ALBERT

Description: Neohattoria Kamim. is a monotypic genus of the Jubulaceae (= Frullaniaceae) with a single species, N. herzogii (Hatt.) Kamim., known from central to northern Japan and the southern part of the Kurile Islands. The present genus was segregated from Frullania by Kamimura (1961; sub. nom. Hattoria Kamim. nom. illeg., non Schust., 1961) on the basis of the branching type, the shape of the first leaf and underleaf on branch, the total lack of secondary pigmentation, the uniform cell structure of the stem in cross section, and the strongly toothed leaf lobes. The generic concept of Neohattoria was greatly expanded by Schuster (1970), who included eight species and classified them into two subgenera, subgen. Neohattoria (with a single species) and subgen. Microfrullania Schust. (with seven species); however, Hattori et al. (1972) transferred all species of subgen. Microfrullania to a newly segregated genus Schusterella Hatt. et al., thus retaining the monotypic status of Neohattoria. As already described and illustrated by Hattori (1955), Kamimura (1961), Mizutani (1961), Ladyzhenskaja (1963), Schuster (1970), and Hattori et al. (1972), Neohattoria herzogii is closely related to species of both Jubula and Frullania. Regarding the taxonomic desposition of Neohattoria, Mizutani (1961) and Mizutani & Hattori (1969) placed it with Jubula in a subfamily Jubuloideae of Lejeuneaceae and Hattori et al. placed it in Jubulaceae (s. lat.). But, Kamimura (1961), Schuster (1970, 1979), and Guercke (1978) placed it more close to Frullania, e.g. in a subfamily Frullanioideae of Jubulaceae (s. lat.); more recently, Asakawa et al. (1979b), admitting three distinct families, Jubulaceae, Frullaniaceae, and Lejeuneaceae, placed Neohattoria and Jubula in the Jubulaceae (s. str.) but Frullania and Schusterella in the Frullaniaceae.

Description: The originally monotypic eastern Malaysian genus Schiffneriolejeunea Verdoorn 1933 has now become a widespread, pantropical group of about fifteen species by the inclusion of species from the genus Ptychocoleus Trev. nom. illeg. Six species are known from Asia, three of which constitute the sect. Saccatae (Verdoorn) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. These are the widespread Schiffneriolejeunea tumida (Nees) Gradst., the eastern Malaysian S. cumingiana (Mont.) Gradst. and S. nymannii (Steph.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. Schiffneriolejeunea tumida is a rather polymorphic species in which two not sharply defined varieties may be distinguished: S. tumida var. tumida with more or less involuted leaf margins, and S. tumida var. haskarliana (Gott.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. with plane margins.

Description: A phytosociological survey based on methods of the Zürich-Montpellier School was carried out in the páramo vegetation of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. The study area covers about 10,000 and comprises the páramo between the Nevado de Sumapaz (3°55'N, 4250 m), the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (6°25'N, 5493 m) and the Páramo del Almorzadero (7°N, 4375 m). The páramo vegetation was studied along various altitudinal transects from the upper forest line (3000-3500 m) up to the lower limit of the snowcap (4800 m). A general description of the study area includes data on geology, geomorphology, soils, climate, flora, phytogeography, morphological characters of the vegetation, fauna and landuse. The evolution and Quaternary history of páramo vegetation and climate is reviewed, incorporating the first data from the Lateglacial and Holocene of the Páramo de Sumapaz. The general altitudinal zonation of the páramo vegetation was studied and is presented for both the dry and the humid side of the Cordillera. The zonal and azonal plant communities are described including their physiognomy, composition and syntaxonomy, habitat and distribution. Eighty five syntaxa from the rank of variant to that of the class are newly described, 17 of which are provisional. The vegetation is not ranked syntaxonomically yet, but described on the basis of preliminary tables. A number of azonal communities, part of them of lesser extent, are described in a similar way. The páramo vegetation is primarily determined by the tropical diurnal high mountain climate. The diversity of the páramo vegetation is related to temperature (altitudinal gradient) and to humidity (dry and wet climate). The presence of zonal bunchgrass páramo, bamboo-bunchgrass páramo or bamboo páramo mainly depends on the complex interrelation between these factors. Finally a synthesis is provided on ecology, morphology and phytogeography of the páramo vegetation of the study area.

Description: Isoëtes Palmeri with a distribution in the High Andes from the Páramo of Venezuela to the Páramo of Ecuador is described as a new taxon, and dedicated to the then American specialist of the genus, Thomas Chalkley Palmer (1860-1934). The new species belongs to the tropical-Andeanaustral-antarctic section Laeves, described as new here as well. The publication of the new species had to be anticipated to the projected monographic treatment of the South-American representatives of the genus Isoëtes, as A.M. Cleef, Utrecht intends to base a new association, the Isoëtetum Palmeri on this new taxon, observed and collected by him at many instances within the Colombian Páramo between 1971 and 1980 in the context of the preparation of his doctoral thesis now under way.

Description: Until recently relatively little attention has been paid to the study of chromosomes in liverworts. The first substantial contributions were made by Heitz (1927, 1928) and Lorbeer (1934). In the second half of this century chromosome studies on liverworts were mainly carried out in Europe (e.g. Fritsch 1972; Newton 1977, 1979) and Japan (e.g. Tatuno 1959; Segawa 1965a, b, c; Inoue 1968). Inoue (in Koponen 1979) reports that until now 28% of all bryophyte species in Japan have been investigated as to their chromosome complement. A comprehensive, but rather outdated, survey of chromosome numbers in Hepaticae and Anthocerotae was given by Berrie (1960). Work on a new, updated survey is now underway (Fritsch, in prep.). In the present article results are presented of a cytotaxonomic investigation of European species of the genera Aneura and Riccardia (Aneuraceae). Most specimens were gathered in the Netherlands, but some chromosome counts based on French and German plants are also included.

Description: During an ecological study of fungi of the tidal mudflats in Kuwait, a Sporothrix species has been recorded twice, in 1977 and 1980. It differs from other species of the genus (de Hoog, 1974, 1978) in several characters and is here described as a new species. A comparison with similar species of the genus is added.

Description: In Madroño (1936) Herre has lamented the disappearance of lichen species through the disastrous interference of man. Unavoidably, the advance of civilised modern life is linked with destruction of the vegetation. This applies all the more as the endangered area is more densely populated and it certainly applies most alarmingly to the lichen flora of the Netherlands. Here, every way-side tree felled is an irreparable loss to the epiphytic lichen communities, every acre of heath burnt or turned into arable land is a blow to our stock of terrestrial lichen species, whereas the use of dry fertilisers and the spraying of orchards are very effective in killing any lichen in the neighbourhood that otherwise might have survived. A comparison of the material preserved in the older collections with what can be found nowadays, clearly shows what has gone lost. It is sad to think that an ever increasing number of species are on their way to total extermination. However, from a thorough investigation of the epiphytic communities of cryptogams latterly started by Mr J. J. Barkman, it becomes apparent that at least to some extent the losses may be compensated by the discovery of species hitherto overlooked or not recognised. It is on such and other finds that I intend to report from time to time.

Description: Among the collections of Knema acquired by the Rijksherbarium since the publication of my new account of the genus Knema, in Blumea 25, 1979: 321 — 478, a few specimens caused problems with the identification, and at closer examination these yielded facts of interest which are published here. Some specimens represented stages not yet known, for instance fruits, or male flowers, while other specimens meant a significant range extension of the species. Two new species and one new subspecies are described. For easy reference, the sequence and numbers of the species presently treated correspond with the numbers as used in the account of 1979. The new species bear the number of the species after which they appear in the general key of 1979, with the addition ‘-bis’.

Description: The early development (ontogeny) of the carpels of 20 species belonging to 8 apocarpous families was investigated with the scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that on the floral apex a circular or a convex meristem develops into an obliquely ascidiate primordium by unequal growth of its periphery. By further unequal growth it develops into a young carpel. The terminal mouth of a cup becomes the lateral cleft of a carpel. The different forms of the young carpels in different species are defined by the varying degree of development of the adaxial region of the initial meristem and/or its margin on the side of the floral apex. This hypothesis is theoretically evaluated.

Description: The stomata as occurring on the fronds of the sporophytes of a large number of Polypodiaceae s.s. (Filicales) are investigated. A number of different stomatal types is recognised, (newly) described, and their ontogeny investigated. The different types of stomata are discussed in relation to their possible significance for tracing phylogenetic relationships in the Polypodiaceae following a cladistic analysis.

Description: A world-revision of Arthraxon Beauv. ( Gramineae) is presented. Three wide-spread species, A. hispidus (Thunb.) Makino, A. lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst., and A. lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. are very variable and have caused the description of a great number of taxa, most of which are here reduced to synonomy. There are now 7 species and 9 varieties; for 6 of the latter new combinations are proposed. No new taxa are described.

Description: Of this series of preparations to the definite publication of the Burseraceae in “Flora Malesiana”, the present part is giving an additional note on VI. Garuga and dealing with the genera VII. Triomma, VIII. Dacryodes and IX. Santiria (and a new combination in Protium). The present paper gives only additions to and alterations of Lam’s monograph (H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., Sér. 3, 12, 1932, 281— 561); descriptions, synonyms, litterature, specimens cited, ecological and other notes are only mentioned insofar as they are not given by Lam.

Description: A study has been made of the Indo-Malaysian species of Cnestis. The mutual length ratio of sepals and petals, — brevi- and aequipetaly —, is the main differentiating character for the species; there are no transitions. The areas of distribution overlap in the Malay Peninsula (fig. 1); brevipetalous types are known from the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes, aequipetalous types from Burma, Siam, Indo-China and the Andaman Islands, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. Fruits are of two different shapes: beaked in aequipetalae of the Andamans, Burma, Siam, and Indo-China, pear-shaped in remaining aequipetalae and in brevipetalae. Leaves tend to be longer and jugae more numerous in brevipetalae than in aequipetalae. Other characters do not have so clear a separating value, such as texture and indumentum of leaflets, indumentum of inflorescence, texture and indumentum of petals, length of stamens, type and length of pistils, length ratio of stamens and pistils. However, even on the strength of these characters there is some reason to distinguish both groups mentioned above. As to the indumentum of petals there is a remarkable cline in a decreasing sense from the Philippines to continental Asia, the Andamans and the Malay Peninsula and back to the east through the brevipetalae of Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Celebes. Brevi- and aequipetalae have been considered to represent two species, viz Cnestis platantha Griff. and Cnestis palala (Lour.) Merrill. The latter one has been divided into two subspecies, viz subsp. palala with beaked fruits and subsp. diffusa (Blanco) Andreas with pear-shaped fruits. For their area of distribution see fig. 1. In many respects some plants of the Andamans, Burma, Siam, Indo-China (and the Malay Peninsula) are different from the remaining aequipetalae, but not in a uniform way as to the various characters. Although there are some arguments for a further taxonomic subdivision, we did not think it advisable to introduce such a division at present. Our classification differs from the division as given by Schellenberg (1938). This was caused by the material on one hand, being more heterogeneous than Schellenberg described it, and, on the other hand, by the fact that some of the diagnostic characters used by him, in our opinion were not fit for use as such. Therefore a revision of Schellenberg’s system of the genus Cnestis seems desirable.

