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  • Chemistry  (1,822)
  • Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance  (14)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (8)
  • 42.75
  • Biology
  • 1950-1954  (1,844)
  • 1953  (1,844)
Collection
Publisher
Years
  • 1950-1954  (1,844)
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Pressure-distribution measurements have been made on the fus elage of the Bell X- 1 research airplane. Data are presented for angles of attack from 2 deg. to 8 deg. during pull-ups at Mach numbers of about 0.78, 0.85, 0.88, and 1.02. The results of the investigation indicated that a large portion of the load carried by the fuselage was in the vicinity of the wing and may be attributed to wing-to-fuselage carryover. The presence of the wing from the 41 to 60 percent fuselage stations influenced the fuselage pressures from about 30 to 65 percent fuselage length at Mach numbers of approximat ely 0.78, 0.85, and 0.88, and from about 35 to 80 percent fuselage length at a Mach number of approximately 1.02. The fuselage contributed about 20 percent of the total airplane normal-force coefficient. The center of pressure of the fuselage load throughout the tests was located from 41 to 51 percent fuselage length, which corresponds to the forward half of the wing root-chord location.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-L53I15
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A method has been proposed for predicting the effect of a rapid blade-pitch increase on the thrust and induced-velocity response of a helicopter rotor. General equations have been derived for the ensuing motion of the helicopter. These equations yield time histories of thrust, induced velocity, and helicopter vertical velocity for given rates of blade-pitch-angle changes and given rotor-angular-velocity time histories. The results of the method have been compared with experimental results obtained with a rotor mounted on the Langley helicopter test tower. The calculated and experimental results are in good agreement, although, in general, the calculated thrust-coefficient overshoots are about 10 percent greater than those obtained experimentally.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-TN-3044
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: An analysis of combined heat and mass transfer from a flat plate has been made in terms of Prandtl t s simplified physical concept of the turbulent boundary layer. The results of the analysis show that for conditions of reasonably small heat and mass transfer, the ratio of the mass-and heat-transfer coefficients is dependent on the Reynolds number of the boundary layer, the Prandtl number of the medium of diffusion, and the Schmidt number of the diffusing fluid in the medium of diffusion. For the particular case of water evaporating into air, the ratio of mass-transfer coefficient to heat-transfer coefficient is found to be slightly greater than unity.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-3045
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2904
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2903
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Convective heat-transfer coefficients in dry air were obtained for an ellipsoidal spinner of 30-inch maximum diameter for both stationary and rotating operation over a range of conditions including airspeeds up to 275 miles per hour, rotational speeds up to 1200 rpm, and angles of attack of zero and 40 The results are presented in terms of Nusselt numbers, Reynolds numbers, and convective heat-transfer coefficients. The studies included both uniform heating densities over the spinner and uniform surface temperatures.. In general, the results showed that rotation will increase the convective heat transfer from a spinner, especially in the turbulent-flow regions. Rotation of the spinner at 1200 rpm and at a free-stream velocity of 275 miles per hour increased the Nusselt number parameter in the turbulent-flow region by 32 percent over that obtained with a stationary spinner; whereas in the nose region, where the flow was laminar, an increase of only 18 percent was observed. Transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurred over a large range of Reynolds numbers primarily because of surface roughness of the spinner. Operation at an angle of attack of 40 had only small effects on the local convective heat transfer for the model studied.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-RM-E53F02
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of existing frictional heating were analyzed to determine the conditions under which ice formations on aircraft surfaces can be prevented. A method is presented for rapidly determining by means of charts the combination of-Mach number, altitude, and stream temperature which will maintain an ice-free surface in an icing cloud. The method can be applied to both subsonic and supersonic flow. The charts presented are for Mach numbers up to 1.8 and pressure altitudes from sea level to 45,000 feet.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2914
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The general effect of wing sweep on cloud-droplet trajectories about swept wings of high aspect ratio moving at subsonic speeds is discussed. A method of computing droplet trajectories about yawed cylinders and swept wings is presented, and illustrative droplet trajectories are computed. A method of extending two-dimensional calculations of droplet impingement on nonswept wings to swept wings is presented. It is shown that the extent of impingement of cloud droplets on an airfoil surface, the total rate of collection of water, and the local rate of impingement per unit area of airfoil surface can be found for a swept wing from two-dimensional data for a nonswept wing. The impingement on a swept wing is obtained from impingement data for a nonswept airfoil section which is the same as the section in the normal plane of the swept wing by calculating all dimensionless parameters with respect to flow conditions in the normal plane of the swept wing.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2931
