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  • 1
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: composantes phéromonales ; diffusion ; température ; vent ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac ; pheromonal components ; diffusion ; temperature ; wind ; Z9-12:Ac ; 12:Ac ; Z9-14:Ac
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary To determine the effect of various factors influencing the emission rate of pheromones from slow release dispensers, laboratory tests were undertaken with two types of rubber (Michelin) and one type of plastic trilaminate (Hercon®) dispenser. The effects of chain length, and the presence of double bonds were tested with three pheromonal compounds, Z9-12: Ac, 12: Ac and Z9-14: Ac impregnated on both types of rubber dispenser. The influences of temperature, wind velocity, humidity and percent loading were also tested. Data obtained indicated that chain length has a greater effect than the presence of a double bond. Amongst the climatic factors tested, wind speed has a greater effect than temperature while humidity has a minimal effect.
    Notes: Abstract Deux types de diffuseurs en caoutchouc (Michelin) et en plastique polystratifié (Hercon®) sont testés en laboratoire pour étudier quelques aspects des phénomènes de diffusion. Trois composantes phéromonales, le Z9-12: Ac, le 12: Ac et le Z9-14: Ac imprégnées dans ces différents supports servent à détermineer le rôle joué par la longueur de la chaîne de la molécule et la présence de doubles liaisons sur la vitesse de diffusion. L'influence de la température, de la vitesse du vent et de l'humidité est déterminée en cellules climatisées. Parmi les facteurs relatifs à la structure chimique, l'influence de la longueur de la chaîne est prédominante par rapport à la présence d'une double liaison. Parmi les facteurs climatiques, le vent agit plus que la température sur la diffusion, alors que l'humidité paraît secondaire.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 44 (1987), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heteroptera ; Pyrrhocoris apterus ; adult size ; egg weight ; starvation ; temperature ; pollution ; crowding ; duration of development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Körpergrösse bei den Imagines eines Wildstammes der Feuerwanze Pyrrhocoris apterus wurde teilweise durch die Veränderlichkeit der Eigrösse determiniert, teilweise auch durch Hungern der Larven, niedrige Temperatur und metabolischen Produkten beeinflusst. Der Effekt letzterer Faktoren stieg mit deren Dauer und war je grösser desto näher sich die Wirkungsperiode zur Imaginalhäutung befand. Unterschiedliche Photoperioden wirkten auf die Körperlänge nicht. Wurden die Larven zwischen der ungünstigen Periode und der Imaginalhäutung noch den optimalen Bedingungen ausgesetzt, kompensierten sich die negativen Einflüsse weitgehend. Zu einer drastischen Verkleinerung der Imagines kam es nur, wenn das letzte Larven-stadium mit Hunger beeinflusst wurde und bis zur Imaginalhäutung keinen Zutritt zum Futter hatte. Minimales Gewicht, wo die Metamorphose der Larven noch möglich war, wurde zu 18 mg festgestellt.
    Notes: Abstract The determination of body size (length or weight) of teneral adults of Pyrrhocoris apterus L. was investigated. About 50% of size variation was determined already in the egg stage (average egg weight adult length correlations were 0.67 in males and 0.71 in females). During the larval development, starvation, low temperature, and pollution by excreta combined with crowding reduced adult size and usually increased the development length. The effects were directly proportionate to the length of the stress period, and increased with larval age. Photoperiod or intrinsic variation of development time did not affect adult size. The effects of stress were largely compensated when it was followed by a period of compensation growth at optimum conditions. A dramatic reduction of size appeared when last inster larvae starved and moulted to adults without access to food. Average adult weight was then reduced by up to 48%. Threshold weight for adult moulting was 18 mg, being attained after 1–2 day feeding of the last instar.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Dacus tryoni ; fruit fly ; frosts ; cold ; survival ; winter ; step ; ramp ; cooling ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'aptitude à survivre à une ou plusieurs expositions à des températures inférieures à zéro dépend à la fois de leur sévérité et du laps de temps entre les expositions. L'effet d'une température minimale déterminée dépend de sa valeur, de sa durée et du type de refroidissement: brutal (step) ou progressif (ramp). Les effets de toute température minimale peuvent être exprimés en termes de LE50 (temps nécessaire pour obtenir une mortalité de 50% avec une exposition unique). Lorsque le temps d'application de la température minimale correspond à 35% du LE50, il n'y a pas de mortalité, de même dans le cas de répétitions quotidiennes. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 44% du LE50, il provoque environ 14% de mortalité après la première exposition, avec 3% supplémentaire après chaque exposition quotidienne, mais l'augmentation est nulle si l'exposition au froid n'a lieu que tous les 3 jours. Lorsque le minimum est subi pendant 88% de LE50, la mortalité après la première exposition est d'environ 40% et de même importance à chaque nouvelle exposition, même si elles sont espacées de 7 j. Lorsque la durée d'exposition au minimum correspond à 125% et à 150% de LE50, les mortalités sont respectivement d'environ 80% et 100% à la première exposition. La température maximale quotidienne, entre 15 et 25°C, semble avoir peu d'influence sur la mortalité provoquée par des expositions répétées à-5°C. Les mouches d'âges différents résistent de la même façon jusqu'à 6 expositions répétées à-6°C, mais au-delà les mouches âgées sont plus sensibles que les jeunes. Dans la mesure où, dans la nature, la durée d'exposition à la température minimale est connue et où la température dans le sol peut être calculée ou mesurée, ces résultats peuvent permettre d'interpréter la mortalité provoquée par le gel.
    Notes: Abstract Ability to survive exposure to single or repeated periods at a subzero temperature is related to the temperature experienced, whether it is approached quickly or slowly, the time for which it prevails and the interval between exposures. The severity of any low temperature can be expressed in terms of LE50 (time required to kill 50% of individuals with one exposure). Minima enduring for 35% LE50 do not cause any mortality, even when repeated daily. Minima enduring for 44% LE50 cause ca 14% mortality on the first occurrence but no more if repeated at 3 day intervals, but 3% more per occasion if repeated daily. Minima enduring for 88% LE50 cause ca 40% mortality on first occurrence and an equal amount at each recurrence even if each is 7 days apart. Minima enduring for 125% LE50 and over 150% LE50 cause respectively ca 80% and 100% mortality respectively on first occurrence. The daily maximum temperature (in the range 15°C to 25°C) appears to have little relevance to the mortality caused by a repeated minimum of -5°C. Flies of different ages have a similar ability to survive a repeated minimum of -6°C for up to six exposures, but thereafter old flies are more susceptible than young ones. These results can be related to mortality caused by frosty conditions in the field so long as the time spent at the minimum is known and the temperature on the ground can be measured or calculated.
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 43 (1987), S. 95-100 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ilione albiseta ; Pherbellia cinerella ; Diptera ; Sciomyzidae ; larva ; pupa ; temperature ; Lymnaea truncatula ; snails ; biological control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'action de la température a été examinée à 14, 17, 20, 23 et 26°C. Les 2 espèces sont prédatrices de L. truncatula, vecteur de la douve du foie en Irlande, où elle provoque à l'àgriculture une perte évaluée à 10 millions de livres par an. Les données recuellies en conditions contrôlées du laboratoire doivent permettre de définir les conditions optimales pour l'élevage continu de ces espèces. Ceci est indispensable pour évaluer, dans la nature leurs potentialités pour la lutte biologique. Ilione albiseta: C'est à 23°C que le développement des larves de premier et second stades sont les plus brefs; la survie du premier stade est totale à toutes les températures constantes examinées. La durée moyenne du 3ème stade décroît de 104 jours à 17°C jusqu'à 27,5 jours à 26°C. Le taux de survie total est plus élevé à 17°C qu'à 26°C. La durée moyenne de la nymphose diminue quand la température croît, et ceci se produit aussi à la température ambiante extérieure. On réduit de moitié la durée du développement de l'éclosion de l'oeuf à l'apparition de l'adulte, entre la nature et le laboratoire, en utilisant respectivement: 23°, 17° et 26°C pour les premier et second stades, le troisième stade, la nymphé. Cela devrait aider à multiplier la souche pour la lutte biologique. Pherbellia cinerella: Avec élévation de la température la durée du développement larvaire diminue, mais aussi le nombre de larves parvenant à la pupaison (100% à 14° et 33,3% à 26°C). La nymphose tendait à être plus brève aux températures les plus élevées.
    Notes: Abstract The duration of larval and pupal stages of two species of predatory flies was investigated at five constant temperatures. Ilione albiseta (Scopoli): Mean duration of first and second instars was shortest at 23°C and there was 100% survival of first instar larvae at all temperatures. Mean third instar larval duration decreased from 104 days at 17°C to 27.5 days at 26°C. Total percentage larval survival was greatest at 17°C and least at 26°C. Mean pupal duration decreased as temperature increased and this occurred also under outdoor conditions. Pherbellia cinerella (Fallén): As temperature increased mean larval duration decreased but the percentage of larvae pupating also decreased (100% at 14°C, 33.3% at 26°C). There was a trend for shorter mean pupal durations at higher temperatures.
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  • 5
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 201-218 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: relative effectiveness ; apatites ; wheat ; initial and residual effectiveness ; bicarbonate extractable phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The initial and residual agronomic effectiveness of six apatite rock phosphates from India, one from the USA (North Carolina) and one from Australia (Queensland) were evaluated in a pot trial with wheat on a lateritic soil. All of the Indian rock phosphates were very poor sources of phosphorus. Values of initial effectiveness relative to monocalcium phosphate ranged from 〈 0.0001 to 0.02 and from 〈 0.0001 to 0.008 for measurements based on yield and phosphorus uptake respectively. The residual effectiveness relative to freshly applied monocalcium phosphate was determined by growing a second crop on the fertilized soils. The effectiveness of the Indian rock phosphates remained very low ranging from 〈 0.0001 to 0.002 and from 〈 0.0001 to 0.0004 for yield and phosphorus uptake respectively. Queensland and North Carolina rock phosphates were much superior to the Indian sources with initial effectiveness values in terms of yield of 0.08 and 0.37 and residual effectiveness values of 0.02 and 0.15 respectively. For each crop there was a single relationship between yield and phosphorus uptake (i.e. internal efficiency) for all phosphorus sources showing that variations in yield response were due solely to differences in phosphorus availability. Sodium bicarbonate extractable phosphorus values for fertilized soils sampled shortly after fertilization were not predictive of yield unless different calibration curves were used for the different phosphorus fertilizers.
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  • 6
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 255-261 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrification ; nitrification inhibitor ; fertilizer N ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The transformations of urea, ammonium sulfate and dicyandiamide (DCD) were studied in an Inceptisol and three Andisols from Costa Rica, considering the influence of temperature and DCD as a nitrification inhibitor. Nitrification was very slow with or without DCD in the strongly acid Inceptisol. A higher urea dose resulting in higher pH was well nitrified without DCD and appreciably retarded by DCD. In Andisols nitrification was retarded as long as a higher DCD level existed. Higher temperatures accelerated the DCD-breakdown and were followed by a quicker nitrification. The decomposition of DCD was slower compared with the Inceptisol. According to these experiments DCD is suitable as a nitrification inhibitor in tropical soils.
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  • 7
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 191-197 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: chemical extractants ; critical levels ; semi-arid region soils ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To find critical tissue levels of Zn for wheat, and to evaluate various chemical extractants, a screen-house experiment was conducted on 21 diverse soils representing semi-arid regions in Haryana State, India. The extractants differed in the amounts of Zn extracted and the order was: 0.1 N HC1 〉 EDTA-NH4OAc 〉 EDTA-(NH4)2CO3 〉 DTPA + CaCl2. The amounts (mg kg−1) of extractable Zn associated with a yield reduction of 20% were: DTPA + CaCl2, 0.60; EDTA — (NH4)2CO3, 0.80; EDTA-NH4OAc, 0.92 and 0.1 N HCl, 1.20. The corresponding critical Zn concentration in ten weeks old plants was found to be 17 mg gm−1. The DTPA + CaCl2 method gave the best correlation (r = 0.85) between extracted Zn and Bray's per cent yield. It is recommended for assessing Zn status of soils of semi-arid region.
