ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • Articles  (4,481)
  • Elsevier  (1,686)
  • American Meteorological Society  (1,627)
  • Springer  (1,168)
  • American Chemical Society
  • 1995-1999  (3,992)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1965-1969
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954  (489)
  • 1995  (3,992)
  • 1953  (244)
  • 1950  (245)
  • Geography  (4,481)
Collection
  • Articles  (4,481)
Publisher
Years
  • 1995-1999  (3,992)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1965-1969
  • 1955-1959
  • 1950-1954  (489)
Year
Journal
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 33-47 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hidden markov models ; maximum likelihood estimation ; EM algorithm ; martingale estimating function ; forward-backward algorithm ; Monte Carlo ; filtering ; Nash cascade model ; rainfall runoff modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Many stochastic process models for environmental data sets assume a process of relatively simple structure which is in some sense partially observed. That is, there is an underlying process (Xn, n ≥ 0) or (Xt, t ≥ 0) for which the parameters are of interest and physically meaningful, and an observable process (Yn, n ≥ 0) or (Yt, t ≥ 0) which depends on the X process but not otherwise on those parameters. Examples are wide ranging: the Y process may be the X process with missing observations; the Y process may be the X process observed with a noise component; the X process might constitute a random environment for the Y process, as with hidden Markov models; the Y process might be a lower dimensional function or reduction of the X process. In principle, maximum likelihood estimation for the X process parameters can be carried out by some form of the EM algorithm applied to the Y process data. In the paper we review some current methods for exact and approximate maximum likelihood estimation. We illustrate some of the issues by considering how to estimate the parameters of a stochastic Nash cascade model for runoff. In the case of k reservoirs, the outputs of these reservoirs form a k dimensional vector Markov process, of which only the kth coordinate process is observed, usually at a discrete sample of time points.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 117-132 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: River Quality ; network ; computer model ; Thermodynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, concepts of network thermodynamics are applied to a river water quality model, which is based on Streeter-Phelps equations, to identify the corresponding physical components and their topology. Then, the randomness in the parameters, input coefficients and initial conditions are modeled by Gaussian white noises. From the stochastic components of the physical system description of problem and concepts of physical system theory, a set of stochastic differential equations can be automatically generated in a computer and the recent developments on the automatic formulation of the moment equations based on Ito calculus can be used. This procedure is illustrated through the solution of an example of stochastic river water quality problem and it is also shown how other related problems with different configurations can be automatically solved in a computer using just one software.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 171-205 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: AR-AIC-Bayes filter ; autoregressive spectral density estimation ; diagnostic checks for ARMA models ; exploratory data analysis ; fast Fourier transform ; Hurst coefficient ; long-memory times series ; periodogram smoothing ; riverflow time series ; spectral density plots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Current methods of estimation of the univariate spectral density are reviewed and some improvements are made. It is suggested that spectral analysis may perhaps be best thought of as another exploratory data analysis (EDA) tool which complements, rather than competes with, the popular ARMA model building approach. A new diagnostic check for ARMA model adequacy based on the nonparametric spectral density is introduced. Additionally, two new algorithms for fast computation of the autoregressive spectral density function are presented. For improving interpretation of results, a new style of plotting the spectral density function is suggested. Exploratory spectral analyses of a number of hydrological time series are performed and some interesting periodicities are suggested for further investigation. The application of spectral analysis to determine the possible existence of long memory in natural time series is discussed with respect to long riverflow, treering and mud varve series. Moreover, a comparison of the estimated spectral densities suggests the ARMA models fitted previously to these datasets adequately describe the low frequency component. Finally, the software and data used in this paper are available by anonymous ftp from fisher.stats.uwo.ca.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 215-237 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Computation ; discretization ; entropy ; networks ; time averaging ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The computational aspects of using a new, entropy-based, theory to predict water quality values at discontinued water quality monitoring stations are discussed. The main computational issues addressed are the level of discretization used in converting the continuous probability distribution of water quality values to the discrete levels required for the entropy function, and the choice of the interval of time for which to assign the value of the water quality (period of time averaging) through the entropy function. Unlike most cases of entropy applications involving discretization of continuous functions the results of using entropy theory to predict water quality values at discontinued monitoring stations in this application appear to be insensitive to the choice of the level of discretization even down to the very coarse level discretization associated with only eight intervals. However, depending on the length of record available the choice of the time interval for which the water quality values are assigned (period for time averaging) appear to have a significant impact on the accuracy of the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 13-32 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Distributed parameter filter ; shallow water equations ; distributed dynamical systems ; data assimilation ; white Gaussian noise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Distributed parameter filtering theory is employed for estimating the state variables and associated error covariances of a dynamical distributed system under highly random tidal and meteorological influences. The stochastic-deterministic mathematical model of the physical system under study consists of the shallow water equations described by the momentum and continuity equations in which the external forces such as Coriolis force, wind friction, and atmospheric pressure are considered. White Gaussian noises in the system and measurement equations are used to account for the inherent stochasticity of the system. By using an optimal distributed parameter filter, the information provided by the stochastic dynamical model and the noisy measurements taken from the actual system are combined to obtain an optimal estimate of the state of the system, which in turn is used as the initial condition for the prediction