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  • Nature Publishing Group  (6,822)
  • Cambridge University Press  (2,410)
  • International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
  • 1985-1989  (6,810)
  • 1950-1954  (3,856)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1986  (6,810)
  • 1953  (3,856)
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Keywords
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  • 1985-1989  (6,810)
  • 1950-1954  (3,856)
  • 1945-1949
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sen, Amartya: Resources, Values and Development : Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1984 (1986)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 2 (1986), S. 282-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S147806150000267X
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  • 2
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    Are “All-and-Some” Statements Falsifiable After All?: The Example of Utility Theory (1986)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 2 (1986), S. 185-195 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Popper's well-known demarcation criterion has often been understood to distinguish statements of empirical science according to their logical form. Implicit in this interpretation of Popper's philosophy is the belief that when the universe of discourse of the empirical scientist is infinite, empirical universal sentences are falsifiable but not verifiable, whereas the converse holds for existential sentences. A remarkable elaboration of this belief is to be found in Watkins's early work (1957, 1958) on the statements he calls “all-and-some,” such as: “For every metal there is a melting point.” All-and-some statements (hereafter AS) are both universally and existentially quantified in that order. Watkins argued that AS should be regarded as both nonfalsifiable and nonverifiable, for they partake in the logical fate of both universal and existential statements. This claim is subject to the proviso that the bound variables are “uncircumscribed” (in Watkins's words); i.e., that the universe of discourse is infinite.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1478061500002620
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  • 3
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    Contributors (1986)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 2 (1986), S. 293-293 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1478061500002681
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  • 4
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    Economic Equality: Rawls versus Utilitarianism (1986)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 2 (1986), S. 225-244 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Notes: Perhaps the most salient feature of Rawls's theory of justice (Rawls, 1971) which at once attracts supporters and repels critics is its apparent egalitarian conclusion as to how economic goods are to be distributed. Indeed, many of Rawls's sympathizers may find this result intuitively appealing, and regard it as Rawls's enduring contribution to the topic of economic justice, despite technical deficiencies in Rawls's contractarian, decision-theoretic argument for it (see, e.g., Nagel, 1973, p. 234) which occupy the bulk of the critical literature. Rawls himself, having proposed a “coherence” theory of justification in metaethics, must regard the claim that his distributive criterion “is a strongly egalitarian conception” (Rawls, 1971, p. 76) as independently a part of the overarching moral argument. The alleged egalitarian impact of Rawls's theory is crucial again in normative ethics where Rawls is thought to have developed a major counter-theory to utilitarianism (cf. Braybrooke, 1975, p. 304), one of the most popular criticisms of which has been its alleged inadequacy in handling questions of distributive justice. Utilitarians can argue, however, as Brandt recently has, that the diminishing marginal utility of money, along with ignorance of income-welfare curves, would require a utility-maximizing distribution to be substantially egalitarian (Brandt, 1979, pp. 311f., 315f.; cf. Brandt, 1983, p. 102f.). The challenge is therefore for Rawls to show that his theory yields an ethically preferable degree of equality.
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  • 5
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    EAP volume 2 issue 1 Cover and Front matter (1986)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 2 (1986), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266267100000754
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  • 6
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    EAP volume 2 issue 1 Cover and Back matter (1986)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Economics and philosophy 2 (1986), S. 1-3 
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    ISSN: 0266-2671
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Philosophy , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266267100000766
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  • 7
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    European communities: Framework programme in limbo (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 604-604 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] DESPITE arguing until 4 a.m. on Wednesday last week, Europe's science ministers have failed to agree on a budget for the European Commission's 'framework' programme of research and development, a programme that aims to lay the basis for European cooperation in key areas of research and technology ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/324604a0
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  • 8
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    Embryo research: UK legislation further delayed (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 604-604 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] STILL wriggling uncomfortably on the hook of human embryo research, the UK government last week issued a consultation paper on Legislation on Human Infertility Services and Embryo Research (Cm 46, HMSO, 2.90), asking for responses by the middle of 1987. The aim is then to introduce legislation, ...
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  • 9
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    Medical research: Backs to the wall in Britain (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 605-605 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE British Medical Research Council (MRC) faces a deficit of 13.2 million by the end of the decade even if it does no more than maintain the existing rate of awards and renew long-term grants at an appropriate level. But there is also a pressing need to spend more on research into AIDS (acquired ...
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  • 10
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    Pesticides: FDA told to try harder (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 606-606 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington THE US authorities are not doing enough to catch and prosecute unscrupulous food growers who may be steadily poisoning the American public through illicit use of pesticides. A study by the General Accounting Office (GAO) concludes that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the ...
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  • 11
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    UK industrial research: More stick than carrot on offer (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 606-606 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] BRITISH manufacturing industry, part of which enjoys lucrative defence contracts, must itself spend more on research and development, says Mr John Fairclough, the government's chief scientific adviser. Annual government investment in research and development is 4,300 million, of which 51 per cent ...
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  • 12
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    Japanese volcanoes: Forecasters wise after the event (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 605-605 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Tokyo JAPAN'S Volcanic Prediction Liaison Council seems to have been rewarded for its failure to forecast the behaviour of Mount Mihara on Oshima, the volcanic island south of Tokyo evacuated during a major eruption last month. The council has won substantial .new facilities on the island that ...
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  • 13
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    Nuclear safety: United States opts for caution (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 607-607 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington THE principal US military plutonium production reactor, a graphite-moderated plant similar to that at Chernobyl, is to be shut down for six months by the Department of Energy (DoE) to carry out urgent safety modifications which could cost about 50 million. The 23-year-old 'N' reactor ...
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  • 14
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    Albanian outlook: Changing tack on exports (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 607-607 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] RAMIZ Alia, who became leader of the Albania Workers' Party (AWP) on the death last year of Enver Hoxha, has an unusual approach to his country's non-renewable natural resources. "The interests of future generations", he told the AWP congress last month, demand that such assets as copper and ...