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Trajectories were determined for droplets in air flowing through 90 deg elbows especially designed for two-dimensional potential motion with low pressure losses. The elbows were established by selecting as walls of each elbow two streamlines of the flow field produced by a complex potential function that establishes a two-dimensional flow around a 90 deg bend. An unlimited number of elbows with slightly different shapes can be established by selecting different pairs of streamlines as walls. The elbows produced by the complex potential function selected are suitable for use in aircraft air-intake ducts. The droplet impingement data derived from the trajectories are presented along with equations in such a manner that the collection efficiency, the area, the rate, and the distribution of droplet impingement can be determined for any elbow defined by any pair of streamlines within a portion of the flow field established by the complex potential function. Coordinates for some typical streamlines of the flow field and velocity components for several points along these streamlines are presented in tabular form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-2999
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The trajectories of droplets in the air flowing past an NACA 65A004 a irfoil at an angle of attack of 4 deg were determined. The amount of water in droplet form impinging on the airfoil, the area of droplet impingement, and the rate of droplet impingement per unit area on the airfoil surface were calculated from the trajectories and presented to cover a large range of flight and atmospheric conditions. The effect of a change in airfoil thickness from 12 to 4 percent at 4 deg angle of attack is presented by comparing the impingement calculations for the NACA 65A004 airfoil with those for the NACA 65(sub 1)-208 and 65(sub 1)-212 airfoils. The rearward limit of impingement on the upper surface decreases as the airfoil thickness decreases. The rearward limit of impingement on the lower surface increases with a decrease in airfoil t hickness. The total water intercepted decreases as the airfoil thickness is decreased.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NACA-TN-3047
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation was made to determine the static longitudinal and lateral stability and control characteristics of a l/6-scale model of the revised Republic XF-84H airplane with and without the propeller operating. The model had a 40deg swept wing of aspect ratio 3.45 and was equipped with a thin, three-blade supersonic-type propeller. Modifications incorporated in the revised model included a raised horizontal tail, increased rudder size, wing fences at 65 percent semispan, and a modified wing leading edge outboard of the fences. The test results for flap-retracted and flap-deflected conditions indicated that the revised configuration should be satisfactory for most normal flight conditions provided the angle of attack does not exceed the angle for pitch-up. An abrupt pitch-up tendency of the model was evident for the zero thrust condition above approximately 15' angle of attack. Although the effects of power were destabilizing, power-on longitudinal stability was satisfactory through the angle-of-attack range for which the model was stable with zero thrust. Above the angle of attack for pitch-up, an uncontrollable left roll-off tendency would be expected with power on and slats retracted. Projection of wing slats or use of leading-edge chord-extensions with only the left extension drooped were found beneficial in controlling the roll-off tendency with power on; however the most effective means found was projection of only the left slat.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL53I24
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: A limited investigation of a 1/24-scale dynamically similar model of the Navy Bureau of Aeronautics DR-77 design was conducted in Langley tank no. 2 to determine the calm-water take-off and the rough-water landing characteristics of the design with particular regard to the take-off resistance and the landing accelerations. During the take-off tests, resistance, trim, and rise were measured and photographs were taken to study spray. During the landing tests, motion-picture records and normal-acceleration records were obtained. A ratio of gross load to maximum resistance of 3.2 was obtained with a 30 deg. dead-rise hydro-ski installation. The maximum normal accelerations obtained with a 30 deg. dead-rise hydro-ski installation were of the order of 8g to log in waves 8 feet high (full scale). A yawing instability that occurred just prior to hydro-ski emergence was improved by adding an afterbody extension, but adding the extension reduced the ratio of gross load to maximum resistance to 2.9.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL53F04
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: A free-flight 0.12-scale rocket-boosted model of the North American MX-770 (X-10) missile has been tested in flight by the Pilotless Aircraft Research Division of the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory. Drag, longitudinal stability, and duct performance data were obtained at Mach numbers from 0.8 to 1.7 covering a Reynolds number range of about 9 x 10(exp 6) to 24 x 10(exp 6) based on wing mean aerodynamic chord. The lift-curve slope, static stability, and damping-in-pitch derivatives showed similar variations with Mach number, the parameters increasing from subsonic values in the transonic region and decreasing in the supersonic region. The variations were for the most part fairly smooth. The aerodynamic center of the configuration shifted rearward in the transonic region and moved forward gradually in the supersonic region. The pitching effectiveness of the canard control surfaces was maintained throughout the flight speed range, the supersonic values being somewhat greater than the subsonic. Trim values of angle of attack and lift coefficient changed abruptly in the transonic region, the change being associated with variations in the out-of-trim pitching moment, control effectiveness, and aerodynamic-center travel in this speed range. Duct total-pressure recovery decreased with increase in free-stream Mach number and the values were somewhat less than normal-shock recovery. Minimum drag data indicated a supersonic drag coefficient about twice the subsonic drag coefficient and a drag-rise Mach number of approximately 0.90. Base drag was small subsonically but was about 25 percent of the minimum drag of the configuration supersonically.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL53D10A