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  • 8
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 13 (1987), S. 255-267 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: urea ; ammonium nitrate ; model ; temperature ; rainfall ; grassland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Direct and residual effects of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) on dry matter (DM) response were measured at a total of 12 application times in early spring over three years. The variation in the direct effect was described by models that included temperature and long-term rainfall for CAN and, additionally, short-term rainfall for urea. The operative temperature was the accumulated mean daily air temperature for combined intervals pre-application and postapplication of N. The effect of rainfall was apparent only when the data were adjusted for temperature. Simulation studies with the models indicated that, although the influence of temperature was dominant, rainfall modified it strongly in terms of the relative efficiencies of the two N sources and the magnitude of response. For instance, the temperature-induced increase in DM response to urea between cold and normal years was 402 kg ha−1 for a specified period, whereas differences between dry and wet years were decreases of 166 and 259 kg ha−1 in the case of urea and CAN, respectively. Short-term rainfall had a positive effect on response to urea. The experimental values varied widely both between and within years. The direct effect of the application of urea at 50 kg N ha−1 varied from 0 to 750 kg DM ha−1, and the residual effect varied from 0 to 1620 kg DM ha−1. The corresponding values for apparent N recovery varied from 0.1 to 45% and from 7 to 68%, respectively. The efficiency of urea was comparable to, and in instances better than, CAN.
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  • 9
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 439-440 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Neurospora crassa ; conidia ; heat-shock ; mitochondria ; cyanide-insensitive respiration ; guanosine 5′-monophosphate (GMP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In mitochondria of heat-shocked conidia ofNeurospora exogenous NADH and succinate were oxidized mainly via the alternative, hydroxamate-sensitive pathway (70%) and only 30% via the cytochromic, cyanide-sensitive pathway which was predominant in untreated conidia; the alternative oxidase pathway was markedly stimulated by guanosine 5′-monophosphate (GMP).
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  • 10
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    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 195-211 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Uranium ; corrosion ; oxidation ; liquid metal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The reactions of water vapor and oxygen with liquid uranium were studied by modulated molecular-beam mass spectrometric methods. Equivalent pressures of the reactant fluxes on the surface ranged from 6×10 −6 to 2×10−4 torr. Temperatures up to 1570 K were investigated. The metal surface was kept clean during reaction by mechanical removal of the oxide formed with a tungsten needle. For the clean liquid uranium surface, a water reaction probability of ∼0.4 was deduced both from measurement of the reaction-product hydrogen signal and by the temperature dependence of the scattered reactant signal. Based solely on the latter measure, a reaction probability of 0.6 was estimated for oxygen. The reaction probabilities on the clean surface were temperatureindependent. They decreased as the coverage of the surface by islands of oxide increased and, for water, appeared to approach a value of 0.08 for a surface completely covered with an oxide estimated to be 500 Å thick. Bombardment of the surface during reaction with argon ions produced an increase in the reactivity on solid uranium but had a negligible effect on the reaction probability for the liquid.
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  • 11
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    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 353-389 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Grain growth ; nickel oxide ; high temperature ; oxidation ; nickel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In systems such as the oxidation of nickel, in which grain-boundary diffusion in the oxide can control the rate of oxidation, understanding of the factors governing the grain structure is of importance. High-purity mechanically polished polycrystalline nickel was oxidized at 700°C, 800°C, and 1000°C for times up to 20 hr in 1 atm O2. The scale microstructures were examined by parallel and transverse cross section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Texture coefficients were found by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Each grain in the transverse section grain boundary networks was systematically analyzed for width parallel to the Ni-NiO interface and perpendicular length, for boundary radius of curvature and for number of sides. The variation of these parameters with depth in the scale was examined. In particular, grains were increasingly columnar (i.e., with ratio of grain length to width 〉1) at higher temperatures and longer times. Columnar grain boundaries tended to be fairly static; the columnar grain width was less than the rate controlling grain size predicted from the oxidation rate. The mean boundary curvature per grain provided a guide to the tendency for grain growth, except in the region of the Ni-NiO interface, where the boundaries were thought to be pinned.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Raman microscopy ; Fe-Cr alloys ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Raman microscopy has been used to study the nature and distribution of corrosion products formed on iron and iron-chromium alloys in air at high temperatures. Fe and Fe-Cr alloys containing 2, 5, 14, and 18% Cr were oxidized at 400, 600, and 850°C for 2 hr, in addition samples of each alloy were oxidized for 24 hr at 400°C to obtain thicker scales at this temperature. The corroded samples showed varying distributions of the oxides Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Cr2O3, and FeCr2O4. Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 were formed exclusively on the pure iron and the 2 and 5% chromium alloys at all temperatures and on the 14% chromium alloy at 400°C. The 14 and 18% Cr alloys formed scales containing Cr2O3 and FeCr2O4 at the higher temperatures (600 and 850°C). Examples of small regions of Fe2O3 being formed within Cr2O3-FeCr2O4 scales are suggested as possible indications of breakaway corrosion initiation sites.
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  • 13
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    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 83-93 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: silicon carbide ; oxidation ; constructional ceramics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The process of high temperature oxidation of two silicon carbide based materials differing by methods of their production and properties has been studied up to 1500°C in air. The oxidation was performed under the isothermal conditions and at the programmed heat rate of 10° per minute. It was found that the oxidation resistance of the material was the function of the presence of extrinsic metals having close affinity for oxygen. It was also found that under heating up to 1500°C in air phase transitions occurred in the SiC surface layer.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; adhesion ; growth-mechanisms ; impurities ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The “sulfur effect” theory proposes that elements such as sulfur segregate to the scale-metal interface, where they have a deleterious effect on scale-metal adhesion, and that reactive elements and dispersions of their oxides are beneficial because they prevent this segregation. Evidence in favor of this theory has been obtained by showing that the adhesion of the scale formed on chromium in 0.1 atm. oxygen at 950°C. is greatly improved if the chromium is annealed beforehand in hydrogen instead of in vacuo. It is shown that the theory can explain not only all the experimental observations regarding the beneficial effects of reactive elements and their oxides on scale-metal adhesion, but also their effects on scale growth-mechanisms.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; steam ; Ni-base superalloy ; Al oxides ; Ti oxides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The role of aluminum and titanium on the oxidation process of a nickel-base superalloy containing 18.89%Cr, 2.13%Al, and 2.41%Ti was investigated in steam at 800°C. A Cr2O3-rich scale was formed on the alloy surface. Aluminum formed only internal oxides below the Cr2O3-rich scale. On the other hand, titanium formed not only internal oxides but also oxides in the scale and the granular particles of TiO2 outside the scale. Agglomeration of the TiO2 particles also occurred. The oxidation behavior of aluminum and titanium was discussed from thermodynamic and kinetics aspects.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: laser treatment ; chromia scales ; oxidation ; nickel-chromium alloys ; laser glazing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of laser surface treatment on the isothermal oxidation of Ni-10%Cr and Ni-15%Cr at 1025°C in oxygen at 1 atm pressure has been studied. Particular emphasis has been placed on the progressive establishment of a Cr2O3 healing layer, which is facilitated by rapid-diffusion paths for chromium to the surface from the bulk alloy. For nonlaser treated alloys, such paths are alloy grain boundaries. A partial Cr2O3 layer forms initially in localized sites at, and immediately adjacent to, these boundaries and progresses into the alloy grains in a stepwise manner following lateral diffusion of chromium from the grain boundaries, thereby developing a contoured configuration. For Ni-15%Cr, there is sufficient chromium in the bulk alloy grains to sustain the eventual development of a self-healing layer parallel to the surface. For Ni-10%Cr, this is not the case and complete development of the healing layer results entirely from the stepwise progression from the grain boundaries. Establishment of the healing layer on laser-glazed surfaces is facilitated by additional rapid-diffusion paths, particularly retained alloy grain boundaries, retained alloy twins, a laser-induced microstructure and solidification artifacts (such as ripples). The relative importance of these features is discussed in relation to the oxidation behavior.
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  • 17
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    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; acoustic emission technqiue ; copper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The acoustic emission technique has been utilized as an alternative technique to thermogravimetry to study the anomalous behavior of copper metal oxidation at 500°C The present work demonstrates an excellent example of the application of this technique in detecting cracks in growing oxide films.
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  • 18
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 77 (1987), S. 153-160 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: deoxyguanosine ; mitochondria ; deoxynucleoside metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The phosphorylation of deoxyguanosine was measured in fractured and intact mitochondria and an apparent Km of 16 μM for deoxyguanosine was calculated using fractured mitochondria. The effects of various deoxynucleotides on the phosphorylating activity in fractured organelles was tested at both a high and low ratio of NXP/ATP and at two pH values, 7.0 and 5.5. Exogenous dGTP, dGDP or dITP were inhibitory under all conditions tested. With a NXP/ATP ratio of 0.08 at pH 7.0, TTP, TDP, dADP, ADP, UTP and UDP were stimulatory, but at pH 5.5 only TTP elicited that response. When the NXP/ATP ratio was 10 at pH 5.5, TTP and UTP increased the activity more than 10-fold, whereas, at pH 7.0 TTP, TDP, dADP, ADP, UTP, UDP caused stimulation, but to a much lesser extent. When exogenous Mg2+, Mn2+ or Ca2+ were added to intact mitochondria, the rates of phosphorylation were lowered. In fractured mitochondria in the absence of exogenous ATP, little phosphorylation occurs, hence these metal ions caused little change. ATP-Mg, ATP-Mn and ATP-Ca, each at 0.05 mM caused a small inhibition with intact mitochondria, whereas, these compounds supported phosphorylation with fractured organelles. ATP-Mn (10 mM) or ATP-Ca (10 mM) stimulated phosphorylation in both intact and fractured mitochondria. Intact mitochondria synthesized dGMP, dGDP and dGTP when metal ion or ATP-Me concentrations were low (0.05 mM) or when Mg2+ concentration was high (10 mM). Additions of ATP-Ca, ATP-Mn, ATP-Mg, Mn2+ or Ca2+ at 10 mM cause the loss of dGDP and dGTP formation and, in most cases, an increase in the synthesis of dGMP. Fractured mitochondria make only dGMP and the levels of its synthesis are greater than that observed for intact mitochondria. These data suggest that intact mitochondria are required for the synthesis of dGTP and that its synthesis is regulated by mitochondria nucleotides.
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  • 19
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    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 103-120 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; iron ; aluminum ; silicon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports an investigation into reducing the Cr concentration in commercial-grade stainless steels while maintaining oxidation protection at elevated temperatures. Aluminum and Si were added as partial substitute alloy elements to enhance the reduced operation protection resulting from Cr concentration reduced by approximately 50 pct of that found in stainless steels. The goal of this study was to determine the oxidation mechanism of such an Fe, Al-Si alloy: Fe-8Cr-14Ni-1Al-3.5Si-1Mn. During the initial oxidation period the protection resulted from a thin film of Al2O3 over an Fe and Cr spinel. Long-term oxidation protection resulted from the gradual formation of a Cr sesquioxide (Cr2O2) inner oxide layer. Eventually an outer oxide layer formed that was a mixed composition spinel of Cr and Mn (MnO · Cr2O3). The Al2O3, which was part of the original protective layer flaked off early in the oxide testing, and the aluminum oxide that formed later appeared as an internal oxide precipitate.
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    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 77 (1987), S. 71-77 
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mitochondria ; deoxyguanosine ; deoxynucleoside metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The uptake of deoxyguanosine by rat liver mitochondria was characterized. The process required an intact mitochondrial membrane and exhibited a dependence on added phosphate. Deoxyguanosine uptake was minimally influenced by Mg2+ or Mn2+, but Ca2+ at concentrations above 0.5 mM were detrimental. Of the deoxynucleosides tested, only deoxyinosine inhibited the uptake of deoxyguanosine. The ribonucleoside guanosine was not observed to compete with its deoxynucleoside analog. Known inhibitors of nucleoside transport, cytochalasin B and NBMPR, did not block deoxyguanosine uptake, but the sulfhydryl reagents NEM and pCMB were both inhibitory. The uptake of deoxyguanosine was shown to be a saturable process and an apparent Km of 0.64 σM was calculated from a Hanes plot.
