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  • Articles  (13,221)
  • Elsevier  (10,629)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,953)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (639)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 1985-1989  (12,270)
  • 1950-1954  (951)
  • 1989  (12,270)
  • 1954  (951)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (7,596)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (4,470)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (1,232)
Collection
  • Articles  (13,221)
Years
  • 1985-1989  (12,270)
  • 1950-1954  (951)
Year
Journal
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This short note sets out a personal experience of the transition from an academic environment to the great wide world of marketing and discusses some of the similarities and differences between the two.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: In order to realise the full potential of photogrammetry for national map revision, photographic acquisition lead times and, where possible, costs must be significantly reduced. In this paper a review of alternative platform and camera configurations is made and tests are undertaken utilising simulated data and medium format data taken from an existing project. The results suggest that the medium format camera and helicopter combination may have much to offer while the small format camera and microlight aircraft systems have yet to be developed into an effective data acquisition and map compilation system.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author draws attention to the public nature of an archive compared with the privacy of a collection in the commercial sector. He emphasises the nature of copyright as it affects the products of his own company and explains some of the characteristic features of a commercial operation involved in the acquisition and supply of aerial photography.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A review of some recent activities undertaken by the Institut Géographique National, France (IGN) in photogrammetry is given in this paper, especially with regard to digital and space data processing, assessment of SPOT images and the development of new instruments and experimental map products. The main topics considered can be divided into three groups: aerial surveying, digital photogrammetry and space photogrammetry (including the possibility of further planetary missions).
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The paper describes the material generated in carrying out architectural photogrammetric surveys. The importance of the archival nature of this material is highlighted and reference is made to the indexing and storing of the records.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The paper reviews the context and contribution of agricultural land drainage in the UK and discusses the design and performance of land drainage improvement and maintenance schemes. The environmental impacts of land drainage are considered, and how drainage activities can be, and are being, modified to meet environmental criteria.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A strategy is described which was adopted to ensure compliance with the EC Directive on Drinking Water, at six rural locations in Northumberland. These areas, plus a more widespread community in the Tyne Valley, are served by Catcleugh reservoir, a typical upland coloured source. Treatment of the smaller locations was carried out by single-stage pressure-filter plants, and for the larger area by a two-stage treatment works.Three of the small pressure-filtration plants have been closed, and the supply has been replaced from the two-stage plant. In the other three cases, two improvements are complete: one a dissolved-air flotation scheme, the other low-rate single-stage pressure filtration. Improvements to the third station are in the planning stage.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A recent survey has suggested that up to 25 000 km of UK sewerage networks may be affected by in-pipe sediment deposits. Field evidence indicates that, typically, up to 90% of the pollution load discharged from storm sewage overflows may be derived from the erosion of accumulated in-system sediment, commonly referred to as silt.A sewer flow quality simulation model is being developed under the aegis of the WRc/Water Industry Collaborative River Basin Management research programme. Such a model will enable sewerage engineers and water quality planners to produce more effective designs for sewerage rehabilitation schemes to control river pollution. In order to produce this model it is necessary to understand the nature, characteristics and controlling mechanisms of in-pipe sediment deposits.Field observations, coupled with sampling and analysis of combined sewer sediment deposits, have produced a five category classification for such sediments. Each category has distinctive characteristics in terms of appearance, composition and polluting potential.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Following adoption of the EC Directive 86/280/EEC, three major point sources of pentachlorophenol (PCP) were identified in the River Forth catchment. At least one of these was known to be causing serious water pollution. While methods to determine low concentrations of PCP in the environment were being developed, discussions were held with the dischargers on ways to eliminate PCP from their effluent. Despite the additional costs involved, agreement was reached on the substitution of alternative, biodegradable fungicides. Although these major polluting discharges of PCP have now been eliminated, background levels of PCP found in rivers in the Forth River Purification Board's area show that other minor sources of PCP remain, indicative of the widespread use of this powerful and persistent fungicide.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: , Selected and edited by Charles Kerr. Published by Intermediate Technology Publications. 1989.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Britain's Poisoned Water, by Frances and Phil Craig. Published by Penguin Books. 1989.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Running Water, by Charles Hall. Published by Robertson McCarta. 1989.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Air Pollution, Acid Rain and the Environment, edited by Kenneth Mellanby. Published on behalf of the Watt Committee on Energy by Elsevier Applied Science Publishers Ltd, Crown House, Linton Road, Barking, Essex IG11 8JU. 1988.