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An application of airfoil design methods was used to design series of related turbine-blade profiles to satisfy the conditions of inlet flow angle and turning angle encountered in the usual range of turbine operation. A series of blade profiles applicable to most turbine blading requirements and a secondary series with particular reference to impulse conditions were designed. Five blade sections from these series ranging in mean-line turning angles from 63 deg. to 120 deg. were tested in low-speed cascade tunnels. From low-speed test results optimum blade angles of attack were selected at each test condition. The induced angle and the deviation angle of the flow were determined from the low-speed data. If these angles are known for the solidity and inlet angle of an application, the necessary camber is specified. A method of predicting high-speed pressure distributions from low-speed cascade test results is presented to extend the usefulness of the low-speed data. Sample high-speed tests of two of the five blade sections were made at Mach numbers up to the critical value. The results indicated satisfactory flow conditions in all of the blade passages tested.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-L53G15
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: A systematic research program is being carried out in the Langley high-speed 7- by 10-foot tunnel to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of various arrangements of the component parts of research-type airplane models, including some complete model configurations. Data are being obtained on characteristics in pitch, sideslip, and during steady roll at Mach numbers from 0.40 to about 0.95. This paper presents results which show the effect of taper ratio on the aerodynamic characteristics in sideslip of wing-fuselage combinations having wings with a sweep of 45 degrees at the quarter-chord line, an aspect ratio of 4, and a NACA 65A006 airfoil section.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-L53B25a
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An investigation has been made in the Langley 9- by 12-inch supersonic blowdown tunnel to determine the effects of external-store location on the lift, drag, and pitching-moment characteristics of a 45 degree sweptback wing at Mach numbers of 1.41, 1.62, and 1.96. The spanwise, chordwise, and vertical location of a Douglas-Aircraft Company, Inc., store of fineness ratio 8.58 was systematically varied over the outer 60 percent of the wing semispan. A brief investigation of strut sweep angle was also made. The test Reynolds number based on the wing mean aerodynamic chord ranged from 1.3 x 10(exp 6) to 1.5 x 10(exp 6).
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-L52J27
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: Preliminary results of one phase of a control-motion study program involving several jet fighter-type airplanes are presented in time-history form and are summarized as maximum measured quantities plotted against indicated airspeed. The results pertain to approximately 1,000 maneuvers performed by a Republic F-84G jet-fighter airplane during squadron operational training. The data include most tactical maneuvers of which the F-84G airplane is capable. Maneuvers were performed at pressure altitudes of 0 to 30,000 feet with indicated airspeeds ranging from the stalling speed to approximately 515 knots.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-L53C27
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An experimental investigation has been conducted to determine the dynamic stability and control characteristics of a 0.13-scale free-flight model of the Convair XFY-1 airplane in test setups representing the setup proposed for use in the first flight tests of the full-scale airplane in the Moffett Field airship hangar. The investigation was conducted in two parts: first, tests with the model flying freely in an enclosure simulating the hangar, and second, tests with the model partially restrained by an overhead line attached to the propeller spinner and ground lines attached to the wing and tail tips. The results of the tests indicated that the airplane can be flown without difficulty in the Moffett Field airship hangar if it does not approach too close to the hangar walls. If it does approach too close to the walls, the recirculation of the propeller slipstream might cause sudden trim changes which would make smooth flight difficult for the pilot to accomplish. It appeared that the tethering system proposed by Convair could provide generally satisfactory restraint of large-amplitude motions caused by control failure or pilot error without interfering with normal flying or causing any serious instability or violent jerking motions as the tethering lines restrained the model.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL54B16A
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: An experimental investigation has been made in the Langley stability tunnel at low speed to determine the static longitudinal and lateral stability characteristics of a l/9-scale powered model of the Convair XFY-1 vertically rising airplane. Effects of thrust coefficient were investigated for the complete model and for certain components of the model. Effects of control deflections and of propeller-blade angle were investigated briefly for the complete model. Most of the tests were made through an angle-of-attack range from about -4 deg. to 29 deg, and the thrust-coefficient range was from 0 t o 0.7. In order to expedite distribution of these data to interested persons, no analysis of the data has been prepared for this report,
