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  • Articles  (103)
  • Chemical Engineering  (99)
  • gene expression  (4)
  • ASTROPHYSICS
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
  • Deutschland
  • 1955-1959  (103)
  • 1955  (103)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microprotoplast fusion technique: a new tool for gene transfer between sexually-incongruent plant species (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 255-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: microprotoplast fusion ; partial genome transfer ; monosomic additions ; kanamycin resistance ; β-glucuronidase ; gene expression ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Various aspects of a microprotoplast fusion technique and the strategies followed for intergeneric partial genome transfer (one or a few chromosomes) and alien genes from sexually-incongruent donor species to recipient species are described. The essential requirements of the microprotoplast fusion technique are the induction of micronuclei at high frequencies, as well as the isolation and enrichment of sub-diploid microprotoplasts in donor species, efficient fusion of the donor microprotoplasts with normal recipient protoplasts and stable regeneration of plants from fusion products. The results on the production of microprotoplast hybrid plants between the transformed donor lines of Solanum tuberosum and Nicotiana Plumbaginifolia carrying various genetic markers, and a recipient line of Lycopersicon peruvianum or Nicotiana tabacum, and on the transfer and expression of alien genes (kanamycin resistance, β-glucuronidase) are presented. The data obtained on microprotoplast hybrid plants between S. tuberosum and L. peruvianum showed that many of the hybrids contained one potato chromosome carrying nptII and GUS, and 24 or 48 L. peruvianum chromosomes (monosomic additions), and that they were male-and female-fertile. Various applications of chromosome transfer by this technique, especially for economically-important traits (e.g. disease or stress resistance) from sexually-incompatible wild species, for construction of chromosome-specific DNA libraries through microdissection and microcloning of chromosomes, or by flow-sorting of chromosomes for genome analysis, are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023954
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of different (CaMV 35S and mas) promoter activities and risk assessment of field use in transgenic rapeseed plants (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 411-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; Brassica napus ; CaMV 35S promoter ; mas promoter ; gene expression ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Gene fusions between the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and the promoters of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA transcript (CaMV 35S) and the mannopine synthase (mas) genes were introduced into rapeseed varieties via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Fluorometric assay of β-glucuronidase activity indicated different expression patterns for the two promoters. In seedlings, the CaMV 35S promoter had maximum activity in the primary roots, while the mas promoter was most active in the cotyledons. Etiolated seedlings cultured in the dark showed reduced activity of the mas promoter. Before vernalization at the rosette stage, both promoters were more active in older plant parts than in younger ones. At this stage the highest activity was recorded in cotyledons. After the plants had bolted reduced promoter function was detected in the upper parts of the transformed plants. Both promoters were found to be functional in the majority of the studied organs of transgenic rapeseed plants, but the promoter activity varied considerably between the organs at different developmental stages. The ability of pollen to transfer the introduced genes to other varieties and related species (e.g. Brassica napus and Diplotaxus muralis) by cross-pollination was studied in greenhouse experiments, and field trials were carried out to estimate the distance for biologically-relevant gene dispersal. In artificial crossing, the introduced marker gene was transferable into other varieties of Brassica napus. In field trials, at a distance of 1 metre from the source of transgenic plants, the frequency of an outcrossing event was relatively high (10-3). Resistant individuals were found at 16 and 32 metres from the transgenic pollen donors, but the frequency of an outcrossing event dropped to 10-5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023974
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The manipulation and modification of tomato fruit ripening by expression of antisense RNA in transgenic plants (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: carotenoids ; ethylene ; gene expression ; Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ; polygalacturonase ; pectinesterase ; phytoene synthase ; ACC oxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The common cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) provides a major focus for improvement of crop quality through genetic engineering. Identification of ripening-related cDNAs has enabled the modification of specific aspects of ripening by manipulating gene expression in transgenic plants. By utilizing ‘antisense RNA’ to modify expression of ripening genes, we have inhibited the production of the cell wall-metabolising enzymes polygalacturonase and pectinesterase and created transgenic plants that contain, effectively, single, targeted mutations affecting these genes. Furthermore, this approach has been used with previously unidentified cDNA clones to enable both functional identification and manipulation of genes involved in ethylene production (ACC oxidase) and carotenoid biosynthesis (phytoene synthase). The use of antisense RNA targeted to specific genes to alter ripening phenotypes and improve commercial utility of fruit by affecting shelf-life, processing characteristics and nutritional content is discussed. We have used the extreme ripening-impaired mutant, ripening inhibitor (rin) to identify additional genes implicated in the ripening process. This approach has resulted in the cloning of several novel ripening-related mRNAs which are now being studied by antisense experiments. This may enable identification and manipulation of additional genes involved in processes such as softening, flavour and aroma generation and susceptibility to pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023948
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The sulphur-rich Brazil nut 2S albumin is specifically formed in transgenic seeds of the grain legume Vicia narbonensis (1955)
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 181-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Vicia narbonensis ; gene transfer ; gene expression ; seeds ; 2S albumin ; methionine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Epicotyl explants were co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA101 to transfer a chimeric 2S albumin gene construct carried in the binary Ti plasmid vectors pGSGLUC1 or pGA472 into the grain legume Vicia narbonensis. This gene encoding the sulphur-rich Brazil nut albumin was under the control of either the CaMV 35S promoter which permits gene expression in all organs, or the Vicia faba legumin B4 promoter which elicits seed-specific gene expression. After callus formation and selection for kanamycin resistance, somatic embryos were induced which, in the case of transformation with the vector pGSGLUC1, were screened for GUS activity. Embryos that produced GUS were in addition analysed for 2S albumin formation. Selected transgenic embryos were cloned by multiple shoot regeneration. Rooted and fertile plants were obtained by grafting transgenic shoots on the appropriate seedlings. R1 and R2 generations were raised and analysed for GUS as well as 2S albumin gene expression. Expression of the 35S promoter/2S albumin gene fusion took place in all organs of the transgenic plants including the cotyledons of seeds, whereas seed-specific gene expression was found in transformants with the legumin promoter/2S albumin gene fusion. The 2S albumin accumulated in the 2S protein fraction of transgenic seeds and its primary translation product was processed into the 9 and 3 kDa polypeptide chains. The foreign protein was localised in the protein bodies of the grain legume. Analysis of the R2 plants indicated Mendelian inheritance of the 2S albumin gene. In homozygous V. narbonensis plants the amounts of 2S albumin were twice that present in the corresponding heterozygous plants. Whereas only low level formation of the foreign protein was achieved if the gene was under the control of the 35S promoter, approximately 3.0% of the soluble seed protein was 2S albumin if seed-specific gene expression was directed by the legumin B4 promoter. Some of these transformants exhibited a three-fold increase in the methionine content of the salt-soluble protein fraction extracted from seeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023947