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    Oxidation of metals 28 (1987), S. 73-98 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chromium ; oxidation ; sulfidation ; mixed oxidants
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of pure chromium in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures was studied as a function of gas composition at 900°C. Oxidation kinetics were measured using a thermogravimetric apparatus, and the oxidation products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Chromia scales formed when the H2O/H2S ratio was about 10 or greater. Scales that comprised a mixture of Cr2O3 and chromium sulfides formed when the H2O/H2S ratio was about 3, even though Cr2O3 was the thermodynamically stable phase under these conditions; i.e., a kinetic boundary exists for pure chromium in H2-H2O-H2S gas mixtures. The transition from chromia scale formation to the formation of scales containing both oxide and sulfide with a change in gas composition (decrease in the H2O/H2S ratio) is associated with an inhibition of the overgrowth of growing, metastable sulfide nuclei by the thermodynamically stable Cr2O2 phase. Presulfidation experiments confirmed that metastable chromium sulfide can continue to grow after H2O is added to the gas phase when the H2O/H2S ratio in the gas phase is less than a critical value at the temperature of interest.
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    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; titanium ; silicon ; adherence ; titanium-silicon alloys
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation behavior of Ti-Si alloys (0.25, 0.5, and 1 Wt. % Si) was investigated between 550 and 700°C; in oxygen by continuous thermogravimetry for a maximum duration of about 500 hr and, in air by daily weighing for durations from a few hundred to several thousand hours. The kinetics results revealed that the presence of silicon leads to a decrease in oxidation rate which is more evident when the temperature is raised and the silicon content is increased. Morphological and structural examinations revealed that silicon modifies the internal architecture of oxide layers when compared with unalloyed titanium; in particular, reduced porosity in the layers is observed. Analysis showed that silicon is uniformly distributed in the oxide layer. However, while part of the silicon is in solid solution in the rutile, some is also precipitated as small crystals (φ 〈1 μm at 850°C) of SiO2, of cristobalite structure. The adherence of oxide layers to the metal substrate was measured after cooling of samples; the addition of silicon has been observed to modify, in a manner dependent on its content, the adherence of oxide layers.
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    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 315-332 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: chromium ; NaCl ; oxidation ; hot corrosion ; mechanism
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation rate of NaCl-coated chromium was measured over the temperature range of 823–1043 K. Although the melting point of NaCl is 1074 K, accelerated oxidation was observed at every temperature. Oxidation mass-gain curves were divided into two types. Type I involved only accelerated oxidation during the initial stage followed by the formation of a thin protective Cr2O3 film. Type II pertained to an acceleration over a long time, forming a thick and nonprotective Cr2O3film containing Na2CrO4. The former type of oxidation occurred at lower temperatures or with a small amount of NaCl, whereas the latter occurred at higher temperatures and with large amounts of NaCl. A comparison of these oxidation processes with those by CaCl2 or BaCl2, revealed two problems: (1) Why was the oxidation rate of chromium so high in the presence of NaCl?, and (2) Why did the high oxidation rate continue for such a long time?
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    Oxidation of metals 27 (1987), S. 301-314 
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: diffusion mechanisms ; point defects ; oxidation ; NiO-V2O5
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A model is proposed for the oxidation of metals including both bulk crystal lattice diffusion and short-circuit diffusion paths. Assuming local equilibrium between point defects in the bulk and in grain boundaries, we obtain an effective parabolic rate constant keff=kbulk [1+θ exp-(ΔH/RT],where ΔH is the enthalpy for the reaction between point defects in the bulk and in short circuits, θ is the fraction of the short-circuit area, and T is temperature. In the case of the high-temperature oxidation of nickel coated with a thin film of vanadium pentoxide, this model yields to a rate law with a critical oxygen pressure P c. The nickel vanadium oxide located in the short circuits of the growing oxide NiO is liquid below Pc, leading to a rapid short-circuit diffusion. Above this value, a vanadate precipitates and acts as diffusion blocks for migrating Ni ions.
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 287-307 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: macromolecular interactions ; temperature ; electrophoresis ; esterase-5 ; Drosophila pseudoobscura
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Esterase-5 is one of the most polymorphic loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Some variants reportedly produce a dimeric enzyme, while a few produce a monomeric form. This paper reports the finding that during electrophoresis ESTERASE-5 exists in a dynamic equilibrium between monomers and dimers, an equilibrium that is dependent on the running temperature of the gels. This is shown by a series of analytical electrophoresis experiments in which the apparent molecular weights of several variants are determined at four different temperatures. Increasing temperatures result in a linear decrease in the logarithm of apparent molecular weights. Macromolecular interactions thus are a significant determinant of EST-5 electrophoretic mobility.
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 591-602 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: trypsin inhibitor ; homoeoloci ; wheat
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aneuploids of Chinese Spring wheat have been used to locate the genes(Ti-2) coding for a novel series of trypsin inhibitors to the long arms of the homoeologous group 5 chromosomes. Three allelic variants at the 5D locus were detected in a limited survey among wheat varieties, but no variation at the loci on either chromosome 5A or chromosome 5B was detected. Homoeoloci were found in a number of alien relatives, and in the majority of cases, these were present on the group 5 homoeologue. However, inAegilops umbellulata, theTi-U2 locus was located on a chromosome presumed to belong to homoeologous group 1. NoHordeum vulgare orH. chilense Ti-2 gene was expressed in a wheat background. This new marker will be especially useful as a screening mechanism for nullisomy of chromosome 5B in work aimed at introgression of alien chromatin into wheat.
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    Biochemical genetics 25 (1987), S. 717-728 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: male sterility ; mutant ; proteins ; temperature ; tomato
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The soluble proteins of the normal and male-sterile stamenless-2 (sl-2/sl-2) mutant of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in different temperatures were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The normal and mutant stamens had some common proteins, but certain proteins were either present or more enriched in one genotype than in the other. The other floral organs of the normal and mutant showed no major differences in proteins, suggesting that the sl-2/sl-2 allele is active primarily in anther development. Normal and mutant stamens grown in high temperatures were enriched in some proteins in comparison to the intermediate temperatures. At low temperatures, the protein pattern of normal and mutant stamens was essentially similar.
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    Bioscience reports 7 (1987), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: mitochondria ; mitochondrial matrix ; hepatocytes ; water space
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The intracellular and mitochondrial matrix water-permeable spaces were measured in intact, respiring hepatocytes from normal fed, 48 h starved, and protein fed rats. The mitochondrial matrix constitutes 15–20 % of the total intracellular water, a proportion greater than has generally been assumed.
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cytoplasm ; mitochondria ; plant ; tRNALeu ; tRNALeu gene
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here that the sequence ofP. vulgaris mitochondrial and cytoplasmic tRNALeu (NAA) are identical except for a post-transcriptional modification. There is an unidentified modification at the “wobble” position which, from the sequence of the nuclear tRNALeu gene, we identify as a derivative of C. We also show that thisP. vulgaris nuclear gene is functional by demonstrating its transcription in anin vivo eukaryotic transcription system.
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    The journal of membrane biology 100 (1987), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: hepatocyte ; cell volume ; K+ conductance ; temperature ; quinine HCl ; intracellular K+ activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Mouse hepatocytes in primary monolayer culture (4 hr) were exposed for 10 min at 37°C to anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration. Hepatocytes maintained constant relative cell volume (experimental volume/control volume) as a function of external medium relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm), ranging from 0.8 to 1.5. In contrast, the relative cell volume fit a predicted Boyle-Van't Hoff plot when the experiment was done at 4°C. Mouse liver slices were used for electrophysiologic studies, in which hepatocyte transmembrane potential (V m ) and intracellular K+ activity (a K i ) were recorded continuously by open-tip and liquid ion-exchanger ion-sensitive glass microelectrodes, respectively. Liver slices were superfused with control and then with anisosmotic medium of altered NaCl concentration.V m increased (hyperpolarized) with hypoosmotic medium and decreased (depolarized) with hyperosmotic medium, and ln [10(experimentalV m /controlV m )] was a linear function of relative osmolality (control mOsm/experimental mOsm) in the range 0.8–1.5. Thea K i did not change when medium osmolality was decreased 40–70 mOsm from control of 280 mOsm. Similar hypoosmotic stress in the presence of either 60mm K+ or 1mm quinine HCl or at 27°C resulted in no change inV m compared with a 20-mV increase inV m without the added agents or at 37°C. We conclude that mouse hepatocytes maintain their volume anda K i in response to anisosmotic medium; however,V m behaves as an osmometer under these conditions. Also, increases inV m by hypoosmotic stress were abolished by conditions or agents that inhibit K+ conductance.
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    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: cryptand ; Na+ selectivity ; temperature ; ionizable mobile carrier ; nonactin ; cation transport kinetics ; lipid membrane
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of Na+ and K+ transport across the membrane of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) were determined at two pH's when transport was induced by (221)C10-cryptand (diaza-1,10-decyl-5-pentaoxa-4,7,13,16,21-bicyclo [8.8.5.] tricosane) at various temperatures, and by nonactin at 25°C and (222)C10-cryptand at 20 and 25°C. The rate of Na+ and K+ transport by (221)C10 saturated with the cation and carrier concentrations. Transport was noncooperative and exhibited selectivity for Na+ with respect to K+. The apparent affinity of (221)C10 for Na+ was higher and less pH-dependent than that for K+, and seven times higher than that of (222)C10 for K+ ions (20.5vs. 1.7 kcal·mole−). The efficiency of (221)C10 transport of Na+ was pH-and carrier concentration-dependent, and was similar to that of nonactin; its activation energy was similar to that for (222)C10 transport of K+ (35.5 and 29.7 kcal · mole−1, respectively). The reaction orders in cationn(S) and in carrierm(M), respectively, increased and decreased as the temperature rose, and were both independent of carrier or cation concentrations; in most cases they varied slightly with the pH.n(S) varied with the cation at pH 8.7 and with the carrier for Na+ transport only, whilem(M) always depended on the type of cation and carrier. Results are discussed in terms of the structural, physico-chemical and electrical characteristics of carriers and complexes.
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    The journal of membrane biology 98 (1987), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: control ; curve fitting ; I/V curves ; K+ transporter ; Nitella ; lazy state ; reaction-kinetic model ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary InNitella, current-voltage relationships were measured at different temperatures ranging from 5 to 25°C. Sets of theseI/V curves were subject to curve fitting on the basis of a cyclic reaction scheme (Class I model). Different hypotheses of the mode of action of temperature on theI/V curve were tested, including changes in reaction constants in the transport cycle and deactivation of transport molecules. It was found that models assuming an influence of temperature on pairs of rate constants of the transport cycle gave very bad fits. Good fits were obtained with models implying that temperature influences the number of active transporters. The lazy-state model (the exchange of an inactive state with a stateN 3 in the transport cycle is influenced by temperature) gave a slightly better fit than the assumption of an unspecific inactivation (independent of the state of the transport molecule). According to the lazy-state analysis, the inactive state is kinetically closer toN o , the state in which the transport molecule is open to the outside substrate than toN i , the state in which it is open to the inside substrate. The two inactivation models imply that temperature does not act directly on the properties of the plasmamembrane, but that temperature-sensitive metabolic processes in the cell send signals which control the activation and deactivation of the transporter.
