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  • Data
  • Other Sources  (284)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (284)
  • 1985-1989  (267)
  • 1960-1964  (17)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1987  (267)
  • 1961  (17)
  • 1954
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  • Data
  • Other Sources  (284)
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  • 1985-1989  (267)
  • 1960-1964  (17)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    Sparsely-sampled phase-insensitive two-dimensional arrays: Spatial interpolation and signal-dependent aperture (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-30
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NDE at NASA Langley. Advancing the State-of-the-Art and Providing a Quantitative Science Base for Materials Characterization; 10 p
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  • 2
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    Mercury cadmium telluride short- and medium-wavelength infrared staring focal plane arrays (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Short and medium IR wavelength 64 x 64 hybrid focal plane arrays (FPAs) have been developed using sapphire-grown HgCdTe. The short wavelength arrays were developed for a prototype airborne imaging spectrometer, while those of medium wavelength are suitable for tactical missile seekers and strategic surveillance systems. Attention is presently given to results obtained for these FPAs' current-voltage characteristics, as well as for their characterization at different temperatures. The detector arrays were also mated to a multiplexer and characterized under different operating conditions. The unit cell size used is 52 x 52 microns.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 26; 201-208
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  • 3
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    Phase closure with a rotational shear interferometer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simple and efficient way is proposed for achieving phase closure in an optical telescope (to enable recovering Fourier transform phases that would otherwise be corrupted by atmospheric and instrumental errors), by means of rotational shear interferometry. In a rotational shear interferometer, one images the telescope aperture onto the interferometer and then interferes the aperture with itself in a rotated orientation. To achieve the maximum frequency content permitted by the telescope, the shear has to be 180 deg, but better dynamic range and SNR are possible for lower frequencies. Drawbacks of the proposed method compared to radio astronomy are noted, and different approaches are indicated as to how to collect and use the phase closure data. Phase closure can be realized on existing telescopes and existing interferometers with special modifications. Although not all base lines are possible, the extra constraints provided by the closure phases greatly reduce the ambiguity now existing in phaseless image reconstruction.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 197-199
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  • 4
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    Simultaneous sampling technique for two spectral sources (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A technique is described that uses a bundle of fiber optics to simultaneously sample a dye laser and a spectral lamp. By the use of a real-time display with this technique, the two signals can be superimposed, and the effect of any spectral adjustments can be immediately accessed. In the NASA's CARS system used for combustion diagnostics, the dye laser mixes with a simultaneously pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm to probe the vibrational levels of nitrogen. An illustration of the oscilloscopic display of the system is presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Spectroscopy (ISSN 0003-7028); 41; 6, 19
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  • 5
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    Four-shooter - A large format charge-coupled device camera for the Hale telescope (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Hale telescope has employed an astronomical camera using four 800x800 CCDs in an optical arrangement that allows the imaging of a contiguous 1600-pixel-square region of the sky; reimaging optics are then used to yield a scale of 0.33 arcsec/pixel. Optical coatings are incorporated to yield a throughput at peak efficiency of nearly 50 percent, including telescope losses. This camera can be used in a scanning mode, in which the telescope tracking rate is offset and the charge is clocked in the chips in such a way that the charge image remains aligned with the optical image. Attention is given to the results of a survey for high-redshift quasars using this equipment, which has produced images for the most distant galaxy clusters yet discovered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 26; 779-787
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  • 6
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    Scientific charge-coupled devices (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The charge-coupled device dominates an ever-increasing variety of scientific imaging and spectroscopy applications. Recent experience indicates, however, that the full potential of CCD performance lies well beyond that realized in devices currently available.Test data suggest that major improvements are feasible in spectral response, charge collection, charge transfer, and readout noise. These properties, their measurement in existing CCDs, and their potential for future improvement are discussed in this paper.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 26; 692-714
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  • 7
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    Charge-coupled-device response to electron beam energies of less than 1 keV up to 20 keV (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Recent developments of backside treatment for the backside-illuminated scientifc CCD imagers have shown near-theoretical efficiency even at the short wavelength region of the spectrum. By using SEM performance comparisons of backside-treated and untreated CCDs to an electron flux varying from 1 to 100 pA and beam energy ranging from less than 1 keV up to 20 keV are obtained. The theoretical analysis, the SEM testing procedure, and the quantum efficiency measurement results are presented. It is shown, for example, that the average quantum efficiency increases from less than 1 percent for an untreated CCD to nearly 40 percent for a backside-treated CCD at a beam energy of 1 kev.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 26; 686-691
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  • 8
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    'Oxide-free' tip for scanning tunneling microscopy (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new tip for scanning tunneling microscopy and a tip repair procedure that allows one to reproducibly obtain atomic images of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite with previously inoperable tips are reported. The tips are shown to be relatively oxide-free and highly resistant to oxidation. The tips are fabricated with graphite by two distinct methods.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics Letters (ISSN 0003-6951); 51; 305-307
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  • 9
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    A thermal emission spectrometer for field use (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A field portable spectrometer has been built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory which is suitable for collecting data relevant to remote sensing applications in the 4.7- to 5.6- and 8- to 12-micrometer atmospheric windows. The instrument employs a single cooled HgCdTe detector and a continuously variable filter wheel analyzer. The spectral range covered is 5- to 14.5-micrometers and the resolution is approximately 1.5 percent of the wavelength. A description of the hardware is followed by a discussion of the data processing steps leading to emissivity and radiance spectra. A section is devoted to the evaluation of the instrument performance with respect to spectral resolution, radiometric precision, and accuracy. Several examples of spectra acquired in the field are included.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 53; 627-632
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  • 10
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    Surface contamination monitoring by the measurement of scattering distribution functions (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper describes the use of Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Functions (BSDF) to quantify surface degradation, thus providing an effective method for contamination monitoring. This approach to contamination monitoring is based on the use of witness surfaces (mirrors or glass slides) located next to the critical surfaces. Contaminant accretion can be monitored during all phases of spacecraft fabrication, assembly, and testing. The method can be applied in other areas of contamination control such as monitoring of clean room environments. The BSDF can also prove extremely useful in establishing contamination control requirements and acceptability criteria. This paper describes the apparatus adopted to perform BSDF measurements and discusses some practical aspects of data collection. The results obtained in contamination monitoring programs performed at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center are presented. Some possible new applications of this monitoring technique are also addressed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Environmental Sciences (ISSN 0022-0906); 30; 34-37
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  • 11
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    Energy-gap spectroscopy of superconductors using a tunneling microscope (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A unique scanning tunneling microscope (STM) system has been developed for spectroscopy of the superconducting energy gap. High-resolution control of tunnel current and voltage allows for measurement of superconducting properties at tunnel resistance levels 100-1000 greater than that achieved in prior work. The previously used STM methods for superconductor spectroscopy are compared to those developed for the work reported here. Superconducting energy-gap spectra are reported for three superconductors, Pb, PbBi, and NbN, over a range of tunnel resistance. The measured spectra are compared directly to theory.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics Letters (ISSN 0003-6951); 50; 1921-192
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  • 12
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    Flow visualization study of the effect of injection hole geometry on an inclined jet in crossflow (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A flow visualization was studied by using neutrally buoyant, helium-filled soap bubbles, to determine the effect of injection hole geometry on the trajectory of an air jet in a crossflow and to investigate the mechanisms involved in jet deflection. Experimental variables were the blowing rate, and the injection hole geometry cusp facing upstream (CUS), cusp facing downstream (CDS), round, swirl passage, and oblong. It is indicated that jet deflection is governed by both the pressure drag forces and the entrainment of free-stream fluid into the jet flow. For injection hole geometries with similar cross-sectional areas and similar mass flow rates, the jet configuration with the larger aspect ratio experienced a greater deflection. Entrainment arises from lateral shearing forces on the sides of the jet, which set up a dual vortex motion within the jet and thereby cause some of the main-stream fluid momentum to be swept into the jet flow. This additional momentum forces the jet nearer the surface. Of the jet configurations, the oblong, CDS, and CUS configurations exhibited the largest deflections. The results correlate well with film cooling effectiveness data, which suggests a need to determine the jet exit configuration of optimum aspect ratio to provide maximum film cooling effectiveness.
