Intact cells ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/175300a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron Microscope Autoradiography of DNA Synthesis in the Replication Band of Two Hypotrichous Ciliates (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 32 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The synthesis of DNA in two hypotrichous ciliates, Styx sp. and an amicronucleated strain of Oxytricha sp., was studied by high voltage (1000 kV) electron microscopy. High voltage EM permits use of thick sections (0.25-0.40 μm), including serial sections; thick sections produce strong autoradiographic images with relatively short exposure times. The autoradiographs show that DNA synthesis occurs in a narrow part of the rear zone of a replication band in the macronucleus. Macronuclear DNA synthesis occupies a substantial part of the interdivision interval, and micronuclear DNA synthesis in Styx sp. takes place in early prophase at a time when macronuclear DNA synthesis is in its terminal phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1985.tb03028.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Invention and Mystery in Hypotrich DNA (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 45 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: “The capacity to blunder slightly is the real marvel of DNA. Without this special attribute, we would still be anaerobic bacteria and there would be no music.” Lewis Thomas3Hypotrichs have evolved extraordinary ways of organizing, manipulating, and replicating the DNA in their micronuclear and macronuclear genomes. Short macronuclear DNA molecules containing single genes are created by excision from chromosomes, accompanied by massive elimination of the germline DNA sequences between genes. Germline genes themselves are interrupted by multiple noncoding segments called internal eliminated segments, or IESs, that divide genes into multiple macronuclear-destined segments, or MDSs. The functional significance of this organization is unknown. Over evolutionary time IESs accumulate mutations rapidly are inserted into or excised from genes, and shift position along DNA molecules. MDSs are ligated to create functional genes when IESs are spliced out of micronuclear DNA during macronuclear development. MDSs in some germline genes are in scrambled disorder and become unscrambled in association with IES elimination. Replication of DNA in the macronucleus is accomplished by organization of replication enzymes and factors into a structure that sweeps through the macronucleus to replicate the many millions of gene-sized DNA molecules. The significance of many of the bizarre DNA phenomena in the evolutionary/functional success of hypotrichs is still unclear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1998.tb04552.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Micronuclear Gene Encoding β-Telomere Binding Protein in Oxytricha nova (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 41 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The micronuclear version of the gene encoding β-telomere binding protein (β-TBP) in Oxytricha nova has been sequenced and compared to the macronuclear β-TBP gene, previously described. The micronuclear gene contains three AT-rich internal eliminated sequences (IES) of 37, 40, and 43 bp and four macronuclear destined sequences (MDS). The IES interrupt the gene once near the 5′ end of the coding region and twice in the 3′ trailer downstream from the TGA stop codon. The sequences of the micronuclear and macronuclear genes are colinear. Thus, the micronuclear β-TBP gene is not scrambled, which contrasts with the highly scrambled state among the 14 MDS in the micronuclear α;-TBP gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1994.tb06045.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symposium Introductory Remarks: “Ciliate Genome Rearrangement” (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 43 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb04501.x
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