procedure. The approach followed here has numerical approximation carried out at the end, which means that the numerical discretization is performed in the filtering equations, and not in the equations modelling the system. Therefore, the continuous distributed nature of the original system is maintained as long as possible and the propagation of modelling errors in the problem is minimized. The appropriateness of the distributed parameter filter is demonstrated in an application involving the prediction of storm surges in the North Sea. The results confirm excellent filter performance with considerable improvement with respect to the deterministic prediction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 77-88 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Extreme rainfalls ; partial duration series ; regional estimation ; Bayes' theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Based on the Partial Duration Series model a regional Bayesian approach is introduced in the modelling of extreme rainfalls from a country-wide system of recording raingauges in Denmark. The application of the Bayesian principles is derived in case of both exponential and generalized Pareto-distributed exceedances. The method is applied to, respectively, the total precipitation depth and the maximum 10 minutes rain intensity of individual storms from 41 stations. By means of the regional analysis prior distributions of the parameters in the Partial Duration Series model are estimated. It is shown that the regional approach significantly reduces the uncertainty of the T-year event estimator compared to estimation based solely on at-site data. In addition, the regional approach provides quantile estimates at non-monitored sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 84-97 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary These past 25 years, sinceBenndorf [1] gave his theory of the electric field of the earth, the conception has been endorsed that the meteorological phenomena and especially the world-wide thunderstorm activity must be considered as the origin of the electric field of current. In this article the theory ofBenndorf, which is very general as regards the generator of atmospheric electricity, is applied to the thunderstorm activity being the current's source. It may be emphasized that many of the equations laid down here have already been developed byBenndorf for the case of the spherical condenser. Here the theoretical deductions are different: giving prominence to the field of flow, they proceed from the second equation of Maxwell and lead in a continuous development to the construction of an electro-technical equivalent circuit of the current in the spherical condenser. Proceeding from the technical notions the general physical deductions get much more distinctness. In addition, it can be shown that the space charges, which play the leading part in the electrostatic views on atmospheric electricity, have but little importance for the field of flow and have no influence on the current density or the field force. Thereby new prospects follow for the interpretation of the records of the electric field in a thunderstorm. The electro-technical equivalent circuit shows furthermore immediately that the world-time curve of the potential gradient on sea is not uninfluenced by the variable air-resistance on the mainland and that it reflects therefore only approximately the world-wide thunderstorm activity. Although this influence on the world-time daily variation is small — according to a rough valuation less than 17% — the desire arises for closer experimental and theoretical investigations about this problem.
    Abstract: Résumé Depuis queBenndorf [1] a donné, il y a 25 ans, sa théorie du champ électrique terrestre, l'opinion générale s'est de plus en plus affirmée que les phénomènes météorologiques et en particulier l'activité orageuse mondiale constituaient la source d'énergie du champ des courants électriques. Dans la présente étude, la théorie générale deBenndorf relative au générateur de l'électricité atmosphérique est appliquée plus particulièrement à l'activité orageuse considérée comme source de courant. Il faut remarquer que beaucoup d'équations établies ici avaient déjà été développées parBenndorf dans le cas d'un condensateur sphérique. La voie suivie est, il est vrai, différente, car en insistant sur la notion de champ de courant on part de la deuxième équation de Maxwell et on aboutit à une image électrotechnique du courant dans le condensateur sphérique. En utilisant les représentations de la technique, les principes physiques et les déductions gagnent beaucoup en clarté; il apparaît en outre que les charges électriques libres qui jouent un si grand rôle dans l'électrostatique atmosphérique sont très peu importants dans le champ de courant et n'exercent aucune influence sur la densité de courant ni sur l'intensité du champ. Cela ouvre quelques nouvelles perspectives sur l'interprétation d'un enregistrement du champ électrique lors d'un orage. De plus le schéma électrotechnique montre immédiatement que la courbe du gradient de potential sur mer en fonction du temps universel n'est pas indépendante de la résistance variable de l'air sur terre et ne reflète donc qu'approximativement l'activité orageuse mondiale. Bien que cet effet sur la variation diurne soit heureusement faible (probablement inférieur à 17%), il est à souhaiter que l'on poursuive sur ce point les recherches expérimentales et théoriques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung SeitBenndorf [1] vor 25 Jahren seine Theorie des elektrischen Feldes der Erde schrieb, hat sich immer mehr die Auffassung durchgesetzt, daß das meteorologische Geschehen und speziell die Weltgewittertätigkeit als die Kraftquelle des elektrischen Strömungsfeldes anzusehen ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird nun die bezüglich des luftelektrischen Generators recht allgemein gehalteneBenndorf-Theorie auf die Gewittertätigkeit als Stromquelle spezialisiert. Dabei soll gleich eingangs betont werden, daß viele der hier abgeleiteten Gleichungen bereits vonBenndorf für den Fall des Kugelkondensators entwickelt wurden. Der Weg der theoretischen Ableitung ist hier zwar ein anderer. Unter starker Betonung des Strömungsfeldes geht er aus von der zweiten Maxwellschen Gleichung und führt in stetiger Folge bis zur Konstruktion eines elektrotechnischen Ersatzschaltbildes der Strömung im Kugelkondensator. Durch das Anknüpfen an die technische Vorstellungswelt gewinnen einmal die allgemeinen physikalischen Ansätze und Ableitungen ungemein an Klarheit, zum andern kommt hier besonders deutlich zum Ausdruck, daß die Raumladungen, die im elektrostatisch luftelektrischen Denken die Hauptrolle spielen, im Strömungsfeld von ganz untergeordneter Bedeutung sind und gar keinen Einfluß auf die Stromdichte oder die Feldstärke haben. Es ergeben sich dabei einige neue Ausblicke auf die Ausdeutung einer luftelektrischen Feldregistrierung bei einem Gewitter. Ferner zeigt das technische Ersatzschaltbild unmittelbar, daß die Weltzeitkurve des Potentialgefälles auf See nicht unbeeinflußt von dem veränderlichen Luftwiderstand über dem Festland ist und somit nur in Annäherung die Weltgewittertätigkeit widerspiegelt. Wenn auch glücklicherweise dieser Einfluß auf den weltzeitlichen Tagesgang gering ist—nach roher Schätzung kleiner als 17%—, so entsteht doch der Wunsch, hier eingehendere experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen durchzuführen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 49-75 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Flood