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  • 13
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    Reconstruction techniques of holograms from Spacelab 3 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Fluid transport effects in a ground-based laboratory are fairly well known. Bouyancy driven transport occurs when there is a local density change in the fluid. In a low-g environment these density changes become less important, and other transport mechanisms dominate. To better understand fluid flows in a low-g environment, a fluid experiment system (FES) was designed to fly aboard the Shuttle orbiter in Spacelab. The FES is a holographic system designed for acquisition of the maximum amount of data from an experiment. The FES flew for the first time in May 1985 on Spacelab 3 for investigation of triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystal growth in low-g. This paper describes the FES optical system. The reconstruction techniques of the holograms are examined in detail, and the multiuser and reflight capabilities are discussed. Proposed future experiments are mentioned.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 2465-247
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  • 14
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    Multichannel optical correlator/convolver utilizing the magnetooptic spatial light modulator (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The paper describes a multichannel correlator/convolver architecture utilizing an acoustooptic light modulator for the one dimensional channel and a magnetooptic spatial light modulator (MOSLM) for the second two-dimensional parallel channel. The MOSLM allows greater parallelism to be implemented in this correlator/convolver design than was previously reported. The implementation of 24 parallel channels with a 48 x 48 device is demonstrated. Experimental data are presented and the ways of increasing the number of parallel channels using commercially available MOSLMs and other previously discussed techniques, such as frequency multiplexing, are discussed. It is shown that over 2000 parallel channels are possible at 32-bit accuracy. A technique for obtaining a limited gray scale is also discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 2479-248
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  • 15
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    Precision ozone calibration system based on vapor pressures of ozone (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A precision ozone calibration system for stratospheric research has been developed and evaluated. Vapor pressures above solid ozone are mixed with a carrier gas (N2) to produce stratospheric ozone mixing ratios at total pressures of 1 to cover 20 torr. The uncertainty in the ozone mixing ratios is approximately + or - 1.5 percent, the stability of ozone is + or - 0.3 percent. Experiments to be calibrated may sample the gas mixture over a wide range of flow rates; the maximum throughput of gas with corrections of less than 1 percent to ozone is about 200 torr 1/min. A mass spectrometer system continuously monitors the purity and stability of the N2-O3 gas mixture.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0034-6748); 58; 1063-106
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  • 16
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    Computer controlled facility for measurement of the bidirectional scattering distribution function (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A computer controlled facility for measurement of the bidirectional scattering distribution function is described, with application to the evaluation of spacecraft surface contamination in optical and thermal control systems. An automatic detector/sampleholder allows a 360-deg detector scan around the sample for a complete bidirectional reflectance and transmittance distribution function characterization. The system demonstrates reduced data acquisition and reduction cycle time, and improved accuracy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 25
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  • 17
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    30-micron heterodyne receiver (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Advantages and constraints of remote measurements using heterodyne spectroscopy near 30 microns are discussed. The state of the art of wideband HgCdTe photomixers and PbSnSe diode-laser local oscillators being developed for FIR heterodyne receivers is described. The first compact 30-micron heterodyne radiometer was built, and initial results at 28-microns show about 2-percent mixer efficiency for a 500-MHz-bandwidth receiver. Factors limiting receiver performance are discussed, along with the projected sensitivity of new interdigitated-electrode HgCdTe photoconductor mixers being developed for operation up to 200 microns.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves (ISSN 0195-9271); 8; 1269-127
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  • 18
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    Multispecies coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering instrument for turbulent combustion (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A nonintrusive diagnostic system is described which permits simultaneous measurement of temperature, nitrogen number density, and oxygen number density in hostile combustion environments. This system is pumped by a 10-Hz neodymium YAG laser, and signals are detected with an intensified photodiode array and dual photomultipliers. The system utilizes a folded BOXCARS beam arrangement, two probe dye lasers, dynamic range expansion, polarization rejection of nonresonant background, and multiplexing of the signal beams.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0034-6748); 58; 2075-208
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  • 19
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    Image processing by four-wave mixing in photorefractive GaAs (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Three image processing experiments were performed by degenerate four-wave mixing in photorefractive GaAs. The experiments were imaging by phase conjugation, edge enhancement, and autocorrelation. The results show that undoped, semiinsulating, liquid-encapsulated Czochralski-grown GaAs crystals can be used as effective optical processing media despite their small electrooptic coefficient.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics Letters (ISSN 0003-6951); 51; 1481-148
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  • 20
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    Airborne tracking sunphotometer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An airborne tracking sunphotometer, mounted on the outside top surface of an aircaft has been developed to provide unresricted viewing of the sun. This instrument will substantially increase the data that scientists can gather for atmospheric studies. The instrument has six wavelength channels and an automatic data gathering system. The instrument's optical features, tracking capability, mechanical features, and data gathering system are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology (ISSN 0739-0572); 4; 336-339
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  • 21
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    Report of the Special Panel on statistical particle bias problems in laser anemometry (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An account is given of the findings contained in a concensus document compiled by a group of experts on laser anemometry concerning statistical particle bias and its possible remedies. Emphasis is placed on the systematic character of this bias, rather than its magnitude. Since bias errors are a function of flow velocity and turbulence intensity, the measured results may contain apparent trends due solely to the measurement process. Attention is given to the panel's attempt to clear up terminological confusions in the matter of rates, scales, and magnitudes, as well as to its suggested processing methods for the elimination of velocity bias and the remedy of angle bias.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Fluids Engineering (ISSN 0098-2202); 109; 89-93
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  • 22
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    In situ ozone instrumentation for 10-Hz measurements - Development and evaluation (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The development of the fast-response ozone detector for the Electra aircraft is described. The selection of a technique to meet the design goal of 10-Hz detection is examined in terms of detection principles, instrument sampling parameters, signal conditioning, and aircraft and sampling environment. An instrument which employs a NO technique for detection of ozone with a reaction chamber volume of 16 cu cm, a pressure of 60 torr, and a sample flow of 1000 standard cu cm/min was developed. Laboratory and flight testings of the detector were conducted in order to evaluate its performance. The data reveal that the fast-response ozone detector is highly reliable with a response of 0.1 sec to 90 percent of reading, has a lower detection limit of 1 ppbv, and an S/N of 20 at 20 ppbv ozone.
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  • 23
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    Moire interferometry, 1986 (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Current capabilities of moire interferometry are described. Several examples illustrate this whole-field optical technique for measurements of in-plane displacements. Sensitivity corresponds to moire measurements with gratings of 2400 lines/mm. The examples are taken from studies of composite members, material anomalies, plasticity, joints, micromechanics and strain concentrations. The abundance of high-sensitivity displacement information permits calculation of normal strains and shear strains in the field, including critical zones of very high gradients.