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL53B20
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2019-07-11
    Description: The hydrodynamic characteristics of a preliminary design of the Martin XP6M-1 flying boat have been determined. Longitudinal stability during take-off and landing, resistance of the complete model, and behavior during taxiing and landing in rough water are presented.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL53K06
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Static tests on a segment of a transpiration-cooled turbine rotor blade with a wire-cloth shell were conducted to determine the flow coefficients associated with some representative metering orifices. Average flow coefficients from 0.96 to 0.79 were obtained for orifices of 0.031 to 0.102 inch diameter.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-E53L30a
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: An investigation has been made at high subsonic speeds of the aerodynamic'characteristics in pitch and sideslip of a l/l4-scale model of the Grumman XF10F airplane with a wing sweepback angle of 42.5. The longitudinal stability characteristics (with the horizontal tail fixed) indicate a pitch-up near the stall; however, this was somewhat alleviated by the addition of fins to the side of the fuselage below the horizontal tail. The original model configuration became directionally unstable for small sideslip angles at Mach numbers above 0.8; however, the instability was eliminated by several different modifications.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: NACA-RM-SL53G20
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 24
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Weiterentwicklung der industriell angewendeten Meßtechnik in der chemischen Industrie hat auch in der TemperaturMeßtechnik wesentliche Neuerungen gebracht, deren jetziger Stand in einer kurzen übersicht zusammengestellt ist. Es werden die Meßelemente, die Meßgeräte und die wesentlichsten Schaltungsarten besprochen, ferner der Einbau der Temperaturfühler in Apparate und Rohrleitungen. Die in der letzten Zeit vom Fachnormenausschuß Elektrotechnik neu herausgegebenen und z. Z. in Vorbereitung befindlichen Normblätter für dieses Sachgebiet werden aufgeführt und ihr wesentlichster Inhalt mitgeteilt. Der Aufsatz soll den im chemischen Betrieb tätigen Personen als kurzer Leitfaden für die Meßmethoden und einige auftretende Fehlermöglichkeiten dienen.
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  • 25
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 18-21 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Da die Blausäure in großem Maßstab als Ausgangsmaterial für organische Synthesen verwendet wird, ist man auch dazu übergegangen, sie aus Koksofengas zu gewinnen. Eine in den USA erstellte Anlage wird ausführlich beschrieben.
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  • 26
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 21-22 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Als Ergänzung zu einer früheren Veröffentlichung1 wurde das Verhalten von 14 legierten Metallstäben bei Temperaturen zwischen 400 und 500°C in strömendem Wassergas von 300 at geprüft.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 12-18 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Das Multiplikationsprinzip für Trenneffekte wird am Beispiel der Destillation erläutert, und die entsprechenden Gleichungen für die Betriebsbedingungen werden angegeben. Sie lassen sich durch Anpassung der Parameter grundsätzlich auf alle nach dem Haarnadel-Gegenstromprinzip ausgeführten Trennvorgänge übertragen.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 23-26 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Beim Bau und Betrieb von Rohrleitungsanlagen, insbesondere von Dampfrohrleitungen, in Werken der chemischen Industrie sind stets Eigenart, Betriebsweise und örtliche Lage der angeschlossenen Apparate zu berücksichtigen. An Hand praktischer Beispiele, aus Werken verschiedener Industriezweige stammend, wird diese Forderung erläutert.
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  • 29
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 33-35 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nach einleitenden Bemerkungen zur Problematik des Schneidens von Weichstoffen in der Zerkleinerungstechnik werden Definitionen elementarer Grundgrößen angegeben, die für den Schneidvorgang maßgebend sind. Es wird die Existenz eines optimalen Schnittwinkels an zwei experimentellen Beispielen mit typisch entgegengesetztem Verhalten diskutiert. Abschließend werden weitere maßgebende Zusammenhänge angegeben.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 35-38 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zur Stabilisation der Spannung an Colorimeter- bzw. Photometerlampen werden einfache Schaltungen angegeben, welche neben einem Eisenwasserstoff Widerstand noch Widerstände mit negativer Charakteristik (z. B. Kohlenfadenlampen) parallel zur Glühlampe enthalten; dadurch wird die Regelwirkung der Anordnung wesentlich verbessert.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Verschiedene Fakultäten bilden in Deutschland Ingenieure und Chemiker in der Chemieingenieur-Technik heran. Um die Zusammenarbeit beider in der Praxis möglichst gut vorzubereiten, bedarf es einer stets erneuten Diskussion der Unterrichtsziele, unter Einschluß von Grenzgebieten wie technischer Physik und praktischer Mathematik und unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der eine Mittlerstellung einnehmenden physikalischen Chemie. Am 17. Mai 1952 haben sich anläßlich der Frankfurter Tagungen Hochschullehrer aller beteiligten Fachrichtungen in größerer Zahl zu einer solchen Aussprache zusammengefunden, die durch grundlegende Referate vom Standpunkt des Verfahrensingenieurs, des chemischen Technologen und des physikalischen Chemikers eingeleitet wurde.