frequency analysis ; index flood estimators ; L-moments ; GEV distribution ; regionalization ; probability weighted moments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Our results illustrate the performance of at-site and regional GEV/PWM flood quantile estimators in regions with different coefficients of variation, degrees of regional heterogeneity, record lengths, and number of sites. Analytic approximations of bias and variance are employed. For realistic GEV distributions and short records, the index-flood quantile estimator performs better than a 2-parameter GEV/PWM quantile estimator with a regional shape parameter, or a 3-parameter at-site GEV/PWM quantile estimator, in both humid and especially in arid regions, as long as the degree of regional heterogeneity is moderate. As regional heterogeneity or record lengths increases, 2-parameter estimators quickly dominate. Flood frequency models that assign probabilities larger than 2% to negative flows are unrealistic; experiments employing such distributions provide questionable results. This appraisal generally demonstrates the value of regionalizing estimators of the shape of a flood distribution, and sometimes the coefficient of variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 105-116 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Nonlocal ; transport ; dispersion ; heterogeneity ; integro-differential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Analysis from a number of different perspectives has shown diffusion and dispersion in natural porous formations to generally be nonlocal in character, i.e., the mass balance involves integro-partial differential equations. Only in certain asymptotic limits do these laws localize to classical partial differential equations. Compiled within is a resume of nonlocal laws that our group has developed over the last few years for systems with physical, chemical and biological heterogeneity. Analytical tools used to obtain these laws are nonequilibrium and equilibrium statistical mechanics, and first-order spectral-perturbation methods. This paper is an expansion of the material presented at the Waterloo conference held in the memory of Dr. Unny.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 133-149 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: moment-equations ; state-space ; numerical integration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The generation of the second and higher order moment equations for a set of stochastic differential equations based on Ito's differential lemma is difficult, even for small system of equations. From the knowledge of the statistical properties of the Gaussian white noises associated with the parameters and input coefficients of a set of stochastic differential equations of typeA.Ż+B.Z=C(t), a way to automatically generate the second order moment equations in a computer is presented in this paper. The resulting set of first and second order moment equations is also presented in the same state-space form of the original set of stochastic differential equations through a vectorization of the correlation matrix, which takes advantage of its symmetry. The procedure involved here avoids the inversion of matrixA to apply Ito's differential lemma. Therefore, the presented numerical implementation reduces the computational effort required in the formulation and solution of the moment equations. Moreover, other robust and efficient numerical deterministic integration schemes can be equally applied to the solution of the moment equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 238-238 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 269-296 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic analysis ; diagrams ; groundwater flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We present a diagrammatic method for solving stochastic 1-D and 2-D steady-state flow equations in bounded domains. The diagrammatic method results in explicit solutions for the moments of the hydraulic head. This avoids certain numerical constraints encountered in realization-based methods. The diagrammatic technique also allows for the consideration of finite domains or large fluctuations, and is not restricted by distributional assumptions. The results of the method for 1-D and 2-D finite domains are compared with those obtained through a realization-based approach. Mean and variance of head are well reproduced for all log-conductivity variances inputted, including those larger than one. The diagrammatic results also compare favorably to hydraulic head moments derived by standard analytic methods requiring a linearized form of the flow equation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Environmental management ; extreme values ; hydrology ; stochastic differential equations ; sustainable development ; time series analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Recent developments in stochastic and statistical methods in hydrology and environmental engineering presented in the upcoming sequence of research papers are evaluated, compared and put into proper perspective. These papers are being published as a memorial to Professor T. E. Unny who was a founding Editor of the journalStochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics. As explained in this introductory paper, other activities that took place to celebrate Professor Unny's lifetime academic accomplishments include an international conference held in his honor at the University of Waterloo in June, 1993 and the publication of a four-volume conference proceedings in 1994.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 89-104 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: 3D subsurface flow ; stochastic transport ; statístical anisotropy ; heterogeneous porous media
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A methodology for generating three dimensional (3D) flow fields for statistically anisotropic heterogeneous porous media is presented and demonstrated. The simulated flow fields are shown to exhibit the input spatial correlation structure and observe mass continuity. Sample flow fields are presented in the form of cross sectional slices of the 3D formation. These cross sections demonstrate visually the characteristics of subsurface flow. The method was found to be faster than traditional techniques in terms of its computational requirements. Given this method, it is possible to generate the large number of realizations of a velocity field necessary to compute high order statistics in transport problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 151-170 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Environmental regulation ; compliance ; game theory ; whistle-blowing ; reporting system ; water quality management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A formal mathematical model is developed to ascertain the effectiveness of a reporting system for improving the enforcement of environmental laws and regulations when reports are costly. To model realistic enforcement problems arising over environmental issues such as compliance to water and air quality standards, a formal enforcement model is constructed using concepts from probability and statistics, non-cooperative game theory, and economics. In order to demonstrate clearly the benefits gained when an environmental agency takes advantage of a reporting system, a formal enforcement model with a costly reporting system is rigorously compared to one with no reporting system. The calculation and comparison of Nash equilibria for a range of values of model parameters indicates under what conditions a reporting system can be truly effective. Overall, it is found that a reporting system, such as whistle-blowing, can be helpful for reducing violations of environmental standards, thereby maintaining better environmental quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Abelson-Tukey coefficients ; binary time series ; detection ; floods ; monotone trend ; point process ; Rio Negro ; time series ; trend