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  • 24
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    Wave-measurement capabilities of the surface contour radar and the airborne oceanographic lidar (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The 36-gigahertz surface contour radar and the airborne oceanographic lidar were used in the SIR-B underflight mission off the coast of Chile in October 1984. The two systems and some of their wave-measurement capabilities are described. The surface contour radar can determine the directional wave spectrum and eliminate the 180-degree ambiguity in wave propagation direction that is inherent in some other techniques such as stereophotography and the radar ocean wave spectrometer. The Airborne Oceanographic Lidar can acquire profile data on the waves and produce a spectrum that is close to the nondirectional ocean-wave spectrum for ground tracks parallel to the wave propagation direction.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest (ISSN 0270-5214); 8; 74-81
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  • 25
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    An anemometer for highly turbulent or recirculating flows (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An anemometer which determines flow velocity by ionizing air and sensing the convective displacement of the ions is described. It is suited to measurement in low speed, highly unsteady gas flows. Comparisons to hot wire spectra suggest the corona anemometer has adequate frequency response to make it a useful tool for fluid dynamics measurement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Experiments in Fluids (ISSN 0723-4864); 5; 3, 19
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  • 26
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    Fast-response, high-precision carbon monoxide sensor using a tunable diode laser absorption technique (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A tunable diode laser instrument, denoted as DACOM (Differential Absorption CO Measurement), has been developed to meet the fast-response, high-precision CO measurement needs of the GTE (Global Tropospheric Experiment) program. Under the GTE program, DACOM participated in the three field missions of CITE 1 (Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation 1), a project involving the intercomparison of trace gas measurement techniques. DACOM performance, including analyses of measurement error sources, is discussed for the ground-based mission at Wallops Island, VA (summer 1983), and two missions on the NASA CV-990 (fall 1983 and spring 1984). Examples of fast-response (about 1 s), high-precision (+ or - 1 part per billion by volume, + or - 1.5 percent of reading) airborne data are included to illustrate the capability of this instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 2071-208
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  • 27
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    Loss-compensation technique for fiber-optic sensors and its application to displacement measurements (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This report describes a new type of intensity-modulating fiber-optic sensor which has high immunity to the effects of variations in the losses of the fiber-link. A variable-splitting-ratio transducer is used to differentially modulate the intensities of the light which it transmits and reflects. Using a four-fiber optical link, light is impinged onto the transducer from either direction, and in each case, the transmitted and reflected signals are measured. These four signals are then processed to remove the effects of the fiber and connector losses. Loss-compensated sensors of angular position and displacement are described, and their outputs are shown to be highly stable despite considerable variations in the transmissivities of the fiber-link components.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 452-455
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  • 28
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    Fiber-optic photoelastic pressure sensor with fiber-loss compensation (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new fiber-optic pressure sensor is described that has high immunity to the effects of fiber-loss variations. This device uses the photoelastic effect to modulate the proportion of the light from each of two input fibers that is coupled into each of two output fibers. This four-fiber link permits two detectors to be used to measure the sensor's responses to the light from each of two independently controlled sources. These four detector outputs are processed to yield a loss-compensated signal that is a stable and sensitive pressure indicator.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optics Letters (ISSN 0146-9592); 12; 220-222
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  • 29
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    A simple device for the preparation of embedded materials science specimens for ultramicrotomy (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simple hand-held grinding fixture is discussed which can produce microtome mounts of hard materials, oriented interfaces, and powders embedded in a 5/16-in plastic rod. The device has been used for the ultramicrotomy of meteorite samples, 10-50 micron interplanetary dust particles, and thin films on plastic. Results are presented for a layer lattice silicate from the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite, illustrating the resolution and structural detail that can be obtained with the method.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique (ISSN 0741-0581); 6; 305
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  • 30
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    Spectral and radiometric calibration of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The laboratory spectral and radiometric calibration of the AVIRIS science data collected since 1987 is described. The instrumentation and procedures used in the calibration are discussed and the accuracy achieved in the laboratory as determined by measurement and calculation is compared with the requirements. Instrument performance factors affecting radiometry are described. The paper concludes with a discussion of future plans.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). A Description of the Sensor, Ground Data Processing Facility, Laboratory Calibration, and First Results; Airborne Visible(Inf
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  • 31
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    AVIRIS scan drive design and performance (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) images the ground with an instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of 1 mrad. The IFOV is scanned 30 deg from left to right to provide the cross-track dimension of the image, while the aircraft's motion provides the along-track dimension. The scanning frequency is 12 Hz, with a scan efficiency of 70 percent. The scan mirror has an effective diameter of 5.7 in, and its positional accuracy is a small fraction of a milliradian of the nominal position-time profile. Described are the design and performance of the scan drive mechanism. Tradeoffs among various approaches are discussed, and the reasons given for the selection of the cam drive.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). A Description of the Sensor, Ground Data Processing Facility, Laboratory Calibration, and First Results; Airborne Visible(Inf
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  • 32
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    Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) spectrometer design and performance (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The development of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) has been completed at JPL. This paper outlines the functional requirements of the spectrometer optics subsystem, and describes the spectrometer optical design. The optical subsystem performance is shown in terms of spectral modulation transfer functions, radial energy distributions, and system transmission at selected wavelengths for the four spectrometers. An outline of the spectrometer alignment is included.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). A Description of the Sensor, Ground Data Processing Facility, Laboratory Calibration, and First Results; Airborne Visible(Inf
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    Particle field holography data reduction by Fourier transform analysis (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The size distribution of a particle field hologram is obtained with a Fourier transformation of the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of the reconstructed hologram. Off-axis absorption holograms of particle fields with known characteristics were obtained and analyzed with a commercially available instrument. The mean particle size of the reconstructed hologram was measured with an error of + or - 5 percent, while the distribution broadening was estimated within + or - 15 percent. Small sections of a pulsed laser hologram of a synthetic fuel spray were analyzed with this method thus yielding a spatially resolved size distribution. The method yields fast and accurate automated analysis of particle field holograms.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms; p 541-564
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  • 34
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    The Fringe Reading Facility at the Max-Planck-Institut fuer Stroemungsforschung (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used for optical flow measurements in a transonic wind tunnel. Holographic interferograms are reconstructed by illumination with a He-Ne-laser and viewed by a video camera through wide angle optics. This setup was used for investigating industrial double exposure holograms of truck tires in order to develop methods of automatic recognition of certain manufacturing faults. Automatic input is achieved by a transient recorder digitizing the output of a TV camera and transferring the digitized data to a PDP11-34. Interest centered around sequences of interferograms showing the interaction of vortices with a profile and subsequent emission of sound generated by this process. The objective is the extraction of quantitative data which relates to the emission of noise.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms; p 433-436
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  • 35
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    Information retrieval from holographic interferograms: Fundamentals and problems (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Holographic interferograms can contain large amounts of information about flow and temperature fields. Their information content can be very high because they can be viewed from many different directions. This multidirectionality, and fringe localization add to the information contained in the fringe pattern if diffuse illumination is used. Additional information, and increased accuracy can be obtained through the use of dual reference wave holography to add reference fringes or to effect discrete phase shift or hetrodyne interferometry. Automated analysis of fringes is possible if interferograms are of simple structure and good quality. However, in practice a large number of practical problems can arise, so that a difficult image processing task results.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms; p 1-20
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  • 36
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    A method for using a time interval counter to measure frequency stability (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: It is shown how a commercial time interval counter can be used to measure the relative stability of two signals that are offset in frequency and mixed down to a beat note of about 1 Hz. To avoid the dead-time problem, the counter is set up to read the time interval between each beat note upcrossing and the next pulse of a 10 Hz reference pulse train. The actual upcrossing times are recovered by a simple algorithm whose outputs can be used for computing residuals and Allan variance. A noise floor-test yielded a delta f/f Allan deviation of 1.3 times 10 to the minus 9th power/tau relative to the beat frequency.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report; p 149-156
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  • 37
