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  • Other Sources  (491)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (491)
  • 1980-1984  (489)
  • 1950-1954  (2)
  • 1982  (241)
  • 1981  (248)
  • 1952  (2)
  • 1
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    Active cavity radiometer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The active cavity radiometer (ACR) experiment on the Spacelab 1 mission to measure the total solar irradiance is discussed. Short and long term variations in the total solar output of optical energy are studied. Solar total irradiance observation provides information on the solar cycle and other long term trends in solar output that are of climatological significance as well as short term solar physics phenomena. The interaction of solar radiation with the Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land masses provides the primary driving forces for the formation of weather systems and the determination of climate. Astrophysical measurements determine the total energy flux. The principal role of the ACR observations support extended solar irradiance experiments on free flying satellites. Solar irradiance measurements are important in the establishment of the radiation scale at the solar total flux level in the international system of units (SI).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 2
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    Very wide field camera (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: The study of galactic and faint extragalactic extended sources and peculiar ultraviolet objects by a very wide field of view camera, operated in the ultraviolet photometric and spectrometric modes is discussed. The photometric mode is direct photography through filters for observation of the following sources: (1) large scale distribution of ultraviolet radiation in the Milky Way; (2) diffusion of the galactic light above the galactic plane and in front of the large absorbing clouds; (3) the optical emission of the interstellar matter; (4) stars, and starlike objects with diameters less than 3 arc minutes. In the spectrometric mode (nebular spectrograph) the light from the center of the photometric field is concentrated on a slit covering 10 degrees by 10 arc minutes on the sky.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 3
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    Personal miniature electrophysiological tape recorder (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-05
    Description: The use of a personal miniature electrophysiological tape recorder to measure the physiological reactions of space flight personnel to space flight stress and weightlessness is described. The Oxford Instruments Medilog recorder, a battery-powered, four-channel cassette tape recorder with 24 hour endurance is carried on the person and will record EKG, EOG, EEG, and timing and event markers. The data will give information about heart rate and morphology changes, and document adaptation to zero gravity on the part of subjects who, unlike highly trained astronauts, are more representative of the normal population than were the subjects of previous space flight studies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 4
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    Metric camera experiment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: A test of the mapping capabilities of high resolution space photography taken at the resolution limit of image motion on large film format is planned. The metric camera system and its planned operation are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 4 p
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  • 5
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    Waves in the OH emissive layer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: Photography and measurement of cloud-like structures of bright parallel bands observed in near infrared photography of the night sky is planned. The instrument is described and the purpose of the experiment summarized.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 2 p
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  • 6
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    Grille spectrometer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-04
    Description: High resolution infrared spectroscopic observations of the Earth's limb in the wavelength range characteristic of the vibrational-rotational lines of trace atmospheric constituents is planned. The instrument and its operation and the purpose of the experiments are summarized.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Spacelab Mission 1 Expt. Descriptions; 3 p
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  • 7
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    An automatic light scattering CCN counter (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The counter is a static thermal diffusion chamber which has been modified to include an optical system for the determination of droplet concentration by the measurement of scattered light. The determination of concentration is made by measurement of the peak scattered light signal from the cloud of growing droplets which is a function of both the droplet concentration and chamber supersaturation. Because the formation of the peak is related to the rate of growth of the droplets and sedimentation, both of which are determined by supersaturation, the system calibration can be uniquely determined by comparison with an absolute counter such as a static diffusion chamber with a photographic recording system.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 40-41
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  • 8
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    Cloud condensation nucleus counter by impactor sampling technique (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Unlike typical CCN counters, this device counts the numbers of water droplets condensed on aerosol particles sampled on a microcover glass at various different relative humidities. The relative humidities ranged from 75 percent to a calculated value of 110 percent. A schematic of the apparatus is shown. The individual CCN can be identified in an optical micrograph and scanning electron micrograph and may be inspected for their chemical composition later.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 35-36
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  • 9
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    The CCN counter of the IOPG of Puy de Dome: Main characterisics and results of measurements (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In performing the data analysis of the measurements achieved during the Workshop with the device, a global approach was preferred rather than an individual analysis, in order to illustrate some main characteristics in the behavior of the device with respect to a mean behavior resulting from a general survey of all the equipments involved in each experiment. The device tends generally to overestimate the CCN concentrations measured near the high supersaturations and sometimes underestimates the concentrations close to 0.1% or 0.2% of supersaturation. Despite the fact that it belongs to a type of static diffusion chamber, it shows, however, similar spectra to those obtained with other types of chambers (continuous flow diffusion chamber and haze chamber).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 17-19
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  • 10
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    Contribution to CCN Workshop report from University of Wyoming group (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The group's CCN counter is described. It is a static, horizontal, parallel plate thermal gradient diffusion chamber. Examples of the application of the CCN are presented and include the CCN spectra measured during the winter of 1978-79 near Elk Mountain, Wyoming. Comparisons of droplet concentrations derived from upwind CCN spectra are covered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 11-13
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  • 11
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    Determination of the efficiency of a proportional counter for detecting X-rays (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A parallel beam of X-rays (approximately monoenergetic) passing through a rectangular slit and scattering from two flat mirrors comprise the X-ray test. The two mirrors are arranged in a periscope geometry so that the final reflected beam is parallel to the incident beam but displaced laterally by given amount. One of the detectors used to intercept the reflected X-rays is a one dimensional gas-filled proportional counter which is sensitive to the position (in 1 dimension) at which the X-rays are incident within its detecting "window". The total length of the anode wire of the proportional counter is 120 mm and this length can be divided electronically into a maximum of 1,024 parts. Hence, the output of an experimental run would be the number of incident X-rays that registered on each of the 1,024 channels. Each channel would represent an X-ray at a different spatial location and, hence, at a different scattering angle. In order to look at a wider range of scattering angles, the detector is placed on an optical table which can be rotated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 6 p
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  • 12
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    Measurement of the aerosol size distribution with NRL's mobility analyzer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The size distribution was measured in the size range between 0.0057 and 0.57 micrometer radius. A description of the instrumentation and data analysis is given, together with the measured size distributions calculated for 23 experiments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 69-78
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  • 13
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    Modified MEE Industries static thermal gradient diffusion cloud chamber (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The experiments performed at the Workshop were undertaken to confirm the calculated sample volume, determine the usable range of supersaturation, and minimum detectable size. Comparison of absolute CCN concentrations with other state-of-the-art continuous flow diffusion chambers at supersaturations near 1 percent indicated that the volume used produced CCN concentrations well within the range of CCN concentrations determined at the workshop. This agreement is interpreted to mean the sample volume was correct. Direct measurements of the beam geometry done in the laboratory indicated a factor of 4-5 error. This error is apparently due to the larger apparent visible beam diameter versus the actual usable beam diameter given the droplet illumination, chamber optical geometry, microscope optics and film characteristics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 44-45