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A sequence of occurrence times of floods may be considered to be part of a realization of a binary-valued time series or of a stochastic point process. In this paper a criterion for detecting the presence of a monotonic trend in the rate of the process is considered. The criterion is based on linear functions of the data with the coefficients chosen to emphasize a monotonic rate. In the case that the process is stationary and mixing, the null distribution of the test statistic is approximately standard normal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 239-267 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic analysis ; multiphase flow ; porous media
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Stochastic analysis of steady-state multiphase (water, oil, and air) flow in heterogeneous porous media was performed using the perturbation theory and spectral representation techniques. The gas phase is assumed to have constant pressure. The governing equations describing the flow of oil and water are coupled and nonlinear. The key stochastic input variables are intrinsic permeability,k, and the soil grain size distribution index, α. Three different stochastic combinations of these two input parameters were considered. The perturbation/spectral analysis was used to develop closed-form expressions that describe stochastic variability of key output processes, such as capillary and individual phase pressures and specific discharges. The analysis also included the derivation of the mean flow equations and estimation of the effective flow properties. The impact of the spatial variability ofk and α on the effective conductivities and the variances of pressures and specific discharges was examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 297-323 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic analysis ; unsaturated transport ; fractals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Within the framework of stochastic theory and the spectral perturbation techniques, three-dimensional dispersion in partially saturated soils with fractal log hydraulic conductivity distribution is analyzed. Our analysis is focused on the impact of fractal dimension of log hydraulic conductivity distribution, local dispersivity, and unsaturated flow parameters, such as the soil poresize distribution parameter and the moisture distribution parameter, on the spreading behavior of solute plume and the concentration variance. Approximate analytical solutions to the stochastic partial differential equations are derived for the variance of asymptotic solute concentration and asymptotic macrodispersivities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 120-138 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1920 bis 1950 wurden, vorab durch europäische Forscher, die Beziehungen zwischen den atmosphärischen Parasiten und der synoptischen Meteorologie untersucht. Als Parasiten (englisch “sferics”) bezeichnet man natürliche Hertzsche Wellen, die von Gewitterherden oder andern troposphärischen Störungsquellen ausgehen und auf langen Wellen registriert werden. Die Arbeit enthält einen historischen Überblick über diese Forschungen, sowie Hinweise auf die an radiometerologischen Untersuchungen interessierten internationalen Organisationen und ihre wichtigsten Resolutionen. Nach einer kurzen Übersicht über die gebräuchlichen instrumentellen Beobachtunsmethoden und die bisher erhaltenen Ergebnisse, zeigt der Verfasser, wie man diese Ergebnisse in der praxis der täglichen Wettervorhersage anwenden kann. Er gibt ferner Richtlinien für die technische Organisation radiometeorologischer Beobachtungsnetze; als Beispiel wird Argentinien angeführt, das mit seinem von den Subtropen bis ins Polargebiet reichenden Territorium geradezu ideale Bedingungen für radiometeorologische Messungen erfüllt, indem dort alle Typen von Parasiten registriert werden können. Abschließend wird die Frage der übermittlung radiometeorologischer Meßergebnisse mittels Zahlenschlüssel behandelt, wobei die in Europa gesammelten Erfahrungen mitgeteilt werden.
    Abstract: Summary Several authors, especially in Europe, have investigated since 1920 the relations existing between “sferics” and synoptical meteorology. Sferics are natural hertzian waves emitted by thunderstorm-hearths and similar tropospherical sources, observable on long waves. The history of these investigations is shortly summarized; and mention is made of the international organizations concerned with them, as well as of their most important resolutions. The current instrumental methods and some of the results obtained hitherto are briefly exposed, with a view to their application to forecasting practice. The author gives directive rules for the technical organization of radio-meteorological network. He refers to Argentine, offering ideal possibilities of radio-meteorological observation by the extension of its territory from sub-tropical to polar regions, as all types of sferics can be recorded in this country. Finally, he discusses the problem of the transmission of radio-meteorological results by code and the experience gathered in Europe.
    Notes: Résumé Les relations entre les parasites atmosphériques (ondes hertziennes naturelles) émis par les orages ou d'autres foyers de perturbations de la troposphère, enregistrés sur de grandes longueurs d'ondes, et la météorologie synoptique (prévision du temps) ont fait l'objet de recherches de 1920 à 1950, principalement par des chercheurs européens, dont un historique est donné. Les organisations internationales intéressées à ces traxaux et leurs principales résolutions sont rappelées. Les méthodes instrumentales courantes font l'objet d'un court aperçu et quelques résultats acquis appliqués à la pratique journalière de la prévision radiométérologique du temps sont sommairement décrits. on indique la technique à suivre pour l'organisation d'un réseau de stations radiométéorologiques, en citant comme exemple celui de la République Argentine, qui devrait répondre à des conditions idéales, puisqu'il s'étend des régions subtropicales aux régions polaires, enregistrant ainsi tous les typs de parasites. Le problèmes des échanges télégraphiques de renseignements par codes et l'expérience européenne en la matière termine l'article.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 163-172 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 156-162 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary RecentlyC. G. Rossby has published two papers on the displacement of a solitary atmospheric vortex. Because of the variation of the Coriolisparameter with the latitude a displacement of the vortex takes place even if we assume that the vortex is originally symmetrical and embedded in resting air.C. G. Rossby was able to show that with these simplifications a displacement in a strict north-south direction has to occur. In the following article moreover the role of frictional forces is dealt with. Assuming a variation of the winddirection with height according to the Ekman spiral a deviation of the track of the vortex from the north-south direction to the right up to an angle of 20 degrees can be shown.