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  • 32
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 38-43 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 33
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 43-48 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 34
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 48-51 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 51-51 
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 66-72 
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    Notes: Die Verleihung des Nobel-Preises für 1952 hat gezeigt, welche Bedeutung der Gegenstromverteilung zukommt. Nach Anwendungsbeispielen der Gegenstromverteilung, erneuter Erläuterung des Prinzips aller Verteilungsvorgänge und Angabe von Rechenhilfen für ihre Vorausberechnung und Auswertung wird eine vollautomatische Apparatur zur fraktionierten Gegenstromverteilung nach dem von Craig und Grubhofer etwa gleichzeitig aufgezeigten Prinzip beschrieben. Die Vorzüge der Apparatur, die seit September 1952 in Betrieb ist und ununterbrochen ohne ständige Aufsicht läuft, werden durch Verteilungskurven belegt. Erfahrungen, die in den letzten drei Jahren gesammelt wurden, werden mitgeteilt.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 61-65 
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    Notes: Es werden zwei Gruppen von Edelmetail - Legier ungen beschrieben, die sich bereits seit langem für Apparateteile, bei denen höchste Korrosionsbeständigkeit gefordert werden muß, bewährt haben und in Sonderfällen auch in Zukunft nicht zu entbehren sein werden: Platin und Platin-Legierungen bzw. Gold und Gold-Legierungen. Sodann wird über Versuche mit Au-Ag-Pd-Legierungen berichtet, die bemerkenswert hohe Korrosionsbeständigkeit gegen Salzsäure und andere starke Mineralsäuren aufweisen. Die neuen Legierungen sind imstande, in gewissen Fällen Platin und hochwertige Edelmetall-Legierungen zu ersetzen.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 81-88 
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    Notes: Es wird ein Überblick über einen neuen Furfurol-Gewinnungsprozeß und über die Erarbeitung seiner optimalen Bedingungen gegeben. Der Prozeß erbringt in einem Arbeitszyklus von etwa 2 ½ h bei nur 1 ½-stündiger Dampfzuführung 9 bis 9,4% Furfurol aus Haferspelzen, bzw. 10,2 bis 10,5% Furfurol in einem Arbeitszyklus von höchstens 4 h bei nur dreistündiger Dampfzuführung. Das Verfahren erübrigt die Anschaffung kostspieliger, druckbeständiger Reaktionsgefäße und erfordert verhältnismäßig geringen Zeit- und Energieaufwand. Die Laboratoriumsversuche lassen darauf schließen, daß Reaktionsgefäße verwendet werden können, die mit keinem besonderen Schutz gegen den Angriff der Säure ausgestattet werden müssen. Wegen des geringen Aufwandes wird das Verfahren vor allem dann in Betracht kommen, wenn sperrige Rohmaterialien örtlich in nicht so großen Mengen anfallen, um die bisherigen Verfahren wirtschaftlich anwenden zu können.