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    Potato research 30 (1987), S. 9-22 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: sample size ; varietal differentiation ; temperature ; pathotype ; spore concentration ; year ; predisposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Seit dem Jahre 1967 wird der Scheibentest nach Lapwood (1965) in Gross-Lüsewitz zur Prüfung von Zuchtmaterial angewendet (Abb. 1). Methodische Untersuchungen führten zu Änderungen. Je Zuchtstamm werden zwei Proben à acht Knollen genommen, die in dreiwöchigem Abstand mit zwei verschiedenen Pathotypen geprüft werden. Je Knolle werden zwei Scheiben geschnitten, die zwei verschiedenen Konzentrationen der Suspension zugeordnet sind. Sie werden mittels in Zoosporensuspension getränkter Filterpapierscheiben inokuliert, nach 24 h umgedreht. Die Bewertung der Luftmyzelbildung erfolgt nach fünf (a) und sieben Tagen (b) mit Noten von 9 (keine Symptome) bis 1 (total bewachsen). Auch die Verbräunung wird nach sieben Tagen benotet (c). Nach der Formel 2a+b+c=Bs errechnet sich die Wertzahl Bs. Insgesamt gehen in das Ergebnis eines Prüfungsjahres also 96 Einzelwerte ein. 8 Sorten wurden bei Temperaturen von 13, 17, 19 und 21°C geprüft. Die fünf Pathotypen 0, 1.3, 1.3.4, 1.2.3.4 und 1.2.3.4.7.8.9.10 und deren Gemisch wurden an drei Sorten verglichen. An 96 Proben wurde die Standardabweichung s und Grenzdifferenz GD ermittelt. Siebenjährige Ergebnisse waren von 10 Klonen, zwölfjährige von sechs Sorten verfügbar. Bei 19°C erwiesen sich die Prüflinge am anfälligsten, gleichzeitig war die beste Unterscheidbarkeit gegeben (Abb. 2). Die Wechselwirkungen der Temperatur mit dem Pathotyp und der Sorte sind signifikant. Es sollte bei 18–19°C geprüft werden. Die Wechselwirkung Pathotyp/Sorte war nicht gross, jedoch statistisch gesichert (Abb. 3). Es trat eine Wechselwirkung Pathotyp/Konzentration zutage (Tab. 1). Abbildung 4 zeigt den Einfluss der Sporenkonzentration auf das Resistenzverhalten. Auch die Wechselwirkung Sorte/Konzentration war gesichert. Aus der Berechnung der Standardabweichung ergibt sich nach Bätz et al. (1972) eine Grenzdifferenz von 4,2 (Wertzahl) bzw. 1,7 (Noten) für den Mittelwertvergleich der Sorten (Tab. 2). Zwölfjährige Prüfungsergebnisse werden in Tabelle 3 mitgeteilt, siebenjährige in den Tabellen 4 und 5. Bei geringer Variationsbreite der Jahresmittelwerte schwankten die Sortenwerte von Jahr zu Jahr bis zu sechs Noten, obwohl an einem Beispiel eine gute Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse demonstriert wird. Es wird empfohlen ab E-Stamm je zweimal acht Knollen aus zwei Wiederholungen des Feldanbaus statt bisher nur aus einer zu entnehmen. Die Resistenzeischätzung sollte erst nach dreijähriger Prüfung erfolgen. Zur Selektion sollten möglichst zweijährige Ergebnisse vorliegen.
    Abstract: Résumé Le test sur tranche de pomme de terre de Lapwood (1965) a été utilisé à l'Institut pour la Recherche sur la Pomme de terre de Gross Lüsewitz depuis 1967 (fig. 1), pour apprécier la valeur du matériel génétique. Des études méthodologiques ont conduit à effectuer certaines modifications de ce test. Deux échantillons de huit tubercules chacun sont prélevés dans chaque clône, pour être ensuite testés à trois semaines d'intervalle à l'égard de deux pathotypes différents. Deux tranches prélevées à partir de chaque tubercule, sont testés à deux concentrations différentes de suspension de zoospores. Ces tranches sont inoculées au moyen de disques de papier filtre trempés dans la suspension de zoospores. Les tranches sont retournées 24 heures après inoculation. La formation du mycélium aérien est notée après cinq jours (a) et sept jours (b) d'incubation, selon une échelle allant de 9 (absence de symptômes) à 1 (tranche antièrement recouverte). Le brunissement des tissus fait aussi l'objet d'une notation après 7 jours (c). Le facteur Bs est calculé à l'aide de la formule 2a+b+c=Bs. Ainsi, 96 valeurs individuelles sont rassemblées dans le résultat du test pour une année. Huit variétés ont été testées aux températures de 13, 17, 19 et 21°C. Les cinq pathotypes: 0, 1.3, 1.3.4, 1.2.3.4. et 1.2.3.4.7.8.9.10, ainsi que leur mélange ont été étudiés sur trois variétés de pomme de terre. L'écart type a été établi pour 96 échantillons. Les résultats ont été obtenus pendant une période de sept ans pour 10 clônes et une période de 12 ans pour 6 variétés. Tous les critères étudiés sont très sensibles à 19°C; cette température semble fournir de meilleur pouvoir de discrimination (fig. 2). Les intéractions températures-pathotypes et températures-variétés sont significatives. Les tests devraient être réalisés de préférence à 18–19°C. L'intéraction pathotypes-variétés n'est pas très forte mais demeure significative statistiquement (fig. 3). Une intéraction pathotypes-concentrations est également mise en évidence. La figure 4 montre l'influence de la concentration de spores sur la résistance. L'intéraction variétésconcentration est également significative. A partir du calcul de l'écart type, une différence critique de 4,2 (facteur) ou 1,7 (note moyenne) pour la comparaison des valeurs moyennes des variétés (tableau 2) concorde avec les données de Bätz et al. (1972). Les résultats obtenus sur une période de douze ans sont présentés dans le tableau 3; Les tableaux 4 et 5 fournissent les résultats de 7 années de tests. L'échelle de variation des valeurs moyennes annuelles est petite, mais les valeurs des variétés varient énormément. Jusqu'à 6 points—entre les années—bien que l'on ait pu démontrer une bonne reproductibilité des résultats dans un exemple. Il est recommandé, d'après l'essai avec les clônes de prélever 2 échantillons de 8 tubercules cules chacun à partir de 2 répétitions au champ au lieu d'une seule comme c'était fait de façon pratique auparavant. La résistance pourrait être évaluée après seulement trois années de test. La sélection pourrait être basée sur les résultats de deux années de test.
    Notes: Summary Since 1967, Lapwood's (1965) tuber slice test has been used in a modified form by workers of the Institute of Potato Research Gross Lüsewitz for testing more than 2000 clones a year for resistance to late blight. At a sample size of eight slices per clone differences of ≥1.7 scores can thus be distinguished. The tests are best done at between 18 and 19°C. Both the pathotype and the spore suspension concentration influence the resistance response. Since 1972, two compatible pathotypes and two concentrations have always been used on each clone tested. Seven-and twelve-year test results have shown that variations of up to six scores in the 9-score scheme would occur in the resistance of one clone. It is suggested that clones in main trials (candidate cultivars) should be tested for three years using two randomised replications of 2×8 tubers each.
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    Aquatic ecology 21 (1987), S. 25-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: light ; temperature ; oxygen ; nutrients ; phytoplankton ; eutrophication ; Lake maarsseveen
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1983, an unexpected bloom of the cyanobacteriaMicrocystis aeruginosa was observed in Lake Maarsseveen I. It was supposed that this phenomenon might be an indication of accelerated eutrophication of the lake. However, data on physical, chemical and phytoplankton parameters, collected over the last 6 years do not support this contention. Phytoplankton total phosphate and physical characteristics did not change. Annual levels of dissolved nutrients such as silicate and nitrate were even observed to show significant decreases over the period of observation.
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Potamopyrgus jenkinsi ; gastropod ; population dynamics ; eutrophication ; floating ; burrowing ; macrophytes ; temperature ; tolerance ; carination
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hydrobiid snailPotamopyrgus jenkinsi (E.A. Smith), characterized by parthenogenesis and ovovivipary, was quantitatively sampled monthly between June, 1982, and December, 1986, on sandy bottoms in the shallow zones of the meso-oligotrophic Lake Maarsseveen I and the eutrophic Lake Maarsseveen II. The snail demonstrated a very clumped distribution in both lakes. The mean numbers of juveniles and adults taken together fluctuated strongly. Organisms in Lake I showed relatively high densities (up to 25,000 per m2) in 1982, followed by a sudden drop to values approaching zero in December, 1982, with a subsequent rapid increase in densities, fluctuating between 2,000 and 200 per m2. In Lake II, densities of snails fluctuated between 13,000 and 300 per m2 with decreases in the spring of 1985 and 1986. The various types of decreases in the lakes are extensively discussed, but no explanation is presently available. The reduction in Lake I was of catastrophic proportions, but the speed of recovery of the population was remarkable. Floating was observed only in Lake I, and only during the occurrence of the highest densities on the sediment. Burrowing behaviour was very common, but strongly suppressed under an uninterrupted dark regime. A shift of temperature from 15 to 22°C had the same effect. A number of submerged macrophyte species from Lake I proved to attractP. jenkinsi in the absence of sandy substrate, though these plants were only covered by the snail during the period of the highest densities in 1982. Temperatures of 20°C or lower were well tolerated, unlike temperatures of 25 and 30°C. Growth was distinct at 10, 15 and 20°C. Keeled individuals were encountered in much higher numbers in Lake I than in Lake II.
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: stress ; dried thyroid ; myocardium ; mitochondria ; myofibrils
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 103 (1987), S. 572-573 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: gastric mucosa ; muscular and glandular layers of mucosa ; fundus ; body ; cardia ; and antrum of stomach ; gastric contents ; secretion ; mitochondria ; proteolytic and succinate dehydrogenase activity ; RNA ; DNA
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 103 (1987), S. 612-614 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: natural antioxidants ; mitochondria ; viscosity of lipids ; tocopherols ; chromane ring
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 104 (1987), S. 914-917 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: mitochondria ; lipid peroxidation ; lipid hydrolysis
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    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 104 (1987), S. 1224-1226 
    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: α-tocopherol ; mitochondria ; oxidative phosphorylation ; ATPase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 41
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    Pharmaceutical research 4 (1987), S. 142-146 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: basic drug ; lipid solubility ; lung ; mitochondria ; drug binding to lung mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of the mitochondria in the accumulation of basic amine drugs in the rat lung was studied. Drug binding to the mitochondria was rapid and reached maximum levels after 2.5 min of incubation. Lipophilic basic drugs accumulated in the mitochondria more than nonlipophilic basic drugs and non-basic drugs, and the accumulation was dose dependent. Schatchard plots revealed at least two independent sets of binding sites for basic drugs in the mitochondria. The binding was competitively inhibited by other basic drugs but not nonbasic drugs. The degree of inhibition by competing basic drugs was correlated with their lipid solubilities. These findings with isolated mitochondria agree with previous results obtained with the perfused lung preparation and indicate that the mitochondria play an important role in the accumulation of basic drugs in the lung.
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  • 42
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    Pharmaceutical research 4 (1987), S. 50-53 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: basic drug ; lipid solubility ; lung ; mitochondria ; subcellular fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To clarify the mechanism by which basic drugs accumulate in the lung, the binding selectivity of drugs to different subcellular structures of the perfused rat lung was examined. Imipramine, quinine, and metoclopramide were used as examples of basic drugs. The accumulation of basic drugs was highest in the mitochondrial fraction. The drug accumulation in the lung mitochondrial fraction increased with increasing lipid solubility and was dose dependent. These results suggest the presence of specific binding sites for basic drugs in mitochondria and that mitochondria play an important role as a reservoir for basic drugs.
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  • 43
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    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 145-148 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cajanus cajan L. ; Cicer arietinum L. ; impedance ; seedling growth ; temperature ; varieties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Studies were carried out under controlled laboratory conditions to evaluate the seedling growth capacities of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties Pusa 209 and H208 at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 28°C (±0.5°C) and of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) variety Prabhat at 20 and 28°C (±0.5°C). Seedling growth at any given time was found to depend on ‘a’, the growth at no impedance, and ‘b’, the impedance growth factori.e., decrease in growth with increase in impedance, and on temperature. The optimum temperature for chickpea was found to be in the range of 20 to 24°C for better seedling growth characteristics, whereas for pigeonpea, 28°C was found to be more congenial than 20°C. Chickpea varieties differed in their response to temperature.