    Abstract: Résumé C. G. Rossby a publié récemment deux travaux sur le déplacement de cyclones isolés et occlus. Par suite de la variation du paramètre de Coriolis avec la latitude géographique, le cyclone se déplace même par symétrie complète et calme à l'extérieur.C. G. Rossby a pu, dans cette hypothèse, exprimer la grandeur de la force agissant sur le cyclone et a montré que le déplacement devait se faire dans une direction Nord-Sud. On a étudié dans le présent article le rôle des forces de frottement dans ce déplacement. En admettant une variation du vent avec l'altitude du type de la spirale d'Ekman, on trouve une déviation de la trajectoire vers la droite par rapport à la direction Nord-Sud, allant jusqu'à 20 degrés.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In letzter Zeit hatC. G. Rossby zwei Arbeiten über die Verlagerung einzelner abgeschlossener Wirbel veröffentlicht. Wegen der Veränderlichkeit des Coriolisparameters mit der geographischen Breite findet eine Verlagerung des Wirbels auch bei vollständiger Symmetrie und bei ruhender Umgebung statt.C. G. Rossby konnte unter diesen Vereinfachungen einen Ausdruck für die Größe der auf den Wirbel wirkenden Kraft ableiten und zeigten, daß die Verlagerung in einer Nordsüdrichtung erfolgen müßte. Im nachfolgenden Artikel wird die Rolle der Reibungskräfte bei der Verlagerung untersucht. Unter der Annahme einer Windänderung mit der Höhe im Sinne der Ekmanspirale ergibt sich eine Abweichung der Bahn des Wirbels von der Nordsüdrichtung nach rechts bis zu einem Winkel von 20°.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 5 (1953), S. 377-385 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Following a short historical survey an absolute definition of seismicity based on seismic energy is proposed, the seismic energy being determined by the magnitude. However, as the values of magnitude are not available for previous observations, it is suggested to use, as relative measure of seismicity, the product of intensity and extension of the earthquake region showing good invariance properties and easily calculable for any earthquake. At last some methods are discussed for representing objectively sources of seismic energy, frequency of earthquakes, and regions exposed to danger of earthquakes.
    Abstract: Résumé Après un aperçu historique, on propose une définition absolue de la séismicité fondée sur l'énergie sismique qualifiée par sa magnitude. Puisque pour le matériel ancien la magnitude n'est pas connue, on propose également comme mesure relative de la séismicité le produit de la force d'ébranlement par l'étendue du domaine ébranlé; cette grandeur possède de bonnes propriétés d'invariance et elle se calcule aisément pour chaque séisme. Enfin on expose des moyens de représenter objectivement les domaines producteurs de l'énergie sismique, la fréquence d'ébranlement et les régions particulièrement menacées de secousses sismiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach kurzer historischer Übersicht wird eine von der Bebenenergie ausgehende absolute Definition der Seismizität vorgeschlagen, wobei die Bebenenergie durch die Magnitudo festgelegt werden soll. Da aber für früheres Material die Magnitudowerte nicht zur Verfügung stehen, wird auch als Relativmaß der Seismizität das Produkt aus Bebenstärke und Größe des Schüttergebietes empfohlen, das gute Invarianzeigenschaften hat und leicht für jedes Beben zu ermitteln ist. Schließlich werden noch Möglichkeiten zur objektiven Darstellung der Quellgebiete seismischer Energie, der Erschütterungshäufigkeit und der erdbebengefährdeten Räume angegeben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The annals of regional science 29 (1995), S. 335-343 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Revisiting Hotelling and Central Place Theory in a bounded square surface seems to still be quite insightful and productive. In this short note, it is shown that agglomeration at the center occurs under market conditions involving duopolistic competition, as expected. In an optimum framework, a hierarchy of centers emerges in a number of ways qualitatively different from the classical Central Place Theory structure. Superimposed on this hierarchy of central places an optimum road system takes shape with certain interesting features in it.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The annals of regional science 29 (1995), S. 277-302 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper analyzes changes in the energy cost of goods and service production in the Japanese economy in the decade 1975-85. It develops an input-output scheme which explicitly and exhaustively decomposes changes in a sector‘s embodied energy intensity into three causative components: the effect of changes in direct energy efficiency, the effect of fuel substitution, and the effect of changes in non-energy inputs. The application of this model to the Japanese experience found that during the 1975–85 period Japan‘s energy conservation efforts moved from an initial emphasis on improving direct energy input efficiency towards a stage of reducing the indirect energy requirements by shifting away from energy intensive inputs. Chemical sectors and metal product sectors led in energy cost reduction in the Japanese economy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The annals of regional science 29 (1995), S. 315-334 
    ISSN: 1432-0592
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This study measures industrial output, employment and air pollution effects through the use of CNG in motor vehicles by utilizing the Pollution-Related Multiregional Household-Interactive Variable Input-Output (PHVIO) model. The impact analyses are conducted with three consecutive year scenarios of different level of CNG conversion of motor fleet vehicles for the target year, 1991, 1992, and 1993. The use of CNG in bus and truck vehicles of private businesses, consumers, and state and local governments produces the ’substitution‘ effect and ’income‘ effect. The use of CNG reduces the costs of transportation, and the output, employment and air pollution effects of the reduced transportation costs are referred as the substitution effect. The use of CNG increases natural gas consumption and requires CNG duel engine installation while it decrease gasoline consumption. The output, employment and air pollution effects of this final demand change are referred to the income effect. The industrial output and employment effects are measured in Oklahoma and the Rest of the U.S. Then Oklahoma State industrial and employment effects are divided into Oklahoma SMSA, Tulsa SMSA and the Rest of Oklakoma. Finally, the stationary source air pollution due to industrial effects and mobiles source air pollution due to CNG using motor vehicles are measured in Oklahoma SMSA and Tulsa SMSA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 163-183 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Diagramm, das die Temperatur als eine und den Partialdruck des Wasserdampfs als andere Koordinate verwendet, ist vonG. I. Taylor bei seiner Untersuchung über Mischungskondensation eingeführt worden und wird daher als Taylor-Diagramm bezeichnet. Es befriedigt fast exakt die Eigenschaft von Luftmischungen, daß nämlich Mischungen von zwei Luftproben durch die Gerade dargestellt werden, welche die zwei den Proben entsprechenden Punkte verbindet; dabei ist der relative Abstand des Punktes einer beliebigen Mischung vom Punkte der einen Probe dem Anteil der andern Probe in der Mischung gleich. Die Psychrometerformel, durch die die Feuchttemperatur im Diagramm gegeben ist, wird in einer neuen Näherungsform dargestellt, die gleichzeitig hinreichend genau und für die Rechnung praktisch ist. Es ergibt sich dabei, daß die Isothermen der Feuchttemperatur (oder Äquivalenttemperatur) mit genügender Genauigkeit als Gerade gezogen werden können. Die Isosteren sind strenge Gerade. Lediglich durch Änderung der Bezeichnungen der Achsen in dem Sinne, daß sie die potentielle Temperatur und den potentiellen Dampfdruck darstellen, kann das Diagramm auch zur Charakterisierung der Mischung von Luftproben von verschiedenem Druck verwendet werden.