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  • 14
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    Multi-channel chopper system for a total ozone mapping spectrometer (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A multi-channel chopper system designed and built to stringent specifications is providing an excellent performance for a total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS). State of the art machining technology, suitable material selection, and a way to hold and position the slit plate resulted in the instrument's better than expected performance. A shutter method used for internal calibration allows compensation for the occurrence of an unlikely wavelength shift during testing, launch, or during the orbiting life of the instrument. The TOMS is part of a payload on Nimbus 7 launched on October 24, 1978.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The 15th aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 63-75
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  • 15
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    Performance of the continuous flow diffusion chambers (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A brief comparative description is made of the chambers. Overall, comparisons for the various types of experiments - monodisperse, polydisperse and ambient aerosol - showed agreement among these chambers to within 15% in most cases. A careful analysis of the results indicated that a proper accounting of certain parameters would bring about much closer agreement among four of these instruments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 79-84
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  • 16
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    Description of the NRL isothermal haze chamber (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In the IHC the critical supersaturation is inferred from the measurement of the size of particles which have grown to their equilibrium size at exactly 100 percent RH. The largest size channel corresponds to a critical supersaturation of 0.014 percent. The growth time required for particles of this size to reach their equilibrium size exceeds the 110 second residence time in the IHC. Since the supersaturation spectrum is always very steep in this region, the contribution of these larger particles which have not yet attained their equilibrium size to smaller size channels is negligible. However, failure of these particles to reach their equilibrium size could result in a significant lowering of the count in the size channel corresponding to the smaller critical supersaturation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 42-43
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  • 17
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    Static diffusion cloud chambers (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The chamber geometry and optical arrangement are described. The supersaturation range is given and consists of readings taken at five fixed points: 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, and 1.25%. The detection system is described including light source, cameras, and photocell detectors. The temperature control and the calibration of the chamber are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 26-27
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  • 18
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    Description and discussion of the NRL TGDCC (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The NRL thermal gradient diffusion cloud chamber (TGDCC) consists of two plates 7.5 cm in diameter separated by 1.25 cm and covered with saturated filter paper. The cylindrical wall separating the plates is glass. The top plate is at room temperature and the bottom plate is cooled with a thermoelectric cooler. The temperature difference is measured with several sets of thermocouples. The CCN concentration was determined from the video recording. This procedure of averaging the maximum count obtained on several successive recordings at the same supersaturation results in concentrations which are somewhat higher than concentrations calculated from an average across the plateau.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 14-16
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  • 19
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    Comparing dry aerosol size measurements (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Two instruments were used to size dry aerosols for the CCN experiments: the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) instrument which uses an electrical mobility analyzer to separate the aerosol size fractions and a diffusion chamber to grow and count the particles and the University of Wyoming (WYO) aerosol monitoring system. Measurements from these two systems were usually found to be in agreement during the CCN Workshop. Two examples are presented to compare aerosol size distribution measurements of the two instruments: experiment 8 (monodisperse NaCl) and experiment 27 (polydisperse AgI). Differential (dN/dR) and cumulative plots are shown for both instruments for experiment 8 and experiment 27; also shown are Aitken particle measurements for comparison.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 106-107
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  • 20
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    CCN comparisons of static diffusion chambers (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Nine CCN counters of the static diffusion (SDC) type were compared with one another and with continuous flow diffusion (CFD) chambers. The nine SDCs showed a considerable amount of variation, largely attributable to newness and/or lack of prior calibration of some units. The five more consistent instruments agreed quite well, to within at least 20 percent of the NRL mobility analyzer and to within 10 percent at 1 percent supersaturation. There was satisfactory agreement between the more reliable SDC and CFD chambers.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 57-63
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  • 21
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    Diffusion tube (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The diffusion tube was designed to operate below about 0.25 percent of water supersaturation. It is simply a long tube lined on the inside with a damp chamois cloth, and heated isothermally to a few degrees centigrade above the incoming air. The diffusion coefficient for water vapor is slightly larger than that for heat, making it possible to supersaturate the airflow. This is the same principle by which transient supersaturations may occur in parallel plate cloud chambers. Only the diffusion of vapor and heat from the walls into the moving air are considered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 37-39
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  • 22
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    A description of the UK Meteorological Office CCN counter (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The chamber is a thermal gradient diffusion type with the upper plate at room temperature and the lower plate thermoelectrically cooled. The light from a 25W projector bulb is focused in a beam of approximations 1x3 mm in the central part of the chamber. The light scattered by drops is viewed in the forward direction (40 deg) by a microscope and a sensitive photodetector. Experiments were performed to relate the peak output from the photocell with the maximum number of drops in the beam recorded photographically. The microscope is used to check the calibration at low concentrations of CCN. The results of the experiments and the performance of the counter are reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Desert Research Inst. The Third Intern. Cloud Condensation Nuclei Workshop; p 33-34
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  • 23
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    Low-power portable geophysical data acquisition system and its use in geomagnetic measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A low-power portable data acquisition system presently in use for geomagnetic measurements is described. The system is composed of a data-processing system containing a low-power microprocessor, a 9-track digital tape recorder, and a rechargeable battery pack. The magnetometer is a low-power three axis fluxgate design. Under program control the data processing system keeps track of time of day and date, samples three analog magnetometer outputs at intervals of either 0.4 or 2 s, digitizes the data to 15-bit resolution, and, depending upon relative magnetic activity, decides upon data compression to increase the tape storage capacity. It also monitors and records internal voltages and provides self-checking functions which may be monitored through a visual readout on the control panel. The system is mounted in a rugged, weather-tight carrying case suitable for use outdoors with minimal protection. The system, including magnetometer, uses 1.6-W power and can store 5.7 Mbytes of data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing; GE-19; July 198
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  • 24
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    Nuclear Science Symposium, 27th, and Symposium on Nuclear Power Systems, 12th, Orlando, Fla., November 5-7, 1980, Proceedings (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Advances in instrumentation for use in nuclear-science studies are described. Consideration is given to medical instrumentation, computerized fluoroscopy, environmental instrumentation, data acquisition techniques, semiconductor detectors, microchannel plates and photomultiplier tubes, reactor instrumentation, neutron detectors and proportional counters, and space instrumentation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 25
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    Performance of room temperature mercuric iodide /HgI2/ detectors in the ultralow-energy X-ray region (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experiments have been done to study the performance of mercuric iodide (HgI2) detectors in the ultralow-energy X-ray region. Energy resolution values of 245 eV (FWHM) for the Mg K-alpha X-ray line at 1.25 keV and 225 eV (FWHM) for the electronic noise linewidth have been obtained for an HgI2 detector with painted carbon contacts using a pulsed-light feedback preamplifier; the whole system was operated at room temperature. The resolution values in the ultralow-energy region are still limited by electronic noise of the system. In an attempt to minimize X-ray attenuation in the front contact, detectors were prepared with thin evaporated Pd contacts. These detectors show a pronounced low-energy tailing of the photopeak below a few keV, in contrast to the spectra obtained by detectors with carbon contact. An attempt has been made to explain the tailing effect starting with models wich have been proposed to describe similar effects in Ge detectors.