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper compares the estimates of percentage land cover derived from airborne thematic mapper data with those from a traditional survey method. The latter include existing Ordnance Survey maps and an on-the-ground survey supplemented by aerial photographs. The thematic mapper data are segmented using two methods: thresholding and classification. Nine catchments are surveyed using the three methods. The different results are discussed, and their implications for the calculation of surface runoff are investigated. Estimates of the relative costs in the traditional and remote-sensing methods are compared, simulated satellite images of the study are analysed, and the potential use of satellite data in this application is discussed.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: As the debate on the fairness of water metering continues, the Hotwells metering trial has revealed two new contentious issues which could add credibility to the arguments of those who are opposed to a universal system. One could not have predicted that the safety of electrical appliances would make media headlines on the subject of water metering, or that supporters of rateable value should object to being charged by measured floor area when these two systems are so similarThis paper sets out to concentrate on two particular problems which were encountered during the consultative and installation phases of the Hotwells trial. Whilst the author would not claim to be able to provide definitive answers, he can share the approaches taken by the Company on apportionment and electrical earthing, and highlight I-the most important factors.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper reviews operational and experimental disinfection techniques for the removal of pathogens from sewage and secondary effluent prior to marine discharge. Disinfection options considered include chlorine (hypochlorite, chloramines, OSEC), ultraviolet light (UV), ozone, chlorine dioxide, bromine chloride, peracetic acid (PAA) and gamma irradiation. A comparison of alternative systems is made in terms of their inactivation efficiency, safety, environmental impact and cost. Budget costs were obtained from chemical and equipment suppliers for the disinfection of a theoretical case-study, to enable a direct cost-comparison to be made.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper describes a hydrodynamic mathematical-modelling study to investigate the flooding problem and to recommend various flood-alleviation measures for the White Cart Water on the southern side of Glasgow. The mathematical model covers 36 km of the White Cart to the tidal reaches at the confluence with the River Clyde, and includes 7 km of one of the major tributaries where regular flooding is also a problem. A key aspect of the study was the close proximity of the modelling team which permitted a close scrutiny of the river during high-flow events. From these observations the team obtained a thorough appreciation of river behaviour during potential flood situations, which provided a reliable and comprehensive set of data for model calibration over a wide range of conditions. The proposals for flood alleviation have far-reaching implications and require major capital expenditure. At present they are being examined by Strathclyde Regional Council in consultation with the many interested parties.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Internationally-funded groundwater projects have recently been completed for the main urban areas of PDR Yemen. The necessary resources to secure potable supplies into the next century have been proved in Cretaceous sandstone, Eocene limestone and Quaternary clastic aquifers, and their investigation has highlighted the importance of comprehensive hydrogeological studies prior to permanent works design and construction. The projects discussed will improve the quantity, quality and accessibility of potable water to nearly one third of the country's population.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Post-war survey photography provides a detailed record of the great changes which have occurred in this period. Pictures of urban expansion, land reclamation, quarrying and infilling and industrial decline can be seen in three dimensions and be measured and analysed. The record of change is of great practical significance to engineers.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book review in this aticle:FINAL REPORT ON THE JOINT TEST ON GROSS ERROR DETECTION OF OEEPE AND ISP WG III/1. By W. Förstner.BUILDING DATABASES FOR GLOBAL SCIENCE. Edited by H. M. Mounsey. General Editor, R. F. Tomlinson.EXPLOITING REMOTELY SENSED IMAGERY. Edited by K. A. Browning, B. J. Conway, J.-P. A. L. Muller and D. J. Stanley.APPLIED PHOTOGRAPHIC OPTICS. By S. F. Ray. Focal Press, London and BostonDIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING IN REMOTE SENSING. Edited by J.-P. Muller.AMY JOHNSON. By C. Babington Smith. Third edition.THE AEROFILMS BOOK OF BRITAIN'S RAILWAYS FROM THE AIR. By C. Leigh.SURVEYING AND MAPPING FOR FIELD SCIENTISTS. By W. Ritchie, M. Wood, R. Wright and D. Tait.SPACELAB METRIC CAMERA EXPERIMENT: TEST OF IMAGE ACCURACY. By I. J. Dowman and G. Ducher.LAND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT. By P. F. Dale and J. D. McLaughlin.KEYGUIDE TO INFORMATION SOURCES IN REMOTE SENSING. By E. C. Hyatt.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The problems associated with remote sensing archives arising out of the volume of data and the short life of computer compatible tapes and optical discs are touched upon. Copyright concerns are shared with owners of aerial photography.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This article describes what is probably the largest application of a moiré technique. Real time video systems and a remotely controlled, high quality still camera were used to monitor the buckling in the walls of a liquid gas storage tank, in a section more than 30 m across.
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The replacement of the graphical map by geographic information systems has modified the requirements in photogrammetric data acquisition. An important element in this context is the possibility of superimposing a digital map into the oculars of photogrammetric measuring systems. The Institute of Photogrammetry, at EPF-Lausanne, in collaboration with the Institute of Micro-Informatics and Wild Heerbrugg Ltd., has developed a device for stereoscopic superimposition which is integrated into the photogrammetric measuring system of the Wild S9-AP. The technical requirements of a stereoscopic superimposition system concerning image quality and scrolling are discussed, followed by a description of the technical implementation and the functioning of the superimposition system. Finally, the operation of the System 9-AP and various applications are presented.