    Abstract: Résumé G. I. Taylor dans son étude sur la condensation par mélange a établi un diagramme dont les coordonnées sont la température et la pression de vapeur d'eau. Ce diagramme satisfait presque exactement la particularité de mélanges qui consiste dans le fait que des mélanges de deux masses d'air sont représentés par la droite reliant les deux points correspondants à l'état de ces deux masses; la distance relative d'un point quelconque de cette droite à l'un des points extrêmes est, dans un mélange donné, proportionnelle à la fraction de la masse dont l'état est représenté par l'autre borne du segment. La formule psychrométrique qui fournit la température du thermomètre humide dans le diagramme est mise sous une forme approximative simplifiée, exacte et paratique. Il s'ensuit que les isolignes de la température humide (ou équivalente) peuvent être représentées assez exactement par des droites. Les isostères sont des droites en toute rigueur. En introduisant simplement la température potentielle et la pression potentielle de vapeur, le diagramme peut également être employé pour caractériser le mélange de masses d'air de pressions différentes.
    Notes: Abstract The diagram having temperature as one coordinate and partial pressure of aqueous vapor as the other was introduced byG. I. Taylor in his study of condensation due to mixing and is now called the Taylor diagram. The diagram fulfills almost exactly the property of mixtures, i. e., that mixtures of two samples of air are represented by the straight line joining the two points representing the samples, and that the relative distance from the point for either sample to the point for any mixture equals the proportion of the other sample in the mixture. The psychrometric formula, which determines wet-bulb temperature on the diagram, is expressed in a new approximate form that is both convenient for calculation and accurate. It shows that the isotherms of wet-bulb temperature (or equivalent temperature) can be drawn straight with good accuracy. The isosteres are straight lines exactly. By merely changing the designations of the axes to potential temperature and potential vapor pressure, the diagram is made to fulfill the property of mixtures even for air samples at different pressures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 305-307 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An exact analysis is given of the conditions of equilibrium of a saturated air particle. The calculations prove a frequently expressed view on equilibrium conditions to be incorrect and, on the other hand, illustrate the theoretic relations of the question heretofore not yet treated in meteorological literature.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die exakte Analyse der Gleichgewichtsbedingungen eines gesättigten Luftteilchens bildet den Inhalt unserer kurzen Mitteilung. Die unten durchgeführten Rechnungen beweisen einerseits die Unrichtigkeit einer oft angeführten Aussage über die Gleichgewichtsbedingungen und anderseits beleuchten sie theoretische Beziehungen der Frage, welche in der meteorologischen Fachliteratur bisher noch nicht behandelt wurden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 308-314 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In continuation of previous theoretical researches the ion production (intensity of ionization) is calculated as function of the height for a particularly simple case assuming that the vertical distribution of temperature shows a stratified structure. The calculations lead to the conclusion that, under certain conditions, two maxima of ion production occur in such an anisothermic atmosphere. A splitting up of ionospheric layers often can be observed though this phenomenon has not found much consideration in literature as yet. An equal or at least similar thermal process may be suggested for the splitting up of the ionosphericF-layer during day-time which up to now has not been explained satisfactory. However, there are still great difficulties in treating this problem by exact mathematical methods.
    Abstract: Résumé Comme suite à d'autres recherches théoriques, on a dans un cas simple calculé la loi de production d'ions en fonction de l'altitude en admettant que la distribution verticale de la température présente une structure stratifié. Il s'ensuit que dans de telles conditions et sours réserve de certaines hypothèses, il y aurait deux niveaux de production maximum d'ions. On peut observer fréquemment ce dédoublement de la couche iono-sphérique bien que l'on y ait accordé que peu d'attention jusqu'ici dans la littérature. Le dédoublement de la coucheF de l'ionosphère pendant le jour, non encore expliqué d'une manière satisfaisante, suggère l'hypothèse d'un processus analogue du point de vue thermique mais dont la description mathématique présenterait de sérieuses difficultés.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Weiterführung bisheriger theoretischer Überlegungen wird für einen besonders einfachen Fall die Höhenabhängigkeit der Ionenproduktion (Ionisierungsstärke) unter der Annahme berechnet, daß der Temperaturverlauf mit der Höhe einen schichtartigen Charakter besitzt. Als Ergebnis der Rechnungen ergibt sich, daß unter gewissen Voraussetzungen in einer solchen anisothermen Atmosphäre zwei Maxima der Ionenproduktion auftreten. Eine derartige Aufspaltung ionosphärischer Schichten kann häufig beobachtet werden, obgleich dieser Erscheinung in der Literatur noch wenig Augenmerk geschenkt wurde. Es erscheint auch als durchaus aussichtsreich, für die tagsüber bestehende, bislang noch keineswegs befriedigend erklärte Aufspaltung der ionosphärischenF-Schicht einen gleichen oder zumindest ähnlichen thermischen Vorgang anzunehmen; seiner exakten mathematischen Erfassung stehen allerdings nicht unerhebliche Schwierigkeiten entgegen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 315-324 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The effect of a strong perturbation, recorded by the terrestrial magnetic observatories on March 15, 1948, on the F2-layer of the ionosphere is investigated. Observations at 30 stations have been examined with a view to the critical frequency of this layer. Only part of the stations were found to show a decrease of the critical frequency. A revision of the former concept that ionospheric storms always are associated with a decrease of frequency therefore becomes necessary. Moreover, the perturbation can be shown to be clearly dependent on the magnetic field of the earth, a strong increase of frequency (and therewith increase of electron density) occurring in low geomagnetic latitudes and a decrease of the critical frequency in high geomagnetic latitudes. Furthermore there is the remarkable fact that the ionospheric main perturbation appears to be subject in its course to local time, not to universal time. An attempt has been made to establish a systematic classification of the different kinds of ionospheric perturbations in order to get a better survey.
