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  • temperature  (52)
  • Springer  (52)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • 1995-1999  (52)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1935-1939
  • 1996  (52)
  • 1952
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
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  • 1995-1999  (52)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1935-1939
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-reciprocal cross-incompatibility in Trichogramma deion (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 481-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: reproductive compatibility ; hybrid inviability ; temperature ; Trichogramma ; biological control ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In non-reciprocal cross-incompatibility (NRCI), the crossing of a female of a strain A with a male of a strain B results in hybrid offspring, whereas the reciprocal cross produces few or no hybrids. Only females are of hybrid origin in Hymenoptera because they arise from fertilized eggs; males arise from unfertilized (haploid) eggs. Crosses between many strains of Trichogramma deion showed some degree of NRCI. Crosses between a T. deion culture collected in Seven Pines, California (SVP) with one from Marysville, California (MRY) showed an extreme form of NRCI in which practically no female offspring was produced when MRY females were crossed with SVP males. The reciprocal cross produced a close to normal proportion of female and male offspring. Detailed studied of this cross indicated that 1) the female offspring produced in the compatible interstrain cross were not the result of parthenogenesis but were true hybrids, 2) the incompatible interstrain cross did not produce female offspring because fertilized eggs died during development, 3) the death of these eggs could not be prevented by either antibiotic or temperature treatment, 4) cytoplasmically inherited factors causing NRCI could be discounted because backcrossed females with the genome of MRY and the cytoplasm of SVP, exhibit the NRCI relationship characteristic of their genome. Therefore the NRCI between these strains appears to be caused by a modification coded for by the nuclear genes of MRY that results in incompatibility when SVP sperm fertilizes MRY eggs. In addition the level of incompatibility in crosses between the SVP females and MRY males is temperature sensitive, the higher the rearing temperature the lower the level of compatibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343472
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survival of Bemisia tabaci adults under different climatic conditions (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 511-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sweet potato whitefly ; temperature ; relative humidity ; migration and dispersal ; virus transmission ; Homoptera ; Aleyrodidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ability of the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennad., to survive a range of environmental conditions was investigated in the laboratory. The range of temperature and humidity investigated corresponds to the normal climatic range during B. tabaci's summer migration in Israel. Adult whiteflies confined to small test cages were exposed to combinations of temperature (25, 30, 35, and 41 °C) and relative humidity (20, 50, 80, and 100%) for periods of 2, 4, or 6 h. A logistic regression model describing the four-dimensional surface defining percent survival as a function of time, temperature, and humidity was developed. Using stepwise regression to exclude non-significant terms, the linear predictor included temperature, and the products of temperature and time, and humidity and time. The model accounted for 75% of the variance. A reparameterization of the fitted regression model suggests that survival potential is conditioned by temperature conditions prevailing during the previous 10 h. Whitefly survival after 2 h exposure ranged from ≈ 90% survival at 20°C and 100% RH, to 〈2% survival at 41°C and 20% r.h.. No whiteflies survived more than 2 h exposure at these latter extremes of temperature and humidity. Survival rates decreased slightly after experimental whiteflies were kept in a cage with food a further 20 h at 25±2°C, 55±5% r.h. Investigations of the effects of hunger and virus infection, showed that both increased mortality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343476
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of temperature and vapor pressure deficit on the rate of predation by the predatory mite, Amblyseius cucumeris, on Frankliniella occidentalis (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Amblyseius cucumeris ; Frankliniella occidentalis ; rate of predation ; temperature ; vapor pressure deficit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on the rate of predation by the predatory mite, Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) was determined under controlled laboratory conditions. The survival of first instars of F. occidentalis was initially determined by themselves. Then the number of first instars that were killed by a single female adult of A. cucumeris was determined for the same density of thrips. The differences in the mortality between the two experiments were used to calculate the rate of predation by A. cucumeris under a range of temperature and VPD regimes. Rate of predation was expressed as the number of thrips killed per h to account for the different time periods that the trials lasted. A quadratic model was fitted to the data. At a constant temperature, the rate of predation decreased with increasing VPD for VPDs 〈-1.24 to 1.44 kPa. Above these VPDs, the rate of predation started to increase again. At a constant VPD, the rate of predation decreased slightly at the lower temperatures and increased at the higher temperatures. The rate of change was dependent upon the VPD. By using the quadratic model, the rate of predation can be predicted for the range of hygrothermal conditions that would be encountered in the greenhouse. The optimal condition for maximum rate of predation by A. cucumeris on first instars of F. occidentalis in the greenhouse is a VPD 〈- 0.75 kPa at the recommended production temperatures and VPDs (17 to 25°C and 〈- 1.5 kPa).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304454