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of void volume and prandtl modulus on heat transfer in tube banks and packed beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 342-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation is presented relating the heat transfer characteristics of cross-flow heat exchangers to the void-volume-and-tube-pitch ratio. A similar correlation is found to be applicable to heat and mass transfer in packed and fluidized beds and through screens.A limited amount of data has been obtained on the effect of the Prandtl modulus at high Reynolds numbers. These data seem to indicate, as do those for flow through tubes, that the Prandtl number exponent is a function of Reynolds number.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010312
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas-solid contact in fluidized beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 349-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: According to the concept of two-phase fluidization, a part of the gas in a fluidized reactor passes through the uniform dispersed solid-gas phase in the form of bubbles, channels, and slugs. Material transport by mixing or diffusion takes place at the phase boundaries. A mass transfer coefficient between the two phases may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of contact between the gas and solid. The reaction rate for the catalytic decomposition of nitrous oxide was determined in a fluidized bed of impregnated alumina particles and compared with the corresponding rate in a fixed bed. Simultaneous rate equations were established based on the assumption that the continuous phase is either completely unmixed or uniformly mixed, and the discontinuous phase passes without mixing. The effects of the velocity of the gas, the particle size, and the bed depth on the transfer coefficient were investigated. Applications to heat transfer in fluidized beds and equipment design are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010313
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of gas-fluidized solid systems by x-ray absorption (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 358-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: X-ray absorption is presented as a unique tool for the study of the fundamentals of gas fludization. For example, bed-density profiles, valuable indexes of the quality of fluidization, are readily determined by means of X-ray absorption. No internal probes, to interfere with the normal action within a fluidized bed, are involved.As an initial application of X-ray absorption to fluidization, the results of a study of the effect of mode of distribution of gas to a fluidized bed are presented. The importance of this variable, only superficially discussed in previous literature, is clearly shown by these results. Application of X-ray absorption to other chemical engineering operations is readily conceivable.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010315
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rate of fall of single liquid droplets (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 366-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the terminal velocities of fall of liquid droplets in another phase liquid under stationary conditions. The studies include dimensional analysis, experimental work for collection of fall-velocity data, and photographic studies of the drop behavior. Six systems were studied for organic liquids insoluble in and heavier than water. The experimental conditions and procedure have been standardized.For any given system, as the drop size was increased the fall velocities of the droplets increased gradually, reached a maximum, and then fell off asymptotically. Two mechanisms have been postulated, (1) for the range where the fall velocities increased with an increase of drop size and (2) for the range where the fall velocities decreased with an increase of drop size, with the maximum velocity region corresponding to the transition from region 1 and 2.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010316
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism of heat transfer to fluidized beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 374-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to determine the nature of the resistance controlling heat transfer between fluidized beds and surfaces in contact with them, heat transfer measurements were made on the same solid constituents with several different fluidizing gases. The heat transfer coefficients obtained with fluidized beds are found to be proportional to the square root of the thermal conductivity of the quiescent beds. This result indicates that the process controlling fluidized heat transfer may be considered to be an unsteady-state diffusion of heat into mobile elements of quiescent bed material.This picture is analyzed mathematically to yield an equation for the heat transfer coefficient h = h \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ h = \sqrt {{\rm K}_{\rm m} \rho _{\rm m} cS} $\end{document} wherein the effects of the bed thermal properties are separated from the effects of the stirring factor S, which accounts for bed motion and geometry. The mass transfer analogue is also derived and shown to correlate existing mass and heat transfer data reasonably well.It is concluded that the proposed mechanism yields a satisfactory picture of the fluidized heat transfer process and may provide the beginnings of a rational approach to the correlation and prediction of fluidized heat transfer in engineering work.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010317
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion coefficients in hydrocarbon systems: n-Hexane in the gas phase of the methane - , ethane - , and propane - n-hexane systems (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental information concerning the molecular transport of the lighter hydrocarbons in the gas phase is limited. For this reason a study was made of the Maxwell diffusion coefficients of n-hexane in the gas phase of the methane-n-hexane, and propane-n-hexane systems.Maxwell diffusion coefficients were determined at steady state for pressures up to 70 lb./sq. in. at temperatures between 70° and 220° F. The effects of interfacial resistance were considered and uncertainties as to the behavior at the end of the transport path were eliminated. Coefficients were reported with partial pressure and with fugacity as the potential. Fick diffusion coefficients were calculated for each component on the assumption that the gas phase was an ideal solution.These data indicated that the Maxwell hypothesis with fugacity as the potential in an ideal solution is a fair description of the transport characteristics of the lighter hydrocarbons in the gas phase at relatively low pressures. A regular decrease in the Maxwell diffusion coefficient with an increase in the molecular weight of the stagnant component was observed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010318
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