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    Notes: In dem Bewährungs-Wettstreit zwischen Glocken- und Siebböden sowie Füllkörpern scheinen letztere in der jüngsten Zeit aufgeholt zu haben. In ihrer Verwendbarkeit zur Stofftrennung unter sehr niedrigen, absoluten Drucken sind sie unübertroffen. Dennoch fehlt es nicht an Vorschlägen, das Anwendungsgebiet des Glockenbodens durch neuartige konstruktive Maßnahmen zu erweitern. Ein solcher Vorschlag stellt der Dampfprallboden dar. Über seine Belastbarkeit und seinen Wirkungsgrad wird berichtet. Ein Vergleich mit dem Glockenboden führt zu Betrachtungen über den Einfluß des Säulendurchmessers und der Glockenzahl. Versuchsergebnisse zeigen deren günstigsten Wert. Folgerungen aus diesem liefern sodann erstmalig einen theoretisch begründeten Zusammenhang zwischen Belastbarkeit, Bodenabstand und physikalischen Größen, welcher mit früher erhaltenen Versuchsergebnissen gut übereinstimmt.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 88-88 
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 92-98 
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    Notes: Durch Anlegen eines Temperaturgefälles wird in einer neuartigen Apparatur der Unterschied der Partialdrucke der flüchtigen Substanz in den Lösungen vergrößert und durch Wärmekonvektion ein Gaskreislauf erzeugt, mit dem die flüchtige Substanz schnell von einer Lösung zur anderen überführt wird.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 114-124 
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    Notes: In wasserdurchströmten Partikelschichten aus Glasperlen, Preßstoffkugeln und Tonkugeln wird die Verbreiterung eines Salzsäure- und eines Warmwasserstrahls gemessen. Das Konzentrationsfeld wird mit einer kleinen Elektrodenanordnung zur Messung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit, das Temperaturfeld mit der Lötstelle eines Thermoelementes ausgefahren. Die eingeführten Indikatorströme verbreitern sich formal gemäß den Diffusionsgesetzen, aus den gemessenen Verteilungsprofilen lassen sich daher „Vermischungskoeffizienten“ gewinnen. Die Auswertungsmethode, welche über die hier behandelten Fälle hinaus von allgemeinerer Bedeutung ist, wird ausführlich dargestellt. Auf die grundsätzlichen Unterschiede zu Gas-Wirbelschichten wird hingewiesen, und anwendungstechnisch wichtige Gesichtspunkte werden herausgearbeitet.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 133-136 
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    Notes: Das Dampfdruckgleichgewicht von Zweistoffsystemen wird von kinetischen Gesichtspunkten aus betrachtet. Es ergibt sich dabei, daß sich azeotrope Gemische bei der Molekulardestillation nicht azeotrop zu verhalten brauchen. Andererseits kann für ein Gemisch, das bei normaler Destillation keinen azeotropen Punkt besitzt, bei Molekulardestillation ein solcher vorhanden sein. Gemische mit zwei (normalen) azeotropen Punkten sind am ehesten bei Systemen mit stark realer Dampfphase zu erwarten.
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    Notes: Siedepunktsmessungen mit einer verbesserten Umlaufapparatur an den Systemen Benzol-Anilin und Cyclohexan-Anilin bei verschiedenen Gesamtdrucken zeigen, daß bei derartigen Gemischen mit großer Siedepunktsdifferenz der Komponenten auch bei Ausschaltung aller denkbaren Fehlerquellen und unter Berücksichtigung der Fugazitätskorrekturen keine thermodynamisch konsistenten Werte für die Aktivitätskoeffizienten erhalten werden, obwohl die Messungen reproduzierbar sind. Der sich einstellende stationäre Zustand entspricht danach offenbar nicht dem wahren Gleichgewichtszustand. Auch die von Rosanoff entwickelte Extrapolations methode ist für derartige Gemische nicht geeignet. Die Ergebnisse dynamischer Meßmethoden sind deshalb in solchen Fällen sehr kritisch zu bewerten.
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    Notes: Um den Zerkleinerungsvorgang von Fleisch wirtschaftlich und materialgerecht zu gestalten, ist es notwendig, den Zusammenhang zwischen physikalischen Stoffwerten und physikalischen Einflüssen während des mechanischen Prozesses zu kennen. Struktur und Verhalten der Biokolloide werden an Hand von Fließkurven von Fleischbrei mit unterschiedlichem Wasser- und Fettgehalt erläutert.
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    Notes: Es wird eine Apparatur beschrieben, mit der im Gegenstromverfahren aus einer salpetersauren Lösung von Ceriterden mit Diäthyläther das Cer4+ extrahiert werden kann.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 148-152 
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    Notes: An Hand von Diagrammen und schematischen Ausführungsbeispielen werden Grundlagen sowie apparative und verfahrensmäßige Voraussefzungen für eine annähernd reversible Gasreinigung und Trennung durch Adsorption zwecks extremer Reinigung des behandelten Gases erläutert. Die Voraussetzungen sind: Kombination von Adsorbern mit Wärmeaustauschern an beiden Enden des Adsorbers, Be- und Entladungsbegrenzung des Adsorbers sowie Gegenstromentladung mit adsorbatfreien Spülgasen.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 180-180 
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    Notes: Nach einem Überblick über die Entwicklung der Prallzerkleinerung folgt eine kurze Beschreibung der Prallbrecher, ihrer Bauarten, Arbeitsweise, Anwendungsmöglichkeiten sowie ihres Leistungsbedarfs. Schließlich werden Verschleißfragen und Wirtschaftlichkeit der Prallzerkleinerung erörtert.