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  • 15
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    Britain gets Cray supercomputer at last… (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 608-608 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE UK Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) has at last taken delivery of its Cray X-MP/48 supercomputer, after much discussion between the British Department of Trade and Industry and the US Department of Commerce. For months, the latter has been concerned that "foreign aliens' might ...
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  • 16
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    …and Indian supercomputer is on the way (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 608-608 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] New Delhi AFTER protracted negotiations, India and the United States have signed a document paving the way for the sale of a Cray-XMP supercomputer to India. The deal was approved in principle by the US administration eight months ago but became bogged down because of disagreements over the US ...
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  • 17
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    Austraial: Lay head for CSIRO board (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 608-608 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sydney THE initial reaction of the Australian scientific community to the appointment of former New South Wales Premier and federal president of the Australian Labour Party (ALP), Mr Neville Wran, as head of Australia's largest research body, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research ...
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  • 18
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    Rabbies vaccine: Inquiry into Argentine trials (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 609-609 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington OUTRAGE and calls for investigations have followed in the wake of revelations about field trials of a recombinant rabies vaccine conducted by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (see Nature 324, 202; 1986). Both the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and a congressional ...
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  • 19
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    Developmental biology: New data from mammalian homoeobox-containing genes (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 618-619 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SERENDIPITY gave us the homoeobox1, a highly conserved DNA sequence of about 180 base pairs, first found in several Drosophila genes that control segmentation. Homoeoboxes were also detected in other segmented invertebrates and in several vertebrates including mammals, giving rise to the view2 that ...
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  • 20
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    Mitochondrial DNA: Rearranging the plant genome (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 620-620 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE tendency of many plant mitochond-rial genomes to undergo extensive rearrangements provides a satisfying framework for understanding the phenomenon of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), a maternally inherited defect common to many higher plants that impairs the development of pollen. Some ...
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  • 21
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    Microtubule dynamics (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 621-621 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Although Williams, Caplow and Mclntosh1 correctly emphasize the important contribution of Horio and Hotani2 in verifying, by real-time experiments, the concept of the dynamic instability of micro-tubules, some of their points are off the mark and they have missed an opportunity to evaluate the ...
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  • 22
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    Preservation in bogs (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 622-622 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Doran et al. (Nature 323, 803; 1986) have shown reasonable histological preservation of 8,000-year-old brain tissue from a bog site, yet they have not given an explanation for why the tissue preservation should be so good. We suggest that it is due to tannic acid and related compounds contained ...
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  • 23
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    How many reactor accidents? (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 622-622 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Edwards' is correct that Islam and Lindgren2 have failed to recognize that their distribution function is a likelihood function. But he is incorrect in asserting that their conclusions are unwarranted and in assuming that physicists do not know how to work with small samples. In fact Islam and ...
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  • 24
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    Alternative solutions (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 622-622 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Wolstenholme et al have probably observed a well-preserved area of a mesh-work of the nuclear lamina lining the nuc-leoplasmic surface of the inner nuclear membrane which supports the interphase chromatin. It is unusual to observe any remnant of lamina in a metaphase preparation, but two ...
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  • 25
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    Archaeopteryx, the primordial bird? (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 622-622 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-In view of the highly critical review of our book Archaeopteryx, The Primordial Bird: A Case of Fossil Forgery (Nature 324, 185; 1986) I would like to bring to your notice recent developments that would seem to have vindicated our views. The issue hinges on whether or not the material on which ...
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  • 26
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    Thought of biology (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 626-626 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ROLF Sattler is a biologist who believes that it is important to understand the fundamental presuppositions of biology and how they influence research and even our view of life itself. In Biophilosophy he sets out to introduce other biologists to these ideas. I am in full sympathy with Sattler's ...
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    Postmature scientific discovery? (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 629-631 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] NEW scientific discoveries do not always flow directly from those made just before. Rather, several varieties of discontinuity can be identified in the growth of science. Premature discoveries are those that scientists do not attend to in a timely way, and are retrospectively described as having ...
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    The c- erb-A gene encodes a thyroid hormone receptor (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 641-646 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The cDNA sequence of human c-erb-A, the cellular counterpart of the viral oncogene v-erb-A, indicates that the protein encoded by the gene is related to the steroid hormone receptors. Binding studies with the protein show it to be a receptor for thyroid ...
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    Cyanogen jets in comet Halley (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 649-651 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] During comet Halley's post-perihelion phase, we carried out observations with the 24-inch planetary patrol telescope at Perth Observatory, using a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera system which is one of two developed jointly with S. M. Larson (the system will be described elsewhere). The present ...
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    Are domains in liquid crystalline polymers arrays of disclinations? (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 655-657 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Due to industrial and academic interest in stiff chain and semiflexible polymer molecules, there have been an increasing number of structural and rheological studies of liquid crystalline polymers in recent years. A banded texture is often noted in flow-oriented LCP specimens. Donald et al4 have ...
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    A magmatic heat pump (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 658-660 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Details of the crystallization sequence in the finger structures reported at Rhum have led to the realization that the mafic layers are pene-contemporaneous sills whose presence has caused melt-corrosion of the overlying rock4. Details are clarified in ref. 4, but the features central to the ...
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    Rapid reduction of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas streams (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 657-658 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Nitrogen oxide formation in combustion has received much attention3"7. The recognition4 that ammonia can be used to reduce nitric oxide in exhaust gases led to major efforts to characterize reactions important in the Thermal DeNOx process. The mechanisms and models that resulted have greatly ...
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    Differential and stage-related expression in embryonic tissues of a new human homoeobox gene (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 664-668 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The nucleotide sequence of clone HHO.clS is shown in Fig. la. Multiple stop codons are present in each frame up to nucleotide 230. Translation of the longest reading frame from the ATG codon at base 250 would produce a peptide sequence of 255 amino-acid residues, containing a homoeo domain ...