Description: Owing to their limited possibilities for either active or passive dispersal, their association with the soil habitat, their vulnerability towards a dry atmosphere, and, in fact, on account of their general ecology and ethology, Diplopoda among arthropods are surely one of the most important classes in relation to the study of historical biogeography. For the class as a whole the sea appears to be an unsuperable barrier as is proved by the almost complete absence of endemic taxa on oceanic islands. In many cases lowland plains also act as severe obstacles against the dispersal of millipedes. The presence or absence of diplopods on islands or continents, therefore, may give a strong argument in favour or against any supposed former land connection. The long geographical isolation of the Australian continent and the absence of endemic higher taxa seems to imply that most, if not all, of its diplopod fauna dates from the time this continent was solidly attached to other southern continents, i.e. the Mesozoic. Subsequent penetration of fauna elements from the north or northwest seems utterly unlikely, although perhaps not entirely impossible.

Description: While engaged on working out the beautiful pycnogonid material dredged by Dr Th. Mortensen in shallow waters near the Virgin Islands, I thought it useful to compare this dredged material with material collected between the tide marks, or just below the low tide line. So I was very glad to meet Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, who has made extensive collections of littoral marine animals during his various trips to the West Indies, and who kindly entrusted me with about 50 lots of pycnogonids which had already been sorted from his material. A definitive paper will be published as soon as his entire marine material has been searched for the presence of sea spiders.

Description: Recent investigations of the distribution of trace elements in metamorphic index minerals of metapelites have revealed, that the plurifacial character of the Hercynian metamorphism in this area is confirmed by the distribution of Yttrium in Hercynian garnets of the metamorphic series.

Description: The formation of thick piles of flysch-like sediments needs the existence of narrowed seas, active denouement of neighbouring continents, and generalized marginal subsidence. These conditions are present during the initial and final stages of Wilson’s perceptive cycle. In this context, the Late Precambrian flysch of the Iberian Massif must be related to the initial rifting, whilst the Culm of southwestern Iberia was accumulated during an episode of Upper Palaeozoic subduction that remained active after the impingement of Iberia against North America. Culm sediments shed from the uplifted collision zone and fed into a remnant ocean that remained at the nonsutured southern border of Iberia. This model of synorogenic flysch formation has been described elsewhere for similar plate arrangements. On other grounds this model provides a framework that explains the different structural and magmatic trends of the Ossa-Morena Zone (near the active margin) in the context of the rest of the Massif (basement reactivation). In addition to this, it seems to support a partly primary origin for the Iberian arc versus a secondary origin.

Description: Larvae of the crabs Menippe mercenaria Say (Menippidae), Panopeus herbstii Milne-Edwards, Neopanope sayi Smith (Xanthidae), Sesarma cinereum Bosc (Grapsidae), and Libinia emerginata Leach (Majidae) were reared in the laboratory. Starvation periods different in length and timing within the first zoeal stage were studied as to their effects on later development and survival rate. After 1-3 days of initial feeding, most larvae had accumulated enough reserves to reach the second stage, independently of further food availability. The development of the survivors was delayed in the following stages, and their later mortality rate was higher than the fed controls. Starvation periods commencing directly after hatching of the larvae exert far stronger negative effects than those beginning later. All observations suggest a particularly sensitive phase in the beginning of larval life in brachyurans. When initial starvation periods exceed the point-of-no-return (PNR), the larvae will die later, even if feeding begins long before the energy reserves are depleted. Temporary lack of suitable prey may be an ecological factor controlling the survival of crab larvae as effectively as physical factors.

Description: Resistance to starvation in early larval stages of six species of brachyuran crabs representing four families was observed at various constant temperatures. In the optimal temperature range of 25-30°C for these warm temperate crab larvae, survival time of starved zoeae was longer than the development duration time in fed zoeae, while at lower temperatures the relationship of these two duration periods became inversed. This response pattern is found in larvae of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii and is considered to be typical for warm temperature brachyuran larvae. It indicates that reserved utilization is strongly controlled by temperature, but not to the same degree as development.

Description: Early diagenetic ultrastructural alterations of benthic foraminifers of the genera Elphidium and Ophtalmina from the shallow water sediments of the Kiel Bight were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Pure solution patterns were deduced from supplementary experiments.Several carbonate destroying processes can be specified by ultrastructural patterns of the shell surfaces. Based on these patterns three zones are established, each showing different mechanisms of shell fragmentation: 1) zone of abrasion, 2) zone of disintegration, 3) zone of corrosion. This zonation depends on the water depth and is caused primarily by water agitation and by undersaturation of the bottom water with respect to carbonate.

Description: The influence of starvation on larval development of the spider crab H. araneus (L.) was studied in laboratory experiments. No larval stage suffering from continual lack of food had sufficient energy reserves to reach the next instar. Maximal survival times were observed at four different constant temperatures (2°, 6°, 12° and 18°C). In general, starvation resistance decreased as temperatures increased: from 72 to 12 days in the zoea-1, from 48 to 18 days in the zoea-2, and from 48 to 15 days in the megalopa stage. The conclusion, based on own observations and on literature data, is that initial feeding is of paramount importance in the early development of planktotrophic decapod larvae. Taking into account hormonal and other developmental processes during the first moult cycle, a general hypothesis is proposed to explain the key role of first food uptake as well as the response pattern of the zoea-1 stage to differential starvation periods.

Description: Data on structure and chemistry of oil bodies are being provided for twenty species of leafy Hepaticae, most of them belonging to Lejeuneaceae. Oil bodies are described as new for Symbiezidium, which stands out among Lejeuneaceae by its large, Bazzania-type oil bodies. The observed occurence of segmented as well as homogeneous oil bodies in Archilejeunea and Dicranolejeunea constitutes a further break-down of what was generally considered a stable generic character in Lejeuneaceae. Detected chemical compounds include a large number of unidentified terpenoids. Sesquiterpene lactones, traditionally considered important chemical markers for Frullaniaceae, were newly detected in Lepicolea (Lepicoleaceae), Clasmatocolea (Lophocoleaceae) and Omphalanthus (Lejeuneaceae). Of particular chemotaxonomic interest is the discovery of large quantities of pinguisane-type sesquiterpenes in Brachiolejeunea subg. Plicolejeunea, Trocholejeunea and Acrolejeunea, corroborating the close morphological relationship among these three groups, as well as the occurence of two morphologically and chemically distinct races in Gongylanthus granatensis. Obeserved intraspecific chemical variation in Marchesinia brachiata is considered dubious and possibly related to the different states of preservation of the material. Further taxonomic notes include new synonymy in Dicranolejeunea (D. cipaconea (Gott.) Steph. = D. circinnata (Spruce) Steph. syn. Nov.) as well as a key to the five Andean species of Omphalanthus Nees. The morphological circumscription of Omphalanthus is expanded by the inclusion of Brachiolejeunea paramicola Herz. (= O. paramicola (Herz.) Gradst. comb. nov.), characterised by the pluriplicate perianth.

Description: Descriptions and photographs of oil-bodies of Lopholejeunea subfusca, Marchesinia brachiata, Archilejeunea parviflora, Taxilejeunea asthenica, Echinocolea asperrima, Mastigolejeunea auriculata, Cheilolejeunea clausa and Stictolejeunea squamata are given. From the latter species sporophyte characters are reported for the first time.

Description: Dr. Peter S. Ashton of Harvard in June 1980 for three frantic weeks (re)named all Dipterocarpaceae in the BO-Herbarium and, thanks to great help from the staff, succeeded. Dr. R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr. can hardly be called a junior when on 11 September 1981 he will reach the age of 70. Although kidney failure necessitates dialysis twice a week, he can be regularly seen (as far as smoke permits) at the Rijksherbarium, with great kindness and enthusiasm applying his great memory to pre-identification work.

Description: Two species of Astrosporina and two species of Inocybe from the southern slopes of the Himalayas are described and illustrated. Astrosporina shoreae and I. claviger are described as new. The new combination A. calospora is proposed.

Description: The wood anatomy of 47 genera of the neotropical Melastomataceae is described in detail. The wood anatomy of the neotropical part of this pantropical family supports the subdivision into two groups: the subfamily Memecyloideae (the genus Mouriri) and the subfamily Melastomatoideae (all other genera). A relationship of Mouriri with other representatives of the family is not supported by the wood anatomical characters, because of differences in fibre type, vessel distribution, and the fibre length/vessel member length ratio, and the presence of included phloem in Mouriri. The subfamily Melastomatoideae is a fairly homogeneous group. Although some characters are very pronounced in some tribes and scarce or absent in other tribes, most tribes show a wide overlap in their wood anatomical features. An important means to distinguish to a certain extent between tribes is the size and shape of the intervascular pits combined with the size and shape of the vessel—ray and vessel—parenchyma pits. Three groups can be recognized: type 1. all pits round to slightly oval; type 2. intervascular pits round to oval, and the vessel—ray and vessel—parenchyma pits more elongated, oblong to scalariform; type 3. all pits round to oblong and scalariform. Other diagnostic characters are the parenchyma distribution, and the distribution of the fibre pits. The tribe Blakeeae can be separated from the other tribes due to the presence of druses and 2-4-seriate rays. The relationship between wood anatomical characters and habit and habitat, as well as possible phylogenetic trends in the family and classification of the neotropical tribes are discussed.

Description: Haines (1924), Fischer (1928), Mooney (1950), Panigrahi et al (1964), and other workers’ from their studies on the vegetation and flora of Orissa recorded 25 genera and 54 species belonging to the family Orchidaceae. Exhaustive collections made by me since 1968 have yielded a wealth of varieties of forms of orchids, which I have identified with 100 taxa (excluding certain novelties) belonging to 31 genera. I describe here one new species and a variety of the genus Habenaria Willd. Both the taxa resemble in general Habenaria foliosa A. Rich., but differ from it by a number of diagnostic characters.

Description: En Zélande, province des Pays-Bas, l’on trouve différentes stations où croissent des algues marines. Ce sont: 1. Les digues, 2. Les canaux d’eau de mer, 3. Les parcs à huîtres, 4. Les slikkes et les schorres. La Zélande comprend une bande continentale et deux séries d’îles. Comparé aux autres provinces des Pays-Bas, le climat est assez tempéré. La température moyenne à Flessingue (Vlissingen) est de 3°C en janvier, le mois le plus froid, et de 18°C durant les mois les plus chauds, juillet et août. La température moyenne de l’eau de mer en surface est de 1— 3°C en janvier et de 19°C en juillet et août.