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  • 26
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    Response of large cavity ion chambers to space protons (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The assumption that spherical-shell ion chamber rssponse is equal to the dose in the center of the cavity is found to be a poor approximation for ion chambers used for area monitoring in the space program. The dose response is calculated using the appropriate areal density distribution function. Effects of nuclear reaction are evaluated using proton buildup factors. Errors of up to 100% are found for some components of the space radiation environments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Technology; 52; 1, Ja; Jan. 198
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  • 27
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    Programmable temperature control system for biological materials (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A system was constructed which allows programmable temperature-time control for a 5 cu cm sample volume of arbitrary biological material. The system also measures the parameters necessary for the determination of the sample volume specific heat and thermal conductivity as a function of temperature, and provides a detailed measurement of the temperature during phase change and a means of calculating the heat of the phase change. Steady-state and dynamic temperature control is obtained by supplying heat to the sample volume through resistive elements constructed as an integral part of the sample container. For cooling purposes, this container is totally immersed into a cold heat sink. Using a mixture of dry ice and alcohol at 79 C, the sample volume can be controlled from +40 to -60 C at rates from steady state to + or - 65 C/min. Steady-state temperature precision is better than 0.2 C, while the dynamic capability depends on the temperature rate of change as well as the mass of both the sample and the container.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; BME-29; Aug. 198
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  • 28
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    An instrument for measuring thermal inertia in the field (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Features and test results of a thermal inertial meter (TIM) for cataloging the thermal inertial of surface material in situ as a basis for satellite remote sensing of geologic materials are described. The instrument is employed to determine the temperature rise of the materials in the field, with the assumptions that the sample and a standard are homogeneous in composition, the heat flux density is constant at the surface of each material, and the specimens are thick enough to be treated as semi-infinite bodies. A formula for calculating thermal inertia is presented, and the components of the TIM are detailed. A box with three compartments, two holding standards, is placed on the sample surface with the third compartment open to the specimen. Dolomite and quartz are used as references when all samples are measured after heating. Tests with rocks and sand in Nevada and California revealed that chert has a higher thermal inertia than barite.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 48; Apr. 198
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  • 29
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    Deviation-free Bragg cell frequency-shifting (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A method is described of applying a variable frequency-shift to a laser beam, by means of Bragg cells, in which the direction of the output diffracted beam is unaffected by the magnitude of the applied shift. Applications of the technique to reference-beam and Doppler-difference forms of laser anemometry are discussed together with methods of obtaining increased dynamic range.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Feb. 15
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  • 30
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    Selection of fluorescence lidar operating parameters for SNR maximization (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Fluorescence lidar when applicable offers one of the most sensitive methods for measuring the concentration of trace constituents of the atmosphere. In the conduct of a fluorescence lidar experiment, a number of parameters which can be used to optimize the SNR can be controlled. In this paper the optimum division of laser pulses centered on and off the fluorescence excitation wavelength is calculated as a function of the ratio of the fluorescence signal strength to the strength of fluorescence from interfering species. For strong interference signals the time should be divided equally on and off the line. For strong fluorescence signals the time on line is proportional to the square root of the on-line off-line signal ratio. The optimization of the integration time for varying values of signal-to-background and signal-to-interference ratios, atmospheric attenuation, laser energy variations, background measurement time, and on-line off-line time division is also considered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Feb. 15
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  • 31
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    Remote Raman measurement techniques (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of laser Raman measurement techniques in remote sensing applications is surveyed. A feasibility index is defined as a means to characterize the practicality of a given remote Raman measurement application. Specific applications of Raman scattering to the measurement of atmospheric water vapor profiles, methane plumes from liquid natural gas spills, and subsurface ocean temperature profiles are described. This paper will survey the use of laser Raman measurement techniques in remote sensing applications using as examples specific systems that the Computer Genetics Corporation (CGC) group has developed and engineered.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 20; Jan
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  • 32
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    Measuring molecular flows with high-resolution stimulated Raman spectroscopy (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is proposed to use high-resolution stimulated Raman spectroscopy to directly measure high-speed molecular flow velocities in wind tunnels and in combustive chambers. A feasibility study indicates that flow speeds from Mach 0.04 up may be measured with the proposed method using available laser systems. It is pointed out that the success of the proposed technique will make it possible to measure all interesting flow parameters, i.e., species concentration, temperature, and velocity, in a time of less than 1 microsecond at a repetition rate of 10,000/s using a single experimental arrangement.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics; QE-17; Jan. 198
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    Annular apertures with low and high obstruction (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The distribution of image energy by the central obstruction of annular apertures is discussed with special emphasis on the effect of an aperture shape parameter which can be interpreted optically as the inverse obstruction ratio. This parameter generates group arrangements with the number of rings given by N2 = 1/a, where a is the central obstruction ratio.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Jan. 15
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    Temperature stabilized phase detector (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The construction, tests, and performance of a temperature stabilized phase detector are discussed. It has a frequency stability of 5 parts in 10 to the 16th power at 100 MHz, with a temperature step of 20 C (15 to 35 C).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Progr. Rept. 42-64; p 90-95
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    ORION: Microwave water vapor radiometer subsystem design (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Electrical path delay caused by atmospheric water vapor may be a limiting error source for geodetic measurements made with VLBI. Direct measurement of atmospheric water vapor is necessary to obtain path delay correction required by the ORION project. A dual channel water vapor radiometer is described which operates at frequencies near the 22 GHz water vapor line and is capable of collecting data that permits calculation of path delay within 2 cm accuracy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Telecommun. and Data Acquisition; p 10-14
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  • 36
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    Apparatus for high-pressure and low-temperature experiments (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new type of apparatus for high-pressure experiments at low temperature (1.5 K) is presented. It uses a flat diamond anvil with a spherical indentor. It utilizes a load ring placed under the sample, so that the load (and hence pressure) can be measured in situ at low temperature. The apparatus was successfully used to investigate the high-conductivity state of sulphur. It can be used to investigate other thin film samples.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Feb. 198
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  • 37
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    Telecentric optical system for observing daytime chemical releases at high altitudes (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A system to be used for the tracking of high altitude chemical releases in the presence of a bright daytime sky is described. The system uses telecentric optics, a tilting filter, a solid state image sensor, and a real time digital processor to produce the release image. Field test data are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Mar. 15
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  • 38
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    A PPM modulator and demodulator for the 2.5 bit/detected photon demonstration (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In addition to performing the basic pulse position modulation and demodulation, the hardware described also indicates the occurrence of erasures and errors of various types. The analyzer portion of the circuit counts the number of pulses received in a word, demodulates a second input pulse (if one is received), indicates the occurrence of erasures, and detects PPM word errors. Word errors are detected by comparing the modulator input word to the corresponding demodulator output. These functions are provided mainly for testing and diagnosis of the system during the feasibility demonstration period.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 50-54
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  • 39
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    Automated analyzer for aircraft measurements of atmospheric methane and total hydrocarbons (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An automated methane/total hydrocarbon analyzer is presented, which can produce alternate methane/total hydrocarbon measurements every 7 seconds to provide the spatial resolution required for regional hydrocarbon measurements at aircraft speeds. The construction and sampling techniques developed for the aircraft mounted system are discussed. A technique to periodically measure atmosphere oxygen is incorporated into the analyzer to ensure accurate hydrocarbon measurements, and a data collection methodology is developed to minimize errors resulting from changes in flame ionization detector sensitivity at different altitudes. Aircraft data acquired at the 1979 Southeastern Virginia Urban Plume Study are also presented, which illustrate the application of the instrument to a troposphere pollution plume.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Oct. 198
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  • 40
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    Multichannel scanning radiometer for remote sensing cloud physical parameters (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A multichannel scanning radiometer developed for remote observation of cloud physical properties is described. Consisting of six channels in the near infrared and one channel in the thermal infrared, the instrument can observe cloud physical parameters such as optical thickness, thermodynamic phase, cloud top altitude, and cloud top temperature. Measurement accuracy is quantified through flight tests on the NASA CV-990 and the NASA WB-57F, and is found to be limited by the harsh environment of the aircraft at flight altitude. The electronics, data system, and calibration of the instrument are also discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Oct. 198
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  • 41
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    Noise effects in an optical heterodyne spectrometer using tunable diode lasers (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A comparison of measured and predicted signal-to-noise ratio is made in an optical heterodyne spectrometer utilizing a tunable diode laser which exhibited excess noise. It is shown that good agreement between predicted and measured signal-to-noise ratios results if excess noise effects due to tunable diode lasers are included in the predictions. The methods used to quantify excess noise and to incorporate their effects into predictions of signal-to-noise ratio are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 39; Nov. 1
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  • 42
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    Master timing system measurements (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The test results indicate that the system performs within the specifications established. The overall system appears to be well designed and built to a good commercial grade. The triple redundant time code generators, whose outputs are majority voted, performed adequately as far as could be determined on an operational situation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 70-74
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  • 43
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    Satellite oceanography - The instruments (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is pointed out that no instrument is sensitive to only one oceanographic variable; rather, each responds to a combination of atmospheric and oceanic phenomena. This complicates data interpretation and usually requires that a number of observations, each sensitive to somewhat different phenomena, be combined to provide unambiguous information. The distinction between active and passive instruments is described. A block diagram illustrating the steps necessary to convert data from satellite instruments into oceanographic information is included, as is a diagram illustrating the operation of a radio-frequency radiometer. Attention is also given to the satellites that carry the various oceanographic instruments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Oceanus; 24; Fall 198
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  • 44
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    Schlieren with a laser diode source (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of a laser diode as a light source for a schlieren system designed to study phase objects such as a wind-tunnel flow is explored. A laser diode schlieren photograph and a white light schlieren photograph (zirconium arc source) are presented for comparison. The laser diode has increased sensitivity, compared with light schlieren, without appreciable image degradiation, and is an acceptable source for schlieren flow visualization.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 20; Sept
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  • 45
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    A comparison of turbulence intensity measurements using a laser velocimeter and a hot wire in a low speed jet flow (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The study involves a simultaneous measurement with both instruments along radial scans at two axial locations in the jet exiting from the turbulent pipe and an axial scan at the 75-percent radial location in the jet from the convergent nozzle. The results suggest that, within the limits of flow stationarity, both instruments yield measurements in good agreement, + or - 0.8-percent in turbulence intensity, below a turbulence intensity (the ensemble standard deviation divided by the local mean velocity) of 20 percent. From turbulence intensities of 20 percent to a maximum of 75 percent, the measurements exhibit the same trends; for reasons discussed here, however, the comparisons are not of the quality as those below 20 percent. It is found that correcting the turbulence intensity data for velocity bias errors increases the results by an average of 2 percent in turbulence intensity above the hot wire results and the uncorrected laser velocimeter data. The results are seen as calling into question the validity of using the velocity bias correction and time average techniques for turbulence intensity measurements.