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    Cross-regulatory interactions among the gap genes of Drosophila (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 668-670 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Gap mutant embryos lack a number of adjacent segments which define the domains of the wild-type gene requirement. Based on the deletion pattern (Fig. 1), zygotic hunchback (hb) activity is required for normal establishment of gnathal and thoracic segments (up to T3), Kruppel (Kr) for thoracic and ...
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    Abnormal tyrosine phosphorylation on T-cell receptor in lymphoproliferative disorders (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 674-676 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The autosomal recessive mutations Ipr and gld are non-allelic genes, yet the abnormal cells that populate the lymph nodes of mice homozygous for either mutation are indistinguishable by a wide variety of criteria. We have suggested that the mutations may affect different components of a common ...
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    Location of a δ -subunit region determining ion transport through the acetylcholine receptor channel (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 670-674 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] The Torpedo and bovine AChRs were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes by microinjection of the respective a-9 ft-, y- and 6-subunit-specific messenger RNAs synthesized by transcription in vitro of the cloned cDNAs (refs 2, 4, 6). Figure la compares the sizes of acetylcholine(ACh)-activated ...
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    Anatomical, cellular and molecular analysis of 8,000-yr-old human brain tissue from the Windover archaeological site (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 323 (1986), S. 803-806 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] The Windover pond (8BR246) is in Brevard County, Florida, USA. The pond (60 x 80 m) seasonally fluctuates in depth to a maximum of 1 m and contains a soft bottom composed of several distinct peat strata, total depth 4-5 m (Fig. 1). The uppermost black, sawgrass peat (W. Spackman and R. G. Holloway, ...
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    AIDS research queried: Skulduggery at the lab bench (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 506-506 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Washington "DISTRUST and dislike" between AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) researchers is the probable explanation for incidents of tampering at the federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) AIDS programme laboratory in Atlanta, Georgia, according to a special independent assessment by ...
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    Mapping human visual cortex with positron emission tomography (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 323 (1986), S. 806-809 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] PET records the spatial distribution of an administered radio-nuclide in selected planes of the in vivo brain. Spatial resolution in PET images, however, is inherently limited. This limitation is described most simply by reference to point sources of radioactivity, as follows. Emission detection ...
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    UK-Dutch telescope (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 507-507 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] LAST week the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, in the final stages of its initial commissioning tests, received its first radio signals from space. The 20-million instrument, installed at Mauna Kea Observatory on Hawaii, is the largest telescope in the world operating in the submillimetre region of ...
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    Indian resources: National water policy at last (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 507-507 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Bangalore INDIA has been trying for many years without success to evolve a comprehensive national water policy, but this goal is now a step nearer. The chief need is for efficient and integrated management of water resources and more effective use of irrigation facilities. Mr B. Shankarananda, ...
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    Italian research reorganization (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 508-508 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Your article on research in Italy (Nature, 323, 751; 1986) depicts the Italian government as working quickly at reorganizing the national research institutions. As a researcher with 18 years' experience and an employee of the National Research Council (CNR) which, with its 6,189 employees, is ...
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    Maori victory (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 508-508 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Whether or not he was summarizing the views expressed in Crosby's Ecological Imperialism, The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900, Roy Porter (Nature 323, 587; 1986) shows extreme ignorance when he suggests that the Maori people of Aotearoa (New Zealand) "were stuck in the time-warp of the ...
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    Pan(da)selectionism (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 508-508 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-I have been following with interest the recent correspondence in your pages on evolution, creation science and neo-darwinsim. The letter from T.D. lies1, pointing out the regrettable habit of neo-darwinians of making exclusive claims on the interpretation and exposition of evolutionary ...
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    When firsts come only second (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 509-509 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] RESEARCHERS should learn from journalists the dangers of words such as "first". Those who describe some event as the first of its kind are almost certain to be assailed by readers saying that it is nothing of the kind. But to play safe by using qualifiers as in "the first recorded demonstration..." ...
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    Solid-state chemistry: Novel molecular metals (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 510-510 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE scope of materials that display interesting electrical, magnetic and structural properties at very low temperatures has now been extended by Underhill and co-workers, who on page 547 of this issue1 describe the first two-dimensional organo-metallic compound that exists in an integral oxidation ...
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    Pattern formation: Form and diffusion (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 510-511 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE question of how cells estimate their location within the body has preoccupied embryologists for the past century, but when posed by Stumpf1 almost exactly 20 years ago, it seemed to have the beginnings of an answer. The concept of gradients, first explicitly propounded by T.H. Morgan, was ...
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    Tumour necrosis factors α and β inhibit virus replication and synergize with interferons (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 323 (1986), S. 819-822 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] During an investigation of the effects of human TNFs on the production of IFN-y by human lymphocytes, we observed that purified recombinant TNF-a and TNF-/3 had IFN-like activity and inhibited virus-mediated cytopathic effects. Pretreatment of a human renal carcinoma cell line (7860) with TNF-a ...
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    Functions of leaf fall (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 517-517 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Ford has suggested that leaf fall is the mechanism of excretion in vascular plants1. But to view the senescing leaf simply as an 'excretophore' may be to limit our vision. Some species may avoid accumulating high concentrations of heavy metals by removing them in senescent leaves2. The dead ...
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    Undirectional spin (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 517-517 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-When I wrote my paper on undirectional spin1, which was recently referred to in Nature2, I unhappily had not seen a paper3 on this topic which preceded mine by a few years. This highly illuminating work, which overlaps mine hardly at all, is particularly to be recommended to your readers for ...
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    Detecting Earth-like planets (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 518-518 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Angel et al.1 while advocating the use of a 16 m diameter telescope optimized for infrared observations to search for Earth-like planets outside the Solar System, criticize my suggestion2 of using an interferometric system, operating at optical wavelengths, for the same purpose. Their criticism ...
