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  • Articles  (15)
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  • Springer  (15)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 81.60 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of cavitation and associated photo-mechanical effects induced by underwater pulsed-laser irradiation of solid targets has been studied experimentally and analyzed with theoretical methods. A xenon-chloride excimer laser of 150 ns pulse duration has been utilized to produce ablation and local photofragmentation of artificial samples of hard tissues at fluences of 12–24 J/cm2. The evolution of pressure wave and cavitation formations developing in the liquid from the target surface after laser irradiation has been observed with a time-resolved imaging technique employing a pump-probe laser arrangement. The analysis of experimental results has been performed by using the theoretical model of “point explosion” that has been successfully applied to fit the cavitation kinetics, providing also quantitative information on the energy transfer during photo-acoustic interactions.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.65 ; 81.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced transformations (optical and compositional) of amorphousMO x thin films are studied as a function of the oxygen content and the nature of theM element,M being either a semiconductor (Ge) or a semi-metal (Sb). A high optical contrast in reflectivity is always found associated to the first laser pulses, this process being unaffected by the presence of oxygen. Next pulses lead to a process which may involve optical changes depending on the environmental conditions. Whereas the former optical changes are most likely related to a structural process which is completed before oxidation starts, the latter ones occur when irradiating at high oxygen pressures (1.2 bar) and thus they are easily related to an oxidation process. At low oxygen pressures (close to the oxygen partial pressure in air), the films show a good compositional stability upon irradiation together with a high optical contrast.
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  • 3
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 81.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The direct laser writing of graduation lines in Cr thin films on glass substrates has been investigated. The Nd-YAG laser and the astigmatic optical system have been used to write rectangular holes in the Cr film. The optimal writing parameters: the laser pulse energy, the Cr layer thickness and the substrate-objective distance were determined using the optoacoustic probe beam deflection method to detect the evaporation of the material. The evaporation is concluded to be the essential process in the laser writing of graduation lines. The rims formed by the surface tension gradient at the hole edges indicate that the laser writing of graduation lines is a typical two-phase removal process.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 68.35 ; 81.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of KrF-excimer-laser cleaning of Si(100) surfaces was studied by Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) spectroscopy. The dependence of the cleaning efficiency on the laser fluence was investigated by using a mildly focused laser beam and carefully measuring the energy density distribution of the laser spot impinging on the sample. These values were compared with the AES spectra measured in different points of the irradiated area and with the morphology observed by optical microscopy. Samples as received from the manufacturer were first investigated. It was found that desorption of weakly bonded organic adsorbates occurs at energy densities as low as 0.3 J/cm2, whereas significant oxide removal takes place only at an energy density above 0.8 J/cm2, which produces damaged surface morphologies. The experimental findings, in agreement with the temperatures calculated for the laser-induced Si heating, indicated that a large fraction of the oxide film is dissolved in the molten silicon, leading to oxygen concentration below the AES detection limit only when the melted depth was of the order of several hundred nanometers. Atomically clean, damage-free Si(100) surfaces were obtained after irradiation of samples pre-etched for 1 min in a HF: H2O (5%) solution, which had only a thin SiO x (x 〈 2) layer and F, C and O containing adsorbed species. Complete contaminant elimination was achieved in this case with 15 pulses at 0.8 J/cm2 without any damaging of the surface.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.40 ; 81.60 ; 82.40Z
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A thin solid C60 film has been irradiated under a fix incident angle with pulsed UV light at the wavelength of 266 nm. With scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, a surface transformation of the irradiated films has been observed to a periodic surface structure at low laser fluences in air as well as in vacuum and to strong morphology changes at higher laser fluences only in air. For both structural transformations the occuring surface chemistry has been studied with Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In the case of the periodical lines, these results in addition to a detailed discussion of the existing models for laser induced surface structures have shown that the C60 film remains a van der Waals solid but with much oxygen incorporation in the lattice and does not polymerize as it is known to happen during continuous wave irradiation. The case of strong morphology changes could be explained by detailed comparison of the obtained Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data as the formation of a new carbon phase with diamond-like sp3 bondings through an oxygen-assisted fullerene cage opening.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.40 ; 81.60 ; 72.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Multiple-shot effects in laser processing and ablation of polyimide are examined and are found to be the dominant phenomena for processes involving several hundreds or thousands of pulses. For fluences less than 260 mJ/cm2, it was found that it is impossible to cut through 75 μm polyimide foils for an arbitrarily large number of excimer pulses even though this fluence is more than ten times the single-shot ablation threshold. The halt in etching is due to the formation, over a number of shots, of a robust carbon matrix with a deep surface roughness which is also responsible for laser-induced electrical conductivity. The effect of thermal coupling between successive shots is shown to be a dominant factor in determining the electrical properties of the carbon layer. Differences in electrical conductivity of up to 12 orders of magnitude were found for only small differences in repetition rate. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the changes in microstructure responsible for the dramatic differences in electrical properties.