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    A comparison of turbulence measurement methods (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An experiment is described in which temperature (density) and velocity are measured separately but simultaneously as functions of time so that it is possible to determine the relationships among velocity, density, and the product of density and velocity. Temperatures were measured with a dual-wire thermocouple probe. Velocity data were supplied by a fringe laser-Doppler anemometer. Signals from thermocouples and the laser were recorded on FM magnetic tape for later processing.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1987; p 81-84
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  • 38
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    Progress on a PdCr wire strain gage (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The principal activity under the HOST effort to improve the state of the art in high temperature static strain measurement has been a contract under which a palladium-chromium (PdCr) alloy was developed. The contract effort is continuing with the goal of developing a thin film high temperature static strain gage system. In addition to this effort, researchers contracted with Battelle-Columbus Laboratories to draw the PdCr allow into wire while researchers at Lewis worked to gain experience with this alloy as a wire strain gage.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1987; p 77-79
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  • 39
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    Elevated temperature strain gages (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The objective is to study the electrical resistance of materials that are potentially useful as resistance strain gages at 1000 C. A set of criteria were set and used to select strain gage candidate materials that are electrically stable and reproducible at all temperatures up to 1000 C. For the experimental phase of this research, the electrical resistance change with temperature of three groups of materials (solid solution alloys, transition metal carbides, and semiconductors) were studied with the intention of identifying materials with low temperature coefficient of resistance and low resistance drift rate at 1000 C. A preliminary study of the gage factor on one of the best candidate materials, B sub 4 C, was also undertaken. The results of these investigations are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Turbine Engine Hot Section Technology, 1987; p 53-75
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  • 40
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    The Radar Ocean-Wave Spectrometer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The scanning-beam Radar Ocean-Wave Spectrometer (ROWS) technique is described. The derivation of a spectrum for the reflectivity modulation as a function of range is examined. The usefulness of the ROWS technique was initially validated using aircraft data obtained in 1978 with the GSFC Ku-band pulse-compression radar; additional examples of aircraft data which verify the effectiveness of the ROWS technique are presented. The development of a ROWS mode for Spectrasat is discussed. Consideration is given to the incidence angle, twin beam option for cross-section roll-off and wind vector determination, rotation rate, antenna and footprint dimensions, integration time, sphericity effects, and a processor configuration. A design for the ROWS-mode time-domain processor on Spectrasat is proposed. The performance of the system is evaluated, and it is determined that the system performs well.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest (ISSN 0270-5214); 8; 116-127
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  • 41
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    Recent tests at Langley with a University of Tennessee Space Institute (UTSI) skin friction balance (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The experience at LaRC with the University of Tennessee Space Institute skin friction balances is summarized. The Karman-Schoenherr flat plate skin friction formulation is included for comparison. It is concluded that the balance is capable of operation in environments as diverse as cryogenic, transonic, high-shear rate of the 0.3 meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel, and high-temperature supersonic environment of the Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel. Proposed new research is outlined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Research in Natural Laminar Flow and Laminar-Flow Control, Part 2; p 407-411
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  • 42
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    AVIRIS ground data-processing system (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) has been under development at JPL for the past four years. During this time, a dedicated ground data-processing system has been designed and implemented to store and process the large amounts of data expected. This paper reviews the objectives of this ground data-processing system and describes the hardware. An outline of the data flow through the system is given, and the software and incorporated algorithms developed specifically for the systematic processing of AVIRIS data are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). A Description of the Sensor, Ground Data Processing Facility, Laboratory Calibration, and First Results; Airborne Visible(Inf
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  • 43
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    Signal chain for the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The AVIRIS instrument has a separate dedicated analog signal processing chain for each of its four spectrometers. The signal chains amplify low-level focal-plane line array signals (5 to 10 mV full-scale span) in the presence of larger multiplexing signals (approx 150 mV) providing the data handling system a ten-bit digital word (for each spectrometer) each 1.3 microns. This signal chain provides automatic correction for the line array dark signal nonuniformity (which can approach the full-scale signal span).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). A Description of the Sensor, Ground Data Processing Facility, Laboratory Calibration, and First Results; Airborne Visible(Inf
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    A system overview of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The AVIRIS instrument has been designed to do high spectral resolution remote sensing of the Earth. Utilizing both silicon and indium antimonide line array detectors, AVIRIS covers the spectral region from 0.41 to 2.45 microns in 10-nm bands. It was designed to fly aboard NASA's U-2 and ER-2 aircraft, where it will simulate the performance of future spacecraft instrumentation. Flying at an altitude of 20 km, it has an instantaneous field of view of 20 m and views a swath over 10 km wide. With an ability to record 40 minutes of data, it can, during a single flight, capture 500 km of flight line.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). A Description of the Sensor, Ground Data Processing Facility, Laboratory Calibration, and First Results; Airborne Visible(Inf
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  • 45
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    The Portable Instant Display and Analysis Spectrometer (PIDAS) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A field spectrometer covering the range 0.4 to 2.5 microns was developed that acquires spectra in 2 seconds at 872 points within the spectrum. The Portable Instant Display and Analysis Spectrometer (PIDAS) can acquire spectra every 8 seconds and stores up to 288 spectra in bubble memory. A hand held display unit allows for display of the current spectrum acquired and superimposed on one of 128 permanently stored library spectra. PIDAS represents a major advance in the technology of field spectral data acquisition and for the first time makes possible the acquisition of enough spectra to characterize the mean and intraclass variance within a LANDSAT MSS or TM pixel.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Proceedings of the 3rd Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 8-17
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  • 46
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    A CAD/CAE analysis of photographic and engineering data (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: In the investigation of the STS 51L accident, NASA engineers were given the task of visual analysis of photographic data extracted from the tracking cameras located at the launch pad. An analysis of the rotations associated with the right Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) was also performed. The visual analysis involved pinpointing coordinates of specific areas on the photographs. The objective of the analysis on the right SRB was to duplicate the rotations provided by the SRB rate gyros and to determine the effects of the rotations on the launch configuration. To accomplish the objectives, computer aided design and engineering was employed. The solid modeler, GEOMOD, inside the Structural Dynamics Research Corp. I-DEAS package, proved invaluable. The problem areas that were encountered and the corresponding solutions that were obtained are discussed. A brief description detailing the construction of the computer generated solid model of the STS launch configuration is given. A discussion of the coordinate systems used in the analysis is provided for the purpose of positioning the model in coordinate space. The techniques and theory used in the model analysis are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The 21st Aerospace Mechanisms Symposium; p 235-246
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  • 47
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    Transonic rotor flow-measurement technique using holographic interferometry (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Holographic interferometry is used to record interferograms of the flow near a hovering transonic rotor blade. A pulsed ruby laser recorded 40 interferograms with a 2 ft dia. view field near the model rotor blade tip operating at a tip Mach number of 0.90. The experimental procedure is presented and example interferograms recorded in the rotor's tip path plane. In addition, a method currently being pursued to obtain quantitative flow information using computer assisted tomography (CAT) with the holographic interferogram data, is outlined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms; p 49-51
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  • 48
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    Results of using the global positioning system to maintain the time and frequency synchronization in the Deep Space Network (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: There are two hydrogen maser clocks located at each signal processing center (SPC) in the DSN. Close coordination of the time and frequency of the SPC clocks is needed to navigate spacecraft to the outer planets. A recent example was the Voyager spacecraft's encounter with Uranus in January 1986. The clocks were adjusted with the goal of minimizing time and frequency offsets between the SPCs at encounter. How time and frequency at each SPC is estimated using data acquired from the Global Positioning System Timing Receivers operating on the NBS-BIH (National Bureau of Standards-Bureau International de l'Heure) tracking schedule is described. These data are combined with other available timing receiver data to calculate the time offset estimates. The adjustment of the clocks is described. It was determined that long range hydrogen maser drift is quite predictable and adjustable within limits. This enables one to minimize time and frequency differences between the three SPCs for many months by matching the drift rates of the three standards. Data acquisition and processing techniques using a Kalman filter to make estimates of time and frequency offsets between the clocks at the SPCs and UTC(NBS) (Coordinated Universal Time realized at NBS) are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Telecommunications and Data Acquisition Report; p 67-72
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  • 49
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    The Mars observer camera (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A camera designed to operate under the extreme constraints of the Mars Observer Mission was selected by NASA in April, 1986. Contingent upon final confirmation in mid-November, the Mars Observer Camera (MOC) will begin acquiring images of the surface and atmosphere of Mars in September-October 1991. The MOC incorporates both a wide angle system for low resolution global monitoring and intermediate resolution regional targeting, and a narrow angle system for high resolution selective surveys. Camera electronics provide control of image clocking and on-board, internal editing and buffering to match whatever spacecraft data system capabilities are allocated to the experiment. The objectives of the MOC experiment follow.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA, Washington, Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, 1986; p 548-550