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    Detecting Earth-like planets (reply) (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 518-518 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ANGEL et al. reply-Burke has defined a mirror surface by equation (1) with / = 1 cm, showing that a relatively large r.m.s. error can be combined with very low sidelobes at 1/4 arc second radius. But this bears little relationship to the best optical surfaces currently made. In practice, errors are ...
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    Weakening of rock salt by water during long-term creep (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 554-557 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Creep of rock salt has been the subject of extensive investigations over the past two decades1. Existing data3,4 show good agreement for a wide range of rock salts, and satisfactorily describe short-term mine convergence5. Long-term rheological properties, however, are not accessible in the ...
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    Diagenesis of US Gulf Coast shales (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 557-559 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Tertiary mudstones and interbedded sandstones of the USA Gulf Coast represent one of the world's most intensively studied sedimentary sequences. Many fundamental concepts concerning the nature, timing and consequences of shale diagenesis were developed through work in this area1,5,9-12. Of ...
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    Do continental shelves export organic matter? (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 559-561 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Moored sediment trap (MST) flux Mass flux C N Date (mg m2 d"1) (mg2 d"1) (mgm^d"1) MST l 25 Feb.- 5 March 1984 70m.o.b. 1,240198 546 61 lOm.o.b. 5,450 467 199 44 20 7 MST 2 5-31 March 1984 70m.o.b. 1,810239 11028 125 lOm.o.b. 3,815418 15918 194 MST 3 4-7 April 1984 70m.o.b. 2,298 ...
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    Identification of novel widely distributed sedimentary acyclic sesterterpenoids (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 561-563 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Over the past 10 years many workers (Table 1) have reported the presence, in recent sediments, of a group of C25 hydrocarbons of unknown structure. The compounds are abundant and are very widely distributed; for example, they are the major hydrocarbons present in sediments from a New England salt ...
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    A thylakoid processing protease is required for complete maturation of the lumen protein plastocyanin (1986)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 324 (1986), S. 567-569 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] Most chloroplast proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and subsequently transported into the organelle by a post-transla-tional, ATP-dependent mechanism (for reviews see refs 4 and 5). The proteins are initially synthesized as larger precursors containing amino-terminal pre-sequences ('transit ...
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    Scattering exponents for polydisperse surface and mass fractals (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 25-27 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Scattering exponents are discussed for systems of power-law polydisperse surface and mass fractals. It is found that the scattering exponent for power-law polydisperse mass fractals lies on the interval [0, d] and always depends on the mass fractal dimension. The scattering exponent for power-law polydisperse surface fractals lies on [0, d + 1] and is independent of the surface fractal dimension for a large range of the polydispersity exponent.
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    A real-time interactive graphics program to determine crystal orientation for the analysis of oscillation diffraction photographs (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 28-33 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes a powerful preliminary to various least-squares programs for finding the exact crystal orientation for the oscillation method. It is well suited to cases of large initial misorientation. It uses the real-time rotation and clipping capabilities of the high-performance graphics system PS300 from Evans & Sutherland. A program has been written that performs a geometrical inversion of reciprocal space through its origin and manipulates this transformed image in place of the direct one. The Ewald sphere is thus transformed into a plane that can be superimposed on the film. The crossing of any reciprocal-lattice point through the Ewald sphere is then replaced by the crossing of its transform through the film plane. Clipping allows elimination of all the points too far away from this plane, i.e. those that are not in a diffraction condition. Determination of the correct orientation is achieved by superimposing the inverted reciprocal-lattice image on the corresponding transformed image of the observed film.
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    Systematic errors in precision lattice-parameter determination of single crystals caused by asymmetric line profiles (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 34-38 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The convolution of the various contributions to X-ray intensity distribution curves measured in lattice-parameter determination leads to peak shifts and, hence, to systematic errors in the case that at least one of the contributing curves is asymmetric. For perfect crystals, depending on the collimator divergence, this effect may reach the order of magnitude of the refraction correction. It is caused by the asymmetry of the spectral distribution curve, which includes intrinsic asymmetry, dispersion and angle dependence of intensity (ADI). For imperfect crystals characterized by orientation and interplanar-spacing distributions, the distribution curves should be measured in order to correct accurately the peak shift. Examples of simulation calculations are given for Si, Cu Kα1, Bond method for various reflections of perfect crystals and for crystals having orientation distributions, 444 reflection.
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    Accuracy and resolution in small-angle crystallographic analyses. A comparison with solution scattering studies (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 51-60 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This paper is an extension of the preceding one and deals with the problem of assessing the potential accuracy of low-resolution crystallographic analyses restricted to the same angular range as solution scattering studies. The mathematical treatment is very similar in the two papers; similarly, the final result takes the form of a curve relating the normalized variances of the positional and chromatic structure parameters. In the absence of `small-angle' data – these are utterly disregarded in routine protein crystallographic analyses – an ideal experiment performed on a low-density serum lipoprotein, under conditions similar to those that prevailed in the experimental study of methionyl t-RNA synthetase, is used as an illustration. The potential accuracy estimated for this putative crystallographic analysis is found to be quite close to that assessed for the solution scattering experiment. In the case of protein crystallographic analyses, the projection information associated with the `small-angle' reflections is estimated and it is shown that it amounts to a substantial fraction of the whole of the experimental information. More precisely, the average information per reflection is almost 40 times larger for the `small-angle' than for the other reflections. The conclusion is reached that 'small-angle' reflections should be involved in protein crystallographic analyses and it is suggested that in the early stage of the phasing process `small-angle' crystallographic data and solution scattering experiments be combined together to locate and orient the molecule(s) in the cell and to draw the molecular envelope.