Description: Premna brongersmai, nov. spec. — Frutex? Ramuli teretes conspicue subdistanter lenticellati 0.3—0.5 cm crassi, internodia in specimine 7—11 cm longa. Folia coriacea subrigida, decussatim opposita glaberrima petiolata, ovata vel oblongo-ovata vel subovata vel oblongo-lanceolata, basi plus minusve late rotundata, marginibus integra, apice abrupte vel subabrupte peracute acuminata, latiora 8.5—11 X 4.7—5.7 cm, angustiora (in eodem specimine, ut apparet) 12—14.5 X 4—4.5 cm ; nervi haud prominentes, costa media subtus prominente excepta; nervi secundarii graciles utrimque 5—7, curvati, margines versus diminuti haud confluentes, tertiarii pertenues subdistanter transversi, reticulatione minutissima areolata; petioli e basi incrassata 1— 1.7 cm longi tenues. Inflorescentiae paniculatae terminales, partiales inferiores ex axillis foliorum parvorum, superiores ex axillis bractearum subulatarum 0.3—0.1 cm longarum ortae, totae 12—17 cm longae, 17—29 cm latae, partiales medianae longiores, e pedunculo gracili 10—14 cm longae, pseudodichotomice late divaricatae, ramificationes ultimae dichasiales minute pubescentes. Flores parvi tetrameri subsessiles, alabastris pyriformibus, glabris; calyx glaber cupularis subbilabiatus, c. 0.25 cm altus, labio inferiore acute integro vel leviter acuto-bidentato, superiore 2 lobis majoribus acutis suffulto, calyx intus praecipue dimidio superiore multis glandulis in sicco opacis munitus; corolla in regione staminum insertionis tantum intus pilosa, cetera glabra, 0.4—0.45 cm alta, tubo subcylindrico 0.3—0.35 cm longo, limbo aestivatione cochleata subbilabiato, labio inferiore trilobo (lobo medio in alabastro ceteros tegente, 0.15 cm longo, rotundato, lateralibus 0.1 cm longis, subtruncatis), superiore integro 0.1 cm longo subtruncato, in alabastro omnino tecto; regio pilosa sub labio superiore paulo infirmior; stamina alternipetala in regione pilosa aequa altitudine inserta, subdidynamia, filamentis sub labio superiore paulo brevioribus in alabastro sigmoideo-sinuatis 0.2 cm longis, sub labio inferiore 0.25 cm longis, omnibus vittatis apice abrupte contractis filiformibus; antherae 0.05 X 0.1 cm, subreniformes, thecae poris ovatis dehiscentes; ovarium globosum glabrum 0.15 cm altum 4-loculatum, loculis uniovulatis; ovula longa apotropa medio affixa; stylus filiformis 0.25 cm longus, stigma bilobum, lobis acutis piano mediano patentibus. Fructus ignoti. Shrub? Branchlets (all?) apparently long and drooping, 0.3—0.5 cm in diam.. Leaves decussate, entirely glabrous, ovate to ovate-oblong, base more or less broadly rounded, apex more or less abruptly and very acutely acuminate, margins entire, 8.5—14.5 X 4—5.7 cm, nerves not prominent except midrib below, secondary ones 5—7, curved, reticulation minutely areolate between the almost inconspicuous transverse tertiary ones; petioles 1—1.7 cm long, incrassate at base. Inflorescences widely paniculate, terminal, 12—17 cm long, 17—29 cm broad, the lower partial panicles in the axils of ever smaller leaves, the upper ones in those of subulate bracts; ultimate ramifications dichasial, minutely pubescent. Flowers subsessile, 4-merous, glabrous but for a hair ring inside at the insertion of the filaments. Calyx cupular, more or less bilabiate, 0.25 cm high, lower lip entire or shallowly acutely bidentate, upper one with two larger acute teeth, inside with dispersed dark glands: corolla tube suibcylindrical 0.3—0.35 cm long, aestivation cochleate, slightly 2-lipped, lower lip 3-lobed, midlobe rounded and 0.15 cm long, lateral ones subtruncate and 0.1 cm long; upper lip entire, 0.1 cm long, subtruncate. Stamens 4, subdidynamous, those below upper lip with slightly shorter filaments; filaments ribbon-shaped, 0.2 and 0.25 cm long respectively, subabruptly narrowed below the anther and ending into a very thin apex; anthers kidney-shaped, 0.05 X 0.1 cm, with two ovate pores; ovary globose, glabrous, 0.15 cm high, 4-celled, cells uniovulate, ovules long, apotropous, attached in the middle of the cell; style filiform, 0.25 cm long, stigma with two acute lobes spreading medianly. Fruits unknown.

Description: Typhonium trilobatum, T. flagelliforme, T. roxburghii, and T. blumei are taxonomically distinct, but their epithets (including that of T. divaricatum, nom. illegit.) frequently have been interchanged, primarily because of nomenclatural problems involving synonymy and (mis)typifications. It is concluded that the last monographer (Engler, 1920) used the correct names for the four species, except for what he called T. divaricatum, here called T. blumei.

Description: Beside Saraca celebica from Celebes, presently a second species from East Malesia is described. As based on the revison by Zuyderhoudt (Blumea 15, 1967: 413 – 425), with 8 accepted species, there are now 9 species of Saraca, ranging from India and Indo-China into Malesia east to the Lesser Sunda I. (Flores) and the Moluccas (Halmaheira). The new species, Saraca monadelpha, was initially recognized through a specimen from Halmaheira which was difficult to determine as a Saracca because of its deviating partly fused stamens and its origin beyond the known area of the genus. Of S. celebica the pods were not known until recently collected in Central Celebes The fruits of S. monadelpha are still unknown.

Description: Casearia amplectens Sleum. sp. nov. — Arbuscula 1.5 m alta; ramulornm apicibus dense breviter flavido-pilosis, partibus vetustioribus cito glabratis corticeque cinerascenti obtectis. Folia elliptico-oblonga vel oblonga, apicem versus breviter (1—2 cm) subcaudato-acuminata, apice ipso paullo falcato obtusa, basi late cuneata fere rotundata, inferiora usque ad 2 mm longe petiolata, superiora subsessilia, membranacea, arcte pellucido-punctata et -lineata, petiolo, costa nervisque subtus brevissime pilosulis exceptis glabra, in sicco brunnescentia, utrinque opaca, regulariter crenato-serrata (dentibus obtusiusculis glandula terminatis 1 mm altis et c. 3—6 mm distantibus), 9—15 cm longa, 4—4.5 cm lata, costa utrinque elevata, nervis lateralibus utroque latere 6—8 curvato-ascendentibus praeter marginem excurrentibus supra subimpressis, subtus elevatis, venis supra obscuris, subtus parum conspicuis. Stipulae reniformes fere amplectentes, membranaceae, 4—6 mm altae, 6—8 mm latae, persistentes. Flores pro axilla. 1—2 fere sessiles, in statu nondum plane evoluto tantum visi; bracteae paucae membranaceae glabrae 1—2 mm longae. Calyx tubulosus, carnosulus, c. 3 mm longus, extus fulvo-sericeus, intus glaber, lobis oblongis c. 1 mm longis. Stamina 10, alte ad faucem inserta; filamenta glabra, medio dilatata, alternatim 0.6 et 0.3 mm longa. Staminodia rudimentaria parum pilosa. Ovarium columnare, glabrum, c. 3 mm longum, 1 mm crassum. Fructus carnosus, ruber, 1.5—2 cm longus, 1 cm diam., trivalvis, basi calycis lobis accrescentibus 4 mm longis et 1.5 mm latis fultus, 2 mm longe pedunculatus. NEW GUINEA. W. New Guinea, 4 km SW of Bernhard Camp, Idenburg Riv., rain-forest undergrowth, 850 m: L. J. Brass 13470 (A; L, typus), fl. fr. March 1939.

Description: In this report narcotisation, fixation and preservation experiments with marine zooplankton are described. Narcotisation turns out to be useless for mixed plankton samples. M.S. 222 works well as narcotisation medium for organisms to be photographed. Fixation with 4% formalin proved to be a necessary treatment. Afterwards the best preservation method is to use a propylene phenoxetol plus propylene glycol solution in distilled water or a 2% formalin solution in filtered seawater. Further study is necessary of the use of sea-water as a solution medium, of the pH changes, the osmotic value of the solutions, the longterm use and the subsequent processability of the organisms for histological purposes.

Description: Within the strongly migmatized axial zone of the Hesperian massif in western Galicia a graben-like structure has been distinguished, characterized essentially by the presence of non-migmatic rocks that comprise orthogneisses with blastomylonitic textures, leucocratic gneisses, plagioclase-blastbearing paragneisses, pelitic schists, and numerous amphibolitic layers and lenses. In the southern and central part of the graben and at the borders in the north the majority of the amphibolites are metamorphosed mafic dike swarms that intruded in the Early Palaeozoic after the emplacement of biotite granites but before the intrusion of subalkaline and peralkaline granites. Few amphibolites are of sedimentary origin. The other amphibolitic rocks in the north are of inferred Proterozoic age and have a different appearance. They consist of retrograde eclogite facies mafites and garnet- and epidote-amphibolites that are typically associated with leucocratic gneisses and younger subalkaline orthogneisses. It is inferred that the northern part of the graben mainly represents a lower basement segment that underwent Precambrian and Early Palaeozoic catazonal metamorphism and subsequent retrogradation, while the central and southern parts represent higher basement levels of mesozonal metamorphic grade.

Description: The Magnetic Metallogenic Province of southwestern Spain has a large number of iron mines, in which magnetite and pyrite are the main ores. The largest of these mines, the Cala Mine, is placed in a Lower Cambrian environment, in the contact between a granitic apophysis and limestones. As a result, an important zone of skarn rocks (bearing pyroxene, amphiboles, garnet, epidote, etc.) is formed, and dealing with these rocks are the main stratiform orebodies. There is an old discussion about the origin of the mineral deposits. Some authors believe in a sedimentary genetic type, while others propose a contact-pneumatolitic process, related with the granitic stock. In this paper we try to prove that a primary sedimentary origin is possible for the magnetite. So, we discuss three points: – The environment of the possible deposition, that was a shallow sea, low energy and closed environment, with a high degree of elementary life. – The most probable atmosphere in the Cambrian time, with which the superficial waters would be in equilibrium. – The theoretical, thermodynamical model related with the precipitation of iron ores in this environment. As a conclusion, the simultaneous sedimentation of magnetite and pyrite can be theoretically proved, and the possible variations of temperature, partial pressure of CO2, Eh and pH are also considered. Some interesting considerations about the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations, and their possible origin in an anoxigenic atmosphere are also provided in this paper.

Description: Vários autores descreveram, em vários sectores do Noroeste Peninsular, a sucessão de fases de delormacão penetrativa que afectaram os terrenos do Paleozóico, e tentaram estabelecer as relacões entre a deformacão e o metamorfismo regional plurifacial. É possível correlacionar aquelas diferentes fases de deformacão seguindo-as lateralmente e tendo em conta as referidas relacões deformacãometamorfismo regional. Assim reconhece-se a sucessão de três etapas de deformacão F1, F2, F3. Nos níveis estruturais superiores F1 está bem conservada e F2, F3 sao essencialmente deformacões pós-cristalinas, mas nos níveis estruturais inferiores as estruturas F1 foram transpostas por F2 que dá a xistosidade regional. Nestes últimos domínios o pico do metamorfismo regional é atingido durante ou após F2. A idade das diferentes fases é variável consoante as zonas paleogeográficas e tectónicas, sendo sempre mais recente de Oeste para Leste, escalonando-se do Devónico médio(?) ao Estefaniana. Conclui-se pela inexistência de uma fase de orogenia Caledónica no Paleozóico do Noroeste Peninsular, que outros autores têm pretendido evidenciar.