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    Holographic Twyman-Green interferometer (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A dichromated gelatin off-axis Fresnel zone plate was designed, fabricated, and used in a new type of interferometer for optical metrology. This single hologram optical element combines the functions of a beam splitter, beam diverger, and aberrated null lens. Data presented show the successful application for an interferometric test of an f/6, 200-mm diam parabolic mirror.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; July 15
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  • 47
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    SAR imaging - Seeing the unseen (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The functional abilities and operations of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are described. SAR employs long wavelength radio waves in bursts, imaging a target by 'listening' to the small frequency changes that result from the Doppler shift due to the relative motion of the imaging craft and the motions of the target. The time delay of the signal return allows a determination of the location of the target, leading to the build up of a two-dimensional image. The uses of both Doppler shifts and time delay enable detailed imagery which is independent of distance. The synthetic aperture part of the name of SAR derives from the beaming of multiple pulses, which result in a picture that is effectively the same as using a large antenna. Mechanisms contributing to the fineness of SAR images are outlined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 63; Feb. 198
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  • 48
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    Photoacoustic cell using elliptical acoustic focusing (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A photoacoustic cell has been developed in the form of an elliptical cylinder in which essentially all the acoustic energy generated by a laser beam passing down one axis is focused onto a cylindrical acoustic tranducer located along the other axis. Preliminary measurements on a liquid-filled cell of this design show high sensitivity and a notably clean impulse response. A similar design may be useful for photoacoustic measurements in vapors as well.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; Jan. 1
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    Water Raman normalization of airborne laser fluorosensor measurements - A computer model study (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The technique for normalizing airborne lidar measurements of chlorophyll fluoresence by the water Raman scattering signal is investigated for laser-excitation wavelengths of 480 and 532 nm using a semianalytic Monte Carlo methodology (SALMON). The signal-integration depth for chlorophyll fluorescence Z(90,F), is found to be insensitive to excitation wavelength and ranges from a maximum of 4.5 m in clearest waters to less than 1 m at a chlorophyll concentration of 20 microgram/liter. For excitation at 532 nm, the signal-integration depth for Raman scattering, Z(90,R), is comparable to Z(90,F). For excitation at 480 nm, Z(90,R) is four times as large as Z(90,F) in clearest waters but nearly equivalent at chlorophyll concentrations greater than 2-3 microgram/liter. Absolute signal levels are stronger with excitation at 480 nm than with excitation at 532 nm, but this advantage must be weighed against potential ambiguities resulting from different integration depths for the fluorescence and Raman scattering signals in clearer waters. To the precision of the simulations, Raman normalization produces effectively linear response to chlorophyll concentration for both excitation wavelengths.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; Oct. 15
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  • 50
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    Shuttle experiment to demonstrate high-accuracy global time and frequency transfer (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The concept of a high-accuracy global time and frequency transfer system is discussed. A hydrogen maser clock onboard a space vehicle combined with a microwave Doppler cancellation system can provide direct frequency transfer with an accuracy of 10 to the -14th and time transfer accurate to 1 ns. The addition of short pulse laser techniques provides subnanosecond time transfer accuracy which can be used to calibrate the microwave system.
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    Validation of the BUV satellite ozone sensor using the rocket ozonesonde (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Satellite instruments such as the backscattered ultraviolet (BUV) apparatus, have been in operation for a number of years. One current difficulty is the validation of the ozone inferences obtained from the BUV measurements using independent instruments. For higher altitudes rocket instruments are necessary. Two instruments currently under development include a chemiluminescent detector described by Hilsenrath et al. (1969) and a filter photometer rocket ozonesonde (Rocoz) developed by Krueger and McBridge (1968). The present investigation is concerned with an analysis of the Rocoz system, the information content of the measurements, and the utility of the system for intercomparison with the BUV system. It is found that the sampling characteristics of the Rocoz and BUV systems exhibit some fundamental differences. However, their results can be related through knowledge of the relation between pressure and altitude. This is best obtained through the solution of the hypsometric equation using rocket temperature measurements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; July 1
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  • 52
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    An intercomparison of ground-based total ozone instruments (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Five ground-based total ozone spectrophotometers were intercompared at Wallops Island, VA between October 1979 and January 1981. The tests were conducted to evaluate the stability and accuracy of each instrument over an extended time period. Acceptable performance regarding these two characteristics is essential if an instrument is to be useful in field measurements and network monitoring of the atmospheric total ozone content. The Dobson spectrophotometer was used as the standard of comparison for the Brewer grating spectrophotometer, the USSR M-83 ozonometer, the Canterbury filter photometer, and the SenTran filter photometer. The grating instrument was found to be potentially the equal of the Dobson but was subject to unreliable performance by its rather sophisticated electronic components. The filter photometers performed acceptably for short periods but filter aging and eventual degradation rendered both units unusable before the end of the intercomparison. Finally, the M-83 results were found to be in acceptable agreement with the Dobson throughout the period when certain qualifications are invoked. The accuracy of a single M-83 ozone measurement may be low. Averages tend to improve its agreement with the Dobson.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 21; May 1982
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    A report from the AVS Standards Committee - Comparison of ion gauge calibrations by several standards laboratories (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Calibrations by four U.S. laboratories of four hot-cathode ion gauges, in the range 0.07-13 mPa, showed systematic differences among laboratories that were much larger than the expected error of any one calibration. They also suggested that any of the four gauges tested, if properly packaged and shipped, was able to serve as a transfer standard with probable error of 2%. A second comparison was made of the calibrations by two U.S. laboratories of some other gauges that had also been calibrated by the National Physical Laboratory, England. Results did not permit conclusive determination of whether differences were due to the laboratories or to changes in the gauges.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology; 20; Jan. 198
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    Hollow cathode startup using a microplasma discharge (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Attention is given to a microplasma discharge to initiate a hollow cathode discharge for such applications as plasma flow experiments, the electric propulsion of space vehicles, and as a replacement for filament cathodes in neutral beam injector ion sources. The technique results in a cathode that is easy to start, simple in design, and which does not require external RF exciters, inserts or heating elements. Future applications may include ion beam milling and ion implantation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Aug. 198
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  • 55
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    Improved formula for continuous-wave measurements of ultrasonic phase velocity (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An improved formula for continuous-wave ultrasonic phase velocity measurements using contact transducers is derived from the transmission line theory. The effect of transducer-sample coupling bonds is considered for measurements of solid samples even though it is often neglected because of the difficulty of accurately determining the bond thickness. Computer models show that the present formula is more accurate than previous expressions. Laboratory measurements using contacting transducers with the present formula are compared to measurements using noncontacting (hence effectively correction-free) capacitive transducers. The results of the experiments verify the validity and accuracy of the new formula.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 52; May 1981
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  • 56
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    Delineation of estuarine fronts in the German Bight using airborne laser-induced water Raman backscatter and fluorescence of water column constituents (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The acquisition and application of airborne laser induced emission spectra from German Bight water during the 1979 MARSEN experiment is detailed for the synoptic location of estuarine fronts. The NASA Airborne Oceanographic Lidar (AOL) was operated in the fluorosensing mode. A nitrogen laser transmitter at 337.1 nm was used to stimulate the water column to obtain Gelbstoff or organic material fluorescence spectra together with water Raman backscatter. Maps showing the location and relative strength of estuarine fronts are presented. The distribution of the fronts indicates that mixing within the German Bight takes place across a relatively large area. Reasonable agreement between the patterns observed by the AOL and published results are obtained. The limitations and constraints of this technique are indicated and improvements to the AOL fluorosensor are discussed with respect to future ocean mapping applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 3; Oct
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    Measurements of ocean surface spectrum from an aircraft using the two-frequency microwave resonance technique (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with the results of a two-frequency (Delta k) microwave radar experiment conducted from an aircraft and aimed primarily at the development of remote sensing techniques to measure ocean surface wave spectral characteristics. The experiment was conducted as part of the Maritime Remote Sensing (MARSEN) project in the North Sea during the autumn of 1979. The objective was to demonstrate the feasibility of and study the performance of the Delta k technique from a higher altitude platform, at shallower incidence angles, and at higher Doppler velocities than earlier stationary platform experiments allowed. A quantitative engineering evaluation of the results of two comprehensive flights is provided, and the qualitative significance of the results is discussed from a geophysical point of view in terms of the existing theory.