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    Information content and retrieval in solution scattering studies. II. Evaluation of accuracy and resolution (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 39-50 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The aim of this paper is to assess the potential accuracy of structure analyses based upon solution X-ray scattering experiments, before the structure problem is solved. In other words, an algorithm is sought expressing accuracy in terms of the experimental observations and associated errors, independently of the value of the structure parameters. The mathematical treatment involves five steps: (a) Data reduction, namely the definition in experimental space of the degrees of freedom of the problem and the determination of their probability law. (b) Choice of representation of the structure consistent with the coarse resolution of solution scattering experiments; a set of sharp pseudo-atoms is adopted, so that the degrees of freedom in real space are the position and electron density of each pseudo-atom. (c) Introduction to a `virtual experiment' defined by a noise distorting the structure parameters, and determination of the corresponding probability law in the experimental space. (d) Comparison of the real and the virtual experiments, or more precisely of the probability laws of the degrees of freedom in experimental space, yielding a relation between the variances of the position and electron density uncertainties, the number of the pseudo-atoms and the value of the structure parameters. (e) Attenuation of the structure dependence via the introduction of a hypothesis of quasi-spherical symmetry, whose effect is to reduce the expression of the variances to a function of the experimental observations, independent of the knowledge of the structure of the particle. This analysis is applied to solution X-ray scattering experiments at variable contrast, interpreted within the framework of the invariant volume hypothesis. The final result takes the form of a curve relating the variances of the position and electron density uncertainties, divided by the number of pseudo-atoms. The example of a low-density serum lipoprotein is used to illustrate these results.
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    Powder diffraction peak shapes. Parameterization of the pseudo-Voigt as a Voigt function (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 63-64 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The Voigt function is now recognized to be one of the best mathematical descriptions of the symmetrical component of the peak shape in constant-wavelength X-ray and neutron powder diffraction. The simpler pseudo-Voigt function has been used previously to provide an empirical fit to observed peak shapes. In this paper, a parameterization of this function is obtained to make it, to a very good approximation, equivalent to a Voigt function, and, additionally, it is described by the half-width parameters of the Gaussian and Lorentzian components of that Voigt function. This new construction allows for greater flexibility in peak-shape description and, in particular, allows for a more straightforward convolution of additional functional contributions into the `Voigt' component of a peak shape description.
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    Strategies for collecting screen-less oscillation data (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 61-62 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Screen-less oscillation photography is the method of choice for recording three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data for crystals of biological macromolecules. The geometry of an oscillation camera is extremely simple. However, the manner in which the reciprocal lattice is recorded in any experiment is fairly complex. This depends on the Laue symmetry of the reciprocal lattice, the lattice type, the orientation of the crystal on the camera and to a lesser extent on the unit-cell dimensions. Exploring the relative efficiency of collecting X-ray diffraction data for different crystal orientations prior to data collection might reduce the number of films required to record most of the unique data and the consequent amount of time required for processing these films. Here algorithms are presented suitable for this purpose and results are reported for the 11 Laue groups, different lattice types and crystal orientations often employed in data collection.
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    Einfluss der Valenzelektronenkonzentration auf die Bildung der Phasen vom Ni2In-Strukturtyp am Beispiel der ternären Verbindungen Mn2Ga0.5As0.5(m),Fe3GaAs und Co2Ga0.5As0.5 (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 80-85 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The structures of the metastable phase Mn2Ga0.5As0.5 (m) and the stable phases Fe3GaAs and Co2Ga0.5As0.5 are isotypic with Ni2In. X-ray powder diffraction data are reported. Lattice constants and macroscopic densities were measured in the entire range of homogeneity. Crystal chemical parameters of these ternary phases and of the quasi-homologous isovalent phases are compared and discussed from the point of view of the valence-electron concentration and of the number of atoms in the unit cell. It is concluded that the valence-electron concentration is a very important but not a sufficient energetic factor for the stability of phases with the Ni2In structure.
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  • 66
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    Lattice thermal expansion behaviour of spinel HgCr2Se4 (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 86-89 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An accurate value of the lattice parameter of the spinel ferromagnetic semiconductor HgCr2Se4 has been determined at different temperatures, ranging from 298 to 770 K, by X-ray powder diffraction. The data have been used to evaluate the coefficient of thermal expansion, α, at various temperatures. The temperature dependence of the coefficient of expansion can be represented by the equation α = 10.059 × 10−6 − 1.862 × 10−8 T + 3.017 × 10−11 T2, where T is the temperature in K. The diffraction pattern of HgCr2Se4, obtained at 785(5) K, was completely different from that at room temperature. The high-temperature phase persisted up to 900 K, and above this the compound decomposed. Furthermore, the new phase was retained when the sample was cooled from 900 K to room temperature. These results suggest an irreversible structural phase transformation in HgCr2Se4 at 785 K. An attempt is made to explain this interesting high-temperature thermal behaviour of HgCr2Se4 in relation to its structure and other physical properties.
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    CAMAL – a new component of the Cambridge Structural Database software system (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 90-91 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The efficient use of crystallographic databases necessitates the use of statistical techniques. CAMAL is a library of Fortran subroutines for performing simple and multivariate statistical calculations. The library is intended for use with the Cambridge Structural Database and is distributed by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre.
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    Interactive graphics for rapid indexing of oscillation films from large unit cells (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 101-104 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An interactive graphics program for the Evans & Sutherland PS330 has been written to display and index screenless X-ray oscillation films from macromolecular crystals with unit-cell edges of at least 500 Å. ALIGN, a Fortran program which works in conjunction with M. G. Rossmann's program OSCMGR, accurately displays densitometered reflection intensities, provides the required transformation between predicted and observed reflection coordinates, and is useful in determining crystal mosaicity and detecting unit-cell changes.
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  • 69
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    High-reflectivity multilayer monochromators for neutrons (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 123-130 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Ni–Ti multilayers were fabricated in an r.f. sputtering system. Reflectivities of the multilayers were measured with a neutron beam having a beam divergence of 0.29 mrad and a beam width of 0.32 mm. Reflectivities of the multilayers and their diffraction properties were compared with results obtained from the dynamical theory for perfect multilayers. Attempts were then made to minimize the imperfections in multilayers and obtain good-reflectivity multilayers with small d spacings. Multilayers with d spacings from 60 Å up could be fabricated with reflectivities between 0.95 and 1.00.