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  • 7
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 133-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.40 ; 81.60 ; 82.40 ; 82.45
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced wet chemical etching of stainless steel 304 and Ti in phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and aqueous KOH has been investigated using cw Ar and cw Nd : YAG lasers. Two different phases of laser-induced etching of Ti in phosphoric acid were found by electrochemical investigations. Laser-enhanced electrochemical dissolution of stainless steel was observed in the passivation and transpas sivation region. In the latter case, laser heating accelerates the metal dissolution. In the passivation region, laser heating results in a breakthrough of the passivation layer near the Flade potential. By multiple scanning microstructures of high quality and an aspect ratio 〉 10 have been produced. By EDX analysis the laser-etching process was found to be practically free of chemical residues on etched surfaces.
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  • 8
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    Applied physics 62 (1996), S. 303-311 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 87.00 ; 81.60 ; 43.00
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photomechanical fracture induced by thermoelastic stress waves is an important mechanism of tissue ablation by short laser pulses. In this study, we present experimental investigations of the fracture process in ductile, water-containing materials and compare the results with a theoretical calculation. The model describes cavitation caused by the negative part of a bipolar thermoelastic stress wave. Pulses from aQ-switched, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser with 8 ns duration were used to irradiate dyed water and gelatine with variable absorption coefficient. Cavitation and ablation were observed with various time-resolved methods such as stress detection, video imaging and an optical pump-probe technique for the detection of individual cavities. Quantitative agreement between experiment and simulation could be achieved in the case of cavity lifetimes, especially at low laser fluence where the bubble density is low and no coalescence takes place. An increase of the threshold energy density for ablation with rising absorption coefficient and a distortion of the thermoelastic wave in the presence of cavitation were experimentally observed and could be qualitatively explained by use of the simulation. The results obtained in this study should facilitate the choice of the optimal laser parameters for photomechanical tissue ablation.