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    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 3; Oct
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    Dual-wavelength correlation measurements with an airborne pulsed carbon dioxide lidar system (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Dual-wavelength correlation data are presented for ground-level and airborne measurements of topographic and ocean backscatter near the 9.5-micron wavelength. Data were acquired with a pulsed carbon dioxide, dual-laser, dual-wavelength lidar system. The best system performance gave a dual-wavelength uncorrelated noise component of 2.8% and 9% standard deviation for ground-based and airborne data, respectively. This sets one limit on lidar measurement accuracy with a single pulse pair.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optics Letters; 7; Dec. 198
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  • 59
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    Radiation effects in IRAS extrinsic infrared detectors (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: During the calibration and testing of the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) focal plane, it was observed that the extrinsic photoconductor detectors were affected by gamma radiation at dose levels of the order of one rad. Since the flight environment will subject the focal plane to dose levels of this order from protons in single pass through the South Atlantic Anomaly, an extensive program of radiation tests was carried out to measure the radiation effects and to devise a method to counteract these effects. The effects observed after irradiation are increased responsivity, noise, and rate of spiking of the detectors after gamma-ray doses of less than 0.1 rad. The detectors can be returned almost to pre-irradiation performance by increasing the detector bias to breakdown and allowing a large current to flow for several minutes. No adverse effects on the detectors have been observed from this bias boost, and this technique will be used for IRAS with frequent calibration to ensure the accuracy of observations made with the instrument.
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    Microwave remote sensing: Active and passive. Volume 2 - Radar remote sensing and surface scattering and emission theory (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The fundamental principles of radar backscattering measurements are presented, including measurement statistics, Doppler and pulse discrimination techniques, and associated ambiguity functions. The operation of real and synthetic aperture sidelooking airborne radar systems is described, along with the internal and external calibration techniques employed in scattering measurements. Attention is given to the physical mechanisms responsible for the scattering emission behavior of homogeneous and inhomogeneous media, through a discussion of surface roughness, dielectric properties and inhomogeneity, and penetration depth. Simple semiempirical models are presented. Theoretical models involving greater mathematical sophistication are also given for extended ocean and bare soil surfaces, and the more general case of a vegetation canopy over a rough surface.
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    Spaceborne synthetic-aperture imaging radars - Applications, techniques, and technology (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In June 1978, the Seasat satellite was placed into orbit around the earth with a synthetic-aperture imaging radar (SAR) as one of the payload sensors. The Seasat SAR provided, for the first time, synoptic radar images of the earth's surface with a resolution of 25 m. In November 1981, the second imaging radar was successfully operated from space on the Shuttle. The Shuttle Imaging Radar-A acquired images over a variety of regions around the world with an imaging geometry different from the one used by the Seasat SAR. The spaceborne SAR principle is discussed, taking into account ambiguities, orbital and environmental factors, range curvature and range walk, surface interaction mechanisms, thermal and speckle noise, key tradeoff parameters, and nonconventional SAR systems. Attention is also given to spaceborne SAR sensors, the digital processing of spaceborne SAR data, the optical processing of spaceborne SAR data, postimage formation processing, data interpretation techniques and applications, and the next decade.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE; vol. 70
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    Real-time observation of X-ray diffraction patterns with the Lixiscope (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The feasibility of the Lixiscope (Low Intensity X-ray Imaging Scope) is demonstrated for real-time observation of transmission Laue patterns. Making use of the high-gain capability of microchannel plate (MCP) visible-light image intensifier tubes, X-ray images are converted to visible-light images by a scintillator. Pb discs are taped to the center of the Lixiscope input face, and crystal samples are held on a goniometer stage with modeling clay. With a compact size to facilitate off axis viewing, and real-time viewing to allow instantaneous response, the Lixiscope may prove useful in dynamic studies of the effects of plastic flows, stresses, high pressures, and low temperatures.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; July 198
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  • 63
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    Gauge calibration system based on piston manometer (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An unbaked calibration system is described that permits absolute calibration with a piston manometer in the range 0.0002 to 6 Pa, with a probable error of 5 microPa + 0.8%, or in the range 0.00008 to 0.02 Pa, with a probable error of 2 microPa + 1%. Procedures and techniques that permit this performance are detailed. For hot-cathode ion gauges, the magnitudes of systematic corrections for envelope temperature and grid current are also indicated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology; 19; July-Aug
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  • 64
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    Radiometric performance of the test-bed aircraft multispectral scanner /TBAMS/ system (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Laboratory and flight radiometric performance testing of an experimental multispectral scanner system is described. High sensitivity performance is confirmed by test results using noise equivalent spectral radiance as the primary figure of merit. A performance comparison between the test-bed aircraft multispectral scanner (TBAMS) and the Bendix modular multispectral scanner (M2S) is presented. Methods for achieving high sensitivity operation are discussed as well as some of the practical implications of such operation for flight remote sensing experiments.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 20; Sept
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  • 65
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    Absolute S- and P-plane polarization efficiencies for high frequency holographic gratings in the VUV (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: High frequency plane gratings (3500 and 3600 gr/mm) have been holographically ruled and blazed for the VUV spectral region. All gratings were coated with 70 nm Al + 25 nm MgF2. Absolute unpolarized and S- and P-plane polarization efficiencies have been measured for the first and second orders in the 120- to 450-nm spectral region at 18.5 and 30 deg angles of deviation. For deep grooves, anomalous features are more pronounced for the P-plane polarization efficiency than for the S-plane polarization efficiency. Holographic gratings can be tailored to produce high polarization or low polarization in the VUV. For comparison, efficiencies and polarization of the best conventional high frequency gratings were also determined. Measurements show that scattered light is significantly lower for holographic gratings in the VUV when compared with the conventional gratings.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; May 15
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  • 66
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    A study of low-noise preamplifier systems for use with room temperature mercuric iodide /HgI2/ X-ray detectors (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analysis of different preamplification systems for use with room temperature mercuric iodide X-ray detectors has been performed. Resistor-, drain-, and light-feedback preamplifiers have been studied. Energy resolution values of 295 eV (FWHM) for an Fe-55 source (5.9 keV) and 225 eV (FWHM) for a pulser have been obtained with both the detector and the input FET at room temperature using a pulsed-light feedback preamplifier. Improvement in energy resolution by cooling the input FET using a small Peltier element has been discussed.