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  • 50
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    Low-g propellant gaging (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A program to develop and demonstrate technology for low gravity propellant gaging on future geostationary satellites is described. Evaluations were performed to select four gaging concepts for ground tests and low gravity tests in the NASA KC-135 aircraft. The selected concepts were: (1) an ultrasonic point sensor system, (2) a nucleonic gaging system, (3) an ultrasonic torsional wave guide, and (4) an ultrasonic flowmeter. As a result of successful ground and KC-135 tests, two concepts (the ultrasonic point sensor and the nucleonic systems) were selected for orbital test in a shuttle Get-Away-Special experiment.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. Cryogenic Fluid Management Technology Workshop. Volume 1: Presentation Material and Discussion; p 253-268
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  • 51
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    Thermal analysis for the Cryogenic Fluid Management Flight Experiment (CFMFE) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The purpose was to identify recent thermal analysis efforts and to review that part of the analysis that addresses the prediction of fluid and container temperature gradients during low gravity storage in space. It was concluded that both small and large tanks require hundreds of hours to reach even 60 PSIA. In about 1000 hours, the small tank is close to equilibrium; the large tank requires many thousands of hours to reach equilibrium.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio. Cryogenic Fluid Management Technology Workshop. Volume 1: Presentation Material and Discussion; p 221-239
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  • 52
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    Research sensors (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The program described covers development of sensors and sensing techniques for research applications on aeropropulsion systems. In general, the sensors are used in-situ to measure the environment at a given location within a turbine engine, or to measure the response of an engine component to the imposed environment. Locations of concern are generally in the gas path and, for the most part, are within the hot section. Specific parameters of concern are dynamic gas temperature, heat flux, airfoil surface temperature, and strain on airfoils and combustor liners. In order to minimize the intrusiveness of surface-mounted sensors, a considerable effort was expended to develop thin-film sensors for surface temperature, strain, and heat flux measurements. Most of the work described is sufficiently advanced that sensors were used and useful data were obtained. The notable exception is the work to develop a high-temperature static strain measuring capability; this work is still in progress.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Aeropropulsion '87. Session 4: Instrumentation and Controls Research; 12 p
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  • 53
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    First results from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: After engineering flights aboard the NASA U-2 research aircraft in the winter of 1986 to 1987 and spring of 1987, extensive data collection across the United States was begun with the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) in the summer of 1987 in support of a NASA data evaluation and technology assessment program. This paper presents some of the first results obtained from AVIRIS. Examples of spectral imagery acquired over Mountain View and Mono Lake, California, and the Cuprite Mining District in western Nevada are presented. Sensor performance and data quality are described, and in the final section of this paper, plans for the future are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). A Description of the Sensor, Ground Data Processing Facility, Laboratory Calibration, and First Results; Airborne Visible(Inf
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  • 54
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    Transonic flow visualization using holographic interferometry (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An account is made of some of the applications of holographic interferometry to the visualization of transonic flows. In the case of the compressor shock visualization, the method is used regularly and has moved from being a research department invention to a design test tool. With the implementation of automatic processing and simple digitization systems, holographic vibrational analysis has also moved into routine nondestructive testing. The code verification interferograms were instructive, but the main turbomachinery interest is now in 3 dimensional flows. A major data interpretation effort will be required to compute tomographically the 3 dimensional flow around the leading or the trailing edges of a rotating blade row. The bolt on approach shows the potential application to current unsteady flows of interest. In particular that of the rotor passing and vortex interaction effects is experienced by the new generation of unducted fans. The turbocharger tests presents a new area for the application of holography.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms; p 261-293
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  • 55
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    Flow visualization of acoustic levitation experiment (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Acoustic levitation experiments for space applications were performed. Holographic interferometry is being used to study the heat transfer rates on a heated rod enclosed in a 6 cu in chamber. Acoustic waves at levels up to 150 db increased the heating rates to the rod by factors of three to four. High speed real time holographic interferometry was used to measure the boundary layer on the heated rod. Data reduction and digitization of the interferograms are being implemented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms; p 93-99
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  • 56
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    Particle and flow field holography: A critical survey (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A brief background is provided for the fields of particle and flow visualization holography. A summary of methods currently in use is given, followed by a discussion of more recent and unique applications. The problem of data reduction is discussed. A state of the art summary is then provided with a prognosis of the future of the field. Particle and flow visualization holography are characterized as powerful tools currently in wide use and with significant untapped potential.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms; p 565-587
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  • 57
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    Application of digital interferogram evaluation techniques to the measurement of 3-D flow fields (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A system for digitally evaluating interferograms, based on an image processing system connected to a host computer, was implemented. The system supports one- and two-dimensional interferogram evaluations. Interferograms are digitized, enhanced, and then segmented. The fringe coordinates are extracted, and the fringes are represented as polygonal data structures. Fringe numbering and fringe interpolation modules are implemented. The system supports editing and interactive features, as well as graphic visualization. An application of the system to the evaluation of double exposure interferograms from the transonic flow field around a helicopter blade and the reconstruction of the three dimensional flow field is given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms; p 369-431
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    Multielement mapping of alpha-SiC by scanning Auger microscopy (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Fine second-phase particles, numerous in sintered alpha-SiC, were analyzed by scanning Auger microscopy and conventional techniques. The Auger analysis utilized computer-controlled data acquisition, multielement correlation diagrams, and a high spatial resolution of 100 nm. This procedure enabled construction of false color maps and the detection of fine compositional details within these particles. Carbon, silicon oxide, and boron-rich particles (qualitatively as BN or B4C) predominated. The BN particles, sometimes having a carbon core, are believed to result from reaction between B4C additives and nitrogen sintering atmospheres.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Advanced Ceramic Materials (ISSN 0883-5551); 2; 773-779
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  • 59
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    Power meter for optical efficiency measurements of laser-induced plasmas (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A power meter was constructed to measure the power being deposited in transient laser-induced plasmas (LIP). The design rejects the radiation scattered from the laser beam by the LIP and that transmitted past the LIP. The power meter is constructed from a small metal-capped flask placed in an evacuated chamber. The steady-state heat production in the flask is determined from measurements of the temperature gradient on a thermal resistance connecting the top of the flask with a heat sink. The design worked well and should be applicable to a wide variety of situations if the dimensions of the system are adjusted to compensate for power levels substantially different from those used here.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 4319-432
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    Large format, high resolution images sensors (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The performance requirements for scientific-quality CCDs are discussed, focusing on the design of two devices, and the progress toward achieving the desired performance is discussed. These devices are intended for rear-illuminated applications and have 512 x 512 and 2048 x 2048 pixel formats. The thinned 10 to 20 micron thick Si membrane is fully supported by a unique glass ceramic substrate. Quantum efficiencies of greater than 70 percent at 700 nm and greater than 40 percent at wavelengths less than 400 nm have been measured on a test device. Dark currents as low as 6 pA/sq cm also have been measured recently.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering (ISSN 0091-3286); 26; 837-843
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    Use of a liquid-crystal and heater-element composite for quantitative, high-resolution heat-transfer coefficients on a turbine airfoil including turbulence and surface-roughness effects (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Local heat transfer coefficients were measured along the midchord of a three-times-size turbine vane airfoil in a static cascade operated at room temperature over a range of Reynolds numbers. The test surface consisted of a composite of commercially available materials: a Mylar sheet with a layer of cholestric liquid crystals, which change color with temperature, and a heater made of a polyester sheet coated with vapor-deposited gold, which produces uniform heat flux. After the initial selection and calibration of the composite sheet, accurate, quantitative, and continuous heat transfer coefficients were mapped over the airfoil surface. Tests were conducted at two free-stream turbulence intensities: 0.6 percent, which is typical of wind tunnels; and 10 percent, which is typical of real engine conditions. In addition to a smooth airfoil, the effects of local leading-edge sand roughness were also examined for a value greater than the critical roughness. The local heat transfer coefficients are presented for both free-stream turbulence intensities for inlet Reynolds numbers from 1.20 to 5.55 x 10 to the 5th power. Comparisons are also made with analytical values of heat transfer coefficients obtained from the STAN5 boundary layer code.