Description: Les plus importantes relations biométriques pour les juvéniles de Penaeus (Melicertus) aztecus subtilis, P. (M.) brasiliensis et P. (M.) duorarum notialis de la mangrove guadeloupéenne, ont été calculées. Les relations concernant les tailles (longueur céphalothoracique – longueur totale – longueur abdominale) ont montrée peu de différences entre les espèces. Toutefois, certains indices biométriques se sont révélés très utiles pour la détermination spécifique des jeunes crevettes. Une étude de la croissance a été réalisée à partir de la distribution hebdomadaire des classes de tailles des crevettes, en utilisant la méthode des progressions modales de Petersen et l’équation de Von Bertalanffy. Cette croissance a été comparée avec celle obtenue par des élevages au laboratoire.

Description: The X-ray powder method for determining minerals has been applied to the important rock-forming mineral group of the pyroxenes in this thesis. The purpose of the investigation was to seek the relationship between the variations of the intensities and positions of the reflections in the powder diagram and the variations in optical properties and chemical composition. For that purpose a number of pyroxenes from different localities were investigated optically, chemically and röntgenographically. The orthopyroxenes. — The optical examination of the orthopyroxenes indicates, that the variation of the optical properties is related to the chemical composition (see Table 1). A difference between plutonic and volcanic orthopyroxenes lies in the size of the optic axial angle 2 V; this appears to be smaller with volcanic orthopyroxenes between En80 and En15 than with plutonic orthopyroxenes (see fig. 5). Further a lamellar structure can be observed in the plutonic orthopyroxenes (see figs. 2 and 3) while the volcanics do not have these lamellae but often show zoning (see fig. 1). It is seen from chemical investigation of the orthopyroxenes that both the plutonic and volcanic orthopyroxenes show about the same variation in Al- and Ca-atomic proportions (see Table 3). It is quite possible that a part of the Ca content of the plutonic orthopyroxenes is present in exsolved diopside lamellae according to the hypothesis of Hess and Philips (1938). The orthopyroxenes can be distinguished from the clinopyroxenes by X-ray powder diagrams on the ground of their characteristic reflection pattern. These powder diagrams are made by means of a camera with a diameter of 9 centimeters and FeK\u03b11 radiation (\u03bb = 1.93597 Å). All powder diagrams of the orthopyroxenes are classed as one group (Group A, see fig. 6). The variation in the relative distance between the reflections 10 31 and 0 6 0 appears to be connected with the chemical composition. These distances are measured very accurately in millimeters by means of a Cambridge Universal Measuring Machine and plotted against the chemical composition in fig. 8. Through the influence of Al and Ca, the Mg content cannot be determined unequivocally from this diagram. Therefore also X-ray powder photographs are made of a mixture of 70 % orthopyroxene and 30 % quartz (see fig. 9). The relative distance between quartz reflection 2 1 3 1 and pyroxene reflection 0 6 0 in millimeters and the distance between quartz reflection (2 0 2 3) (3 0 3 1) and pyroxene reflection 11 3 1 in millimeters depend on the chemical composition which can be seen in figs. 10 and 11, respectively. In fig. 10 two curves are shown, one for orthopyroxenes with an atomic proportion of Al of about 0.010 and one for those with an atomic proportion of Al of about 0.050 in BVI position. In fig. 11 two curves can be seen which are related to orthopyroxenes with an atomic proportion of Ca of about 0.020 and those with an atomic proportion of Ca of about 0.060. One may determine the chemical composition of an orthopyroxene from these three diagrams (figs. 8, 10 and 11). For that purpose one should measure three relative distances. In each diagram one can find two values for the Mg content. From these, a total of six values, three will lie close to each other; the average of these three values indicates the Mg content. With this Mg content one can determine the Al and Ca contents in the diagrams. This röntgenographic method meets with difficulties when there do not occur certain proportions of Al and Ca in the orthopyroxene. Then there may be present two groups of three Mg's which lie close together (see Table 9). In such cases of doubt one must use the optical method to determine the Mg content. By substitution of Fe for Mg, Nz changes strongly, the unit cell dimensions do not, however, and neither do the relative distances. The Al and Ca contents then may be determined by the röntgenographic method. By substitution of Al and Ca for Mg, the unit cell dimensions change strongly and with them the relative distances between the reflections, which are very sensitive. The variation in the relative distance between the reflections mentioned has been explained by means of a crystal model of enstatite (see figs. 12 and 13). This variation results from the substitution of Fe, Al and Ca for Mg and of Al for Si. The substitution of Fe for Mg increases the unit cell dimensions only slightly so that the shape of the unit cell also changes little. The substitution of Ca for Mg has a great influence on the a- and the c dimension, which both become much greater. The substitution of Al for Mg and of Al for Si strongly decreases the b dimension. These changes in the unit cell occur because all substituting ions have a different ionic radius from Mg and moreover because in the structure of enstatite two kinds of Mg ions occur with altogether different positions and which are linked with the tetrahedra in very different ways. Since the relative distance in millimeters between certain reflections depends on the camera and radiation used, in Tables 7a, 7b and 7c these distances are stated for a few types of camera and radiation. In addition the differences between the lattice spacings of these reflections are given in Ångström units. The clinopyroxenes. — In this thesis the optical investigation on clinopyroxenes consists of a description of the specimens, both macroscopieally and microscopically and a determination of 2 V and Z \u039b c. For a few clinopyroxenes the values of Nz and Nx have also been determined. The described clinopyroxenes are subdivided in a number of groups; this classification is based upon the chemical composition (see p. 224). It turned out that the optical properties of the röntgenographically investigated clinopyroxenes do not differ much from the data mentioned in the literature about this group of minerals (see fig. 20 and Table 10). The chemical investigation is restricted to the analysis of a few clinopyroxenes; the results are stated in Table 11. On the basis of difference in position and intensity of certain reflections in the X-ray powder diagrams a classification in four groups has been established for the clinopyroxenes. Group B 1 (figs. 21 and 23) The group includes, hedenbergite, diopside, augite and diallage. Group B 2 (figs. 21 and 23) Pigeonite belongs to this group. Group B 3 (figs. 21 and 22) This group includes, aegirite and jadeite. Group B 4 (figs. 21 and 22) Spodumene belongs to this group. No sharp limits can be drawn between these groups and transitions may exist between some of these groups, as between groups B 1 and B 2 and also between groups B 1 and B 3. Through lack of clinoenstatite and ferrosilite samples we could not check whether any more groups may be distinguished. Of each of these groups the principal features are discussed on p. 245. Each group has its own characteristic reflection pattern; the similarity between these patterns, however, is great enough to conclude that all the investigated clinopyroxenes have a similar structure. The grouping of the X-ray powder diagrams agrees in the main with the classification of the pyroxenes according to the chemical composition. The chemical composition of the different clinopyroxenes of the groups B 1 and B 2 may be determined by a combined optical and röntgenographic investigation. This combination is necessary because the substitution of Fe for Mg has practically no influence on the dimensions of the unit cell, but it does have on the refractive indices. On the other hand the substitution of Ca for Mg strongly influences the shape of the unit cell. For the different clinopyroxenes of groups B1 and B 2 the variation of the relative distance in millimeters between the reflections 2 2 0 and 2 2 1, the reflections 2 2 1 and 3 1 0 and the reflections 1 3 1 and 2 2 1 is plotted against the chemical composition in figs. 25 and 26. From these diagrams one may determine the chemical composition by measuring the relative distances mentioned, on the X-ray powder diagrams. In figs. 27, 28 and 29 the relation between the chemical composition and the difference between the lattice spacings of the reflections in question in Å can be seen. Further Tables 16a, 16b and 16c indicate the distances between these reflections for a few types of camera and radiation. The X-ray powder diagrams of the alkali pyroxenes can be distinguished from those of the other pyroxenes, while they also show great mutual differences. It may be noted, however, that transitions between these pyroxenes always are possible. The powder diagram of spodumene has its own character, so that this pyroxene can be distinguished very simply from the other pyroxenes by the röntgenographic method. The X-ray investigation on clinopyroxenes is not yet completed, because much can still be done, for instance in the jadeite-diopside-aegirite field.

Description: This paper is based on field data collected during a basic survey of mining exploration carried out by the authors for the Instituto Geologico y Minero de España. The investigated area belongs to the southeastern part of the Ordenes Complex and is mainly composed of metabasites and ultramafic rocks. Inside the area, three great ultramafic bodies can be mainly considered. They are more or less parallel and trend in a NNE direction, being separated by zoisite-bearing amphibolites. Asbestos showings are numerous in the eastern ultramafic body, which forms the Careon range, the length of the fibra ranging up to 14 mm. Only two minor asbestos occurrences have been found in the central body, and, finally, a few asbestos veinlets have been seen in the western ultramafic body, with fibres not reaching 1 mm in length. Chrysotile asbestos mineralization in the area always belongs to the ‘cross-fibre’ type. Brief descriptions of asbestos occurrences and geological framework are made, and hypotheses about asbestos genesis in the area are finally set up.

Description: In the Autumn of 1979, bird observations were made in the Azores during a marine biological expedition within the scope of the CANCAP-Project of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. Six out of the nine islands of the archipelago were visited

Description: Isoëtes Cleefii, known so far from four localities in the Colombian Páramo of the Cordillera Oriental between 3745 m s.m. and 4245 m s.m., is described as a further new taxon of the section Laeves. It is dedicated to the Dutch botanist and collector Antoine Marie Cleef (1941 – x ) who added substantially to the knowledge of ecology and distribution of the Colombian Quill-worts thanks to his rich collections gathered between 1971 and 1973.

Description: The genus Nipponolejeunea Hattori was established by Hattori (1944) based on Pycnolejemea pilifera Steph. from Japan. Its primary important generic characters include 1) the two gynoecial innovations, 2) the triplicate perianth, and 3) the long cilia on leaf- and underleaf-margin. Hattori (1944) also assigned Pycnolejeunea subalpina Horik. to Nipponolejeunea, thus admitting two Japanese species in that genus. Since then, the genus Nipponolejeunea has been repeatedly discussed, especially by Mizutani (1961) and Schuster (1963) from taxonomic points of view. The branching and innovation types of Nipponolejeunea were described by Mizutani (1970); Inoue (1976) proposed the subgeneric separation of the two species, as subgen. Nipponolejeunea (with N. pilifera) and subgen. Mizutania (with N. subalpina). Surprisingly, Grolle (1981) recently found a fossil species of this genus in Europe, N. europaea Grolle, embedded in an amber, from the southern part of Scandinavia. The species belongs in the subgen. Mizutania and, according to Grolle (1981), might even prove to be conspecific with N. subalpina. Regarding the taxonomic position of Nipponolejeunea, Mizutani (1961) placed the genus in the subfamily Jubuloideae together with Jubula and Neohattoria, but Schuster (1963) proposed an independent subfamily in the Lejeuneaceae for this genus, Nipponolejeuneoideae Schust. & Kachroo, which has now become generally accepted (cf. Gragstein, 1979; Schuster, 1979).