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  • 34
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 35
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Following the success of the symposium held by the Photogrammetric Society on 31st March, 1987, a second one-day symposium was convened to give further support to the rapidly growing interest in the development of small format photography for aerial survey. This was held at Burlington House, London on 1st November, 1988. Over 70 people attended. Six of the papers are reproduced here, dealing with a range of topics including specifications for and navigation of small format aerial photography, the creation of digital terrain models from 35 mm photography, wildlife surveys in the Arctic and survey photography from model aircraft and tethered balloons.
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  • 36
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
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  • 37
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  • 38
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  • 39
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  • 40
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The methods of remote sensing techniques are reviewed with respect to their requirements for position and direction measurement. It is shown that there exist, or will exist in the near future, navigational satellite techniques which can offer extremely valuable performances. In particular the Global Positioning System (GPS) will be used for photogrammetry and remote sensing. Other tracking techniques which are complementary to GPS, such as precise range and range rate equipment (PRARE), will also be used in the future. This could improve GPS performance considerably, if integrated into the GPS satellite as a secondary ranging system.
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  • 41
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  • 42
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A stereoscopic microscope has been used in combination with the body of a 35 mm camera to obtain stereophotographs, at scales up to 6:1, of objects only a few millimetres in size. Subsequent stereocomparator observations have been used to deduce height differences on the objects 10 a precision, for the mean of five sets of readings, of ±0.01 mm for closely spaced points. Using more widely separated points, the precision was estimated to be ± 0.05 mm. Depths were computed using × parallaxes after a number of parameters were fixed by calibration. The large convergence angle of the microscope axes was a crucial parameter; rotations about the camera axis were found to be significant variables.
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  • 43
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    The @photogrammetric record 13 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper describes an innovative and unconventional photogrammetric solution developed by Agip S.p.A. when faced with the problem of surveying offshore structures. It was necessary to determine the separation of the centre lines of pipe supports and, in order to provide control, chains of known length were slung between adjacent pipes. Various camera platforms were investigated and a helicopter was finally selected. Special photographic equipment was developed for the project based on the Zeiss (Jena) UMK 10/1318 metric cameras. The entire system has performed satisfactorily on land but, at the time of writing, had yet to be tested offshore. It is designed to provide rapid dimensional engineering surveys of large objects with high accuracy carried out under a wide range of environmental conditions.
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  • 44
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    Notes: Book review in this aticle:PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP ON CADASTRAL RENOVATION, Lausanne, September 1987. Edited by O. Kölbl.SUMMARY OF REPLIES TO QUESTIONNAIRE ON LAND INFORMATION SYSTEMS. By G. Eichhorn.THE ART OF MEASUREMENT. METROLOGY IN FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS. Edited by B. Kramer.FAILED TO RETURN. MYSTERIES OF THE AIR 1939–45. By Roy C. Nesbit.THE AEROFILMS BOOK OF ENGLAND FROM THE AIR. By A. Walker.COMPENDIUM OF CARTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES. Editor in Chief, J. P. Curran.BASIC CARTOGRAPHY FOR STUDENTS AND TECHNICIANS. Volume 2. Edited by R. W. Anson.MEASUREMENTS FROM MAPS. Principles and methods of cartometry. By D. H. Maling.PIONEERS OF PHOTOGRAPHY. Edited by E. Ostroff.
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    Notes: The XVIth International Congress of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, organised by the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, was held in the Kyoto International Conference Hall from 1st to 10th July, 1988. The activities of the seven technical commissions of ISPRS were described at a meeting of the Photogrammetric Society on 18th October, 1988. The meeting also heard about the Congress Exhibition and the deliberations of the General Assembly during the Congress. Papers from the Congress were published in the International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 27.
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    Notes: A test was devised to measure the distortion of a ship section during and after a crane lift. As the shipbuilders expend significant man hours and costs in carrying out adjustments to fit ship sections together after lifting, it was hoped that information gained from the test could be used to make design adjustments to ensure a better fit. The test was carried out by BKS Surveys Ltd. and Harland and Wolff Ltd., the Belfast shipbuilders.
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    Notes: A review is provided of the techniques and applications of very close range photogrammetry to engineering measurements in the electricity supply industry. Starting from a definition of very close range photogrammetry by consideration of depth of field, the techniques of measurement in the range 300 mm to 3 m are discussed with an analysis of four practical examples; two examples relate to the confirmation of continued structural integrity of nuclear reactor components by remote photogrammetric measurement, one uses the technique for measuring creep stress for component life assessment and one uses it for the baseline measurements of insulation coverplates in a nuclear reactor pressure vessel. Emphasis is given to the mathematical modelling of the cameras employed and their subsequent calibration. The development of a universal calibration facility for all cameras working in this range is described.