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    Tomographical transformation of Malvern spray measurements (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new method is described which directly transforms Malvern line-integral data into point measurements of the radial drop mean size distribution and liquid volume concentration distribution. The transformed results have been compared with experimental point measurements by photography and the phase/Doppler spray analyzer. The comparison reveals the relation between point measurements and line-of-sight measurements. Three kinds of nozzles were investigated. After tomographical transformation of the Malvern results the different structures of the spray are revealed. A newly derived formula simplifies the transformation procedure. This method provides a direct means to extend the applicability of the Malvern particle sizer and has the potential to be developed for use in unsymmetric sprays.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Atomisation and Spray Technology (ISSN 0266-3481); 3; 2, 19; 89-105
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    Measurements of temperature, density, pressure, and their fluctuations in supersonic turbulence using laser-induced fluorescence (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A laser-induced fluorescence method has been developed that provides simultaneous measurements of temperature, density, and their fluctuations owing to turbulence in unheated compressible flows. Pressure and its fluctuations are also deduced using the equation of state. Fluorescence is induced in nitric oxide that has been seeded into a nitrogen flow in concentrations of 100 ppm. Measurements are obtained from each laser pulse, with a spatial resolution of 1 mm and a temporal resolution of 125 ns. The method was applied to a supersonic, turbulent, boundary-layer flow with a free-stream Mach number of 2. For stream conditions in the range from 150-300 K and 0.3-1 atm, temperature is measured with an uncertainty of approximately 1 percent rms, while density and pressure uncertainties are approximately 2 percent rms.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Experiments in Fluids (ISSN 0723-4864); 5; 6, 19
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  • 64
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    Single-tone and two-tone AM-FM spectral calculations for tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A generalized theory for optical heterodyne spectroscopy with phase modulated laser radiation is used which allows the calculation of signal line shapes for frequency modulation spectroscopy of Lorentzian gas absorption lines. In particular, synthetic spectral line shapes for both single-tone and two-tone modulation of lead-salt diode lasers are presented in which the contributions from both amplitude and frequency modulations are included.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 3584-358
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    The performance of a multistep proportional counter for use in X-ray astronomy (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The addition of a parallel field preamplification region has been shown to dramatically improve the performance of a standard multiwire proportional counter, permitting high overall gas gains to be achieved, a prerequisite for good spatial resolution, without in any way compromising energy resolution. The resulting device, known as a multistep detector, has been tested over a wide range of operating conditions and fill gas mixtures. Results are presented here detailing the performance available with argon and xenon as the principal gases, these being of particular relevance to X-ray astronomy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (ISSN 0018-9499); NS-34; 672-675
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    Interferogram analysis using Fourier transform techniques (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A method of interferogram analysis is described in which Fourier transform techniques are used to map the complex fringe visibility in several types of interferograms. Algorithms are developed for estimation of both the amplitude and the phase of the fringes (yielding the modulus and the phase of the holographically recorded object Fourier transform). The algorithms were applied to the reduction of interferometric seeing measurements (i.e., the estimation of the fringe amplitude only), and the reduction of interferometric tests (i.e., estimation of the fringe phase only). The method was used to analyze scatter-plate interferograms obtained at NOAO.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 26; 1668-167
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    Charge distribution and response time for a modulation-doped extrinsic infrared detector (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The electric charge distribution and response time of a modulation-doped extrinsic infrared detector are determined. First, it is demonstrated theoretically that the photoconductive layer is effectively depleted of ionized majority-impurity charges so that scattering is small and mobility is high for photogenerated carriers. Then, using parameters appropriate to an actual detector, the predicted response time is 10 to the -8th to about 10 to the -9th s, which is much faster than comparable conventional detectors. Thus, the modulation-doped detector design would be valuable for heterodyne applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics (ISSN 0021-8979); 61; 773-776
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  • 68
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    GRADIO three-axis electrostatic accelerometers (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Dedicated accelerometers for satellite gravity gradiometry (GRADIO project) are described. The design profits from experience acquired with the CACTUS accelerometer payload of the satellite CASTOR-D5B and studies of highly accurate accelerometers for inertial navigation. The principle of operation, based on a three-axis electrostatic suspension of a cubic proof mass, is well suited for the measurements of accelerations less than 0.0001 m/sec/sec. A resolution better than 10 to the minus 11th power m/sec/sec/sq root Hz is expected.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of an ESA-NASA Workshop on a Joint Solid Earth Program; p 31-37
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    Instrumentation utilisation for risk control in safety operations (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Ways in which instrumentation is utilized for risk control for inherently safe (no control or guidance) and flight programmed launch vehicles is presented. Instrumentation and how it is utilized in the launching and recovery of balloons and payloads is also presented. Wind sensing, computer systems, tracking, and telemetry are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of the 8th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programs and Related Research; p 241-245
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    ROCOZ-A (improved rocket launched ozone sensor) for middle atmosphere ozone measurements (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: An improved interference filter based ultraviolet photometer (ROCOZ-A) for measuring stratospheric ozone is discussed. The payload is launched aboard a Super-Loki to a typical apogee of 70 km. The instrument measures the solar ultraviolet irradiance as it descends on a parachute. The total cumulative ozone is then calculated based on the Beer-Lambert law. The cumulative ozone precision measured in this way is 2.0% to 2.5% over an altitude range of 20 and 55 km. Results of the intercomparison with the SBUV overpass data and ROCOZ-A data are also discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of the 8th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programs and Related Research; p 207-214
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    Simultaneous temperature and concentration measurement in front of solidifying monotectic systems using the two wavelength holographic technique (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: A holographic technique for the simultaneous measurement of temperature and concentration in solidifying transparent model alloy systems was developed. Its application to the study of the interactions between the temperature, concentration, and fluid flow fields in such systems at 1 g and micro-g conditions is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: ESA, Proceedings of the Sixth European Symposium on Material Sciences under Microgravity Conditions; p 309-311
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  • 72
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    Pattern recognition techniques for failure trend detection in SSME ground tests (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) is a complex power plant. To evaluate its performance 1200 hot-wire ground tests have been conducted, varying in duration from 0 to 500 secs. During the test some 500 sensors are sampled every 20 ms. The sensors are generally bounded by red lines so that an excursion beyond could lead to premature shutdown. In 27 tests it was not possible to effect an orderly premature shutdown, resulting in major incidents with serious damage to the SSME and test stand. The application of pattern recognition are investigated to detect SSME performance trends that may lead to major incidents. Based on the sensor data a set of (n) features is defined. At any time during the test, the state of the SSME is given by a point in the n-dimensional feature space. The history of a test can now be represented as a trajectory in the n-dimensional feature space. Portions of the normal trajectories and failed test trajectories would lie in different regions of the n-dimensional feature space. The latter can now be partitioned into regions of normal and failed tests. Thus, it is possible to examine the trajectory of a test in progress and predict if it is going into the normal or failure region.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center, Research Reports: 1987 NASA(ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program; 29 p
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    Resolution of holograms produced by the fluid experiment system and the holography ground system (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Fluid Experiment System (FES) was developed to study low temperature crystal growth of triglycine sulfate from solution in a low gravity environment onboard Spacelab. The first flight of FES was in 1985. FES uses an optical system to take holograms of the growing crystal to be analyzed after the mission in the Holography Ground System (HGS) located in the Test Laboratory at Marshall Space Flight Center. Microscopic observation of the images formed by the reconstructed holograms is critical to determining crystal growth rate and particle velocity. FES and HGS were designed for a resolution of better than 20 micrometers, but initial observation of the flight holograms show a limit of 80 micrometers. The resolution of the FES holograms is investigated, as well as the role of beam intensity ratio and exposure time on the resolution of HGS produced holograms.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center, Research Reports: 1987 NASA(ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program; 21 p
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    AVIRIS onboard data handling and control (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The timing and flow of detector and ancillary data for the Airborne Visible/Infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) are controlled within the instrument by its digital electronics assembly. In addition to providing detector and signal chain timing, the digital electronics receives, formats, and rate-buffers digitized science data; collects and formats ancillary (calibration and engineering) data; and merges both into a single tape record. Overall AVIRIS data handling is effected by a combination of dedicated digital electronics to control instrument timing, image data flow, and data rate buffering and a microcomputer programmed to handle real-time control of instrument mechanisms and the coordinated preparation of ancillary data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). A Description of the Sensor, Ground Data Processing Facility, Laboratory Calibration, and First Results; Airborne Visible(Inf