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  • 44
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 9 (1987), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: wheat (Triticum aestivum) ; anther culture ; temperature ; callus ; green plant ; albinism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anthers of wheat cultivars Orofen and Pitic 62 were incubated for 8 days at 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C before transfer to 25°C. Compared with anthers cultured at 25°C constantly, anthers treated at 30°C produced 40% more microspore callus and green plants in both cultivars whereas those treated at 35°C produced 2–3 fold more green plants. Treatment at 40°C was deleterious. Possible modes of action of high temperature on callus production and albinism were discussed.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; electrophoresis system ; acid polyacrylamide gel ; gliadins ; variety identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In this paper we describe the method of wheat gliadin electrophoresis in use at RIVRO, Wageningen. It differs from other techniques mainly by the application of an alternative buffer system, making it possible to polymerise the gels in a buffered alkaline environment and to perform the run at pH 3.1 without extensive buffer changing steps. Advantages are a greater gel reproducibility and the ease of gel handling. Furthermore, a rationalised protein extraction procedure, a cheap shaking system for staining baths and a better (slower moving) tracking dye are described.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum bulbosum ; crossability ; timing of pollination ; frequency of fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of manipulating the timing of pollination on the fertilization frequency in wheat × tetraploid Hordeum bulbosum hybridizations was investigated as a possible means of overcoming varietal incompatibility in this cross. Pre- and post-anthesis pollinations were made on previously identified highly crossable and poorly crossable wheat genotypes and the stage of development of the individual florets at pollination was expressed in ‘days from anthesis’ units. In both crossable and non-crossable wheat genotypes, a significant negative linear relationship was observed between floret age and fertilization frequency. The magnitude of the response of early pollination was dependent on the number of alleles for non-crossability present at the Kr loci. The non-crossable cultivar Highbury, possessing more than one allele for incompatibility, showed a slight response. The greatest response was shown by the highly crossable cultivar Chinese Spring, possessing alleles for crossability at all Kr loci. The single chromosome substitution line, Chinese Spring (Hope 5B), possessing the most potent allele for non-crossability, Kr 1, showed an intermediate response. The H. bulbosum genotype had no effect on the magnitude of this response, influencing only the mean fertilization frequency.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum bulbosum ; pollen grain germination ; pollen tube growth ; frequency of fertilization ; gibberellic acid ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A quantitative examination of pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth within the overy wall was made in selected wheat × tetraploid H. bulbosum hybridizations, to investigate the effect of the wheat and the H. bulbosum genotype on these characters. As expected, variation at the known crossability loci had no effect on pollen grain germination. The frequency of pollen tube penetration of the ovary wall was, however, severely reduced when the dominant alleles were present. Pollen tube penetration was nevertheless observed in 3 of the 110 ovaries examined of the non-crossable cultivar Highbury. The H. bulbosum genotype had a much smaller effect on these characters, but significant differences between the clones were observed in the numbers of pollen tubes initially penetrating the ovary wall. Although two H. bulbosum genotypes showed no significant differences in the number of ovaries with pollen tubes at the base of the ovule, significant differences in the frequency of fertilization were observed. The possible cause of this discrepancy is discussed. The frequency of fertilization in crossable wheat × H. bulbosum hybridizations was improved by the application of gibberellic acid within 10 minutes of pollination, and reduced by an increase in the ambient temperature from 20°C to 26°C. Fertilization following the pollination of non-crossable wheat genotypes was not affected by either of these factors.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum bulbosum ; frequency of fertilization ; seed set ; seed survival ; gibberellic acid ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary An investigation was made of factors affecting the frequency of development of fertilized ovules following wheat x Hordeum bulbosum hybridizations. Seed survival, a term used here to represent the relationship between seed set and fertilization, was shown to vary between the wheat genotypes tested, but was unrelated to the crossability genes present within the wheat genotype. A high seed survival was obtained in crosses involving the variety TH3929 and the single chromosome substitution line, Chinese Spring (Hope 5B). Chinese Spring showed a poor seed survival. Some influence of the H. bulbosum genotype on seed survival was detected. The two environmental factors studied, namely the post-pollination application of gibberellic acid and the ambient temperature, were both shown to affect seed survival. The application of gibberellic acid immediately after pollination or 1 and 2 days after pollination improved seed survival, although the extent of the response was dependent upon the number and timing of the application(s). A genotype-dependent response to the ambient temperature was observed, TH3929 showing a slight but insignificant reduction and Chinese Spring a significant improvement in seed survival with an increase in temperature from 20°C to 26°C. The physiological processes which may be influenced by GA and the ambient temperature and may thereby affect seed survival are discussed.
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  • 49
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    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 831-839 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; honeycomb selection ; breeding methodology ; selection intensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effectiveness of the honeycomb selection method for yield in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was evaluated using progenies from two wheat crosses, Glenlea x NB131 and Glenlea x Era. Honeycomb selection was carried out in the F2 and F3 generations, grown at the University of Manitoba in the summers of 1980 and 1981, respectively. In both generations, divergent selection was made for both high and low yield. Plants selected in the F3 generation were entered in an F4 yield test in the summer of 1982. Results of the experiment showed that honeycomb selection for yield in the F2 and F3 generations was effective in identifying parents of high- and low-yielding lines. F3 plants from highyielding F2 selections gave higher yields than those from low-yielding F2 selections by 11.5% and 13.0% for Glenlea x NB131 and Glenlea x Era crosses, respectively. The F4 yield test showed that high yielding selections from both crosses significantly outyielded by 8.9% low yielding selections and by 14.4% the unselected composite lines. It is concluded that the honeycomb selection method can be used for early generation selection in spring wheat.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: meristem ; shoot apex ; ballistic microtargeting ; gene transfer ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The classical approach of gene transfer to a given plant species delivers the foreign gene to transformable cells and then puts the effort into generating plants. This approach is very difficult in many important crop plants, including cereals, and the results of regeneration are very genotype-dependent. In contrast, we use regenerable cells and try to transform them. Shoot apical meristems provide a tissue which regenerates in situ a fertile plant for most given genotypes or species. Transformation of meristem cells may lead to transgenic sectors in chimeras. These sectors may contribute to the gametes and, thus, to transgenic offspring, which then should be homohistonts and not sectorial chimeras like their parents. Our model plant for these studies is wheat. Microtargeting is a ballistic approach which is particularly suitable for the controlled delivery of microprojectiles to meristem cells in situ (Sautter et al., 1991). We summarize in this paper our experience with ballistic microtargeting of transgenes to wheat shoot apical meristem cells in situ.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: Chondrus crispus ; mitochondrial respiration ; Mehler reaction ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pour identifier la nature des réactions responsables de la prise d'oxygène sous lumière chez une macroalgue rouge Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales), les effets de quelques inhibiteurs, de l'intensité de la lumière et de la température ont été étudiés en combinaison avec des concentrations de CO2 élevées ou limitantes. Dans ce dernier cas, INH (2, 5 mM) ne modifie pas la prise d'oxygène sous lumière et ne provoque pas l'excrétion ni l'accumulation de glycolate. KCN réduit la vitesse de consommation d'O2 de 76% à CO2 limitant, de 43% à CO2 saturant et supprime pratiquement (à 95%) la production d'oxygène. Avec DCMU (5 μM) qui bloque totalement la chaîne des transporteurs d'électrons, une prise d'oxygène résiduelle est observée de 3,0±0,6 μmol O2 h−1 g−1 P.F. quelle que soit la concentration de CO2. Ajoutés à l'analyse de l'effet de la température ces résultats suggèrent: 1) La respiration mitochondriale et la réaction de Mehler sont actives aux deux concentrations de CO2. 2) La RuBP oxygénase contribue pour 45%, au plus, et la réaction de Mehler pour 20%, au moins, à la prise d'oxygène sous lumière à CO2 limitant.
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the different processes of O2 uptake involved in the light in the red macroalga Chondrus crispus Stackhouse (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) was investigated. At limiting CO2, INH (2.5 mM) did not alter the O2 uptake rate. Glycolate was not excreted and did not accumulate within the cells. KCN reduced the rate of O2 uptake in the light by 76% at limiting CO2 and by 43% at saturating CO2, but caused 〉 95% inhibition of O2 evolution. DCMU (5 μM) totally blocked the photosynthetic electron transport chain, but allowed a residual O2 uptake of 3.0±0.6 μmol O2 .h−1.g−1 FW, irrespective of the CO2 concentration. In saturating CO2, a high light intensity pretreatment significantly stimulated the rate of O2 uptake compared to net O2 evolution, suggesting the persistence, in the light, of mitochondrial respiration. Irrespective of the CO2 concentration, the optimum temperature for O2 evolution was 17°C whereas dark O2 uptake increased linearly with temperature. In contrast, O2 uptake in the light showed an optimum at 17°C in limiting CO2, and 21–25° C in saturating CO2; its Q10 was 2.4 at limiting CO2, a value close to that of RuBP oxygenase, and 3.1 at saturating CO2, a value close to that of dark respiration. It is concluded that: 1) mitochondrial respiration and Mehler reaction are both involved at all CO2 concentrations, 2) RuBP oxygenase activity cannot account for more than 45%, and Mehler reaction for less than 20%, of the total O2 uptake observed in the light at limiting CO2.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: genotype ; nitrogen ; photosynthesis ; respiration ; rice ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four Indica and five Japonica varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were examined to elucidate their differences in photosynthetic activity and dark respiratory rate as influenced by leaf nitrogen levels and temperatures. The photosynthetic rates of single leaf showed correlations with total nitrogen and soluble protein contents in the leaves. Respiratory rate was also positively correlated with the leaf nitrogen content. When compared at the same level of leaf nitrogen or soluble protein content, the four Indica varieties and one of Japonica varieties, Tainung 67, which have some Indica genes derived from one of its parents, showed higher photosynthetic rates than the remaining four Japonica varieties. At the same photosynthetic rate, the Indica varieties showed lower respiratory rate than Japonica varieties. When the leaf temperature rose from 20°C to 30°C, the photosynthetic rate increased by 18 to 41%, whereas the respiratory rate increased by 100 to 150%. These increasing rates in response to temperature were higher in the Japonica than in the Indica varieties. In this respect, Tainung 67 showed the same behavior as of the other four Japonica varieties.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; maize ; bean mitochondria ; tRNAPro (UGG) ; gene localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The four Sal I fragments of wheat mitochondrial DNA containing the 18S and 5S ribosomal RNA genes were screened for the presence of tRNA genes. Upon sequencing, a tRNAPro (UGG) gene was found in two of these four fragments. The localization of the corresponding gene on the maize mitochondrial genome was established. Transcriptional studies have shown that this gene is transcribed in wheat and maize mitochondria. The sequence of the corresponding tRNAPro (UGG) of bean mitochondria was determined using in vitro post-labeling techniques.
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  • 54
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    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 51-60 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dry matter ; field capacity ; growth function ; nitrogen uptake ; rooting ; sowing date ; thermal time ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The quantities,Y, of nitrogen taken up, and dry matter produced, at various times during the growth of six winter wheat crops at Rothamsted were shown to be related to thermal time,x, based on soil temperature, by a simple equation $$Y = (A^{ - 1/n} + \exp ( - kx))^{ - n} $$ whereA is the ultimate maximum ofY, n a shape factor andk a rate constant that is related toA andn throughx′, the inflexion point of the function. The value ofn was 1.5 for both N uptake and dry matter. The value ofA for N uptake,A N , was well described by a multiple regression on sowing data,t s , expressed as the number of days after August 31st, and rainfall,R Apr , in the April before harvest, but no such regression could be found for the value ofA for dry matter,A D . The rate constants,k N andk D , for N-uptake and dry-matter production respectively, could be related to the date of sowing and the weather through the corresponding inflexion points,x′ N andx′ D . Highly significant regressions were found, forx′ N on the time,t sf , between sowing and the return of the soil to field capacity and forx′ D on the reciprocal oft s . The function was used to generate N uptake curves from values ofA N andk N (obtained fromx′ N ) given by inserting the appropriate values ofR Apr ,t s andt sf in the regressions. These fitted measured N uptakes satisfactorily for the six crops used to obtain the regressions, and four grown subsequently, at Rothamsted, and also for six crops at Woburn. Values ofA D had to be set arbitrarily because no regression had been found to predict them, but using these arbitrary values in the function gave dry matter curves that fitted the measurements satisfactorily for all ten Rothamsted crops and two of the Woburn crops. Tests for seasonal and site effects showed thatA N was influenced more by differences between the two sites than by seasonal differences other than those inR Apr , whereasA D was strongly influenced by these seasonal differencess and very little by those between the sites.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; Cochliobolus sativus ; common root rot ; subcrown internode ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The progression of common root-rot lesions on subcrown internodes of Neepawa wheat and Bonanza barley plants inoculated 14, 26, 38 and 50 days after seeding was measured in growth chamber tests. Both in wheat and barley, lesion development was more rapid in older than in younger plants. Variables such as mean daily rates of linear progression of lesions, disease ratings, and proportion of plants becoming severely diseased were higher in older than in younger plants. The possible stress resulting from the removal of the crown roots on more rapid disease development in older than in younger plants is discussed.