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    Notes: A technique which enables spatial data to be obtained from historical photography is outlined. The method is applied to a 40 year sequence of oblique aerial photography of the Black Ven landslide in Dorset, England. Some of the possible data processing options are discussed and illustrated by some preliminary results produced from the Dorset landslide.
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    Notes: Forecasts are prone to error and forecasters are always liable to criticism. The author has been brave enough to attempt to predict some future trends in photogrammetry.
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    Notes: The Air Photographs Unit of the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHM) has taken a large collection of oblique aerial photographs, using a non-metric camera, of archaeological evidence. Techniques are described which use this photography in conjunction with a Kern DSR1 analytical plotter to produce maps. Some results from using the techniques are given.
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    Notes: In recent years a large number of conflicts associated with environmental risks have arisen in Hungary. The case study described here is related to the siting of a hazardous waste incinerator in Dorog. First, the history of the siting procedure is outlined in terms of the multiparty, multiattribute decision framework. Subsequently, the case reveals how stakeholder groups can be identified in the structure of decision-making, how they think about the object causing the conflict, about the conflict itself, and the possibilities of resolving it. In investigating the conflict, a combination of analytical tools were applied. The multiple-perspective model of Linstone and the argumentation analysis of Toulmin provided the frame for analyzing the information collected by interviews in the affected town, Dorog, and two other towns affected to different degrees in environmental problems.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Many problems arise in connection with the communication of risk information. In this article the content of the information communicated is taken as a starting-point for analyzing the risk communication process. We studied the way in which authorities communicated health risks to local residents in Dutch soil pollution situations and found that communication problems were characterized more by misunderstanding and conflict between parties with different views and interests than by a lack of understanding. Therefore, it is important to look more closely at the way the communicators of information (in our cases, officials) select risk information from risk assessments, and to study the effects that the information selected has on the receivers (in our cases, residents). Both the process of selection by the officials and the process of interpretation by the residents will be shown to be influenced by the different institutional backgrounds. The article presents a new approach to risk communication. Both the risk information presented by the authorities and the public reactions to this risk information are considered to reflect the institutional background of authorities and residents, and can be analyzed in these terms. Such an approach has consequences for the study of risk communication and the manner in which it is practiced.
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    Notes: Risk communication is seen as an important adjunct to the process of siting locally noxious facilities. To understand how risk communication might function in such a process, one needs to understand the political context that gives rise to public opposition to such facilities in the first place. This analysis draws on a variety of data to describe the decline of deference, a situation in which a hostile and alienated public is mobilized primarily through ad hoc voluntary organizations, and is increasingly reluctant to defer important decisions to institutional elites. Risk communication programs must be designed to offset the trends that result in the decline of deference. This conclusion differs markedly from the conventional wisdom that risk communication is merely a device for providing information to citizens so sthat they may make more rational decisions.
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    Notes: Any personal or societal activity, besides bringing us benefits, also carries some risk. Energy production and use are no exceptions. In order to judge these risks, they must be quantified, and the risks of all alternative methods of producing this energy must then be compared among each other. These risks originate in many parts of the energy cycle; they are diverse in character and involve different parts of the population. It is therefore necessary to discriminate between many aspects of risk so that only reasonably comparable categories are compared. The results of a critical analysis of the international risk literature are presented, which are applicable to power production plants as they could be built today in central European countries. This review pays special attention to the possibility of severe accidents occurring, which attract so much attention in our modern societies. It turns out that the health risks of routine nuclear energy production are lower than the risks of other energy options, particularly for the general public. The probability of a severe accident occurring is far higher for all conventional energy options. Only the renewable systems utilizing the energy of the sun and the wind are not susceptible to severe accidents.
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    Notes: Although there is a large body of literature on the unwillingness of the insurance industry to offer protection against risks such as environmental pollution, there has been only limited analysis regarding two key actors in the decision process—actuaries and underwriters. However, if actuaries and underwriters feel that a particular type of risk is uninsurable, then it is unlikely to be offered. This paper investigates how ambiguities associated with a risk affect actuary and underwriter decision processes, the paper contends that the decision of the insurance industry to not provide protection against environmental pollution liability is due to ambiguity of the risk. Empirical evidence from controlled laboratory experiments with actuaries and a model of choice in underwriter decision processes support this point.
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    Notes: One of the more critical environmental risk areas involves the financing of cleanup costs associated with past improper disposal of hazardous wastes. These costs will run into the tens of billions of dollars. The federal Superfund program and related state programs are the driving forces for cleaning up hazardous waste. Under Superfund, the government collects taxes and coordinates cleanup strategies, and searches for potentially responsible parties (generators, disposers, transporters) to assist in financing the cleanup. To lessen the financial impact, responsible parties are looking to their liability insurers to provide coverage under old general liability insurance policies. Insurance companies contend that Superfund liabilities are not covered under liability policies. The paper examines the various financing methods and liabilities produced by Superfund. Particular emphasis is placed on developments in the courts which are resulting in a significant shift in the financial responsibilities to the insurance industry. Broad estimates of the financial impact of Superfund liabilities are developed. Finally, several public policy issues, which are raised by the topics exmained in this paper, are discussed.