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    Notes: Nach einem Überblick über Aufgaben und Anwendungsbeispiele der Temperaturmeßtechnik an Hochtemperaturöfen werden Fragen der jetzt abgeschlossenen Normung auf diesem Gebiet erörtert sowie Hinweise über die Größenordnung der Meßfehler bei den verschiedenen Meßverfahren gegeben. Die einzelnen Meßverfahren und Meßgeräte werden ausführlich besprochen und hinsichtlich ihres Anwendungsbereiches gegeneinander abgegrenzt.
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    Notes: Die Modellgesetze der Ähnlichkeitsphysik werden zur Bemessung und Beurteilung der brennstoffbeheizten Industrieöfen angewendet. Die Beziehungen bieten einen Weg, die komplizierten Zusammenhänge des Ofenbaues in einfacher Weise darzustellen; damit können gebräuchliche Ofentypen nach deren Betriebsgrößen leicht beurteilt und Hinweise für die Entwicklung von Neukonstruktionen gegeben werden.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 184-184 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bau und Wirkungsweise der Apparate und Vorrichtungen zur Abscheidung von Staub und feinen Flüssigkeitsteilchen werden beschrieben. Die theoretischen Grundlagen für die Abscheidewirkung werden angegeben. Für die verschiedenen Abscheider werden die auf die Gasleitung bezogenen Kosten, die ungefähren Grenzen der Abscheidemöglichkeit, der Druckverlust und die Preise für amerikanische und deutsche Verhältnisse angegeben.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 191-191 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Tatsache, daß im Dauerbetrieb selbst die besten Drehofenfutter zermürbt werden, falls die Lagerungen und Ofenlängsführungen nicht den an sie gestellten hohen Anforderungen gewachsen sind, führte zu neuartigen Drehofenbauarten, die durch eine grundsätzliche Verwendung balliger und oberflächengeschmierter Tragrollen gekennzeichnet sind.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 196-198 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es werden Versuche beschrieben, um feine Glaspulver der Teilchengröße von 10 μ und weniger in der Kugelmühle, Schwingmühle und Analysenreibemaschine herzustellen. Der zeitliche Verlauf des Mahlvorganges bei diesen Mühlenarten wurde unter möglichst vergleichbaren Verhältnissen dispersoidanalytisch aufgenommen und graphisch im Rosin - Rammler - Bennett - Diagramm abgebildet. Dabei wurden verschiedene Mahlbedingungen angewandt. Für Laboratoriumsverhältnisse ergab sich hinsichtlich der besten Wirksamkeit der drei Mühlen die Reihenfolge: Reibemaschine, Schwingmühle, Kugelmühle.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 192-196 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nach einem Hinweis auf die allgemeine Bedeutung automatischer und halbautomatischer Gasanalysatoren und einer kurzen Zusammenfassung der verschiedenen Bestimmungsmöglichkeiten von Schwefelkohlenstoff in den Arbeitsräumen von Zellwollfabriken wird eine halbautomatische Apparatur beschrieben, die sich in der Praxis bereits gut bewährte. Verwendet wird die bekannte Reaktion, die zum intensiv gelb gefärbten Kupferdiäthyldithiocarbamat führt.Im einzelnen werden Details über zwei Probenentnahmegeräte sowie über ein hochempfindliches Spektralcolorimeter mitgeteilt. Die beschriebene Anordnung gestattet einen Nachweis bis herab zu 6 γ CS2/l Luft. Die Genauigkeit beträgt etwa ± 6%; für eine komplette Bestimmung sind etwa 8 bis 10 min erforderlich.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 203-207 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 214-214 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 199-200 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird eine Apparatur beschrieben, mit der sowohl feste Stoffe als auch Flüssigkeiten mit spezifisch leichten oder schweren Extraktionsmitteln extrahiert werden können.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 214-214 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In gasdurchströmten Wirbelschichten aus Partikeln zweier verschiedener Größenfraktionen findet durch Austrag des Feinstaubes eine Entmischung statt. Im stationären Gleichgewichtszustand erreicht das Feinkorn in der Schicht und in der Wolke ein ganz bestimmtes Verteilungsverhältnis. Die Entmischung setzt bei Erreichen einer Strömungsgeschwindigkeit ein, welche die Größe der Fallgeschwindigkeit der Feinstaubpartikeln besitzt, und verläuft analog zu einem Verdampfungsvorgang. Sie läßt sich als Reaktion 1. Ordnung beschreiben, wobei die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit mit der 4. Potenz von der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit abhängt. Bei Unterschreiten eines kritischen Reststaubgehaltes in der Wirbelschicht fällt die Entmischungsgeschwindigkeit gegen dieses Gesetz ab, da die „Diffusion“ des Feinstaubgehaltes innerhalb der Schicht durch das überwiegende Grobkorn behindert wird. Es gelingt, diese Erscheinung mit Messungen der Wirbelschichtzähigkeit in Zusammenhang zu bringen und diesen durch eine Modellvorstellung zu deuten.