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  • 67
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    The effects of focusing on the efficiency of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The efficiency of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is calculated as a function of the input beam sizes of the Stokes and pump laser beams. A Green's function formalism is used to show that maximum efficiency occurs when the confocal parameters of the two input beams are unequal and when the phase mismatch between the anti-Stokes field and the nonlinear polarization is nonzero.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Chemical Physics; 75; Sept. 15
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  • 68
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    Images of single X-ray photons from X-ray phosphor screens (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Photographs show the efficiency and resolution characteristics of single X-ray photons converted to optical photons in a variety of commercial X-ray phosphor screens. The recording system uses a cooled, two-stage image intensifier system with fiber optics coupling to the phosphor screen. High efficiencies in the energy range 20-100 keV with position resolution of the order 200 microns are readily achievable, although the sensitive area is presently limited. Potential applications include X-ray astronomy, high-speed X-ray diffractometry, and extremely low dose radiography.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 52; Aug. 198
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  • 69
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    Role of passive remote sensors. Sensor System Panel report (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Capabilities of present passive systems are described and the development of passive remote sensing systems for the more abundant tropospheric trace species is recommended. The combination of nadir-viewing spectrometers and solar occultation for tropospheric measurement of those gases having large stratospheric burdens is discussed. Development of a nadir-viewing instrument capable of obtaining continuous spectra in narrower bands is recommended. Gas filter radiometers for species specific measurements and development of a spectral survey instrument are discussed. Further development of aerosol retrieval algorithms, including polarization techniques, for obtaining aerosol thickness and size distributions is advised. Recommendations of specific investigations to be pursued are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Tropospheric Passive Remote Sensing; p 35-54
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  • 70
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    Tropospheric passive remote sensing: Introduction (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Measurement needs regarding chemical and transport parameters were identified. Measurement of those gases involved in tropospheric photochemistry (O3, CO, CH4, NOx, HNO3, SO2, NH3, and CH3CCl3) and quantification of their sources and sinks, as well as a fundamental understanding of atmospheric chemical transformations were discussed. The photochemistry of OH and its role as a sink are summarized. The concentrations and lifetimes of the tropospheric gases were considered. Major concerns in tropospheric transport are the making of representative remote measurements of trace gases and aerosols and the dependence of these measurements on structural differences in the atmosphere.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Tropospheric Passive Remote Sensing; p 3-34
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  • 71
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    A photoelastic-modulator polarimeter at Pine Mountain Observatory (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of photoelastic polarimeters in astronomy is briefly reviewed, and a visible and near-UV photoelastic modulation polarimeter is described which has been in continuous service on the 61-cm telescope of Pine Mountain Observatory for 6 years. The polarimeter is used primarily for linear polarization measurements, but is easily adaptable to circular polarimetry. The instrument has produced data at a sensitivity level of 0.01%, with long-term absolute reproducibility.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 93
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  • 72
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    Technology thrusts for passive remote sensing. Sensing Technology Panel report (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Technology thrusts for broadband spectrometry and gas filter radiometry development are identified. The development of 'smart' processing and cryogenics/cooling systems for all types of broadband spectrometers is advised. The use of large fixed gratings and the development of 1000-element arrays is recommended. Improvements suggested for interferometers are: the mitigation of background fluctuations; the development of multiaperature, multiband interferometers; and provision of in-flight alignment verification. Specifically recommended for gas filter radiometers are the development of gas filter cell technology, of liner and high dynamic range detectors, and of high uniform optical elements.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Tropospheric Passive Remote Sensing; p 55-71
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  • 73
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    Analysis of DSN PPM support during Voyager 2 Saturn encounter (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The precision power monitor (PPM) is a precision radiometric instrument used to improve the efficiency of signal reception by the Deep Space Network. Real time estimates of the system operating temperature, the present (signal + noise)-to-noise ratio, and the signal power are utilized to increase the accuracy and resolution of the received spacecraft signal. Due to the critical nature of radio science data returning from Voyager 2 at Saturn Encounter, PPM support was required. The task was undertaken to validate the performance of equipment technically under research and development in time to meet the encounter deadline. Initial studies revealed PPM performance to be out of tolerance. Action was immediately taken to identify the system problems. Using data analysis as feedback, the system failures were identified and corrected in time to contribute to the encounter support efforts. As a result, the radio science data were collected successfully.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Telecommun. and Data Acquisition Rept.; p 139-150
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  • 74
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    Holographic flow visualization of time-varying shock waves (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Rapid-double-exposure, diffuse-illumination holography is evaluated analytically and experimentally as a flow visualization method for time-varying shock waves. Conditions are determined that minimize the distance (localization error) between the surface or curve of interference-fringe localization and the shock surface. Treated specifically are the cases of shock waves in a transonic compressor rotor for which there is laser anemometer data for comparison and shock waves in a flutter cascade.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 20; Sept. 15
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  • 75
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    Laser velocimeter for large wind tunnels (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The measurement of velocity in large wind tunnels is normally performed using mechanical probes. This practice can entail considerable complexity in connection with the structure often required for probe support. The use of laser velocimetry for the flowfield measurements in large wind tunnels is, therefore, far more desirable since it can be implemented with minimal mechanical complexity and with minimal modifications to the test section structure. A description is provided of a velocimeter which is intended for use in investigations which include V/STOL vehicle flowfield mapping for location and sizing of wakes and plumes, wing-loading distribution determination without the need for pressure taps, the aerodynamics of high-lift airfoils as well as rotating rotor blades, and vehicle wake studies. Use is made of a single-color dual-beam backscatter system which is capable of sensing two orthogonal components of velocity.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 19; Dec. 198
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  • 76
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    Passive microwave detection of river-plume fronts in the German Bight (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The NASA P-3 aircraft with the L- and S-band radiometer system on board participated in the MARSEN experiments carried out between August 30 and September 23, 1979. Measurements of surface temperature and salinity were concentrated on freshwater outflows of the Rivers Weser and Elbe in the German Bight. Three missions were carried out, on September 19, 22, and 23. The values of salinity are plotted as a function of geographic position, and contour maps of the salinity distribution are generated from the value plots. It is noted that on September 22, during a noon flood-tide, two river-plume salinity fronts were detected when a body of water with higher salinity existed in front of the Weser delta near Bremerhaven generating with the river outflow of lower saline waters a front of delta-S equals 5 per thousand. Another pocket of lower saline waters was found in front of the Elbe delta at Cuxhaven, which in turn set up a strong front of delta-S equals 6 per thousand. The morning low tide of September 23 did not exhibit this extreme condition.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 3; Oct
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  • 77
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    LAPR - An experimental pushbroom scanner (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A three-band Linear Array Pushbroom Radiometer (LAPR) was built and flown on an experimental basis by NASA, at the Goddard Space Flight Center. The functional characteristics of the instrument and the methods used to preprocess the data, including radiometric correction, are described. The radiometric sensitivity of the instrument was tested and compared to that of the Thematic Mapper and the Multispectral Scanner. The radiometric correction procedure was evaluated quantitatively, using laboratory testing, and qualitatively, by visual examination of the LAPR test flight imagery. Although effective radiometric correction could not yet be demonstrated by laboratory testing, radiometric distortion did not preclude the visual interpretation or classification of the test imagery.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 47; May 1981
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  • 78