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    Notes: A mathematical model to aid in assessment of human environmental exposure to volatile organic substances is presented. The model simulates the convective and diffusive transport of gas from the ambient environment into the human body by way of the respiratory and circulatory systems. Data required include easily obtained physical and chemical properties of substances as well as several estimated or measured physiological parameters. Transient and steady-state tissue concentrations resulting from an input atmospheric partial pressure are predicted. From these concentrations, an effective dose may be calculated, allowing for the determination of an exposure-response relationship based upon independently obtained dose-response data. The model's results compare favorably to experimental data on oxygen and halothane. Steady-state conditions are reached very rapidly. These results suggest that uptake of these substances is limited by both ventilation and perfusion. The sensitivities of steady-state concentrations to changes in the ventilation and perfusion rates are demonstrated to be essentially linear within the current neighborhoods. Conditions in which the primary processes of ventilation, diffusion, perfusion, and elimination limit uptake of gases are considered. Expressions describing the conditions necessary for a single process to limit gas uptake are derived. Accompanying equations for estimating tissue concentrations under these limiting conditions are presented.
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    Notes: Some decisions made today have far-reaching consequences as exemplified by those concerning nuclear power and spent nuclear fuel. The investigation presented here uses a decision theoretic framework in which time horizons and the discounting of negative consequences play significant roles. The results indicated wide variations in the lengths of the planning horizons judged to be adequate not only across a number of activities, including nuclear waste management, but also across groups of subjects (e.g., engineering students, retired people, and nuclear fuel experts). The paper reports typical judgments and correlations between different variables for different groups of subjects. The differences across groups reflect potential sources of conflict, depending in part on different values and different perceptions of more or less uncertain facts. Discounting functions for negative consequences in the future were also established. A range in differences in the speed of discounting were found and illustrated. Furthermore, it was found that substantial proportions in all groups regarded negative consequences related to nuclear waste as nondiscountable. When asked about the effect of time until outcome on acceptable probability of a negative outcome, many subjects used the probability concept in an incoherent way, illustrating the great difficulty in communicating small probabilities in a long-term risk context.
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    Notes: Five years of the annual Health Interview Survey, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, are used to estimate the effects of air pollution, smoking, and environmental tobacco smoke on respiratory restrictions in activity for adults, and bed disability for children. After adjusting for several socioeconomic factors, the multiple regression estimates indicate that an independent and statistically significant association exists between these three forms of air pollution and respiratory morbidity. The comparative risks of these exposures are computed and the plausibility of the relative risks is examined by comparing the equivalent doses with actual measurements of exposure taken in the homes of smokers. The results indicate that: (1) smokers will have a 55–75% excess in days with respiratory conditions severe enough to cause reductions in normal activity; (2) a 1 μg increase in fine particulate matter air pollution is associated with a 3% excess in acute respiratory disease; and (3) a pack-a-day smoker will increase respiratory restricted days for a nonsmoking spouse by 20% and increase the number of bed disability days for young children living in the household by 20%. The results also indicate that the estimates of the effects of secondhand smoking on children are improved when the mother's work status is known and incorporated into the exposure estimate.
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    Notes: The following situation has been considered: during an accident sequence, a crew has to do a proper set of actions within a finite time window in order to achieve a specific goal. The operator actions are considered independent, they are lined up in series, and a single failure leads to mission failure. This paper proposes a general methodology for assessing the crew response (or success) probability, through a convolution integral formulation. This method is general and can be applied to any response probability model; an application to the Human Cognitive Reliability model is given.
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    Notes: This paper analyzes quantitatively the design of the Ocean Ranger off-shore oil drilling rig that capsized and sank on February 15, 1982 off the coast of Canada. A review of the actual disaster is also included based on evidence gathered by the Canadian Royal Commission. The risk analysis includes the construction of a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) table, a fault tree, and a quantitative evaluation including common cause failure of the rig components. In the case of the Ocean Ranger ballast control system, it was shown that the analysis was able both to successfully model the catastrophic system failure of the portholes, the actual system failure mode, and identify a common cause failure mode of the pump system. This study represents an application of reliability and risk techniques to the oil services industry.