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature influence on cohort parameters and demographic characteristics of the two cowpea coreids Clavigralla tomentosicollis and C. shadabi (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 201-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: cowpea ; Vigna unguiculata ; pod sucking bugs ; age-specific life tables ; temperature ; insect development ; cohort statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Age-specific life tables of two important pests of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., the pod sucking bugs Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål and C. shadabi Dolling (Heteroptera: Coreidae), were obtained from observations carried out at different temperatures. A biophysical model was found satisfactory to describe the temperature-response of developmental and mortality rates of egg and nymphal stages, with a peak developmental rate around 34°C in both species. The variability in development times was small and the experimental data did not permit any conclusion with regard to the Erlang probability density function. Survival of eggs and nymphs remained high between 20° and 30°C for both species. At temperatures above 34°C, C. tomentosicollis survivorship and fecundity was higher than that of C. shadabi, which in turn laid more eggs at temperatures between 20° and 30°C. Maximum fecundity is estimated to be at 29°C for C. tomentosicollis (99 eggs/female) and 26°C for C. shadabi (261 eggs/female). At 30°C, the intrinsic rate of increase reached a maximum in both species, 0.152 per day for C. tomentosicollis and 0.145 per day for C. shadabi, and remained high for C. tomentosicollis until 36°C. C. tomentosicollis performed significantly better on pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan Millsp., than on cowpea at higher temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187518
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spring behavioral patterns of the apple blossom weevil (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anthonomus pomorum ; temperature ; diel cycle ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Individual pairs of overwintered adult apple blossom weevils, Anthonomus pomorum (L.), confined with apple twigs under different ambient temperatures in the laboratory and on apple trees in the field, were observed through day and night for their spring activities. Flight behavior in relation to ambient temperature was also investigated under laboratory conditions using flight stands. Both sexes displayed predominantly nocturnal behavior patterns in both the laboratory and the field. Feeding, crawling, and mating activities increased following sunset in the field or onset of scotophase in the laboratory while resting occurred most frequently during daylight hours. Results of the laboratory experiments showed that temperature affected significantly the activity patterns. The diel pattern of activities became less distinctive at higher temperatures (above 15°C), and total activities in crawling, feeding, and mating were suppressed significantly at lower temperatures (below 5°C). Over 97% of the test weevils initiated take-off response from flight stands at 20°C within the 30 min trial period; however, flight initiation rarely occurred at temperatures 12°C or below. Overall, results of the laboratory and field experiments indicate that A. pomorum is a remarkably cold-adapted insect with ability to crawl, feed, and mate at a few degrees above freezing, a physiological attribute necessary for the exploitation of early stages of apple bud development in the cold early spring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333816
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of environmental conditions and parasitoid quality on field performance of Trichogramma minutum (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 461-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Trichogramma minutum ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; Ephestia kuehniella ; biological control ; inundative release ; weather ; host acceptance ; realized fecundity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of weather conditions and two parasitoid quality attributes, realized fecundity and host acceptance, were assessed on the field efficacy of mass-released Trichogramma minutum. Temperature was the most important single variable, explaining up to 75% of the variation in field parasitism. There were significant positive relationships between both the sum of the maximum temperatures and the number of degree-hours above a 15 °C threshold, accumulated in the three days following the release, and parasitism in the field. There was a significant negative relationship between the mean relative humidity and the odds of parasitism in the field. Quality parameters based on parasitoid biology were not effective for predicting field efficacy if poor weather conditions persisted after a release. If weather conditions were ‘good’ (i.e. accumulated maximum temperatures above 62 °C, in the 3 days following the release), then parameters such as release rate and fecundity in the lab were useful predictors of field performance. There was no relationship between host acceptance measured in the lab and field parasitism. Given the importance of field temperatures for field performance, selection for cold tolerance of T. minutum would be desirable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343469
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low ambient temperature decreases cadmium accumulation in the liver and kidneys of the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) (1996)
    Springer