    Abstract: Résumé Les stations d'observation du champ magnétique terrestre ont enregistré le 15 mars 1948 une forte perturbation dont on étudie la répercussion sur la couche F2 de l'ionosphère. On a examiné le matériel de 30 stations en ce qui concerne le comportement des fréquences critiques et constaté que dans quelques stations seulement il y a eu diminution de ces fréquences. Il s'ensuit qu'il faut réviser les vues actuelles selon lesquelles les orages ionosphériques étaient toujours liés à une diminution de fréquence. De plus, on peut montrer que la perturbation mentionnée dépendait étroitement du champ magnétique terrestre en ce sens qu'aux basses latitudes magnétiques il y eut une forte augmentation de fréquence (et. p. cons. une augmentation de la densité électronique), tandis qu'aux latitudes élevées la fréquence critique fut abaissée. Il est en outre intéressant de noter que la perturbation ionosphérique principale évoluait avec le temps local et non universel. On a cherché à classer systématiquement les différentes perturbations de l'ionosphère pour en obtenir une meilleure vue d'ensemble.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Am 15. März 1948 verzeichneten die erdmagnetischen Observatorien eine kräftige Störung, deren Auswirkung auf die F2-Schicht der Ionosphäre untersucht wird. Das Beobachtungsmaterial von 30 Stationen wurde hinsichtlich des Verhaltens der kritischen Frequenz dieser Schicht überprüft, wobei gefunden wurde, daß nur bei einem Teil der Stationen eine Abnahme der kritischen Frequenzen auftritt. Es wird also damit eine Revision der bisherigen Anschauung notwendig, die glaubte, Ionosphärenstürme seien immer mit einer Frequenzerniedrigung verbunden. Darüber hinaus kann gezeigt werden, daß die Störung eine deutliche Abhängigkeit vom Magnetfeld der Erde besitzt, die darin besteht, daß bei geringen geomagnetischen Breiten eine starke Frequenzerhöhung (und damit Erhöhung der Elektronendichte) auftritt, während sich in hohen geomagnetischen Breiten die kritische Frequenz erniedrigt. Bemerkenswert ist ferner der Umstand, daß die ionosphärische Hauptstörung anscheinend nicht nach Weltzeit, sondern nach Ortszeit verläuft. Es wurde versucht, die verschiedenen Arten ionosphärischer Störungen systematisch einzuordnen, um eine bessere Übersicht gewinnen zu können.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 345-366 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 334-341 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is shown by means of a test-ride from the outer districts towards the centre of the city along a radius that the small order of magnitude of the atmospheric-electric potential-gradient, measured continuously at the Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik in Vienna, is caused by an increased electrical conductivity of the air, which is due to the place of the measurements in a garden district with a small number of houses and low traffic only. The dependence of the potential-gradient on the location within the town, that means the typical values of single spots are defined. The published figures do not only demonstrate the possibility to obtain reliable values of the potential-gradient within housing districts, but they also refute the opinion that one could not expect to find remarkable atmospheric-electric fields on the level of streets and squares in a city. The values show an increase of the potential-gradient from the border of the twon towards the centre and a decrease of the polar conductivity of the air. Thereby the opportunity is created to define characteristic values of the atmospheric-electric field of a town by a more comprehensive calculation of the reducing factors.