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  • 9
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 337-339 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 81.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Surface topology changes in polyimide induced by single UV-laser pulses with pulse durations between 140 ns and 5 μs are investigated by means of atomic force microscopy. With increasing fluence three different regimes are found: (a) real material removal (ablation), (b) swelling of the irradiated area above the level of the untreated surface (hump formation) and (c) lowering of the irradiated area below the level of the untreated surface (dent formation). A detailed description of these topology changes is given and different formation processes are discussed.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 85.42 ; 81.15 ; 81.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ultra-fine silicon quantum wires with SiO2 boundaries were successfully fabricated by combining SiGe/Si heteroepitaxy, selective chemical etching and subsequent thermal oxidation. The results are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The present method provides a very controllable way to fabricate ultra-fine silicon quantum wires, which is fully compatible with silicon microelectronic technology. As one of the key processes of controlling the lateral dimensions of silicon quantum wires, the wet oxidation of silicon wires has been investigated, self-limiting wet oxidation phenomenon in silicon wires is observed. The characteristic of the oxidation retardation of silicon wires is discussed.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.60 ; 42.10 ; 82.50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The threshold fluence,F Th, of ablation of a triazeno-polymer was measured in the low fluence range for thin films using conventional UV-spectroscopy. It was found that there is a clearly definedF Th for 308 nm irradiation between 20 and 25 mJ cm−2. In the case of 248 nm irradiation, a “threshold fluence range” between 16 and 32 MJ cm−2 was found. The ablation rate for both irradiation wavelengths depends on film-thickness. For the XeCl excimer-laser, the point at which the rate becomes independent of thickness was observed to lie at a value which did not correspond to the calculated laser penetration depth, whereas for the KrF laser the independence was not reached within the applied thickness range (up to 0.35 μm). Additional transmission measurements have been performed showing that the target transmission at 248 nm increases only slightly, whereas for 308 nm the transmission increases by a factor of approximately 4. This result shows that dynamic target absorption properties are very important for describing the ablation process. The results derived from the transmission studies and etch rates were analyzed theoretically with a two-level model of chromophore absorption. For 248 nm irradiation this model can describe the transmission behavior and the ablation rate. In the case of 308 nm irradiation, it was only possible to match one data set. A good agreement with the experimental transmission ratio does not match the ablation rate and vice versa.
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  • 12
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 283-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 81.60 ; j, 42.62 ; b, 81.60.Dq
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Laser-induced etching of polycrystalline Al2O3TiC material by tightly focused CW Ar ion laser has been investigated in both H3PO4 and KOH solutions with influence of an external electric field. It is found that a weak external electric field will change the ions distribution in chemical solutions and cause obvious change in etching behavior. The laser etching in a H3PO4 solution can be enhanced by both positive and negative biases of the substrate. While etching in a KOH solution, a positive bias can enhance the etching reaction, whereas a negative bias can suppress the etching process. It is also found that the external electric field can always enhance the mass transfer between reaction products and fresh etchant in a H3PO4 solution. It is revealed that the supply of H+ ions contributes to the etching process in a H3PO4 solution, while the supply of OH− ions contributes to the etching process in a KOH solution. The electric field can be used to control the etching process to achieve fast tuning and higher accuracy.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.40 ; 61.80 ; 66.30 ; 81.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Li salts of acrylic acid were grafted to polyethylene, PE. It is known that li is mobile in this material at room temperature, and hence can act as a probe for newly introduced defects. After irradiation of PE(Li) with 100 keV He+ ions at different fluences the Li depth distributions were measured by NDP. Changes in the Li distributions are observed which are ascribed to bonding at oxygen, the latter one preferentially penetrating into the PE via the irradiation-damaged sample surface. With increasing sample age, i.e. after exposure to ambient atmosphere for more than half a year, Li appears to lose its original mobility.
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  • 14
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 87-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 81.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Single-shot laser ablation of polyimide has been investigated with UV-Ar+-laser radiation (λ = 270-315 nm) for pulse lengths between 140 ns and 5 µs. The irradiated polymer surface was studied with respect to its morphology and ablated depth by means of atomic force microscopy. The dependence of the ablation threshold on laser pulse-length and intensity can be tentatively interpreted on the basis of a thermal process and a (thermal or non-thermal) mechanism which diminishes the activation energy for the desorption of species from the surface.
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  • 15
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    Applied physics 63 (1996), S. 179-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 73.40 ; 73.50 ; 81.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work was to study the charge creation in the SiO2 layer of a Si MOSFET induced by the electric field stress in the Fowler-Nordheim (FN) tunneling regime. At lower field, typical positive oxide charge generation has been observed. With an increasing stressing field, which is accompanied by an increasing FN electron injection current, negative charge creation has been found. The possible sources of charges and the mechanisms of their generation are presented.
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