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  • 56
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    Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cacao ; growth ; temperature ; Theobroma cacao ; water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of 55-day-oldTheobroma cacao var.Comum seedlings varied with temperature regimes, various plant parts, growth parameters, and time of harvesting. Over a 60-day period the optimal day-temperature regimes were near 33.3°C for dry weight increase and relative growth rates of seedlings and leaves; 30.5°C for increase in leaf area, height growth, and leaf abscission; 22.2°C for dry weight increase of stems or roots, stem diameter growth, and root-shoot ratio. The rates of increase in dry weights of stems or roots as well as root-shoot ratios declined progressively at temperatures above 22.2°C Partitioning of dry matter was affected by temperature regime, with proportionally more photosynthate retained by shoots and less translocated to roots at high temperatures. The progressive decrease in the root-shoot ratio at temperatures above 22.2°C may decrease drought tolerance of seedlings because roots will be less capable of absorbing endugh water to replace transpirational losses. This was shown by more negative shoot water potentials at high temperatures.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amino acids ; salinity ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A lysimeter study was conducted on Cajeme wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to investigate the impact of salinity on protein and free amino acid content of the grain. Cross correlations were obtained between 16 different soil-plant-water based parameters and the concentration and total accumulation of amino acids. The results indicated that after 3 years of irrigation, the majority of protein bound and free amino acids increased in concentration in the grain. However, both free tryptophan and free proline revealed decreasing concentrations with increasing salinity. Free tryptophan showed a synergism between total accumulation, yield and concentration. Free proline concentrations decreased in association with increasing protein concentrations. Cross correlations of the 16 soil-plant-water based parameters with free and protein bound amino acids revealed significant correlations for free aspartic acid and glycine with total accumulation but not with concentrations. Only methionine plus cystine was lower than suggested FAO levels for essential amino acids and was lower in the third year than in the first year.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: copper ; iron ; manganese ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; phosphorus ; VAM ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) on field bean and spring wheat dry matter production and on phosphorus, zinc, copper, iron and manganese uptake was determined under greenhouse conditions. Nutrient availability was varied by using different sizes of pots and by diluting the soil with sand. VAM increased plant dry matter production under all sets of growth conditions. VAM were found to directly increase the uptake of P, Zn, Cu and Fe by field beans and of P and Zn for wheat in both experiments. Increased uptake of the other nutrients measured was attributed to increased dry matter production or other factors. The effect of VAM decreased as the pot size holding the host plants decreased, but was not affected by the ratio of soil to sand if the pot size was kept constant. Nutrient uptake by beans as a proportion of total amount of nutrient present increased as the amount of nutrient decreased. Increase in root-soil contact and altered chemical equilibria are probable reasons for increased efficiency of nutrient uptake by beans as the level of available nutrient decreased. For wheat, which has a relatively fibrous root system, decreasing the nutrient availability had minimal effects on nutrient uptake in these experiments. Increases in total uptake of a particular nutrient resulting from inoculation with VAM are not necesarily indicative of a direct uptake of that nutrient by the VAM.
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  • 59
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    Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 253-262 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium tolerance ; lime ; phosphate ; potassium ; root growth ; subsoil acidity ; translocation ; varietal differences ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two wheat varieties with differing aluminium tolerance were grown in pots of acid soil. Liming did not change significantly the amounts of chemically extractable P and K, but caused improved vegetative growth, increased inflow of P and K and reduced uptake of Al. Without lime, roots had a higher content and concentration of P than shoots; liming reversed this. Without lime the sensitive variety with a shorter root length had an Al inflow ten times that of the tolerant one: tolerance involves a mechanism for exlcuding Al. The inflow of P per unit inflow of Al (mol ratio) without lime was three times greater for the tolerant variety which therefore has more P to counteract the effects of Al. The same varieties were grown in two-layer soil columns, with a low P status and a limed topsoil and acid subsoil. Liming the subsoil improved plant growth but this was still restricted by low P availability. Addition of P to the topsoil caused good growth regardless of subsoil acidity: root growth increased in both layers and P (labelled with32P) taken up from the topsoil was translocated to roots in the subsoil. This P inactivated root Al and allowed the roots to grow and take up more P from the acid subsoil with however a reduction in inflow. The sensitive variety was affected more by the acid subsoil and low P availability, had a similar ability to translocate P to subsoil roots but could not attain the growth rate of the tolerant wheat even with P and lime.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: competition ; nitrogen ; nutrition ; phosphorus ; wheat ; wild oats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the cultivated wheat fields of the Mediterranean area, wild oats (Avena sterilis L.), is commonly found a weed, which competes with the wheat for soil nutrients, water and light. To study this mutual competition for N and P, a pot experiment was devised in which the planting of wheat and weed seeds, in the pots, was so arranged that the lengths of time between the emergence of each specie was different for each treatment. When the time of emergence of the wild oat coincided with that of wheat, the latter was affected in its development, productivity and total accumulation of N and P. However, the earlier the emergence of wheat was relative to that of wild oat, the greater was the suppression of the weed, with a lower total accumulation of N and lower P content in the plant. Bringing forward the emergence of either of the two species conferred advantages for the development of the earliest emerger.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Rosa ; rose ; Hybrid Tea ; temperature ; fruit set ; seed set ; seed germination ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature on fruit set, seed set and seed germination was studied in ‘Sonia’ × ‘Hadley’ Hybrid Tea-rose crosses. ‘Sonia’ mother bushes were grown at constant temperatures (10, 14, 18, 22, 26°C) in the greenhouses of the phytotron until fruit ripening. Fruit set, fruit weight and number of seeds increased as temperature was higher. Optimum temperatures were found for days to fruit ripening (18°C), seed germination (22°C) and number of seedlings per pollinated flower (22°C). Fruit weight and number of seeds were positively correlated. For crossing and the subsequent growing of seed-bearing plants 22°C was the most favourable temperature. Effects of temperature on pollen tube growth, fertilization and seed germination are discussed.
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  • 62
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    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 221-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; auricle color ; compact head ; stem rust resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Previous evidence suggested that the gene for red auricle (Ra) might be linked to the gene Sr6 for stem rust resistance on chromosome 2D. However, tests indicated that Ra is not linked to either Sr6 or C, which is also on 2D.
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  • 63
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    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 513-519 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Tricticum aestivum ; wheat ; genetic analysis ; vernalization inhibiting genes ; Vrn genotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study of the Vrn genotypes of 642 spring wheats supports the theory that only Vrn1, Vrn2 and Vrn3 exist in Tricticum aestivum. In none of the varieties investigated Vrn4 was present. Seven varieties, which according to literature carry Vrn4, showed to carry Vrn1, Vrn2 and/or Vrn3. Some varieties were mixtures of Vrn-genotypes, which could mislead geneticists in pooled data analysis. Other causes for misinterpretation of the data could be hybrid necrosis, hybrid dwarfness or a wrong determination of plants with a winter habitus. Only Hope was dominant on another Vrn locus. Its haploid Vrn-genotype is Vrn1 vrn2vrn3 Vrn5.
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  • 64
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    Photosynthesis research 12 (1987), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: continuous light ; light intensity ; dark period ; temperature ; diurnal and seasonal CO2 fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract CO2 fixation was studied in a lichen, Xanthoria parietina, kept in continuous light, and with cyclic changes in light intensity, dark period or temperature. The diurnal and seasonal courses of CO2 exchange were followed. The rate of net photosynthesis was observed to fall from morning to evening, and this decline was more pronounced in winter than in summer. The maximal net photosynthetic rate, 223 ng CO2g-1dws-1, occured in winter and the minimum, 94 ng CO2g-1dws-1, late in spring. The light compensation point in summer was four times as high as in winter. In continuous light (180 or 90 μmol photons m-2s-1, 15°C) net photosynthesis decreased noticeably during one week, falling below the level maintained in a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle. Photosynthetic activity did not decrease, however, in lichens held in continuous light (90 μmol photons m-2s-1) with cyclic changes of temperature (12 h 20 °C: 12 h 5 °C). Active photosynthesis was also maintained in light of cyclically changing intensity (12 h: 12 h, 15 °C) when night-time light was at least 75% lower than illumination by day. A dark period of 4 hours in a 24-h light:dark cycle was sufficient to keep CO2 fixation at the control level. It seems that plants need an unproductive period during the day to survive and this can be induced by fluctuations in light and/or temperature.
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    Plant growth regulation 5 (1987), S. 235-239 
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Triticum turgidum ; wheat ; Chlormequat ; CCC ; dwarfing genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two crosses between Triticum turgidum wheat lines differing in their response to chlormequat (CCC) were tested. In the F2 population of one cross, which was segregating for the Rht1 dwarfing allele, each plant was cloned by separation of two tillers, one of which was treated with CCC. The tall (rht1/rht1) and the intermediate (Rht1/rht1) genotypes showed a greater response to CCC than the semi-dwarf (Rht1/Rht1) genotype, as expressed by culm length and date of ear emergence. The F3 families of another cross and their two semi-dwarf parents were grown in a three-replicated field test in paris of rows, one of which was treated with CCC. In one of the parents and in 1/4 of the F3 families CCC induced a wide-angled tiller growth, suggesting a monogenic control of this growth habit in response to CCC.
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  • 66
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    Hydrobiologia 147 (1987), S. 307-317 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; planktonic ; temperature ; food ; embryonic development ; respiration rate ; ingestion ; population dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of temperature (t) upon rotifer embryonic development rate (De) has been analysed using data from the literature, and the author's own results from experimental and natural populations. For Keratella cochlearis (Gosse), within the temperature range of 1–28°C, this relationship is best expressed by the equation: 1/De = 0.002 + 0.00025t + 0.000065t2. For Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, between 8°C and 35°C, the best relationship is given by the equation: 1/De = 0.005 + 0.00013t + 0.00013t2. Increasing the incubation temperature to 37–40°C resulted in a decrease in development rate and a sharp reduction in life length. Analysis of the relationship between respiration rate and temperature in experimental and natural populations of Brachionus calyciflorus and Hexarthra mira (Hudson) showed that the maximum rate of oxygen consumption occurred at 32–33°C. The effects of temperature upon the ingestion rates of rotifers is greatly influenced by food concentration. Consequently, this factor also influences the secondary production of experimental populations at different temperatures.
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    Hydrobiologia 147 (1987), S. 319-322 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: embryonic development ; algal food ; temperature ; Brachionus plicatilis ; culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The embryonic development times of two strains of Brachionus plicatilis (Bs and S-1) cultured on three different algal diets (Nannochloris oculata, N. maculata and Nannochloropsis gaditana), have been determined at 20°C, 25°C and 30°C. As expected, the embryonic development times decreased with increasing temperature in all cases. However, embryos from adults fed on N. gaditana tended to develop more slowly than those of individuals fed on the other algal species. Mean egg volume was also affected by diet, larger eggs being produced by females fed on N. gaditana. No obvious relationship between egg size and temperature was detected. Two principal factors seemed to affect the embryonic development time. The first was temperature which acts through its well known effect on metabolic rates. The second was maternal diet which probably affects development time through its effect on yolk content, as reflected in the size of the egg.