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    Notes: Using group totals, young drivers, male drivers, and especially young male drivers are substantially over-represented in terms of both traffic accidents and traffic-related convictions. On the other hand, when accidents and convictions are considered in terms of their rates while the person is actually driving, older drivers and female drivers gain in importance, with the female drivers' traffic accident rate and rates for some convictions exceeding the male drivers' rates. Similarly, the older drivers' accident rate and rates on some convictions exceeded the younger drivers' rates when considered in terms of driving exposure. In addition, these findings lead one to speculate that recent driving exposure more than driver age is the central factor in traffic accident involvement. The implications for policy makers and educators are clear. Although young male drivers are undeniably a legitimate focus for traffic accident countermeasures, they should not be targeted at the expense of drivers who drive less but have as high or higher accident rates—female and older drivers.
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    Notes: In light of the Armitage-Doll multistage carcinogenesis theory, this paper examines the assumption that an additive relative risk relationship is indicative of two carcinogens that affect the same stage in the cancer process. We present formulas to compute excess cancer risks for a variety of patterns for limited exposure durations to two carcinogens that affect the first and penultimate stages; and using an index of synergy proposed by Thomas (1982), we find a number of these patterns to produce additive, or nearly additive, relative risk relationships. The consistent feature of these patterns is that the two exposure periods are of short duration and occur close together.
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    Notes: Book Reviewed in this Article: Engineering Risk and Hazard Assessment Edited by Abraham Kandel and Eitan Avni Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc. Applied Decision Support By Michael W. Davis Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Health Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields: Research, Communication, Regulation International Utility Symposium Toronto, Canada: Electric Power Research Institute, Canadian Electrical Association, Edison Electric Institute, National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, Bonneville, Power Administration Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water: Prevention, Detection, and Restoration The Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers Dublin, OH: National Water Well Association Fault Detection and Reliability: Knowledge Based and Other Approaches Edited by M. G. Singh, K. S. Hindi, G. Schmidt, and S. Tzafestas Oxford: Pergamon Press Air Pollution, the Automobile, and Public Health Edited by Ann Y. Watson, Richard R. Bates, and Donald Kennedy Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press Pollution Threat of Heavy Metals in Aquatic Environments By Geoffrey Mance London: Elsevier Applied Science
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    Notes: A probabilistic risk assessment study has been undertaken in the French city of Lyons. The issue was to know whether it was justified to forbid hazardous material lorries in the city center and to divert them through the suburbs. Therefore, two routes, the City Center route and the Suburban route were compared. This paper describes the analysis and shows how the results were used in the decision-making process. It also lists the difficulties that are encountered when trying to incorporate formal risk analysis into actual decision-making processes. The risk analysis showed that rerouting is an effective option with respect to all criteria. The mathematical expectation of the number of deaths is divided by three, the reduction on the annual frequency of catastrophic accidents is even more important (about one order of magnitude for accidents involving more than 50 deaths). The spatial analysis proved that the risk was more evenly distributed along the Suburban route. However, the annual expected number of death is low: 0.5 in the worst case. So traditional decision-making approaches do not indicate the necessity of rerouting. Such a situation is believed to be typical for risk management of major hazards. In Lyons, the use of a very small risk aversion factor is sufficient to justify the rerouting option on a formal decision-aiding basis. This is rather unusual, but it is thought that the recognition of the importance of risk aversion by the decision-makers themselves is a very positive outcome from this study.
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    Notes: The main impetus to the development of information about major industrial hazards in the European Community comes from the so-called Seveso Directive, which defines an information network and requires the generation and transmission of information as the basis for accident prevention and risk management. This important policy development, which calls for the formal identification and analysis of major hazards and the communication of risk information to members of the public, presents new opportunities and challenges to risk analysis and research in Europe. This paper briefly reviews the accidents that gave rise to the Directive and shaped its content, and then summarizes its requirements. The status of its implementation in the EC Member States is discussed, with special emphasis given to the comparison of safety analysis practices, the Major Accident Reporting System (MARS), and risk communication. Some new research directions stimulated by the Directive are identified.
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  • 83
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 84
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Risk Management and Hazardous Waste By Brian Wynne Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987 459 pp., $59.50 hb. Hazard Assessment of Chemicals, Vol. 5 Edited by Jitendra Saxena Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1987 440 pp., $59.50 hb. Pesticides: Minimizing the Risks Edited by Nancy N. Ragsdale and Ronald J. Kuhr Washington, D. C.: American Chemical Society, 1987 185 pp., $34.95 hb. Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: 10th Volume Edited by William J. Adams, Gary A. Chapman, and Wayne G. Landis Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Society for Testing and Materials, Special Technical Publication, 1988 580 pp., $64.00 hb. Silent Spring Revisited Edited by Gino J. Marco, Robert M. Hollingworth, and William Durham Washington, D. C.: American Chemical Society, 1987 214 pp., $29.95 hb. The Dilemma of Toxic Substance Regulation: How Overregulation Causes Underregulation at OSHA By John M. Mendelhoff Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 1988 321 pp., $35.00 hb. Hazardous Materials Disposal: Siting and Management Edited by Manas Chatterji Brookfield, Vermont: Gower Publishing Co., 1987 331 pp., $59.50 hb. Guide to State Environmental Programs Edited by Deborah Hitchcock Jessup Washington, D. C.: The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1988 578 pp., $40.00 pb. Environmental Biotechnology: Reducing Risks from Environmental Chemicals through Biotechnology Edited by Gilbert S. Omenn; associate eds., Rita Colwell, A. M. Chakrabarty, Morris Levin, and Perry McCarty New York: Plenum Press, 1988 505 pp., $89.50 hg. Radioactivity and Nuclear Waste Disposal By Foo-Sun Lau New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1987 615 pp., $144.00 hg. Managerial Decision Analysis By Danny Samson Homewood, Illinois: Richard D. Irwin, Inc., 1988 745 pp., $43.95 hb.