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    The determination of molecular orientation: an efficient reciprocal-space algorithm for the small computer (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 131-133 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A rotation function is formulated in terms of a Fourier–Bessel-series expansion of the Patterson coefficients of the search model. The function provides an efficient algorithm for performing rotational analyses of small molecules on computers with limited memory and storage requirements.
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  • 71
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    Post-refinement of oscillation diffraction data collected at a synchrotron radiation source (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 134-139 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: `Post-refinement' is a technique used to compare the intensity of partially recorded reflections on oscillation photographs with their full intensity observed elsewhere on the same or a different film. A reflection's partiality depends on crystal orientation, crystal cell dimension and crystal mosaicity, and post-refinement is a very sensitive tool for the refinement of these parameters. A previous paper [Rossmann, Leslie, Abdel-Meguid & Tsukihara (1979). J. Appl. Cryst. 12, 570–581] describes how post-refinement can be applied to data derived from a set of oscillation films. In this paper the technique has been extended to the refinement of anisotropic beam divergence and wavelength dispersion as is normally found on synchrotron sources. In an example it is shown that post-refinement is sufficiently sensitive to detect small wavelength variations due to changes in temperature of the monochromating crystal.
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    Identification of Burgers vectors along 〈111〉 in In-doped GaAs, by X-ray transmission topography and image simulation (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 140-141 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Long dislocations with Burgers vectors along 〈111〉 are unusual in f.c.c. lattices. X-ray topographs have been obtained of as-grown GaAs crystals doped with 1020 atoms cm−3 of In, where the usual extinction criterion g.b = 0 leads to this type of defect. However, for several g satisfying the condition g.b = 0 with b = a [111], the images of these dislocations were still clearly visible. Comparison between experimental and computer-simulated X-ray topographic sections of these defects confirms the existence of Burgers vectors along 〈111〉.
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    Crystal data for 1-4-epoxy-4-[(4-nitrophenyl)methyl]-1-phenyl-1H-2,3-benzodioxepin-5(4H)-one (C22H15NO6) and 1,4-epoxy-4-[(4-bromophenyl)methyl]-1-phenyl-1H-2,3-benzodioxepin-5(4H)-one (C22H15BrO4) (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 142-142 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The indexed X-ray diffraction powder data of 1,4-epoxy-4-[(4-nitrophenyl)methyl]-1-phenyl-1H-2,3-benzodioxepin-5(4H)-one (OZONO, C22H15NO6) and 1,4-epoxy-4-[(4-bromophenyl)methyl]-1-phenyl-1H-2,3-benzodioxepin-5(4H)-one (OZOBR, C22H15BrO4) are reported. OZONO and OZOBR crystallize in the monoclinic space groups P21/c and P21/a, respectively. The cell constants are a = 8.200 (4), b = 14.574 (6), c = 15.908 (7) Å, β = 100.30 (3)°, V = 1870.5 Å3, Dm = 1.36 (1), Dx = 1.38 Mg m−3 for OZONO and a = 12.217 (5), b = 8.945 (2), c = 17.062 (5) Å, β = 96.85 (2)°, V = 1851.2 Å3, Dm = 1.49 (1), Dx = 1.52 Mg m−3 for OZOBR. The quantitative figures of merit (FN) are F20 = 62(0.007, 48) and F26 = 28(0.016, 58) deg−1, respectively. The JCPDS Diffraction File No. for OZONO is 36-1988 and for OZOBR 36-1989.
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    A comparison of the source emissivity distributions for two standard X-ray tubes (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 143-143 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Phase separation in glass edited by O. V. Mazurin and E. A. Porai-Koshits (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 144-144 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Average Rayleigh-wave velocity of a computer-simulated crystallographic plane (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 181-187 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A model is proposed for calculating the Rayleigh-wave velocity as obtained by an acoustic lens, taking into account the anisotropy of the material under study and the profile of the miniature acoustic probe. The results obtained by this model on different `cuts' of single-crystal silicon agree with both those published in the literature and our own experimental results. In addition, the model has been applied to the non-destructive thickness measurement of opaque thin films deposited on different anisotropic substrates. More significantly, using the model and experimental acoustic material signature (AMS) curves obtained with this acoustic measurement system, the thickness of tungsten thin films deposited on silicon (100) have been measured. The results are in good agreement with measurements made using a Rutherford back-scattering technique.
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    Report on a round-robin study of diffuse X-ray scattering (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 188-194 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The diffuse scattering in a volume in reciprocal space from NbC0.72 was measured on an absolute scale at two synchrotron sources (in the US and in Japan) and with a high-intensity rotating-anode source (in Japan). The shape and actual absolute intensities agreed to a few percent. Special problems associated with such measurements at a synchrotron are noted, especially with an insertion device. The high resolution possible at such sources reduces the need for an evacuated sample chamber. Detailed measurements can be completed in 1–2 d, making such studies much more accessible than is possible with sealed-tube X-ray generation.