    BioMetals 9 (1996), S. 363-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; iron ; photoperiod ; temperature ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The importance of photoperiod and ambient temperature on the accumulation of cadmium in the liver and kidneys of bank voles was determined in the present study. Males and females, aged 1 month, were given 3.0 μg Cd ml−1 drinking water and divided into four groups according to photoperiod (16 h light/8 h dark and 8 h light/16 h dark) and ambient temperature (20 or 5°C); liver and kidneys were removed for cadmium as well as copper, iron and zinc analyses at the end of 6 weeks. Bank voles exposed to 5°C in both photoperiods consumed approximately 30% less water containing cadmium than those kept at 20°C. However, the total accumulation of cadmium in the liver and kidneys of males and females exposed to the low temperatures was 4.3–4.8 and 2.2–3.3 times less than that in animals maintained at room temperature in the long and short photoperiod, respectively. Simultaneously, the low temperature brought about an increase in the copper concentrations in the liver (12–43%) and kidneys (47–78%), giving rise to an inverse correlation between the cadmium accumulation and the tissue copper concentration. In contrast to cadmium and copper, the concentrations of iron and zinc were affected primarily by photoperiod. These findings indicate that ambient temperature is an important determinant of cadmium retention in the bank vole. It appears that low temperature decreases tissue cadmium accumulation not only by reducing cadmium intake but also through changes in copper metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00140605
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion association of dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions to 600°C and 300 MPa by conductance measurements (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 25 (1996), S. 711-729 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Conductivity ; aqueous ; sodium hydroxide ; ion association ; temperature ; pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The limiting molar conductances Λ0 and ion association constants of dilute aqueous NaOH solutions (〈0.01 mol-kg−1) were determined by electrical conductance measurements at temperatures from 100 to 600°C and pressures up to 300 MPa. The limiting molar conductances of NaOH(aq) were found to increase with increasing temperature up to 300°C and with decreasing water density ρw. At temperatures ≥400°C, and densities between 0.6 to 0.8 g-cm−3, Λ0 is nearly temperature-independent but increases linearly with decreasing density, and then decreases at densities 〈0.6 g-cm−3. This phenomenon is largely due to the breakdown of the hydrogen-bonded, structure of water. The molal association constants K Am for NaOH( aq ) increase with increasing temperature and decreasing density. The logarithm of the molal association constant can be represented as a function of temperature (Kelvin) and the logarithm of the density of water by $$\begin{gathered} log K_{Am} = 2.477 - 951.53/T - (9.307 \hfill \\ - 3482.8/T)log \rho _{w } (25 - 600^\circ C) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ which includes selected data taken from the literature, or by $$\begin{gathered} log K_{Am} = 1.648 - 370.31/T - (13.215 \hfill \\ - 6300.5/T)log \rho _{w } (400 - 600^\circ C) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ which is based solely on results from the present study over this temperature range (and to 300 MPa) where the measurements are most precise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973780
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The environmental history of a mountain lake (Lago Paione Superiore, Central Alps, Italy) for the last c. 100 years: a multidisciplinary, palaeolimnological study (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 15 (1996), S. 245-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: palaeolimnology ; acidification ; diatoms ; chrysophytes ; pigments ; chironomids ; temperature ; Alps ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A palaeoecological study of an oligotrophic alpine lake, Paione Superiore (Italy), provided a record of historical changes in water quality. Historical trends in lake acidification were reconstructed by means of calibration and regression equations from diatoms, chrysophycean scales and pigment ratios. The historical pH was inferred by using two different diatom calibration data sets, one specific to the alpine region. These pH trends, together with the record of sedimentary carbonaceous particles and chironomid remains, indicate a recent acidification of this low alkalinity lake. Concentration of total organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silica (BSiO2), chlorophyll derivatives (CD), fucoxanthin, diatom cell concentration and number of chironomid head capsules increased during the last 2–3 decades. When expressed as accumulation rates, most of these parameters tended to decrease from the past century to c. 1950, then all except P increased to the present day. A marked increase in sedimentary nitrogen may be related to atmospheric pollution and to the general increases in output of N in Europe. High C/N ratios indicate a prevailing allochthonous source of organic matter. Finally, the increase in measured air temperature from the mid-1800's appeared to be related to lake water pH before industrialization: cold periods generally led to lower pH and vice-versa. The more recent phenomenon of anthropogenic acidification has apparently decoupled this climatic-water chemistry relationship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00213044
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fungi associated with post-harvest rot of black plum (Vitex doniana) in Nigeria (1996)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 136 (1996), S. 109-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fungi ; post-harvest rot ; relative humidity ; temperature ; Vitex doniana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fungi associated with rot of Vitex doniana fruits (blackplum) were isolated and identified. Aspergillus niger, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Candida spp. Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Fusarium pallidoroseum F. oxysporum and Mucor mucedo were the primary rot causing fungi in contrast to Cladosporium herbarum and Mucor circinelloides which were just present as secondary colonizers. The rot fungi penetrated mainly through wounds and bruises on the surface of fruits. Mature green fruits were less susceptible to infection than half ripe and fully ripened red fruits. Optimum rot by pathogenic isolates occurred at 25–30 °C and relative humidity 72.5–100%. The results of investigation of influence of storage temperatures and relative humidity on the quality of uninoculated healthy fruits are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437504
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