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    Hydrobiologia 147 (1987), S. 335-338 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; resting eggs ; temperature ; sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sediment samples from Loch Leven, Scotland, were incubated at 5°C, 10°C and 15°C to induce hatching of rotifer resting eggs. The emergent animals were identified and counted. The temperature which induced hatching varied among the nine species studied. These results are discussed in relation to seasonality and temperature preferences previously recorded for the most abundant species. Resting egg densities of 2.2–13.9 eggs cm−3 were recorded in the upper 5 cm of sediment.
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Laminaria ; mariculture ; light tolerance ; temperature
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 399-404 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; growth ; light intensity ; mariculture ; temperature ; salinity ; Sargassum
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; Gracilaria ; growth rate ; agar composition ; light ; temperature
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    Hydrobiologia 147 (1987), S. 83-89 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; Brachionus plicatilis ; biometry ; size ; temperature ; salinity ; genotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphometric variation in three clones of Brachionus plicatilis cultured at 20°C, 25°C and 30°C, and 9‰, 12‰ and 24‰ salinity was analysed. Size appeared to be largely under genetic control and this defined the narrow limits within which variation due to abiotic factors could occur. Temperature had a significant effect on size, but affected the three clones differently. The most general effect of temperature was a reduction in size which levelled off as the temperature rose. Of the measurements taken, only distance between the median spines was affected by salinity. An important inter-relationship between the effects of temperature and salinity was also detected.
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    Hydrobiologia 151-152 (1987), S. 229-232 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: seaweed ; kelp ; Laminaria saccharina ; growth ; temperature ; salinity ; light
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 3 (1987), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: antarctic fish ; teleost ; cardiac muscle ; myoglobin ; mitochondria ; ultrastructure ; Channichthyidae ; Notothenia neglecta ; Chaenocephalus aceratus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Antarctic fish of the family Channichthyidae (Icefishes) lack the respiratory pigments haemoglobin and myoglobin. The morphometrics and ultrastructure of the ventricular myocardium of a benthic icefish,Chaenocephalus aceratus has been compared with that of a red-blooded Notothenioid fish,Notothenia neglecta, of similar habit. The mass of ventricular muscle as a percentage of bodyweight is 3 times greater in adultC. aceratus (0.32%) thanN. neglecta (0.11%). Myoglobin concentration in the ventricle ofN. neglecta, 20 nmoles/g, is comparable to that of temperate teleosts with similar activity patterns. The volume and surface densities of mitochondria are 41.5% and 0.32 μm−1 for Icefish and 25% and 0.15 μm−1 forN. neglecta, Cytochrome oxidase activities are similar in the two tissues whilst the volume density of myofibrils is higher forN. neglecta (47%) thanC. aceratus (29.9%). The proliferation of mitochondria in the myocardium of Icefish will reduce the diffusion path-length for oxygen between ventricular lumen and the outer mitochondrial membrane and may compensate for the absence of myoglobin.
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 3 (1987), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: osmoregulation ; temperature ; embryonic development ; teleost ; eggs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of yolk osmolality from the embryo of codGadus morhua L. revealed significant variations in the hyposmolality during the embryonic development. The embryo proved to have an extremely low water permeability, protecting it from dehydration in the hyperosmotic seawater. The effect of temperature on the water permeability is high, expressed by an exceptionally high activation energy for water transfer. The agreement between embryonic volume decrease and diffusion permeability during the first 8–10 days after fertilization indicates that no water uptake mechanism is present at this time, thus leaving the embryo fully dependent on internal water stores. The cod egg is buoyant in seawater throughout development. The mechanism for providing hydrostatic lift is the large volume of diluted tissue water located in the yolk and subdermal spaces.
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 4 (1987), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: chorion dissolution ; chorionasc activity ; chorionase secretion ; Coregoninae ; hatching ; pH ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract After the electrial stimulation Coregoninae embryos secreted the hatching enzyme (chorionase) within 0.1–0.5 h, and the dissolution of their chorions lasted 1.2–2.0 h, depending on embryo's developmental stage (DS 13 or DS 14) and water temperature (5.2 or 9.6–9.8°C). Crude chorionase (hatching liquid) ofCoregonus albula andC. lavaretus was collected in large quantities by means of the electric stimulation of eggs. In both species the temperature optimum of proteolytic activity of the crude chorionasc was 30°C; the activity was lost at temperatures 〈 3-2°C and 〉 35–40°C. The maximal proteolytic activity was observed at pH 8.5; a rapid decrease in enzyme activity was evident at pH 〈 7.0, and the activity was zero at pH 6. The temperature-activity curve of chorionase may reflect the adaptation of Coregoninae to hatching immediately after the ice cover recedes from lakes, whereas the rapid decrease of enzyme activity at pH 7 -pH 6 can affect adversely the process of hatching in acidified lakes.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: oxygen consumption ; body weight ; temperature ; hypoxia ; ventilatory frequency ; ammocoetes ; metamorphosis ; lampreys ; Geotria australis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The standard rate of oxygen consumption of ammocoetes (larvae) ofGeotria australis with a mean weight of c. 0.5 g was 9.6, 31.4 and 59.4μl g−1 h−1 at 4.5, 15.5 and 25.0°C respectively, which gives an overall Q10 of 2.4. The regression coefficient for the logarithmic relationship between oxygen consumption and body weight at 15.5°C was 0.704. The ammocoetes ofG. australis have a much lower rate of oxygen consumption at 15.5 and 25.0°C than those of holarctic lampreys. This presumably reflects the lower oxygen delivery pressure to their tissues and helps account for their slow growth rate. At 15.5°C, ammocoetes ofG. australis emerged from the substrate at 21–25 mm Hg and, unlike those of the Northern HemisphereIchthyomyzon greeleyi, died at 14–17 mm Hg. Thus, despite having a thinner water/blood barrier in the gills and blood with a higher oxygen affinity and capacity than holarctic ammocoetes, the larvae ofG. australis cannot survive very low dissolved oxygen tensions. This is apparently related to an inability of larvalG. australis to meet the high oxygen requirements of the respiratory pump at these oxygen tensions. During metamorphosis, oxygen consumption at 15.5°C rose from approximately 27μl g−1 h−1 at the beginning of transformation to 33.2μl g−1 h−1 by Stage 3 and then rapidly to 66μl g−1 h−1 at Stage 6. It remained near this level in Stage 7 and the downstream migrant.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: wheat ; somatic embryogenicis ; embryogenic callus ; 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid ; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ; 6-furfurylaminopurine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nine experiments were conducted to determine effects of various culture medium addenda on inducation of embryogenic calli from immature embryos of a responsive Triticum aestivum L. genotype (PCYT 10). Effects were quantified by counting somatic embryos (embryoids) per callus. Optimal auxin concentrations to induce and maintain somatic embryogenesis were 3.62 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 9.05 μM 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba). In general, dicamba permitted formation of significantly more embryoids than 2,4-D. Kinetin (6-furfurylaminopurine) at 2.56 μM or 4.65 μM significantly increased percentage scutellar callus when added to 2,4-D or dicamba-containing medium, respectively. Kinetin at 4.65 μM significantly increased the numbers of embryoids formed when added to medium containing either synthetic auxin. Significantly fewer embryoids formed when cultures were incubated under diffuse light (16-h photoperiod). Casein hydrolysate (200 mg1-1) or L-arginine (0.23 mM) had no effect on numbers of embryoids formed, whereas L-tryptophan (0.20 mM) enhanced such formation with 2,4-D and decreased such formation with dicamba. Two additional experiments generally demonstrated that response to auxin source in the genotypes ND 7532, PCYT 20, Yaqui 50, and Oasis was similar to that in PCYT 10. The higher molar concentration of dicamba required to induce embryogenic callus coupled with more evident embryoid precocious germination and a more rapid rate of tissue necrosis upon extended incubation without subculture suggests that dicamba is metabolized more rapidly than 2,4-D in T. aestivum callus cultures.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Lipid peroxidation ; mitochondria ; respiratory chain ; effect of succinate ; membrane permeability ; isocitrate dehydrogenase ; cross-linking (rat liver)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The damaging effects of ADP/Fe/NADPH-induced lipid peroxidation were studied on the enzymes and membranes of rat liver mitochondria. Succinate, an inhibitor of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, prevented or delayed most of the damage caused by the peroxidation on different mitochondrial structures and functions. There were marked abnormalities on the electrophoretic pattern of mitochondrial proteins during the course of lipid peroxidation. The disappearance of particular polypeptide bands and the accumulation of high-molecular-weight aggregates could be observed. Succinate was found to delay these effects. As a consequence of lipid peroxidation the succinate oxidase activity of mitochondria was decreased. The succinate dehydrogenase enzyme and the component(s) of the respiratory chain were inactivated. Succinate prevented the inactivation of succinate dehydrogenase but did not protect the other components of terminal oxidation chain. From the matrix enzymes the glutamate dehydrogenase retained its full activity but the NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase was inactivated. The mitochondrial membranes became permeable to large protein molecules. Succinate prevented the inactivation of isocitrate dehydrogenase and delayed the release of protein molecules from mitochondria.
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 19 (1987), S. 273-283 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Conformational interaction ; Mg2+ ; H+-ATPase ; reconstitution ; soluble F1-ATPase ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The membrane sector (F0) of H+-ATPase was prepared by trypsin and urea treatment of F1-F0 and reconstituted with purified F1. The oligomycin sensitivity of the reconstituted F1-F0 complex obtained by treating F1 or F0 with Mg2+ before binding is much higher than that obtained without Mg2+ treatment. The greater change in the intrinsic fluorescence of the reconstituted F1-F0 complex obtained by Mg2+ treatment suggests that conformational changes may occur during the reconstitution. We deduce that Mg2+ binds to membrane lipids, thus decreasing membrane fluidity and changing the physical state of the lipids to provide a suitable microenvironment for conformational changes in F0. The data also suggest that the conformational change in the F0 portion of the F1-F0 complex can be transmitted to the F1 portion, the conformation of which is in turn altered, resulting in the formation of an F1-F0 complex with high oligomycin sensitivity. On the other hand, Mg2+ may act on F1 directly to induce a suitable conformational change which is then trnsmitted to F0, resulting in the formation of an H+-ATPase with greater sensitivity to oligomycin.
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 19 (1987), S. 297-303 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: Cyclosporine ; calcium ; mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cyclosporine (Cys A) is a potent immunosuppressor used to reduce rejection in transplantation surgery. We studied its action upon mitochondrial functions: oxidative phosphorylation and Ca2+ movements through mitochondrial membrane. We show that Cys A exhibits an inhibitory effect upon mitochondrial respiration. This result is in good agreement with previous works and may be correlated with Cys A toxicity. The action of cyclosporine on calcium fluxes is more pronounced. Indeed it blocks mitochondrial calcium efflux and allows mitochondria to accumulate a large amount of calcium. If this effect occurs in the cell, it would induce a Ca2+ decrease in cytosol. This action might be correlated with the inhibitory effect of Cys A upon the mitogenic stimulation of T lymphocytes.
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 12 (1987), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: barley ; wheat ; nitrate concentration ; plant analysis ; genotypic differences
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat and barley varieties from breeding plots in advanced yield trials were tested for NO3 concentration in their stems at the tillering stage. The study was carried out for three years, at three different locations with a high number of varieties, aiming to determine whether there are varietal differences which could affect the interpretation of prognostic standards set up in a previous study. From nine comparisons between 12 different varieties it was shown that differences in NO3 concentration occurred on only three occasions and these were due to factors which affect NO3 in plants, other than genotypic. The study concluded that varietal differences in NO3 concentration are not a critical consideration for the interpretation of prognostic standards for genotypes which have been developed for certain environmental conditions.
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    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 521-523 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; plant height ; dwarfing gene ; Rht 12 ; F2 monosomic analysis ; chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The chromosomal location of the dwarfing gene Rht12 in the mutant winter wheat Karcagi 522M7K was investigated using F2 monosomic analysis. The segregation ratio for F2 progenies of Chinese Spring monosomics × Karcagi 522M7K, and that of Cheyenne monosomics × Karcagi 522M7K indicated that the near complete dominant dwarfing gene Rht12 is located on chromosome 5A. The heterozygous and hemizygous states of the genes Rht12 have the same effect on plant height.