Description: A lamellate paraphyllium on the dorsal side of the shoots in Brachiolejeunea laxifolia is described and its origin discussed. It is probably a useful species character, unique in the Lejeuneaceae.

Description: Arbor terrestris. Ramuli foliosi circa 1 cm diam., subglabri. Lamina oblanceolata vel subobovata, 10-28 cm longa, 3,5-9 cm lata, brevissime acuminate, basi (sub)acuta, faciebus subglabris; vennae laterales 10-16 pro latere; petiolus 1-1,5 (-2,5) cm longus; stipulae 1,5-4 cm longae, (sub)persistentes, subglabrae. Syconia axillaria bina, (sub)glabra, circa 2 cm diam.

Description: As a result of a revision of the neotropical saprophytes (Triuridaceae, Burmanniaceae, and Gentianaceae) several new species have to be described and some new combinations have to be made.

Description: Amborellaceae were completed by J. Jérémie (Paris) for the Flore de la Nouvelle Calédonie; so were Atherospermaceae, Chloranthaceae, Monimiaceae. Annonaceae. At L, Dr. W.A. van Heel is engaged on an anatomical study of the flower structures.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk. The scope of this Bibliography has hitherto been to cover the East and Southeast Asiatic area, Malesia, the Pacific and Australasia. Unfortunately the number of entries for this instalment has increased far beyond the available space, in part due to an increase of very short papers. To my regret the bibliography had to be curtailed and become more selective, by which it can no longer be as complete as was the original purpose. Among the papers on the colder and drier marginal areas, and among minutiae and mere name listings for local areas a selection has been made.

Description: ARMITAGE, F.B. & J. BURLEY (compilers), Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (syn. P. khasya Royle; P. insularis Endlicher), xiv + 199 p., 4 maps, many fig. (1980; Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford OX1 3RB, England). Tropical Forestry Papers 9. Paperback. £ 10.00, plus postage. This pine of SE. Asia and Luzon gives a light multi-purpose wood and a resin; during this century, plantations have been set up in many tropical, seasonally dry, montane regions. The present book discusses occurrence, silviculture, properties, and breeding; foresters, for whom it is clearly intended, now have a handsome manual, with many references.

Description: Sinar Pasoh is the name of an annual Newsletter of the research centre in Pasoh Forest, Malaya (see pages 3394-3395). Number 2 (February 1980) has 30 pages. It describes facilities, work done, with a useful literature list (total by now 110 items) and invites research plans. Contact Mohd. Gharali, PPPPasoh, Simpang Pertang, Negri Sembilan, Malaysia. The newsletter itself is distributed free of charge by the Director, Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia. Mangrove Mapping is a joint project with Queensland Fisheries Service, to be carried out by R. Dowling and J.A. Elsol (BRI). Currently a technical bulletin it is being prepared to go with maps of the mangroves of Moreton Bay which have already been printed. A paper on the mangroves of Princess Charlotte Bay was presented at the Mangrove Symposium in Port Moresby by J.A. Elsol and P. Saenger.

Description: During a collecting trip in the High Pyrenees (France) the second author has collected several fruit bodies of Ascobolus xylophilus Seaver on a log of rotten coniferous wood in a mountain stream. Till then this fungus was only known from the original specimens, collected by Prof. E. Bethel & Dr. F. J. Seaver, September 1910 in the Geneva Creek Canyon, Colorado, U.S.A. (van Brummelen, 1967: 153). As the material of the type specimen is rather scarce and consists of a few very old fruit bodies, from which it was difficult to make a complete description, the species has been redescribed and pictured from the newly collected European material.

Description: The name Psathyrella melanophylla proposed in our previous paper (1976: 370) to replace the misapplied name P. caudata, is in its turn replaced by the name atrolaminata as a result of the discovery that in our previous paper a collection belonging to P. longicauda had erroneously been selected as the type of P. melanophyllum, which renders the latter name a synonym of P. longicauda. It is argued that Ricken’s plate 68 fig. 1 (1913) does not represent P. atrolaminata as erroneously stated by Kühner & Romagnesi (1953: 359) and us (1976: 370) but P. longicauda. A redescription of both species is given.

Description: During the study of the Xyridaceae of the Malaysian area it was desirable to study those of Australia and Continental Asia as well. The Malaysian species now have, in the meantime, been published (Flora Malesiana, ser. 1, 4, 1953, 366—376). To the new taxa described in Blumea 7, 1953, 307—308 the Latin diagnoses of the following new species and a new section may here be added: 1. Xyris linifolia van Royen, nov. spec. — Fig. 1. Herba mediocris, ad 40 cm alta. Folia subulata, ad 25 cm longa, c. 1 cm diam., subfalcata, acuta, sparse papillata; vaginae 6—8 cm longae, basi 3—6 mm latae; ligula brevis acuta c. 1 mm longa. Scapus 20—40 cm, c. 1 mm diam., teretiusculus, 2- vel pluricostatus, minute papillatus. Capitula ovoidea ad globosa, pauciflora, ad 7 X 6 mm, bracteae basales suborbiculares, 4.5—5.5 X 3.5—4 mm, obtusae, enerves, in parte superiori minute papillatae, papillis arcum triangularem formantibus, medianae obovatae, 6—6.5 X 4.5—5 mm, nervosae, nervis nervo mediano et uno nervo completo in costae utroque latere orto ad bracteae apicem laxe reticulato compositis, in parte mediana superiori minute papillatae, papillis aream suborbicularem formantibus. Flores masculini ignoti, florum femineorum sepala lateralia angusta, 5.5—6.5 X c. 1.5 mm, acutiuscula, emarginata, ecristata, alata, alis sat latis, sepalum medianum cucullatum, 4.5—5 X c. 2 mm, binerve. Petala nondum evoluta limbo orbiculari 4 mm longo et lato munita, margine serrata, unguiculo c. 2 mm. Stamina c. 3 mm, antherae c. 2 mm, apice profunde emarginatae, basi apiceque obtusae thecis emarginatis. Staminodia 2.5—3 mm, penicillata bifida? Ovarium incomplete cognitum, stylus 4.5—5 mm (vel longior?), trifidus, ramificationibus c. 2.5 mm, apice capitatis. Capsula ignota. Typus: Smiles s. n. in K. Distr.: Siam — in open grassland near base of Mt Kau. This species differs from all Malaysian species except X. borneensis in the terete leaves and the three complete nerves of the bracts. Though the leaves of X. borneensis are also terete, the bracts are provided with numerous complete nerves. Moreover, the lateral sepals in X. borneensis are ciliate, those of X. linifolia smooth and entire. In its anthers the present species resembles X. ridleyi, X. pauciflora, X. borneensis, X. capensis, X. complanata etc., the anthers being deeply incised at the top and the thecae emarginate. 2. Xyris nigromucronata van Royen, nov. spec. — Fig. 2. Herba annua parva, ad 6 cm alta. Folia linearia, 1—2.5 cm X c. 1 mm, mucronata, apice nigra et pilis robustis paucis hispida, anguste bi-alata, alis tenuiter et sparse papillatis, in parte basali elliptica in sectione transversa, apice incrassata et triangularia in sectione transversa, vaginae 3— 6 cm longae, apice pilis multis albis munitae, margine membranacea, marginibus pedunculi basin includentibus, pedunculo ligula biloba pilis destituta praedito. Scapus ad 6 cm longus, subangularis, valde obscure alatus, alis 1 vel 2, proxime infra capitulum elatus ubi 3- vel 4-alatus. Capitula oblongo-ellipsoidea, c. 7 X 5 mm, bracteae omnes cristatae, basales ovatae, c. 6.5 X 3 mm, sat brunneo-nigrae, mucronatae, mucrone ad 2.5 mm longa, cristata, nigra, crista pallide flava in parte apicali tantum tenuiter et sparse papillata, medianae subcirculares ad panduriformes, 4—5 X 2—5 mm, margine sat brunneo-nigrae, uninerves, nervo completo laevi, in parte basali membranaceae. Sepala lateralia naviculata, fere ad apicem connata, c. 5 X 1 mm, membranacea ecristata. Petala 6, alba, 6—7 mm longa, unguiculata, ungui 4—5 mm, arcte cohaerentia et quasi tubulosa, limbo elliptico-oblongo, obtuso, c. 2 X 0.8 mm. Stamina 6, c. 1.2 mm, antheris ovoideis, c. 0.6 mm, truncatis, emarginatis thecae basi obtusae; filamenta subulata, c. 0.6 mm. Staminodia desunt. Ovarium subovoideum ad ellipsoideum, c. 2 X 1 mm, trilobum, in parte basali 3-, in parte superiori 1-loculare, stigmatibus 3 terminatum. Capsula ovario similis, sed ad 3 X 1.5 mm metiens; semina sparse papillatae. Typus: Pritzel 635 a in L. Distr.: Australia — in scrub between Moore and Murchinson river. This specimen was found mixed with Stylidium bulbiferum Benth. var. septentrionale Mild braed in Pritzel 635. Therefore it is separated from that species under 635 a. This highly characteristic species differs from all other species of Xyris by the fimbriate top of the sheath, the united lateral sepals (also found in the Brasilian X. obtusiuscula Nilsson), the 6 united petals, the 6 stamens (also once found by the author in X. bancana Miquel), the more or less campylotropous ovules, the entire style, and the papillate curved seeds. Moreover, the flowers seem to be white but owing to the dried material it can not be stated for certain whether this is the proper colour. These details warrant the establishment of a separate section in Xyris, Australoxyris with the following Latin diagnosis: Xyris Linnaeus, sect. Australoxyris van Royen, nov. sect. Folia apice in sectione transversa triangularia, vaginae exteriores apice ciliatae, flores capitati; sepala lateralia maxime connata; petala 6, connata; stamina 6; stylus simplex; ovarium in parte basali 3-loculare, in parte superiori 1-loculare; ovula plus minusve campylotropa; semina papillata. Typus: Xyris nigromucronata van Royen.

Description: The ultrastructure of apical cells of six species of Sphacelaria (S. arctica, S. cirrosa, S. nana, S. racemosa, S. radicans, and S. rigidula) is studied here. In most details such as ultrastructure of chloroplasts, mitochondria, microbodies, nuclei and centrioles all Sphacelaria species studied are similar. Only in sections of S. rigidula, however, do pyrenoid-like structures occur.