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    Two-dimensional convolute integers for analytical instrumentation (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As new analytical instruments and techniques emerge with increased dimensionality, a corresponding need is seen for data processing logic which can appropriately address the data. Two-dimensional measurements reveal enhanced unknown mixture analysis capability as a result of the greater spectral information content over two one-dimensional methods taken separately. It is noted that two-dimensional convolute integers are merely an extension of the work by Savitzky and Golay (1964). It is shown that these low-pass, high-pass and band-pass digital filters are truly two-dimensional and that they can be applied in a manner identical with their one-dimensional counterpart, that is, a weighted nearest-neighbor, moving average with zero phase shifting, convoluted integer (universal number) weighting coefficients.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Analytical Chemistry; 54; 9, Au; Aug. 198
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  • 79
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    The MSFC vector magnetograph (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N82-27210)
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Solar Physics; 80; Sept
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  • 80
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    Light ion mass spectrometer for space-plasma investigations (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Direct satellite measurements and ground-based techniques have given a comprehensive view of the density distribution of the cold plasma population in the earth's magnetosphere. There were, however, no direct measurements of the low-energy plasma mass composition, temperature, density, pitch-angle distribution, or plasma flow velocity. A description is presented of the evolution and development of an instrument, the Light Ion Mass Spectrometer (LIMS), designed to make these low-energy plasma measurements. The instrument was developed for flight on the spacecraft SCA-THA, a satellite to study satellite charging at high altitudes. This satellite, whose primary mission was to study spacecraft-plasma interactions and electrostatic charging, was launched into a near-geosynchronous orbit. The design requirements regarding the instrument are discussed, and attention is given to the calibration procedures, the flight configuration, and some examples of flight data.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 53; Apr. 198
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  • 81
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    Can the standard radiosonde system meet special atmospheric research needs (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As a part of a rather comprehensive study of instrument reliability and error analysis, 21 balloon-borne dual radiosonde flights were launched and tracked with a precision C-band (FPS-16) radar as well as with the usual radiosonde tracking system. Radar provides an independent means for obtaining altitude data of order 10 meter accuracy. The 18 successful flights were investigated to determine repeatability of the pressure and temperature measurements. The obtained results show that the current aneroid pressure cell is the least repeatable member of the radiosonde's measurement components. Generally, the rms differences of the pressure measurements were found to be between 1 and 2 mbar throughout the altitude range of the instrument. Although these errors are large, they are not serious in the context of synoptic use. However, serious consideration must be given to these instrumental characteristics in connection with single station, nonsynoptic research objectives.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; Sept
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  • 82
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    Measurement of the dispersive and refractive indices of germanium using diode lasers (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Germanium Fabry-Perot etalons are commonly used in diode laser spectroscopy to establish relative frequency calibration scales for molecular absorption spectra. Typically the channel spectrum of the etalon is recorded simultaneously with the molecular spectrum as the laser injection current is tuned linearly, and the etalon free spectral range (fringe spacing) is used to measure the frequency separations among lines in the molecular spectrum. For this purpose, the etalon free spectral range must be known for the measurement wavelength, and this in turn relies on knowledge of the etalon length and the dispersive index at this wavelength. It is pointed out that the most satisfactory approach is to measure directly the free spectral range or dispersive index of the etalon at the wavelength of interest. A description is presented of measurements of this type, performed near 7.9 and 10.1 micrometers for a 7.7-cm long germanium etalon.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; Sept. 15
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  • 83
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    Image sampling, reconstruction, and the effect of sample-scene phasing (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper is a 1-D analysis of the degradation caused by image sampling and interpolative reconstruction. The analysis includes the sample-scene phase as an explicit random parameter and provides a complete characterization of this image degradation as the sum of two terms: one term accounts for the mean effect of undersampling (aliasing) and nonideal reconstruction averaged over all sample-scene phases; the other term accounts for variations about this mean. The results of this paper have application to the design and performance analysis of image scanning, sampling, and reconstruction systems.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; Sept. 1
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  • 84
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    A hot-film static-pressure probe (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The procedure described involves calibrating the probe in the gas of interest over the range of temperatures and pressures anticipated in the wind-tunnel tests and then applying the calibration to reduce the data from those tests. Pressure readings from two probes, one having two hot-film sensors and an internal sonic orifice and the other connected to a conventional pressure gage, are recorded for several Reynolds numbers and compared. The conventional static-pressure probe with a pair of hot-film sensors and an interior sonic orifice is shown to provide the means of surveying flowfields in hypersonic flow at a rapid rate and with an accuracy of better than + or - 10%.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 20; July 198
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  • 85
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    Interferometry and holography in a low-gravity environment (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The groundwork for the use of advanced optical measurement techniques in Space Shuttle materials processing in space (MPS) experiments is being laid in tests, conducted aboard a NASA KC-135 aircraft flying a parabolic trajectory, involving a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and a sideband holographic unit. The two experiments described are (1) the observation of flow during solidification, in which fluid concentration and temperature profiles were measured during unidirectional solidification of a saturated NH4Cl-H2O solution, and (2) the observation of electrodeposition flow, in which interferometry is used to provide quantitative data required in the understanding of electrochemical process transport properties. The free-floating holographic unit was operated in the microgravity environment to both test the practicality of optical systems in such conditions and test the shock and vibration characteristics of the package.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; Apr. 15
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  • 86
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    High resolution atmospheric spectroscopy using a diode laser heterodyne spectrometer (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Ultrahigh resolution (0.007 per cm) atmospheric solar absorption spectra that have been obtained from a tunable infrared heterodyne radiometer are discussed. The radiometer was developed for ground based observations in the 8-12 micron region, and tunability is achieved through the use of Pb-salt semiconductor laser local oscillators. Spectra have been obtained in a piecewise fashion from 9.1 to 11.1 microns using laser emission modes that exhibit characteristics suitable for local-oscillator operation. Spectra showing absorption features of HNO3, O3, CO2, and H2O are presented along with comparisons of experimental and synthetic spectra calculated using a line-by-line atmospheric transmission model.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 21; Mar
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  • 87
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    Color visualization for fluid flow prediction (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: High-resolution raster scan color graphics allow variables to be presented as a continuum, in a color-coded picture that is referenced to a geometry such as a flow field grid or a boundary surface. Software is used to map a scalar variable such as pressure or temperature, defined on a two-dimensional slice of a flow field. The geometric shape is preserved in the resulting picture, and the relative magnitude of the variable is color-coded onto the geometric shape. The primary numerical process for color coding is an efficient search along a raster scan line to locate the quadrilteral block in the grid that bounds each pixel on the line. Tension spline interpolation is performed relative to the grid for specific values of the scalar variable, which is then color coded. When all pixels for the field of view are color-defined, a picture is played back from a memory device onto a television screen.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Mechanical Engineering; 104; Mar. 198
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  • 88
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    Energetic ion mass spectrometer (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new type of spectrometer for space application has been developed to measure separately mass/charge and the three-dimensional velocity distribution of incident ions. The instrument has relatively high resolution and allows rapid measurement of the four-dimensional set of mass/charge, speed, elevation angle, and azimuth angle. The instrument includes a sector magnet, an electrostatic deflector, microchannel plate detectors with position sensitive readout, and a set of grids with variable applied voltage.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 53; Mar. 198
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  • 89
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    Holographic cinematography of time-varying reflecting and time-varying phase objects using a Nd:YAG laser (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of a Nd:YAG laser to record holographic motion pictures of time-varying reflecting objects and time-varying phase objects is discussed. Sample frames from both types of holographic motion pictures are presented. The holographic system discussed is intended for three-dimensional flow visualization of the time-varying flows that occur in jet-engine components.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optics Letters; 7; Mar. 198