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    Visible and infrared linear detector arrays for the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) instrument uses four separate focal plane assemblies consisting of line array detectors that are multiplexed to a common J-FET preamp using a FET switch multiplexing (MUX) technique. A 32-element silicon line array covers the spectral range from 0.41 to 0.70 microns. Three additional 64-element indium antimonide (InSb) line arrays cover the spectral range from 0.68 to 2.45 microns. The spectral sampling interval per detector element is nominally 9.8 nm, giving a total of 224 spectral channels. All focal planes operate at liquid nitrogen temperature and are housed in separate dewars. Electrical performance characteristics include a read noise of less than 1000 e(-) in all channels, response and dark nonuniformity of 5 percent peak to peak, and quantum efficiency of greater than 60 percent.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). A Description of the Sensor, Ground Data Processing Facility, Laboratory Calibration, and First Results; Airborne Visible(Inf
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    A new art code for tomographic interferometry (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A new algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) code based on the iterative refinement method of least squares solution for tomographic reconstruction is presented. Accuracy and the convergence of the technique is evaluated through the application of numerically generated interferometric data. It was found that, in general, the accuracy of the results was superior to other reported techniques. The iterative method unconditionally converged to a solution for which the residual was minimum. The effects of increased data were studied. The inversion error was found to be a function of the input data error only. The convergence rate, on the other hand, was affected by all three parameters. Finally, the technique was applied to experimental data, and the results are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms; p 437-459
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    Computational interferometric description of nested flow fields (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Computer graphics and theoretical descriptions of density are used to obtain computer generated flow visualizations called computational interferograms. Computational interferograms are pictorially analogous to optical interferograms, and examples showing the fringe pattern for the flow about a sharp tip cone in a supersonic air stream are presented. To ascertain the effect of unsteady behavior, local density disturbances are added to the steady state flow field. This introduces irregularities to the computational interferogram like those seen in the optical interferograms. These theoretical disturbances can be varied in geometry, density description, translated with time, and strengthened or dissipated. The accuracy of computational interferometry relies on the accuracy of the theoretical density descriptions and therefore, it provides a way of verifying existing models of flow fields, especially those containing unsteady or turbulent behavior. In addition to being a unique method of flow visualization, computational interferometry can be used to develop and modify theories or numerical solutions to both simple and complex flow fields. The presented research is a general description of this process.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms; p 343-368
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    Optical interferometry in fluid dynamics research (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Optical interferometry techniques were applied to the investigation of transonic airfoil flow fields in large wind tunnels. Holographic interferometry techniques were used to study 2 dimensional symmetric NACA 64A010 and Douglas Aircraft Co. DSMA671 supercritical airfoil performance in the NASA Ames 2 x 2 ft transonic wind tunnel. Quantitative data obtained from the interferograms were compared to the surface pressure data. The agreement obtained verified the accuracy of the flow visualization and demonstrated the potential for acquiring quantitative scalar results. Measurements of the inviscid flow speed and the boundary layer and wake velocity profiles were extracted from the interferograms and compared to laser Doppler velocimeter measurements. These results were also in good agreement. A method for acquiring real time interferometric data in large scale facilities was developed. This method, based on the point diffraction interferometer, was successfully tested in the 2 x 2 ft transonic wind tunnel. The holographic and real time interferometry methods were applied to the investigations of circulation control airfoils utilizing the Coanda effect. These results reveals the details of the jet interacting with the trailing edge boundary layer and the other parameters affecting the lift augmentation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms; p 193-247
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    Welding arc and plasma studies using real time, multipass holographic interferometry (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Flow visualization of the plasma process in a welding arc is being studied with a multipass Argon ion interferometer. High speed movies at 10,000 frames per/sec are taken. The multipass interferometer and several interferograms of the plasma near the electrode of the welding are given. Digitization of the fringes is currently done by hand.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms; p 71-76
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    High speed optical tomography for flow visualization (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A novel optical architecture (based on holographic optical elements) for making high speed tomographic measurements is presented. The system is designed for making density or species concentration measurements in a nonsteady fluid or combustion flow. Performance evaluations of the optical system are discussed, and a test phase object was successfully reconstructed using this optical arrangement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, Automated Reduction of Data from Images and Holograms; p 171-191
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    Micro-focus X-ray imaging (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The acceptance of surface mounting in the electronics industry has been slowed by problems with component availability, electrical testing, and inspection. Industry suppliers and users have been working to solve these problems, and they are easing. Component manufacturers are offering substantially more devices in surface mountable packages. Automated test equipment vendors are offering test fixtures for surface mount circuit boards. And just recently, solder connection inspection has been automated through a partership effort with a major electronics manufacturer. The results achieved in this effort are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Electronics Reliability and Measurement Technology; p 65-72
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    Nondestructive SEM for surface and subsurface wafer imaging (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is considered as a tool for both failure analysis as well as device characterization. A survey is made of various operational SEM modes and their applicability to image processing methods on semiconductor devices.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Electronics Reliability and Measurement Technology; p 17-33
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    Microprocessor controlled proof-mass actuator (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The objective of the microprocessor controlled proof-mass actuator is to develop the capability to mount a small programmable device on laboratory models. This capability will allow research in the active control of flexible structures. The approach in developing the actuator will be to mount all components as a single unit. All sensors, electronic and control devices will be mounted with the actuator. The goal for the force output capability of the actuator will be one pound force. The programmable force actuator developed has approximately a one pound force capability over the usable frequency range, which is above 2 Hz.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Structural Dynamics and Control Interaction of Flexible Structures; p 101-118
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    Numerical study of the effects of boundary conditions on the measurement and calibration of gardon type heat flux sensors (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: To monitor the high-intensity heat flux conditions that occur in the space shuttle main engine (SSME), it is necessary to use specifically designed heat flux sensors. These sensors, which are of the Gardon-type, are exposed on the measuring face to high-intensity radiative and convective heat fluxes and on the other face to convective cooling. To improve the calibration and measurement accuracy of these gauges, researchers are studing the effect that the thermal boundary conditions have on gauge performance. In particular, they are studying how convective cooling effects the field inside the sensor and the measured heat flux. The first phase of this study involves a numerical study of these effects. Subsequent phases will involve experimental verification. A computer model of the heat transfer around a Garden-type heat flux sensor was developed. Two specific geometries are being considered are: (1) heat flux sensor mounted on a flat-plate; and (2) heat flux sensor mounted at the stagnation point of a circular cylinder. Both of these configurations are representative of the use of heat flux sensors in the components of the SSME. The purpose of the analysis is to obtain a temperature distribution as a function of the boundary conditions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Structural Integrity and Durability of Reusable Space Propulsion Systems; p 51-57
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  • 85
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    Progress on thin-film sensors for space propulsion technology (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The objective is to develop thin-film thermocouples for Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) components. Thin-film thermocouples have been developed for aircraft gas turbine engines and are in use for temperature measurement on turbine blades to 1800 F. The technology established for aircraft gas turbine engines will be adapted to the materials and environment encountered in the SSME. Specific goals are to expand the existing in-house thin-film sensor technology and to test the survivability and durability of thin-film sensors in the SSME environment.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Structural Integrity and Durability of Reusable Space Propulsion Systems; p 39-42
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    Progress in optical strain measurement system development (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A laser speckle strain measurement system has been built and tested for the NASA Lewis Research Center. The system is based on a speckle shift technique, which automatically corrects for error due to rigid body motion, and provides a near real time measure of strain. The first stage of a multiphase effort to develop an optical strain gauge capable of mapping in two dimensions the strain on the surface of a hot specimen is discussed. The objectives of this first phase have been to provide a noncontact, one-dimensional, differential strain gauge for experimental purposes, and to determine the maximum open air temperature limit of the system.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Structural Integrity and Durability of Reusable Space Propulsion Systems; p 45-46
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    1986 Nuclear Science Symposium, 33rd, and 1986 Symposium on Nuclear Power Systems, 18th, Washington, DC, Oct. 29-31, 1986, Proceedings (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: Papers are presented on space, low-energy physics, and general nuclear science instrumentations. Topics discussed include data acquisition systems and circuits, nuclear medicine imaging and tomography, and nuclear radiation detectors. Consideration is given to high-energy physics instrumentation, reactor systems and safeguards, health physics instrumentation, and nuclear power systems.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: (ISSN 0018-9499)
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    Miniature high stability high temperature space rated blackbody radiance source (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