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 215-216 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 217-218 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 218-220 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 227-227 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 229-238 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Tendenz gasdurchströmter Schüttgutschichten, im aufgewirbelten (fluidized) Zustand instabile, turbulente Partikelbewegungszustände zu zeigen  -  meist als „Inhomogenität“ bezeichnet  -  wurde von verschiedenen Autoren mit der effektiven Zähigkeit des Wirbelschichtbreies in Zusammenhang gebracht. Es gelingt, mit Hilfe der Löchertheorie für Flüssigkeiten eine Formel für diese „Wirbelschichtzähigkeit“ zu entwickeln, die die Abhängigkeit von der Partikelgröße, der Schichtexpansion, dem Dichteverhältnis und der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit sinnvoll wiedergibt. Die Übereinstimmung mit groben Messungen ist zufriedenstellend. Aus den energetischen Verhältnissen bei der Bildung von Blasen im Schichtinnern wird ein Inhomogenitätsgrad hergeleitet, der die Wirbelschichtzähigkeit, die Zwischenpartikelreibung und die Schichtexpansion als Faktoren enthält. Die Wirbelschichtzähigkeit läßt sich mit einer von Wilhelm angegebenen Kenngröße und der Inhomogenitätsgrad mit der Froude schen Kennzahl in engen Zusammenhang bringen. Die Zwischenpartikel-Reibungswerte in gas- und flüssigkeitsdurchströmten Wirbelschichten werden durch eine als „Schmierfähigkeit“ definierte Größe untereinander verknüpft.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 238-244 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In den letzten Jahren sind die experimentell gefundenen Ergebnisse über Wärmeleitung in hochverdich teten Gasen beträchtlich vermehrt worden. Die bisher bekannt gewordenen Daten für Luft, Helium, Argon, Wasserstoff, Stickstoff, Sauerstoff, Methan, Äthylen, Kohlendioxyd, Wasser, Benzol, Toluol und Xylol werden ausgeglichen und als Isobaren oder Isothermen dargestellt. Aus der gaskinetischen Erläuterung der Gründe für das Anwachsen der Wärmeleitfähigkeit unter hohem Druck folgen Möglichkeiten, ihre Beträge abzuschätzen. Eine neue Näherungsgleichung wird vorgeschlagen, welche die Druckabhängigkeit der Wärmeleitfähigkeit mit derjenigen des spezifischen Volumens und der spezifischen Wärme verknüpft. Mit ihrer Hilfe wird die Wärmeleitfähigkeit gasförmigen Ammoniaks bis zu 60 kg/cm2 und 150°C vorausberechnet.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 228-228 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die beschriebene Apparatur ist eine Kombination von einem Extraktions- und einem Wasserbestimmungsapparat. Sie gestattet in einem Arbeitsgang und in kurzer Zeit den Gehalt an Wasser, Bindemittel und Füllstoff von Emulsionen zu bestimmen. Die Analysenmethode wird angegeben.
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 248-248 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 25 (1953), S. 245-248 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In den USA wurde ein großtechnisches Verfahren zur Brom-Gewinnung entwickelt. Dabei wird das in geringen Mengen im Meerwasser enthaltene Brom bei pH = 3,5 mit Chlor in Freiheit gesetzt und mit Luft ausgeblasen. Nach Reduktion zu Bromwasserstoff mit Schwefeldioxyd wird auf das 3000- bis 4000fache angereichert und auf Brom aufgearbeitet. Es werden die automatischen Kontroll- und Regeleinrichtungen beschrieben, die das Verfahren wirtschaftlich gestalten.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Ähnlichkeitstheorie hat den Weg gezeigt, die Gesetzmäßigkeiten des Wärmeüberganges mit Hilfe dimensionsloser Kennzahlen auszudrücken. Die Anzahl der zur eindeutigen Beschreibung eines Vorganges notwendigen Kenngrößen ist recht verschieden, sie ist z. B. besonders groß bei komplizierten Austauscherformen. Bei der Zusammenfassung der Einzelfaktoren zu Kennzahlen hat man gewisse Freiheiten, die man dazu benützen kann, die Gesetzmäßigkeiten bei der Berechnung von Wärmeaustauschern in einer möglichst zweckmäßigen Form darzustellen. An einem Beispiel wird gezeigt, daß die Rechnungen sich verhältnismäßig einfach durchführen lassen.
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