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  • 90
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    Laser Doppler anemometer measurements using nonorthogonal velocity components - Error estimates (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Laser Doppler anemometers (LDAs) that are arranged to measure nonorthogonal velocity components (from which orthogonal components are computed through transformation equations) are more susceptible to calibration and sampling errors than are systems with uncoupled channels. In this paper uncertainty methods and estimation theory are used to evaluate, respectively, the systematic and statistical errors that are present when such devices are applied to the measurement of mean velocities in turbulent flows. Statistical errors are estimated for two-channel LDA data that are either correlated or uncorrelated. For uncorrelated data the directional uncertainty of the measured velocity vector is considered for applications where mean streamline patterns are desired.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; Jan. 15
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  • 91
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    Tunable diode-laser heterodyne spectrometer for remote observations near 8 microns (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A diode-laser-based, ultrahigh resolution IR heterodyne spectrometer for laboratory and field use has been developed for operation between 7.5 and 8.5 microns. The local oscillator is a PbSe tunable diode laser kept continuously at operating temperatures of 12-60 K using a closed-cycle cooler. The laser output frequency is controlled and stabilized using a high-precision diode current supply, constant temperature controller, and a shock isolator mounted between the refrigerator cold tip and the diode mount. The system largely employs reflecting optics to minimize losses from internal reflection and absorption and to eliminate chromatic effects. Spectral analysis of the diode-laser output between 0 and 1 GHz reveals excess noise at many diode current settings, which limits the IR spectral regions over which useful heterodyne operation can be achieved. Observations have been made of atmospheric N2O, O3, and CH4 between 1170 and 1200/cm, using both a single-frequency swept IF channel and a 64-channel RF spectral line receiver with a total IF coverage of 1600 MHz.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; Jan. 15
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  • 92
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    Delayed darkening of radiation-exposed radiochromic dye dosimeters (1981)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experiments have verified the existence of considerable delayed darkening in FWT-60 dosimetry films that may, depending on relative humidity, last for several hours. The amount of delayed darkening depends very strongly on the relative humidity at which the films are equilibrated before irradiation. It is pointed out that the delayed darkening effect must be taken into account before any meaningful dosimetric measurements may be made using these nylon-based thin dosimetry films. The particular radiation-sensitive compound used in the FWT-60 films is the hexahydrosyethyl pararosanaline cyanide with the Dupont nylon resin, Elvamide 8061, which forms the host matrix of a solid-state solution.
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    Mass spectrometry in the stratosphere (1982)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A gas expansion system incorporating a mass spectrometer that has been successfully flown in the stratosphere is described. Neutral gas particles are formed into a molecular beam that traverses the ion source of the mass spectrometer without wall interactions. It is noted that vertical profiles of such constituents as H2O, CO2, and O3 have been measured in the altitude range of 20 to 40 km during balloon descents. Isotopes of important gases (N2, O2, Ar) provided in-flight calibration standards. Before each flight the mass spectrometer system is calibrated in the laboratory for many gases of interest, including ozone. Mixing ratios of ozone established from recent flights have accuracies of better than 5 percent. The sensitivity of the system is sufficient to detect as well the heavy isotope of ozone at mass 50. A noticeable enhancement of heavy ozone in the upper stratosphere has been found. The mass spectrometer system is seen as providing a unique opportunity to perform in situ measurements in the stratosphere in combination with isotopic studies.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: (ISSN 0273-1177)
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    Imaging spectrometer technologies for advanced earth remote sensing (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A major requirement of multispectral imaging systems for advanced earth remote sensing is the provision for greater spectral resolution and more versatile spectral band selection. The imaging spectrometer instrument concept provides this versatility by the combination of pushbroom imaging and spectrally dispersing optics using area array detectors in the focal plane. The shuttle imaging spectrometer concept achieves 10- and 20-meter ground instantaneous fields of view with 20-nanometer spectral resolution from earth orbit. Onboard processing allows the selection of spectral bands during flight; this, in turn, permits the sensor parameters to be tailored to the experiment objectives. Advances in optical design, infrared detector arrays, and focal plane cooling indicate the feasibility of the instrument concept and support the practicability of a validation flight experiment for the shuttle in the late 1980s. Previously announced in STAR as N83-28542
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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    Precision manipulator heating and cooling assembly compatible with sample transfer (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A technique is described for the transfer of a UHV sample system to a precision manipulator. It allows direct sample temperature measurement in a broad range of sample temperatures (150-1750 K) and simultaneously retains the benefit of the additional degree of freedom provided by the precision manipulator flip mechanism. The technique is similar to that reported by Crider (1976) but with several modifications. The pump is mounted at the extreme end of the magnetically coupled linear motion feedthrough (to maximize the separation). Samples are mounted on a threaded circular sample holder, transferred to the flip mechanism of the manipulator. The flip mechanism contains a rear electrode assembly and thermocouple, in direct contact with the sample, and a copper plate and a flexible strap are attached to the receiving block (to facilitate sample cooling).
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology (ISSN 0022-5355); 21; 1037
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  • 96
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    Applications of dynamic stability parameters to problems in aircraft dynamics (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: The application and analysis of dynamic stability parameters were examined. The effects of wing leading edge modifications on the stalling and spinning characteristics of a single engine general aviation research airplane are evaluated. It is illustrated how dynamic stability parameters measured in wind tunnel tests are used to predict the spin resistance of this class of aircraft, and that autorotation criteria are derived from the relationships which exist between static and dynamic aerodynamic characteristics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AGARD Dyn. Stability Parameters; 12 p
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  • 97
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    The HCMM system: Development and performance (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: The structure and history of the heat capacity mapping mission program is reviewed and the spacecraft is described including engineering specifications, instrument design, data handling, and image characteristics.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: The Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) Anthology; p 245-260
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  • 98
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    Reference clock parameters for digital communications systems applications (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The basic parameters relevant to the design of network timing systems describe the random and systematic time departures of the system elements, i.e., master (or reference) clocks, transmission links, and other clocks controlled over the links. The quantitative relations between these parameters were established and illustrated by means of numerical examples based on available measured data. The examples were limited to a simple PLL control system but the analysis can eventually be applied to more sophisticated systems at the cost of increased computational effort.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 12th Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval Appl. and Planning Meeting; p 515-549
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  • 99
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    PTTI applications at Hydro-Quebec (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: As a power utility, Hydro-Quebec used the PTTI techniques. The time dissemination system in the Hydro-Quebec Network (11th PTTI) is now installed in several points. A portable clock was built using a rubidium standard and associated circuitry which are necessary for the measurements. The apparatus and the experimental results obtained are described. The use of GOES synchronized clocks for making precise voltage angle measurement on the Hydro-Quebec Network is discussed. Some modifications were made on a commercial unit. Applications and results are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 12th Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval Appl. and Planning Meeting; p 377-385
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    Two-way sequential time synchronization: Preliminary results from the SIRIO-1 experiment (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A two-way time synchronization experiment performed in the spring of 1979 and 1980 via the Italian SIRIO-1 experimental telecommunications satellite is described. The experiment was designed and implemented to precisely monitor the satellite motion and to evaluate the possibility of performing a high precision, two-way time synchronization using a single communication channel, time-shared between the participating sites. Results show that the precision of the time synchronization is between 1 and 5 ns, while the evaluation and correction of the satellite motion effect was performed with an accuracy of a few nanoseconds or better over a time interval from 1 up to 20 seconds.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the 12th Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval Appl. and Planning Meeting; p 329-350
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