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  • 85
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 86
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Parodi et al.(1) and Zeise et al.(2) found a surprising statistical correlation (or association) between acute toxicity and carcinogenic potency. In order to shed light on the questions of whether or not it is a causal correlation, and whether or not it is a statistical or tautological artifact, we have compared the correlations for the NCI/NTP data set with those for chemicals not in this set. Carcinogenic potencies were taken from the Gold et al. database. We find a weak correlation with an average value of TD50/LD50= 0.04 for the non-NCI data set, compared with TD50/LD50= 0.15 for the NCI data set. We conclude that it is not easy to distinguish types of carcinogens on the basis of whether or not they are acutely toxic.
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  • 87
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 88
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Bayesian methods can be very useful in modeling applications used in risk assessments. For example, a Bayesian analysis can be used to provide a probabilistic comparison of different probability models relative to a set of data, as well as to provide uncertainty bounds on the predictions from the various models. For more complex models or composite models, the Bayesian methods easily adapt to include the uncertainty on the weights associated with each of the models that comprise the composite model. Industry data representing the time to recovery of loss of off-site power at nuclear power plants are used within this paper to demonstrate these aspects of Bayesian analysis.〈section xml:id="abs1-1"〉〈title type="main"〉SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe Bayesian based method presented in Section 3 for the calculation of posterior odds provides the analyst with a way of quantifying the adequacy of different probability models for a set of data, and thus replaces the subjectivity with an objective criterion. The methods presented in Sections 4 and 5 provide a basis for constructing uncertainty bounds for recovery/probability curves. These uncertainty bounds are useful in risk assessments. The bounds capture parametric uncertainties and uncertainties about relative frequencies of various initiators of events. The methods presented in Section 6 demonstrate how to modify a model to incorporate specific information about the site under study.
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  • 89
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Decision analysis is used to examine whether residential smoke detectors should be required by law. Statistics pertaining to fire incidence, fire death, smoke detector efficacy, and the consequences of fire are examined for accuracy and availability and combined in a decision model. A sensitivity analysis is performed on the model inputs. Included in the analysis is the idea that homes with detectors may have lower death rates due to the characteristics of those who purchase detectors rather than the detectors themselves. Results from the base case estimate show an expected cost of $65,000 per life saved when a law is enacted. This value lies well below the value implied by spending on other public safety programs.
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  • 90
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Agency representatives often believe that if they could only find ways to explain risk data more clearly, communities would accept risk that scientists see as minimal, and take seriously risks scientists see as serious. While explaining the data effectively is important, agencies and industries need to place a greater priority on understanding community concerns, involving communities in risk decisions, and developing trust and credibility.
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  • 91
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 92
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 93
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The use of random elements in accident analyses is practical in that it avoids the need to enumerate all possible failure paths and allows the application of probability analyses to some elements of a complex system. Sometimes, however, the concept of randomness is used only as a residual category to label unexplained features of accident analysis. When common cause failures or system interactions are involved, such an approach can be misleading. Analyses focusing upon nonrandom elements can thus be important in understanding failures of both technical and organizational systems, and some of the problems of such an approach are explored. A detailed analysis of a fatal fire in a railway sleeping car at Taunton, England, in 1978, demonstrates how initial errors can interact with an existing sociotechnical structure to produce new orderly patterns as an accident develops. A simple model to understand this nonrandom error propagation requires a description of the initial system structure in social and technical terms, specifying features such as the task and the sentient boundaries of subsystems. When an error or a set of errors is introduced into this system, the consequent system interventions are structured by the constraints of the preexisting system which they do not destroy. Rather than offering randomness as an account of such phenomena, the analysis encourages a search for regularities in the apparently unstructured events surrounding large-scale accidents or system failures.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Nuclear power production in France, as the domain of one national utility and one reactor builder, has a standardized profile of technical installations, safety procedures, and personnel qualifications. Despite this relative homogeneity, discrepancies are observed from one production unit to another, notably in the area of worker-safety performance. There is a strong implication for risk analysis: varying performance cannot be attributed solely to the technical dimensions of equipment, procedures, and human skills. The authors retain as a working hypothesis that safety performance is an outcome of interactions between technical and organizational factors. Traditional risk analysis appears to be underequipped to represent such interactions. The notion of decentralized risk analysis (DRA) is introduced as a means of achieving this goal. A program of applied research carried out in a NPP facility is presented. It aims at increasing, across plant work structure, knowledge and control of these interactions specific to the given context. Systematic measurements and feedback of social representations are performed, using a three-dimensional factor space of individual and organizational values. Direct involvement of the total plant population, transfer of analytic tools, methodological continuity, interactive elaboration of data, coordination of different levels of findings with operations, follow-up and feedback of measured change, are the main features of this DRA process. In the case cited, improvement observed in safety performance parallels changes in measured social representations. The value of DRA for articulating technical and organizational dimensions of risk, and for integrating information into decision-making, is argued.