Description: Het onderzoek werd uitgevoerd in de Polder Schagen, een polder in Noord-Holland, ten zuiden van de stad Schagen ( Topogr.krt 14 D; bijlage I A) . Doelstelling van het onderzoek was om door middel van een ""fijnmazige"" macrofaunabemonstering te toetsen of de globale bemonstering zoals die in het kader van de provinciale milieuïnventarisatie door de Provinciale Waterstaat van Noord-Holland in dit gebied werd uitgevoerd, voldoende representatief is. Uit de resultaten van een dergelijk onderzoek in de ""Vereenigde Harger & Pettemerpolder (Noord-Holland), bleek namelijk dat de globale monstername van Provinciale Waterstaat in dat gebied minder soorten en kleinere aantallen opleverde (Broodbakker & Coosen, 1981). Vanwege de gecompliceerde hydrologie van deze polder (zoutgehalte-gradiënten) was dit verschil verklaarbaar. Om te toetsen of in een polder waarvan de hydrologie eenvoudiger is, de monstername van Provinciale Waterstaat meer representatief is, werd de ""Polder Schagen"" in onderling overleg als onderzoeksgebied gekozen. In deze polder werden door de sectie hydrobiologie van de Provinciale Waterstaat vijf punten op macrofauna bemonsterd. Ter vergelijking werden voor dit onderzzoek vijftien gevariëerde punten op macrofauna bemonsterd. Alle genoemde punten zijn aangegeven in bijlage 1. In dit rapport zal getracht worden om het voorkomen van bepaalde macrofaunalevensgemeenschappen met behulp van clusteranalyse te registreren en met rangcorrelatietoetsen te relateren aan fysisch-chemische factoren. Tevens zullen de resultaten met de literatuur vergeleken worden.

Description: Although sponges are by no means unimportant organisms, in biomass and diversity, of the Curaçao coral reefs, very few scientific studies have been undertaken in this area involving sponges. To date, apart from taxonomie studies by Arndt (1927) and myself (Van Soest, 1978, 1980), only the boring sponges received attention (e.g. studies of De Groot, in progress). The main reason for this, no doubt, is the confused taxonomy of West Indian sponges. While taxonomie studies are in full progress (but are necessarily slow), it is now already possible to present sufficient data to allow certain identification of the more common reef forms by non-taxonomists for ecological or other purposes. It is one of the objects of the present paper to provide these data; they take the form of a pictorial key of 30 species (following the idea of H. Reiswig for Jamaican sponges), some accompanying descriptions of the habit, and references to published photographs.

Description: The ultramafic-mafic zone of the Hercynian Beja Massif includes 1) the Quintos amphibolite-diorite-serpentinite Complex, 2) the Odivelas layered gabbro Complex, and 3) the Peroguarda (meta) basalt-andesite Complex. The rhythmic and cryptic zoning of the Odivelas Complex is described, as well as its sedimentary structures and cumulate textures. The gabbros are of the high-alumina type; they have tholeiitic affinities at lower levels and alkalic affinities (due to a Nametasomatism) at upper levels. The Odivelas Complex has probably crystallized under conditions of the granulite facies.

Description: Bear Island, in Norwegian called and in Dutch ‘Bereneiland’, is situated in the Barents Sea at 74°25' N and 19°00' E. The island is rather isolated: about 450 km to the south the most nearby land is the Norwegian Nordkapp and to the north about 230 km of sea must be crossed before reaching the the most southern point of Spitsbergen. Bjørnøya belongs geographically to Svalbard (meaning “Cold Coast”), the group of islands in the Arctic Ocean under Norwegian sovereignity. The most important and best known island of this group is Spitsbergen. The name of the island was established in 1596 when two Dutch sailingvessels discovered the island during an attempt to find a passage east to China along the north. Gerrit de Veer was writer on board of one of these ships of which the captain was Jacob Heemskerck and the navigator Willem Barentsz. De Veer accurately described the killing of a “white bear” near the island and tells that they consequently named the island “Beyren Eylandt”.

Description: The present paper deals with the results of my investigations on the Tenebrionidae of the Leeward Group and the xerophilous regions of Venezuela and Colombia. I am much indebted to Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck for giving me the opportunity to study the material he collected during his trips to this area. Some other specimens used were collected by the present writer himself. Material for comparison has been obtained through the courtesy of several people, particularly the Director of the British Museum (N.H.), Mr H. Kulzer (Frey collection, Munich), and Prof. E. Tortonese (Museum of Zoology, Turin University), to all of whom I am deeply obliged. In particular I also wish to thank Prof. E. Gridelli, Director of the Natural History Museum, Trieste, to whom I am greatly indebted for his constant help and advice in my work, and to Prof. R. Malaroda, of the Institute of Geology, Padua University, for the useful criticism about my geological considerations. Not the last, I would express my gratitude to Dr E. MacC.Callan of the I.C.T.A. (Trinidad, B.W.I.) for the communication of material of that Institute. — The photographs were made by Dr P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, with the expert assistance of Mr H. van Kooten, at the Zoological Laboratory of the State University, Utrecht. The material has been deposited with the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam and the State Museum at Leyde. The material indicated as “Marcuzzi leg.” is included in author’s private collection, excepting some specimens which have been given to the Biological Department of the Caracas University, Venezuela.

Description: Durante el desarrollo de dos campañas preliminares en 1976 hemos podido recolectar ocho especies de Peneidos en el manglar de Guadalupe. Las citaremos en orden de importancia: Penaeus (Melicerlus) aztecus subtilis, P. (M.) brasiliensis, P. (M.) duorarum notialis, P. (Litopenaeus) schmitti, Trachypenaeus similis similis, T. constrictus, Sicyonia wheeleri y S. laevigata. De éstas ocho especies las cuatro primeras presentan un gran interés comercial y las seis últimas se citan por primera vez para esta isla. Se realiza un estudio preliminar de las abundancias, tamaños promedio y sex-ratio durante dos períodos diferentes (junio-julio y septiembre-octubre), para llegar a la conclusión que existen notables variaciones de estos parámetros, tanto en el tiempo como en el espacio, lo cual implica un movimiento permanente de las poblaciones estudiadas. Efectuamos un primer estudio de las emigraciones de los juveniles según las capturas realizadas con una red particular: el ‘gangui’.

Description: This paper put out the non-existence of an orthogneissic and migmatitic Precambrian socle in Central Galicia (Viana del Bollo region), an idea that had been held by different authors. The orthogneisses have been considered either similar to the formation of ‘Olio de Sapo’ or parent materials. The igneous origin of these gneisses is established, being intrusive in both ‘Olio de Sapo’ and in series with a probably Lower Cambrian age. Their ages and geometry are discussed and some correlations have been attempted with somewhat similar formations in the Iberian peninsula and in the Armorican Massif, carrying out the usefulness of detailed studies of these massifs to a chain scale.

Description: A description is given of a specimen of Deepstaria enigmatica Russell, 1967, caught in a haul made with the Rectangular midwater trawl RMT 1+8 at 24°52.0’ N 29°59-5’ W during the Amsterdam Mid North Atlantic Plankton Expedition 1980. The specimen, which was damaged during capture, is the third recorded. It is compared with the descriptions of two previously recorded specimens from the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.

Description: The Golden grey mullet, Liza aurata (Risso, 1810), inhabits the coastal waters of the Netherlands at least since 1939, as was established by re-examining preserved specimens in the collection of the Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoological Museum), Amsterdam. A key to the three Mullet species in the Netherlands (Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1826), Liza ramada (Risso, 1826), and Liza aurata (Risso, 1810)) is provided.

Description: Rousettus amplexicaudatus (Geoffroy, 1810) is divided into three subspecies according to size: R. a. amplexicaudatus, R. a. infumatus (Gray, 1870), and R. a. brachyotis (Dobson, 1877). Cynonycteris minor Dobsou, 1873 is synonymized with R. a. infumatus; Rousettus stresemanni Stein, 1933 with R. a. amplexicaudatus; and Rousettus amplexicaudatus hedigeri Pohle, 1952 with R. a. brachyotis. Geography and dimensional variations of the recognized subspecies are discussed. R. amplexicaudatus is recorded for the first time from Celebes, Kisar, Mentawai, Muna and Ndao. The subspecific status of specimens from Celebes, Muna, Peleng and Talisai is left undecided. Other Rousettus species are discussed in so far as they are known to be sympatric with certain R. amplexicaudatus populations: R. leschenaultii (Desmarest, 1820) — recorded for the first time from Bali and Simeuluë —, R. celebensis Andersen, 1907, and R. spinalatus Bergmans & Hill, 1980 — of which a fourth specimen, from a new locality on Borneo, is described. Some dental anomalies and some ectoparasities are listed.

Description: Every morning, the Saturdays included, the bright green VW beetle can be seen parked near the Rijksherbarium. It is there usually till after five, when most of the active staff have gone already. Its owner was born on 31 October 1901, and hence later this year will reach the age of 80. In 1947, he established this Bulletin. From his recent book Rheophytes of the World (see Van Steenis, under Reviews), the cover illustration of this issue was taken. With-its strong roots, tough body, finding hard conditions indispensable to flourish and be in command of his habitat, this rheophyte could symbolize the author of that book. His vitality is such that it is never mentioned; it is accepted as a matter of course. To tactful questions on how he would like to celebrate his birthday, he answered that he did not care for public exposure. He did, however, consent to attending a symposium in his honour. This will be a Dutch affair, to be organized by the Committee on Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography of the Royal Netherlands Botanical Society, on November 1981. The theme will be ’Plant Systematics and Phytogeography of Malesia, and its Relations to other Parts of the World’. Twelve speakers have been found. There will be a reception, and perhaps an Indonesian Rijsttafel with Rijksherbarium staff. We congratulate him and Mrs. M.J. van Steenis-Kruseman, and wish them well! Flora Malesiana parts did not come from the press during 1980, but series ii Volume 1 Part 5 is in page proof and may be published at about the same time as the present Bulletin issue. It deals with the formidable fern family Thelypteridaceae, 22 genera with 413 species, by R.E. Holttum, in pages 331-560. As this part completes the volume, there will be a Dedication, to Carl Christensen, 15 pages, also by Holttum, some Additions and Corrections, and the Index. Orders can be placed with Sijthoff-Noordhoff, Box 4, Alphen a/d Rijn, Netherlands.

Description: Ames, Oakes (1874-1950) Plimpton, Pauline Ames (ed.), Oakes Ames, Jottings of a Harvard botanist. 1874-1950. Bot. Mus. Harv. Univ. Cambr. Mass. x + 403 p., frontisp. + 41 illus. (1980?). Brink, R. (1902-1980) Agriculturist; see Fl. Males, i 1: 80. Before the war he was attached to the Sugarcane Industry in Java; from 1960 to 1967 director of the Agriculture Department, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam.