    Description: This paper presents the design and test performance of a conical cavity type blackbody radiance source that will meet the requirements of the Halogen Occultation Experiment on the NASA Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite program. The thrust of this design effort was to minimize the heat losses, in order to keep the power usage under 7.5 watts, and to minimize the amount of silica in the materials. Silica in the presence of the platinum heater winding used in this design would cause the platinum to erode, changing the operating temperature set-point. The design required the development of fabrication techniques which would provide very small, close tolerance parts from extremely difficult-to-machine materials. Also, a space rated ceramic core and unique, low thermal conductance, ceramic-to-metal joint was developed, tested and incorporated in this design. The completed flight qualification hardware has undergone performance, environmental and life testing. The design configuration and test results are discussed in detail.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 89
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    The elusive third component (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-01
    Description: The historical development of techniques for measuring three velocity components using laser velocimetry is presented. The techniques are described and their relative merits presented. Many of the approaches currently in use based on the fringe laser velocimeter have yielded inaccurate measurements of turbulence intensity in the on-axis component. A possible explanation for these inaccuracies is presented along with simulation results.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 90
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    Optical strain measurement system development (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A laser speckle, differential strain measurement system has been built and tested for future applications in hostile environments. One-dimensional electronic correlation of speckle pattern movement allows a quasi-real time measure of strain. The system has been used successfully to measure uniaxial strain reaching into plastic deformation of a test specimen, at temperatures ranging to 450 C. A resolution of 16 microstrain is given by the photodiode array sensor pitch and the specimen to sensor separation. The strain measurement error is estimated to be +/-18 microstrain +/-3 percent of the strain reading. The upper temperature limit of the gauge is determined by air density perturbations causing decorrelation of the reference and shifted speckle patterns, and may be improved by limiting convective flow in the immediate vicinity of the test specimen.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-179646 , E-3678 , NAS 1.26:179646
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 91
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    Optical strain measuring techniques for high temperature tensile testing (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A number of optical techniques used for the analysis of in-plane displacements or strains are reviewed. The application would be for the high temperature, approximately 1430 C (2600 F), tensile testing of ceramic composites in an oxidizing atmosphere. General descriptions of the various techniques and specifics such as gauge lengths and sensitivities are noted. Also, possible problems with the use of each method in the given application are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-179637 , NAS 1.26:179637
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 92
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    Four-terminal electrical testing device (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The invention relates to a four-terminal electrical connector device for testing and measuring unknown resistances of initiators used for starting pyrotechnic events aboard the space shuttle. The testing device minimizes contact resistance degradation effects and so improves the reliability of resistance measurements taken with the device. Separate and independent voltage sensing and current supply circuits each include a pair of socket contacts for mating engagement with the pins of the initiator. The unknown resistance that is measured by the device is the resistance of the bridgewire of the initiator which is required to be between 0.95 and 1.15 ohms.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 93
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    Apparatus ad method for quiescent containerless processing of high temperature metals and alloys in low gravity (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The electron bombardment furnace consists of two confinement grid sections which may be moved and separated from each other. Inside the bombardment furnace, a tungsten element is enclosed. The material specimen is located within the tungsten element and grounded by means of grounded support wires connected to the respective sections of the furnace. The material specimen is supported on the ground wires and heated by electron bombardment until melt occurs. The furnace sections are separated in opposite directions causing the ground wires to pull from the surfaces of the specimen, leaving the specimen freely suspended in the process chamber without the action of external forces. The specimen remains in its melt condition in the processing chamber where it can be undercooled without external forces acting on the specimen, which would cause dynamic nucleation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 94
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    Real-time laser holographic Interferometry for aerodynamics (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Recent developments in thermoplastic recording holograms and advancements in automated image digitalization and analysis make real-time laser holographic interferometry feasible for two-dimensional flows such as airfoil flows. Typical airfoil measurements would include airfoil presssure distributions, wake and boundary layer profiles, and flow field density contours. This paper addresses some of the problems and requirements of a real-time laser holographic interferometer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-89462 , A-87205 , NAS 1.15:89462
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  • 95
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    Cosmic ray detectors (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Work on the MSFC emulsion laboratory microscopes in which mechanical modifications previously made were verified is reviewed, as is a design study of a large area hybrid electronic/emulsion chamber balloon flight detector system. This design is built upon the experience obtained with the highly successful MSFC/UAH hybrid instrument flown by the JACEE consortium. The design included overall system design and specification, design and fabrication of a prototype large light diffusion for Cerenkov charge detector or scintillator, design of a multiwire proportional counter array and design of the gondola or flight support system.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-CR-179086 , NAS 1.26:179086
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  • 96
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    Use of a liquid-crystal, heater-element composite for quantitative, high-resolution heat transfer coefficients on a turbine airfoil, including turbulence and surface roughness effects (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Local heat transfer coefficients were measured along the midchord of a three-times-size turbine vane airfoil in a static cascade operated at roon temperature over a range of Reynolds numbers. The test surface consisted of a composite of commercially available materials: a Mylar sheet with a layer of cholestric liquid crystals, which change color with temperature, and a heater made of a polyester sheet coated with vapor-deposited gold, which produces uniform heat flux. After the initial selection and calibration of the composite sheet, accurate, quantitative, and continuous heat transfer coefficients were mapped over the airfoil surface. Tests were conducted at two free-stream turbulence intensities: 0.6 percent, which is typical of wind tunnels; and 10 percent, which is typical of real engine conditions. In addition to a smooth airfoil, the effects of local leading-edge sand roughness were also examined for a value greater than the critical roughness. The local heat transfer coefficients are presented for both free-stream turbulence intensities for inlet Reynolds numbers from 1.20 to 5.55 x 10 to the 5th power. Comparisons are also made with analytical values of heat transfer coefficients obtained from the STAN5 boundary layer code.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-87355 , E-3021 , NAS 1.15:87355
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  • 97
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    In-situ technique for checking the calibration of platinum resistance thermometers (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The applicability of the self-heating technique for checking the calibration of platinum resistance thermometers located inside wind tunnels was investigated. This technique is based on a steady state measurement of resistance increase versus joule heating. This method was found to be undesirable, mainly because of the fluctuations of flow variables during any wind tunnel testing.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-89146 , NAS 1.15:89146
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 98
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    Pretest uncertainty analysis for chemical rocket engine tests (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A parametric pretest uncertainty analysis has been performed for a chemical rocket engine test at a unique 1000:1 area ratio altitude test facility. Results from the parametric study provide the error limits required in order to maintain a maximum uncertainty of 1 percent on specific impulse. Equations used in the uncertainty analysis are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-89819 , E-3465 , NAS 1.15:89819
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  • 99
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    Aerodynamic measurements and thermal tests of a strain-gage balance in a cryogenic wind tunnel (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An internal strain-gage balance designed and constructed in Europe for use in cryogenic wind tunnels has been tested in the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel. Part of the evaluation was made at equilibrium balance temperatures and it consisted of comparing the data taken at a tunnel stagnation temperature of 300 K with the data taken at 200 K and 110 K while maintaining either the Reynolds number or the stagnation pressure. A sharp-leading-edge delta-wing model was used to provide the aerodynamic loading for these tests. Results obtained with the balance during the force tests were found to be accurate and repeatable both with and without the use of a convection shield on the balance. An additional part of this investigation involved obtaining data on the transient temperature response of the balance during both normal and rapid changes in the tunnel stagnation temperature. The variation of the temperature with time was measured at three locations on the balance near the physical locations of the strain gages. The use of a convection shield significantly increased the time required for the balance to stabilize at a new temperature during the temperature response tests.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TM-89039 , L-16208 , NAS 1.15:89039
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  • 100
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    A simplified method for determining heat of combustion of natural gas (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A simplified technique for determination of the heat of combustion of natural gas has been developed. It is a variation of the previously developed technique wherein the carrier air, in which the test sample was burnt, was oxygen enriched to adjust the mole fraction of oxygen in the combustion product gases up to that in the carrier air. The new technique eliminates the need for oxygen enrichment of the experimental mixtures and natural gas samples and has been found to predict their heats of combustion to an uncertainty of the order of 1 percent.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA-TP-2682 , L-16261 , NAS 1.60:2682
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