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  • 95
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Risk analyses in The Netherlands have been optimized so that they now express risks in a numerical form suitable for comparison to national safety standards. This factor is more important to national government than to local authorities; other factors relevant for local authorities are given less emphasis or even completely omitted from the results of the analysis. From a comparison of 16 risk analyses carried out during the last decade, it became clear that in the last 5 years the methods of risk analyses related to external safety have become unified. Results are now presented in terms of individual risk contours and in terms of F-N curves (accident frequency vs. exceeded number of fatalities). This unification seems to be a result of government policy. First, the implementation of the post-Seveso-directive (501/82/EC) in The Netherlands obliges a number of industries to provide the authorities with a quantitative risk assessment. Second, the government has set standards for the maximum permissible risk in residential areas. A unified type of risk analysis is a tool to achieve both these policies. From interviews with local government authorities, however, it has become clear that they need and use some quantitative risk information that is not provided by the unified analysis. They feel they need figures that provide insight into the effects of incidents and into the way effects may change as a result of safety measures. Ultimately, government policy may mean that local officials receive less information than before.
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  • 96
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Workplace exposures to airborne chemicals are regulated in the U.S. by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) via the promulgation of permissible exposure limits (PELs). These limits, usually defined as eight-hour time-weighted average values, are enforced as concentrations never to be exceeded. In the case of chronic or delayed toxicants, the PEL is determined from epidemiological evidence and/or quantitative risk assessments based on long-term mean exposures or, equivalently, cumulative lifetime exposures. A statistical model was used to investigate the relation between the compliance strategy, the PEL as a limit never to be exceeded, and the health risk as measured by the probability that an individual's long-term mean exposure concentration is above the PEL. The model incorporates within-worker and between-worker variability in exposure, and assumes the relevant distributions to be log-normal. When data are inadequate to estimate the parameters of the full model, as it is in compliance inspections, it is argued that the probability of a random measurement being above the PEL must be regarded as a lower bound on the probability that a randomly selected worker's long-term mean exposure concentration will exceed the PEL. It is concluded that OSHA's compliance strategy is a reasonable, as well as a practical, means of limiting health risk for chronic or delayed toxicants.
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  • 97
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 98
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: So, we can argue that the lay public are not fools in their attitudes about risk. That nonexperts should show more concern over hazardous waste facilities in their neighborhoods than radon levels in their homes is not a sign of irrationality (because aggregate and individual risks are greater from the radon), but simply a sign that nonexperts are working from a different set of criteria. These criteria are incorporated in what I call the democratic model. The democratic model evaluates risk based on its social and political consequences, such as possible disruption in the social fabric or a loss of communality. Lay criteria for assessing the impact of risk decisions are not explicit, like the those of the risk analyst, but are embedded in cultural values. Similarly, lay evaluations of risk incorporate substantive and procedural democratic values, such as the acceptability of processes for making decisions, the ethics of the distribution of risk, and the capacity to control a source of risk in the community's interests. Finally, the democratic model relates judgments about risks to the competence (Can we trust them?) and the legitimacy (Should we trust them?) of the social institutions that impose and control those risks. The public's judgments about risk are not inferior, but different, and arguably richer than those of the experts.
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    Risk analysis 9 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Historically, mice have served a routine and useful purpose in the research, development, and testing of biologicals, chemicals, and drugs for efficacy, toxicity, and carcinogenic risk. The literature is replete with examples using mice to study organic compounds both in short-term tests involving tumor initiation and promotion and in long-term experiments dealing with fertility, reproduction, and teratology. During the past two decades, a virtual explosion of advances has occurred in modern biology that includes the discoveries of retroviruses, oncogenes, DNA restriction enzymes, nucleotide sequence analyses, and microinjection techniques. Fusion of these milestones in genetic, molecular, and cell biology with recent developments in mouse embryology has opened novel avenues and methods of experimentation as significant additions to the risk assessment armamentarium that currently uses both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Some promising directions afforded by transgenic mice as powerful future tools in risk assessment will be summarized below.
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