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    Photosynthesis research 14 (1987), S. 259-267 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: high temperature-induced alterations ; photochemical activities ; post stress reversal ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chloroplasts isolated from elevated temperature treated 8-day-old continuous-white-light-grown wheat primary leaves lost the ability to photo-oxidize water. Also, the ability of ascorbate to donate electrons to photosystem II declined. However, a significant increase in reduced dichlorophenolindophenol-supported photosystem-I-mediated methylviologen photo-reduction activity was observed. The plants stressed at 45°C and 47°C were subsequently grown at 25°C and the partial photochemical activities were measured in chloroplasts isolated from the plants at 24-h intervals. The post stress alterations observed are (1) a significant restoration of water oxidation capacity in 45°C- and partial restoration in 47°C-treated leaves. Ascorbate-supported photochemical activities recovered more or less in similar fashion; (2) reversal of enhanced photosystem I activity in both 45°C- and 47°C-treated leaves. These results suggest that the restoration in water oxidation capacity is possible in 45°C-treated leaves and is limited by the severity of heat stress in 47°C-treated leaves. Restoration of water oxidation capacity vis-à-vis to the reversal of heat-enhanced photosystem I activity also indicates the existence of possible endogenous control for repair of alterations during the post stress.
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    Plant molecular biology 8 (1987), S. 345-353 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: queuine ; tobacco ; tRNA ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In eubacterial and eukaryotic tRNAs specific for Asn, Asp, His and Tyr the modified deazaguanosinederivative queuosine occurs in position 34, the first position of the anticodon. Analysis of unfractionated tRNAs from wheat and from tobacco leaves shows that these tRNAs contain high amounts of guanosine (G) in place of queuosine (Q). This was measured by the exchange of G34 for [3H]guanine catalysed by the specific tRNA guanine transglycosylase from E. coli. Upon gel electrophoretic separation of the labeled tRNAs, seven Q-deficient tRNA species including isoacceptors are detectable. Two are identified as cytoplasmic tRNAsTyr and tRNAAsp and two represent chloroplast tRNATyr isoacceptors. In contrast to leaf cytoplasm and chloroplasts, wheat germ has low amounts of tRNAs with G34 in place of Q. A new enzymatic assay is described for quantitation of free queuine in cells and tissues. Analysis of queuine in plant tissues shows that wheat germ contains about 200 ng queuine per g wet weight. In wheat and tobacco leaves queuine is present, if at all, in amounts lower than 10 ng/g wet weight. The absence of Q in tRNAs from plant leaves is therefore caused by a deficiency of queuine. Tobacco cells cultivated in a synthetic medium without added queuine do not contain Q in tRNA, indicating that these rapidly growing cells do not synthesize queuine de novo.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: pearl millet ; mitochondria ; chloroplast ; revertant ; restriction endonuclease fragment patterns ; cytoplasmic male sterility
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Endonuclease restriction fragment patterns of Pennisetum americanum L. mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) from a cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS-A1), fertile revertants and a normal fertile cytoplasm were variable, while chloroplast DNA from those lines lacked variation. Comparisons between mtDNAs of CMS-A1 (parental) and fertile revertant lines revealed the presence of a unique 4.7 kbp PstI fragment in the sterile line that was not detected in any of the revertant lines. A 9.7 kbp PstI fragment was found in all of the revertants, but not in the CMS-A1. Neither of those fragments was found in the normal cytoplasm mtDNA. Hybridization studies revealed two sets of multiple homologies: 1) the 4.7 kbp fragment had homology with a 10.9 kbp and a 13.6 kbp fragment; and 2) the 9.7 kbp fragment was homologous with the 13.6 kbp fragment. The presence of those two repeated mitochondrial sequences on the altered fragments suggests that they may be involved in the recombinational associated events with reversion from CMS to fertility in P. americanum.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chromatin ; high mobility group ; HMG ; immunoblotting ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The High Mobility Group (HMG) proteins of vertebrate animals have been the subject of intensive study because of evidence that they may be structural proteins of transcriptionally active chromatin. Organisms other than vertebrate animals have chromatin proteins which meet the operational criteria of salt extractability and trichloroacetic acid solubility to be termed HMG proteins. However, because the properties of these proteins resemble those of vertebrate HMGs to varying degrees and because no definition of “HMG” based on biological function is available, a real question exists as to whether the proteins from other organisms should be considered HMGs. Because wheat HMG proteins have several biochemical properties in common with vertebrate HMGs and yet vary in other properties, we have used an immunological approach to study the relatedness of these two groups of proteins. We have raised polyclonal antibodies to the denatured wheat HMG proteins and have used an immunoblotting procedure to compare the affinities of these antibodies to the homologous wheat proteins and to the heterologous chicken HMG proteins. We have expressed the immunological relatedness of members of these two groups of proteins as the Blotting Index of Dissimilarity. This index is intended to be analogous to the Index of Dissimilarity determined by microcomplement fixation, and a direct comparison of the two procedures results in similar values. The magnitudes of the Blotting Indexes of Dissimilarity indicate that the antigenic features of the plant and animal HMG proteins have little in common.
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    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 287-290 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; common root rot ; infrared thermometry ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In field trials done from 1983 to 1985, two cultivars of wheat and two cultivars of barley were rated periodically for common root rot, and leaf temperatures were recorded with a hand-held infrared thermometer. Significant differences for common root rot occurred between cultivars of both wheat and barley but leaf temperatures did not differ among cultivars. Disease rating and leaf temperature were not correlated in wheat and only 2 of 47 comparisons were positively correlated in barley.
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    Plant and soil 101 (1987), S. 281-285 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cabbage ; fertilizer ; granule ; interception ; lettuce ; model ; phosphorus ; root ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model is described which compares the rate of phosphorus demand of a field grown lettuce crop with the rate at which the crop can obtain phosphorus from broadcast fertilizer. Early root growth of lettuce is so slow that on average it takes about 21 days for the first granule of fertilizer to be exploited by a plant, whereas seed reserves of phosphorus are depleted within about 8 days of sowing. This is likely to result in a reduction in yield which cannot be overcome by simply applying more broadcast fertilizer. Some placement of fertilizer near to each plant is required if phosphorus deficiency is to be avoided. The model can also be applied to other crops, and the delay before the first fertilizer granule is exploited is shown to be slightly shorter in cabbage and very short in wheat.
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    Euphytica 36 (1987), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia recondita f. sp.tritici ; leaf rust ; partial resistance ; race nursery ; hostpathogen interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten wheat leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp.tritici) race nurseries were planted in 1984. In five, each with a different race, no randomization of the 20 wheat genotypes was carried out. The remaining five race nurseries, also each with one of the same five races, were completely randomized. Comparison of the wheat genotype assesments was done using three procedures: i) Correlating (Pearson's and Spearman's r) the leaf area affected of the twenty wheat genotypes in the randomized and the non-randomized nurseries; ii) comparing the best five wheat genotypes in each race nursery; iii) comparing the Wi-indeces of wheat genotypes in the randomized and non-randomized nurseries. All three procedures showed excellent agreement between the randomized and the non-randomized nurseries . The use of a spreader row was most likely the reason for the large similarity. The consequence is that randomization is not sufficiently relevant to justify the increase in risk of mistakes and the extra administration needed. The host genotype-pathogen race interaction was significant and rather large. All but two genotype-race combinations showed a susceptible infection type, which indicates that partial resistance of wheat to wheat leaf rust caused the major part of this interaction. The results which suggest a gene-for-gene relationship, support the \lsintegrated concept\rs of Parlevliet and Zadoks.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alien introduction ; fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) has been used to assess the occurrence and frequency of wheat-alien chromosome pairing in a wheat/Thinopyrum bessarabicum hybrid and in wheat/rye hybrids with different levels of chromosome pairing by examining pollen mother cells at metaphase I of meiosis. The use of FISH to identify the presence and size of alien chromatin in a wheat background is also demonstrated. The value of FISH as an aid to the introgression of alien genetic variation into wheat is discussed.
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  • 92
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    Plant foods for human nutrition 36 (1987), S. 325-334 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: amaranth grain ; protein and energy utilization ; protein complementation ; maize ; wheat ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study the nutritional value of grain amaranth (Amaranthus caudatus) as a supplement to cereals, and to determine the effect of heat on nutritional quality of cereal/amaranth mixtures. Maize, wheat and low-tannin sorghum blends containing 0%, 10%, 25% and 50% of popped amaranth flour were studied in balance experiments with growing rats. The popped amaranth was very high in lysine (5.19 g/16g N), but lysine was still the first limiting amino acid in the blends. However, amino acid scores were raised significantly by amaranth substitution, and the tryptophan deficiency of maize protein was alleviated by addition of amaranth. True protein digestibility was, in general, not affected by amaranth substitution, but the biological value increased considerably with increasing levels of inclusion. Amaranth substitution also resulted in remarkable increases in weight gain of the rats. The energy digestibility of the different blends was quite similar and there was only little variation in the amount of digestible energy of the mixtures. Cooking produced a very small but significant reduction in protein and energy digestibility. However, the effects of cooking were minor and probably without practical importance. In conclusion, addition of amaranth to cereal flours improved protein quality without affecting energy utilization. Amaranth seems to be an effective source of protein to combine with cereal proteins.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: wheat ; cultivars ; nitrogen fertilization ; irrigation ; protein ; yield ; content
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Protein content and protein yield of three spring wheat cultivars differing in morphological and physiological growth characters were found to be influenced by intercultivar competition, irrigation levels and nitrogen fertilization. The protein content of the tall cultivar C 306 and the protein yield of the dwarf cultivar HD 2160 were more than the other cultivars. Binary mixed stands were not superior to the better component cultivar. Intercultivar competition increased the protein content of dwarf and semi-dwarf cultivars, but decreased the protein content of tall cultivar. On the other hand, protein yield of the dwarf cultivar decreased and that of tall cultivar increased when grown in mixed stands. Protein yield of semi-dwarf cultivar increased when grown with dwarf cultivar, but decreased when grown with tall cultivar. Two or three irrigations increased the protein content and protein yield of all the three cultivars and their mixed stands over one irrigation. Protein content and protein yield of the cultivars and their mixed stands were higher when 150 kg N/ha was applied than when 80 kg N/ha was applied.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: protein and energy utilization ; rice ; corn ; sorghum ; wheat ; six rice-legume diets ; phenols ; sugars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In growing rats, boiled milled rice-legume diets (2:1 N ratio) had lower energy digestigibility than boiled milled rice and equal if not better true digestibility, biological value, and net protein utilization (NPU). Rice-soybean diets showed better NPU than the other rice-legume diets. Boiled whole-grain corn and sorghum had lower digstible energy and NPU than boiled milled rice. NPU of the diets did not follow strictly the trend of the amino acid score of the diets; phenol (tannin) content reduced energy and protein digestibility of all diets, but sugars reduced energy and protein digestibilities of rice-legume diets only.
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  • 95
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    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1739-1747 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; parthenium ; Parthenium hysterophorus ; Compositae ; corn ; Zea mays ; ryegrass ; Lolium multiflorum ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; velvetleaf ; Abutilon theophrasti ; soybean ; Glycine max ; inhibition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Allelopathic effects of entire shoot extract, plant part extracts, and shoot residue of parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) on corn (Zea mays L.), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), and soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] growth were examined. Parthenium shoot contained water-soluble materials that were toxic to root growth of velvetleaf and wheat. At 4% (w/ v) concentration, root growth of velvetleaf and wheat were reduced by 60 and 75%, respectively. The order of increasing sensitivity to parthenium was ryegrass, corn, wheat, and velvetleaf. There was a strong correlation between extract concentration and increased toxicity to test species. The toxicity of plant part extracts was also concentration dependent. At 1 and 2% (w/v), the inflorescence and leaves caused more root inhibition than stem extract. Parthenium shoot incorporated in soil at 1% (w/w) caused significantly more root inhibition of wheat than soybean, corn, and ryegrass. At 4% (w/w), root growth of all the test species was inhibited compared to the control. Toxicity of parthenium residue to wheat diminished with increasing periods of decomposition. Residue decomposed for four weeks was less toxic than the undecomposed residue.
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