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    Crystal data for p-bromochlorobenzene/p-dibromobenzene mixed crystals at 293 K (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 202-202 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The powder data for p-bromochlorobenzene/p-dibromobenzene mixed crystals [pBCB]x[pDBB]1 − x at 293 K are reported; their thermal stability at 293 K is given. Vertical diffractometer, graphite monochromator, Cu Kα, λ = 1.54056 Å. They are all isomorphous, monoclinic, P21/a with Z = 2. a = 15.176(6), b = 5.847(3), c = 4.078(2) Å, β = 112.57(3)°, V = 334.2 Å3, Dx = 1.947 Mg m−3 for [pBCB]0.90[pDBB]0.10; JCPDS No. 36-1975. a = 15.222 (7), b = 5.847 (3), c = 4.083(2) Å, β = 112.60(3)°, V = 335.5 Å3, Dx = 1.984 Mg m−3 for [pBCB]0.80[pDBB]0.20; JCPDS No. 36-1974. a = 15.260(5), b = 5.839(2), c = 4.084(2) Å, β = 112.57(1)°, V = 336.1 Å3, Dx = 2.024 Mg m−3 for [pBCB]0.70[pDBB]0.30; JCPDS No. 36-1973. a = 15.298(4), b = 5.845(3), c = 4.091(2) Å, β = 112.60(2), V = 337.7 Å3, Dx = 2.058 Mg m−3 for [pBCB]0.60[pDBB]0.40; JCPDS No. 36-1972. a = 15.340(4), b = 5.844(2), c = 4.092(2) Å, β = 112.60(2)°, V = 338.7 Å3, Dx = 2.096 Mg m−3 for [pBCB]0.50[pDBB]0.50; JCPDS No. 36-1971. a = 15.370(5), b = 5.843(2), c = 4.097(2) Å, β = 112.62(2)°, V = 339.6 Å3, Dx = 2.134 Mg m−3 for [pBCB]0.40[pDBB]0.60; JCPDS No. 36-1970. a = 15.404(6), b = 5.840(2), c = 4.100(2) Å, β = 112.67(2)°, V = 340.4 Å3, Dx = 2.172 Mg m−3 for [pBCB]0.30[pDBB]0.70; JCPDS No. 36-1969. a = 15.437(5), b = 5.842(2), c = 4.103(2) Å, β = 112.66(2)°, V = 341.4 Å3, Dx = 2.209 Mg m−3 for [pBCB]0.20[pDBB]0.80; JCPDS No. 36-1968. a = 15.468(4), b = 5.838(2), c = 4.104(2) Å, β = 112.70(2)°, V = 341.9 Å3, Dx = 2.249 Mg m−3 for [pBCB]0.10[pDBB]0.90; JCPDS No. 36-1967.
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    Correction for detector misalignment in a four-circle diffractometer (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 222-223 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The treatment of the angular errors arising in a four-circle diffractometer from the displacement of the detector slit and collimator from the equatorial plane is described. The method affords an accurate means of assessing and correcting the displacement from measured setting angles.
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    Collection and processing of X-ray diffraction data from protein crystals at high pressure (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 208-213 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Apparatus for collecting X-ray diffraction data from protein crystals at pressures up to 0.2 GPa is described. The modified techniques required for crystal mounting, determination of crystal orientation in the beryllium pressure cell, and centering in the X-ray beam are described. Special attention is required for intensity absorption corrections due to the marked attenuation (90%) of the beam. Data have been collected from tetragonal hen egg white lysozyme crystals at 1000 atm to 2.0 Å nominal resolution using Cu Kα radiation (1 atm = 1.01325 × 105 Pa). The crystals, crystallized in 0.86 M NaCl, require 1.4 M NaCl in the stabilizing solution to prevent cracking at several hundred atmospheres and higher. The crystals show no measurable hysteresis when cycled through several 1 to 1000 atm transitions. Altered intensities relaxed to their new value within 1 min on pressurization, but required about 90 rain to recover their starting values on pressure release. The unit-cell volume decreases 1.1% at 1000 atm.
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    A Monte Carlo error simulation applied to calibration-free X-ray diffraction phase analysis (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 217-221 
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    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
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    Notes: Quantitative phase analysis of a system of n phases can be effected without the need for calibration standards provided at least n different mixtures of these phases are available. A series of linear equations relating diffracted X-ray intensities, weight fractions and quantitation factors coupled with mass balance relationships can be solved for the unknown weight fractions and factors. Uncertainties associated with the measured X-ray intensities, owing to counting of random X-ray quanta, are used to estimate the errors in the calculated parameters utilizing a Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo approach can be generalized and applied to any quantitative X-ray diffraction phase analysis method. Two examples utilizing mixtures of CaCO3, Fe2O3 and CaF2 with an α-SiO2 (quartz) internal standard illustrate the quantitative method and corresponding error analysis. One example is well conditioned; the other is poorly conditioned and, therefore, very sensitive to errors in the measured intensities.
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    Improvement of the accuracy of HAUP, high-accuracy universal polarimeter: application to ferroelectric [N(CH3)4]ZnCl4 (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 377-381 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that in fixing the crossed Nicols positions a systematic error must invariably be introduced caused by the parasitic ellipticities of the polarizer and analyzer and the refraction of the light beam by the specimen. A method has been derived by which this systematic error can be removed from the original HAUP method. The improved method has been successfully applied to the measurement of the temperature dependence of the gyration-tensor component g23 of [N(CH3)4]2ZnCl4, although it is as small as 10−7. The study of optical activity shows directly that the order parameter of the incommensurate phase of the (NH4)2SO4 family is complex and that a phason exists in this phase. It can be shown that the optical activity of the incommensurate phases can be classified into three types, [N(CH3)4]2ZnCl4 corresponding to the case where the nearly commensurate domains are optically active. The extensive usefulness of optical activity to the study of phase transitions is suggested.
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    Multi-site correlations and the atomic size effect (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 382-389 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Optical diffraction patterns are presented which illustrate the effect of multi-site correlations on the diffraction pattern of a model disordered alloy consisting of different sized atoms placed on a simple square lattice. Monte Carlo methods were used to apply size-effect distortions to a number of example lattices containing various multi-site correlations. The presence of a four-site correlation between the four sites of the unit square resulted in correlations between the atomic displacements transverse to the correlation direction, and this resulted in clearly discernible extra diffuse peaks. Even though the magnitude of the four-site correlation was close to the physical limit for such a term the effect on the diffraction pattern was relatively small, the major component still being the sinusoidal modulations of the simple `size effect' which depend purely on the two-site correlations. The introduction of a three-site correlation between three of the four sites of the unit square, on the other hand, resulted in a substantial contribution to the scattering in the form of additional sinusoidal modulations along a diagonal direction.