Description: ”Look, these are the modern trees”, Kostermans remarked, pointing to some concrete piles lying near the Forest Research Institute. None of the participants could have missed the sad impression of a moonscape around Kuala Lumpur, which tells of the construction boom in Malaya. ”In Thailand, timber production is nose-diving”, said the Director General of Forestry over the dinner table, ”in the Philippines, nose-diving!” In Malaya, where in the mid-1960’s the government decided to convert the carefully managed forests into oil palm plantation, it has been discovered that no more timber may have been left by the mid-1980’s. So it was none too soon to amass and review the available knowledge on Dipterocarpaceae with an eye on management of the timber resource. Naturally conservation, although not on the agenda, lurched constantly in the background and popped up at all sorts of points in the discussion. The International Working Group on Dipterocarpaceae, which held its first Round Table conference at Paris in June 1977 (see the account in Flora Malesiana Bulletin 31, p. 3041-3047. 1978), assembled again from 27 June to 3 July 1980; organizers were Francis S.P. Ng and S.K. Yap. Participants numbered 56, from 8 countries; those from abroad were accommodated in the low-price FRI-hostel at Kepong, Selangor. Ms. Ming Anthony sent her regrets from Strasbourg, where she was about to take her Ph.D. on a thesis about galls in this family; they occur only in Red meranti Shoreas. There were 11 more apologies, several from Japanese workers who had liked to come; Mr. Gen Arihara was there anyway as an observer from the FAO Bangkok office. Several were enabled to come thanks to a UNESCO travel grant; without this, we would have missed some excellent contributions. Twenty-seven papers were delivered in 3 days, followed by 3 days of excursions. The organization was good; no one would have suspected that this was the FRI’s first international meeting. It was opened by the Minister of Primary Industries, H.E. Dato Paul Leong Khee Seong, under whom Forestry resorts. Thereafter business started. Like in Paris, each session had a different chairman; that’s why it was called a Round Table, although the large table in the conference room was actually U-shaped.

Description: During 1980 The Botanical Survey of India had again collections made. We list them in the same manner as on pages 3382-3383. In Andaman Circle: Great Nicobar I., 118 specimens. In Arunachal Pradesh: Kameng District, 644. In Assam: Silonijan & Sibsagar Gauhati, 205. In West Bengal: Darjeeling District, 100. In Himachal Pradesh: Gori Valley, 56. In Janmu & Kashmir: Ladakh, 2295. In Karnataka: Nagu Valley, 1280. In Kerala: Aruvikar, Coralum, Nadayar, Ponmudi, Pulimath, and Varkala of Trivandrum District & Chandanathode; Baveli R.F., Kannoth R.F., Kottiyoor R.F., Peria, Tirunathi R.F. of Cannanore District; Silent Valley, Palghat District, Quilon District; Trichur & Idukki District, together 12,418. In Madhya Pradesh: Damoh District, 644. In Maharashtra: Akola, Chikhawal, Fetra, Kalakamta, Kashmar, Kinhiraja of Akola District; Kolhapur District, 3280. In Meghalaya: West Khasi Hills, 432. In Orissa: Mayurbhanj Forest area, 1680. In Rajasthan: Nohar & Anupgarh in Ganganagar District, 636. In Sikkim: Changulake, Gangtok, Kupup, Rumtek in Gangtok, 636. In Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore, Ramanathapuram, Tirunelveli Districts, 1729. In Uttar Pradesh: Kanhar Irrigation Project, Mirzupur District, Dhanaulti Tehri District, 90. South India was revisited in February-April 1980 by Dr. C.E. Ridsdale of Leiden, in collaboration with the Botanical Survey of India, Southern Circle. In various stations in the Western Ghats c. 385 numbers were collected, and 130 wood samples. Processing is done at L. For a description of the area, see WWF Yearbook 1978-9, p. 65-68.

Description: In subgenus Chamaebatus two Malesian species are recognized, in subgenus Idaeobatus 18. Synonymy, descriptions, and habitat notes are given, sometimes extending to, but not complete for, extra-Malesian parts of the species areas. No new names or combinations are published. Keys are given to the species.

Description: Verrucaria maas-geesterani Servít sp. n. (fig. 1). Thallus epilithinus, maculas 1—4 cm latas formans, atrofuscescens, H2O ater, sat tenuis, continuus vel h. i. imperfecte rimulosus, superficie verruculis atris 0.03 mm latis ± tecta et levissime asperata, protothallo indistincto. Stratum corticale usque ad cca 20 μ altum, p.p. pallidum usque ad fuscum, p.p. nigrum, cellulis in partibus pallidioribus ut in strato basali, in partibus atris ad 4 μ in diam. Stratum algarum 40—80 μ altum, prosoplectenchymaticum, cellulis 4—6 μ altis, 3—4 μ latis, algis 6—12 μ altis, 4—6 μ latis, in seriebus sat distinctis verticalibus, incoloratum, maculis obscuris interruptum. Stratum basale fusco-atrum vel carbonaceum, usque ad 60 μ altum, supra cum maculis obscuris strati algarum concrescens.

Description: Frutex scandens, 3 m altus. Folia petiolata; petiolus 1.5 — 2.25 cm longus, gracilis, exauriculatus; squama axillae pro majore parte libera, bilobata ad rotundata, usque ad 3.5 mm alta; lamina 13.5 — 22 cm longa, 4 — 6.5 cm lata, oblonga vel lanceolata, coriacea; basis anguste cuneata; margo integer; apex gradatim acuminatus, acumine longo gracili acuto; costa subtus rotundata; nervi secundarii utrimque circa 6, minute sulcati, subinspectabilis. Inflorescentiae terminales, triflorae, praeterea ramos basales trivel unifloros in axile foliorum summorum suffulta; pedunculi robusti 2 (— 15) mm longi, pedicelli robusti circa 1 cm longi, verrucosi, ebracteolati. Calyx campanulatus 6 — 7 mm altus, lobis semiconnatis, rotundatis, marginatis. Corolla membranacea, tubo gracili 6 — 7 cm longo, lobis patentibus 1.5 cm longis. Stamina tubo corollae circa 4 mm exserta, antheris 3.5 mm longis. Stylus tubo corollae usque ad 10 mm exsertus, stigma peltata 2 mm diam. Typus: M. M. J. van Balgooy 3247, Indonesia, Central Celebes, Mt. Roroka Timbu, West slope, c. 1 S, 120° E, 9-5-1979, fl. (L).

Description: The leaf anatomy of c. 60 species of the four Asiatic genera of the Myristicaceae (Gymnacranthera, Horsfieldia, Knema and Myristica) is described in detail. Myristicaceae have characteristic, uniseriate hairs, the cells of which have arms. The number of arms per cell and the relative length of the arms are important characters to separate the Asiatic genera. The hairs of Knema can be classified further into different types. Many species of Myristicaceae have a layer of cutinaceous, alveolar material overlying the cuticle proper on the abaxial leaf surface. In angiosperms such a layer was hitherto only reported for Winteraceae. Guard cells are often embedded in the subsidiary cells. The paracytic stomatal complex in Knema and Myristica is sunken and overarched by typically arranged bordering cells, leaving a starshaped opening in Knema and forming a ring in Myristica. The vascular system of the midrib is composed of an abaxial and adaxial collateral bundle (the latter is absent from Gymnacranthera). and there are always free phloem bundles in the centre. The diagnostic and taxonomic value of these and many other varying leaf anatomical characters is analysed and discussed. Much of the leaf anatomical variation can be used for species grouping and identification, and the four genera can easily be separated on leaf anatomical characters (see table V, and synoptical keys at the end of this paper). Leaf anatomy lends little support to a close affinity of Myristicaceae with Annonaceae and Canellaceae, and although the family shows several typically Magnolialean characters (e.g. oil cells, paracytic stomata) leaf anatomy points to a fairly isolated position of the family within the order Magnoliales. Many of the leaf anatomical characters of Myristicaceae are highly xeromorphic. This is discussed in relation to the markedly mesic ecology of the family.

Description: Original data on leaf crystals and stomatal types in 25 genera of Melastomataceae are presented, and discussed with reference to the classification of the family as modified by Van Vliet et al. (1981, this issue). The heterogeneity of the abolished subfamily Astronioideae is confirmed and a separation of Pternandra from the Astronieae is also justified on the basis of leaf anatomical data. The Astronieae are characterized by large styloids and predominantly anomocytic stomata; this combination of characters also occurs in part of the Melastomatoideae (especially the Miconieae). Most other Melastomatoideae are characterized by polocytic to diacytic stomata and druses. The subfamilies Memecyloideae and Crypteronioideae remain rather heterogeneous leaf anatomically, but the evidence can be interpreted in support of mutual affinities.

Description: A systematized survey of inflorescence structure is presented of Loranthaceae, s.s., on a world-wide basis, starting with New World taxa and continuing with Old World ones. In each case, material is arranged to reflect a presumed evolutionary sequence. This sequence uses as its starting point the solitary sessile flower subtended by a foliage leaf, leading to the evolution of a determinate inflorescence with ebracteolate lateral monads, and eventually to indeterminate inflorescence types successively bearing ebracteolate and bracteolate lateral monads and, in many groups, eventually triads. Various trends in condensation to umbels and capitula have emerged occasionally, as well as other reductional phenomena and other modifications. The unit inflorescence of Loranthaceae is thus regarded as a fundamentally axillary structure, and not a modified leafy branch.

Description: Exbucklandia R. W. Brown ( Bucklandia R. Br. non Pr. ex Sternb., Symingtonia Steen.) In an article on “Alterations in some fossil and living floras” (J. Wash. Ac. Sc. 36: 348. Oct. 1946) R. W. Brown proposed the new generic name Exbucklandia for the Hamamelidaceous genus Bucklandia R. Br., non Pr. ex Sternb., while describing a new fossil species from the United States. He also transferred B. populnea to the new genus. Unfortunately I had overlooked this publication when proposing Symingtonia to replace Bucklandia R. Br. (Acta Bot. Neerl. 1: 443—444. 1952). Exbucklandia will have to be accepted for it in future. The Indo-Chinese species B. tonkinensis Lecomte should be referred to as Exbucklandia tonkinensis (Lecomte) Steen. comb. nov. I have to thank Dr E. H. Walker for pointing my attention to R. W. Brown’s paper.

Description: Thirty pre-1975 and 22 post-1974 collections of Epacridaceae from New Caledonia are added to the exsiccatae in Virot’s 1975 revision of New Caledonian Epacridaceae. A collection of Styphelia cordifolia purported to be New Caledonian is shown to be of Australian origin.

Description: This charming and handy book printed on excellent paper, with its numerous clear pictures of well-known Malayan plants, reminds one in many ways of Merrill’s “Plant Life of the Pacific World” (MacMillan 1946, New York), which has perhaps served Prof. Holttum as an example. Its size being only slightly smaller than Merrill’s book and the area covered being very considerably smaller, its descriptions of plants are naturally more detailed; the more so as only a choice has been made, in which the special interests of the author — ferns, orchids, gingers — are evident though not predominant. The plants described are not regionally arranged. The 17 chapters are rather headed by names of life-forms, striking organs, and special habitats. As is pointed out in the Preface, the book is “intended primarily for the Malayan resident who wishes to begin a study of Malayan plants”. In this purpose the book will doubtless prove to be a success: the reader is gradually taught quite a bit of botany of various fields, morphology, anatomy, ecology, hybridisation, etc. These are demonstrated at plants which are within easy reach of the ordinary layman for which it is destined. Short opening and concluding chapters deal with general features of tropical plants and with the Malayan forest. Since the author is a well-known expert and the Malayan flora as here described is a very good example of any flora between, say, Calcutta and Fiji, it may well be useful to residents of many other countries as well.

Description: For the identification of a flowering plant the first step usually is to discover to which family it belongs. With some experience, the families commonly encountered in one’s area of interest are soon known, but when dealing with specimens from other places, notably those from the vast and rich subtropics and tropics, there is much less certainty. The pertinent literature is often not readily available as it is often found only in expensive, rare or obscure books, or journals, present only in a few specialized institutes. Basically only a few keys to the families of flowering plants of the world have ever been produced, the best known of which at present is Hutchinson’s Key to the families of flowering plants (1973); less well-known are Lemée’s Tableau analytique des genres monocotylédones (1941) (incl. Gymnosperms) and his Tableau analytique des genres dicotylédones (1943), and Hansen and Rahn’s Determination of Angiosperm families by means of a punched-card system (Dansk Bot. Ark. 26, 1969, with additions and corrections in Bot. Tidsskr. 67, 1972, 152-153, and Ibid. 74 1979, 177-178). Of note also are Davies and Cullen’s The identification of flowering plant families, 2nd ed. (1979), which, however, deals only with the families native or cultivated in North Temperate regions, and Joly’s Chaves de identifição das famílias de plantas vasculares que ocorrem no Brasil, 3rd ed. (1977), which may be useful in other tropical areas too. There are a number of excellent keys prepared by an Austrian, Franz Thonner (1863-1928), which deal either with European genera (1901, 1903, 1918), or African ones (1908, 1913, 1915), or with all families of the world (1891, 1895, 1917). Some of these have apparently been completely overlooked, others have been known only to a few, and then sometimes served as a base for keys of their own, thereby again influencing keys by others (see Derived works).

Description: The Netherlands Antilles may be divided into: (1) The Curaçao Group (or Netherlands Leeward Islands): Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire. (2) The St. Martin Group (or Netherlands Windward Islands): (Netherlands) St. Maarten, Saba and St. Eustatius. The latter islands are very small, forming together only 8.1 per cent of the total area of the Netherlands Antilles, and 2.2 per cent of its population. The Curaçao Group often has a desert-like aspect with a “tropical dry-forest” vegetation. Therefore on these islands the mosquito pest is nothing like so bad as it usually is in the tropics. There are few permanent breeding places, except man-made receptacles in and around the houses to store rainwater or well-water in as the Government waterworks do not always produce sufficient and adequate water. The St. Martin Group has a higher rainfall and a more abundant vegetation. In the preceding pages the morphological characteristics which are of taxonomic value have been described. Keys to the mosquitoes, their classification, their geographical distribution and their biology observed in the Netherlands Antilles have been given. Mosquitoes may be spread by automobiles, ships and airplanes on the islands. Fortunately, all airplanes from foreign airports and St. Maarten are sprayed on Curaçao and Aruba. Except this measure little was done before 1951 to control mosquitoes, except in the areas occupied by the oil companies. An anti-Aëdes aegypti campaign was initiated on Curaçao in October 1951 and on Aruba in March 1952 (residual DDT house spraying and larviciding). Because of the paucity of mosquito records of the Netherlands Antilles a rather thorough survey was made on Curaçao from 1941- 1947, while the other islands were visited only for a short time. At the moment 20 species are known from the Netherlands Antilles. Anopheles pseudopunctipennis pseudopunctipennis was found on Curaçao and rarely on Aruba, and An.albimanus once on St. Maarten, but never an indigenous case of malaria has been reported from the Netherlands Antilles. The larvae of An. pseudopunctipennis were found in earth-lined breeding places, but also frequently in manmade receptacles. Nearly all these breeding places contained clear, fresh or slightly brackish water with green algae; the majority were sunlit. Though the females of An.pseudopunctipennis attacked man, they were more attracted to animals. Culex quinquefasciatus was a common domestic pest mosquito on all of the islands. Though it often bred in earth-lined breeding places, it was found more frequently in man-made receptacles. The water was fresh or slightly brackish and usually polluted. Wuchereriasis bancrofti prevailed at a low rate on the Curaçao Group (4.2%, of which at least 2.7% was indigenous) and at a higher rate on the St. Martin Group (10.3% of which at least 5.1% was autochthonous). Elephantiasis was very rare. Aëdes aegypti was the most common domestic pest mosquito on both groups of islands. It was usually caught in clear, fresh water in man-made receptacles in or around human dwellings. The females bit in the daytime and at night. Several epidemics of yellow fever occurred in the previous century; the last one was on Curaçao in 1901. The last sporadic case occurred on Curaçao in 1914. Dengue was very common in newcomers from non-endemic areas. Haemagogus anastasionis was collected on Curaçao and rarely on Aruba. The larvae were mainly found in tree holes after occasional rains. All the breeding places contained dark brown rainwater with a layer of humus. The bite of the female is painful. Fortunately it has not been incriminated as a vector of jungle yellow fever. Besides, there are no wild monkeys on the Netherlands Antilles. Wyeomyia celaenocephala was found in various species of bromeliads on the Christoffelberg on Curaçao. The females will bite fiercely in the jungle. Uranotaenia lowii was collected from a pond on Bonaire. Aëdes taeniorhynchus was mainly caught in stagnant, sunlit beach pools with clear, dark brown, brackish water on Curaçao, and once in a well on Saba. The females are severe biters. Aëdes busckii was found in a tree hole on St. Eustatius. Psorophora cyanescens was reported from Aruba only once. Psorophora confinnis bred in rock holes and other earth-lined breeding places, and rarely in man-made receptacles on the Curaçao Group. The majority of the breeding places were temporary and sunlit, and contained clear or turbid rainwater. The females are fierce biters. They entered houses. Psorophora pygmaea was collected from a ditch on St. Maarten. Deinocerites cancer was mainly found in crab holes on both groups of islands. The water of the breeding places was turbid and brackish. Adults lived in the crab holes. Females did not bite the author. Culex erraticus was caught in clear fresh water near the airport on Curaçao. Culex americanus was found in various bromeliads on the St. Martin Group. Culex bahamensis was collected from fresh or brackish water on the St. Martin Group. Culex habilitator adults and larvae were found in crab holes on St. Maarten. Culex maracayensis was caught in earth-lined breeding places and sometimes in concrete tanks and troughs on Curaçao. The water was usually clear, shaded and fresh or slightly brackish. Culex nigripalpus was collected near the airport on Curaçao from a temporary ground pool with rainwater. Megarhinus guadeloupensis was found once in a bromeliad on Saba.

Description: Many years have passed since short descriptions were published of the land and fresh & brackish-water habitats sampled in the Caribbean during the author’s three zoological collecting trips in 1930, 1936/37, and 1948/49 (these Studies, vols. 1 and 2, 1940, and vol. 4, 1953). Sampling was continued in 1955, 1963/64, 1967, 1968, 1970 and 1973. Data on the marine and saltpond habitats from which material was gathered were published in Studies 51, 1977. Collecting was done single-handed and often rather incidentally, as a rule with no other equipment than a knife, forceps, a beetle-sieve and a fine-meshed dip-net, the author confining himself to those places which presumably would yield a more or less representative sample within a short time. Yet, the material may justify the publication of this list of localities.

Description: High beat-flow foci on the Earth have been named ‘hot-spots’ and are commonly correlated with ‘mantle-plumes’ in the deep. A mantle plume may be described as a portion of mantle material with a higher heat content than its surroundings. The intrusion of a mantle-plume is inferred to be similar to the intrusion of a salt diapir and the process of diapirism is discussed. The theoretical mechanistic and thermal effects of hot diapirs and the tectonic and metamorphic implications are discussed. Two sets of diapirs, i.e. a first order diapir equal to a mantle-plume and, originating from it, second order diapirs causing hot spots, are invoked to give a reasonable explanation for the Palaeozoic evolution of the continental lithosphere of Western Galicia (NW Spain); the heat-flow pattern in the Rio Grande rift is also elegantly explained in a similar way. The sources of heat that might cause a mantle-plume are discussed but no one can be singled out as the most plausible. Mantle-plumes may be held responsible for the creation of a zone of weakness that is essential to initiate seafloor spreading, but certainly not every mantle-plume will play that role. The behavioural parameters of a mantle-plume are briefly explored and it is inferred that the heat content might be the most important one.

Description: Historical notes on Galician geology, and on the work of the Leiden University petrology team in particular, are first provided. This is followed by an introduction to the geology of Galicia with emphasis on its crystalline basement and upper mantle inliers. Six lithotectonic units are distinguished: 1) the Variscan granitic rocks and migmatites. 2) the Palaeozoic supracrustal rocks and dismembered meta-ophiolites, 3) the blastomylonitic graben between Malpica and Tuy, 4) the Lalin and Forcarey Units, 5) the Ordenes basin and its mesocatazonal peripheral belt, 6) the predominantly mafic-ultramafic catazonal complex at Cabo Ortegal. The supracrustal history of western Galicia in late Precambrian and early Palaeozoic times, as inferred from neighbouring areas, is briefly outlined and is compared with the igneous, tectonic and metamorphic evolution of the upper mantle and lower crustal rocks contained in the polymetamorphic basement complexes (1—4), which have sustained high-pressure and high-temperature metamorphism under a flow-folding regime prior to the Variscan orogeny. Several models proposed for the development of the basement complexes in the northern Hesperian Massif are briefly discussed. It is considered most likely that an early Palaeozoic rift system caused by mantle plume diapirism, and accompanied by deepseated thermal metamorphism, lower crustal recycling, updoming of the crust and incipient sea floor spreading, was closely followed by Variscan low-pressure metamorphism, migmatization and granite emplacement under an intermittently compressive and dilatational tectonic regime. Finally, the probability of a Precambrian orogenic crust in western Galicia is briefly explored.

Description: The border region between Coahuila and Zacatecas is part of the mountainous country south of Parras in northeastern Mexico. It includes a thickness of about 2,600 meters of Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks that were deposited along the northern border of the Mexican geosyncline along the southern margin of the Coahuila Peninsula massif. During early Tertiary time these sediments were compressed into folds parallel to the borders of the massif. The majority of the anticlines in the area mapped is overturned to the north. After the compressive stage a tensional stage developed and a system of tensional faults was formed. Block faulting found place on a large scale. A suggestion by de Sitter that some longitudinal faults may be comparable to schistosity planes in microfolds is tested in the horizontal outcrop pattern of this area, and no indications are found which could contradict this hypothesis. It is suggested that this horizontal outcrop pattern should also vary with the relative competency of the rock formation. The stratigraphic column is divided into formations. The Jurassic includes the Zuloaga limestone of Oxfordian age and the equivalent La Caja and La Casita formations of Kimmeridgian-Portlandian age. The Cretaceous from the base upward includes the Taraises formation of Lower Neocomian age, the Cupido limestone of upper Neocomian-lower Aptian age, the La Peña formation of upper Aptian-lower Albian age, the Aurora limestone of middle Albian age, the Indidura formation of upper Cenomanian-Turonian age, the Caracol formation of Coniacian age, and the Parras shale of Santonian age. The La Caja formation contains a variable amount of phosphorites, the genesis of which is discussed. The conclusion is reached that there are indications that this deposit had a biochemical mode of origin rather than a purely chemical one as advocated by Kazakov.