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    Mounting a 10 K cooling device without rotating seals on a four-circle diffractometer (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 390-394 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Instrumentation has been developed for collection of three-dimensional X-ray and neutron diffraction data at temperatures below the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. A closed-cycle two-stage refrigerator has been mounted on the φ shaft of a four-circle goniometer. The sample crystal is attached to the nominal 10 K station. The refrigerator mount functions as a goniometer head without arcs. The x−y−z centering device has a range of ± 5 mm for the z direction along the φ axis and ± 2 mm along x and y. Dovetails and eccentrics with narrow tolerances allow a precise firmly lockable centering of the crystal. The whole refrigerator unit undergoes all the normal φ, χ and ω movements during data collection without any rotating vacuum seals. These are usually integral vulnerable parts of existing liquid-helium-temperature cryocoolers. When refrigeration is not required, the cryo-unit can be dismounted in a few minutes and replaced by a device for mounting an ordinary goniometer head for room-temperature data collection. Thus, the system is simple, robust and easy to operate, both at room temperature and at cryogenic temperatures. Furthermore, the use of a closed-cycle refrigerator makes the system more economical than comparable cryocooler systems based on flow cryostats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889886089173
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    An X-ray determination of the thermal expansion of α-phase Ag–Al alloys at high temperatures (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 484-485 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The lattice expansion of four Ag–Al alloys of different composition has been determined by X-ray measurements. The alloys, which contain 5.8, 9.2, 15.8 and 18.2 at.% Al, have been investigated in the temperature range 303–928 K. αav for the four compositions are 20.41, 19.69, 19.93 and 20.37 × 106 K−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889886088891
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    A new method for determination of the crystal setting matrix for interpreting oscillation photographs (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 482-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The standard procedure for indexing oscillation photographs makes use of the partial reflections from two Laue photographs of a crystal taken with the incident beam parallel to any two principal axes of the crystal. A procedure is described using a graphics terminal of a microcomputer to display the calculated and observed diffraction patterns for an oscillation photograph and to examine visually all necessary rotations to get the best orientation matrix for the crystal. This method is particularly useful when the crystal is sensitive to X-rays and not easily amenable to setting photographs or Laue photographs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889886088908
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    Crystal data for uranium phosphorus pentoxide, UPO5, and uranium arsenic pentoxide, UAsO5 (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 486-486 
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    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Guinier powder patterns [λ(Cu Kα1) = 1.5406 Å] of UPO5 and UAsO5 have been indexed. UPO5 is triclinic. The cell dimensions are: a = 5.472(2), b = 5.646(2), c = 7.027(1) Å, α = 87.39(2), β = 93.39(2), γ = 106.51(1)°, V = 207.7 Å3, Z = 2, Dx = 5.58 g cm−3. The new compound UAsO5 appears monoclinic. The unit cell has dimensions: a = 8.833(2), b = 6.858(1), c = 7.151(1) Å, β = 96.88(1)°, V = 430.1 Å3, Z = 4, Dx = 6.07 g cm−3. The space group is P21/c. The data show the presence of a strong triclinic C subcell: a = 5.591(1), b = 5.591(1), c = 7.151(1) Å, α = 84.57(1), β = 95.43(1), γ = 104.35(1)°, which suggests that both compounds are structurally related. The JCPDS Diffraction File No. for UPO5 is 37-1462 and for UAsO5 37-1461.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Use of a new array processor in the restrained least-squares procedure of Hendrickson and Konnert (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 486-488 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The restrained least-squares refinement procedure of Hendrickson & Konnert [Hendrickson (1985). Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 115, edited by H. W. Wyckoff, C. H. W. Hirs & S. N. Timasheff, pp. 252–270. Orlando: Academic Press] has been implemented on a Digital Equipment Corporation VAX 11/780 equipped with a 30 MFLOP (million floating point operations per second) Numerix MARS-432 array processor. The modified program executes in only one twentieth of the time required for the unmodified version on the same VAX and an estimated half of the time required for execution on an IBM 3081.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889886088878
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    Errors in a recent critique of the Borie–Sparks method in diffuse scattering (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 491-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889886088854
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  • 90
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    XFPS, a program for automatic Fourier, Patterson and superposition methods (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 488-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A program is presented that solves crystal structures completely using Patterson function, symmetry minimum function, atomic minimum superposition and advanced Fourier methods. The program works most efficiently for structures with one or several heavier atoms in the asymmetric unit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889886088866
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    Prices of Acta Crystallographica and Journal of Applied Crystallography (1986)
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 19 (1986), S. 491-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889886088842
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  • 92
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    Structure of 1-{2-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylthio]ethyl}thymine (1986)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 42 (1986), S. 821-823 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270186094416
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    Dimorphisme de l'isomère E de l'isonitrosocamphre (1986)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 42 (1986), S. 838-840 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270186094350
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  • 94
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    Tetracyclo[3.2.0.02,7.04,6]heptane-1,5-dicarbonitrile (1986)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 42 (1986), S. 847-849 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270186094325
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    Structures of nicotine monomethyl iodide and nicotine monohydrogen iodide (1986)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 42 (1986), S. 853-856 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270186094301
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    The structures of two chiral bicyclic phosphonamides (1986)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 42 (1986), S. 856-860 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270186094295
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    Refinements of the structures of 9,10-dibromo- and 9,10-dichloroanthracene (1986)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 42 (1986), S. 862-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270186094271
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    Structure du chlorhydrate d'isobutoxy-1 [(propyne-1 yl)-1 cyclohexyloxy]-3 (pyrrolidinyl-1)-2 propane (1986)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 42 (1986), S. 864-866 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S010827018609426X
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    A neutron diffraction and electron microscopy examination of barium bromide–barium chloride (2/1) (1986)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 42 (1986), S. 915-917 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270186094076
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  • 100
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    Structure d'un β-bloquant. Le (hydroxy-2 isopropylamino-3 propoxy)-2 benzonitrile (1986)
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 42 (1986), S. 1868-1870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0108270186090248
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