    Abstract: Résumé Une série de mesures effectuées de la périphérie au centre de la ville a montré que les gradients de potentiel électrique de l'air observés par enregistrement continu à la Station centrale de météorologie et de géodynamique à Vienne et trouvés inférieurs à la normale doivent cette diminution à une conductibilité fortement accrue, due à la position de l'immeuble dans un quartier à constructions espacées. On a établi des valeurs types du gradient de potentiel pour différents points de la ville. Ces valeurs prouvent non seulement qu'il est possible de déterminer convenablement le potentiel à l'intérieur d'une enceinte urbaine, mais réfutent aussi l'opinion selon laquelle il n'y aurait au niveau des rues d'une ville aucune valeur notable du potentiel électrique aérien. Celui-ci augmente de la périphérie vers le centre, tandis que la conductibilité polaire varie en sens contraire. Les recherches des auteurs permettent en outre de déterminer les valeurs caractéristiques du champ électrique d'une grande ville à l'aide de facteurs de réduction convenables.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hand einer radial, vom Stadtrand zur Stadtmitte, durchgeführten Meßfahrt wird gezeigt, daß die unternormale Größenordnung des an der Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik in Wien kontinuierlich registrierten luftelektrischen Potentialgradienten auf eine stark erhöhte Leitfähigkeit zurückzuführen ist, die durch die Lage des Meßortes in einem nur schwach verbauten Villenviertel bedingt ist. Es wird die Abhängigkeit des Potentialgefälles von der Großstadtlage, d. h. typische Werte für einzelne Punkte innerhalb des Stadtgebietes, bestimmt. Die veröffentlichten Zahlen beweisen nicht nur, daß auch innerhalb eines verbauten Stadtgebietes verläßliche Werte des Potentialgefälles ermittelt werden können, sondern widerlegen auch die Ansicht, daß in der Höhe des Straßenniveaus in einer Stadt überhaupt keine nennenswerten Beträge des luftelektrischen Potentialfeldes zu erwarten wären. Die gefundenen Werte zeigen einen Anstieg des Potentialgefälles vom Stadtrand zur Stadtmitte zu, während die polare Leitfähigkeit ein inverses Verhalten aufweist. Auf Grund der Untersuchungen wird ferner die Möglichkeit geschaffen, charakteristische Werte des luftelektrischen Feldes einer Großstadt durch eine umfassendere Berechnung von Reduktionsfaktoren zu bestimmen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 367-373 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The well known parallels between vapour-pressure and potentialgradient with regard to their diurnal variation in different heights results from the same basic element, the atmospheric mass exchange. It is obvious to use a combination of both elements for an investigation of the exchange. In this paper the possibilities for a utilisation of measurements of the atmospheric electricity in different heights for such purposes are discussed in detail.
    Abstract: Résumé Le parallélisme bien connu entre la variation diurne de la pression de vapeur d'eau et du gradient de potentiel électrique à différents niveaux peut être regardé comme l'effet du même phénomène de l'échange turbulent de l'atmosphère. Il est donc légitime d'employer ces deux éléments pour l'étude de l'échange turbulent. On discute ici en détail les possibilités d'étudier à cet effet les mesures de l'électricité atmosphérique faites à différentes altitudes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die bekannten Parallelen im tagesperiodischen Verhalten von Dampfdruck und Potentialgefälle in verschiedenen Höhen sind als Auswirkungen der gleichen Grunderscheinung des atmosphärischen Massenaustausches zu werten. Es liegt nahe, beide Elemente gemeinsam zu Austauschuntersuchungen heranzuziehen. Die Möglichkeiten, luftelektrische Untersuchungen in verschiedenen Höhenniveaus für solche Zwecke zu benutzen, werden im einzelnen diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 401-403 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the question of temperature dependence of ozone content of the atmosphere A. andE. Vassy have concluded from the equation loge n −logJ n ≅logK(T n ) that also the formula loge n ≅logJ n +logK(T n ) must be valid. In this paper it is proved that the neglections which may be admitted for the first equation, can conduct to great errors. Therefore A. andE. Vassy have not produced a proof for the correctness of the equatione=J.K(T).
    Abstract: Résumé A. etE. Vassy en étuidant le problème de la teneur de l'ozone atmosphérique en relation avec la température ont admis que l'équation loge n −logJ n ≅logK(T n ) entraînait aussi la relation loge n ≅logJ n +logK(T n ). On montre ici que les simplifications admises pour la première équation conduisent pour l'application de la seconde à de fortes erreurs, et que par conséquent ces auteurs n'ont pas fourni de preuve de la justesse de la relatione=J.K(T).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung A. undE. Vassy haben in der Frage der Temperatur-abhängigkeit des Ozongehalts der Atmosphäre aus der Gleichung loge n −logJ n ≅logK(T n ) geschlossen, daß auch die Gleichung loge n ≅logJ n +logK(T n ) gültig sei. Es wird hier nun gezeigt, daß die bei der ersten Gleichung erlaubten Vernachlässigungen bei der zweiten zu großen Fehlern führen können und daß daher von A. undE. Vassy kein Beweis für die Richtigkeit der Beziehunge=J.K(T) erbracht ist.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 467-468 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 386-400 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 1941 A. andE. Vassy made an attempt to explain the atmospheric ozone content (total amount of ozone) fully from the corresponding variations of the temperature of the stratosphere and the total incoming solar energy. They started from the equatione/J=f (T) and showed that this empirically established functionf (T) depends on temperature approximately in the same manner as the reaction constantk (T) which is essential for the ozone equilibrium. In opposition to themSchröer, Dütsch andCraig enlarging the photochemical theory of ozone independent of each other infered that the measured total amounts of ozone cannot be explained by purely photochemical equilibrium conditions. An attempt is made here to clear up this difference by examining the formula, put forward by A. andE. Vassy as a first approximation. It is made along the lines of the photochemical theory, which is briefly explained. In this connection some shortcomings of theVassy theory are stated: The formula of A. andE. Vassy comprises a considerable overestimation of the influence of temperature exerted on the total amount of ozone, which criticism is supported by two numerical instances computed according to the photochemical theory. Owing to the fact that the length of the day is also considered in the formula for the calculation ofJ, which proceeding is in plain contradiction to the photochemical conception, the influence of the changing solar position is estimated erroneously as well. On the basis of the examination carried out here the hypothesis set out by A. andE. Vassy must be refused.
    Abstract: Résumé A. etE. Vassy ont essayé en 1941 d'expliquer la teneur en ozone de l'atmosphère à l'aide des variations correspondantes de la température de la stratosphère et de l'énergie solaire rayonnée. Ils ont à cet effet posé que:e/J=f (T), et ils ont prétendu que la fonctionf (T) trouvée ainsi empiriquement correspond à peu près à celle qui lie la constante de réactionk (T) pour l'équilibre de l'ozone avec la températureT. Par contre trois auteurs (Schröer, Dütsch etCraig) qui indépendamment l'un de l'autre ont élaboré la théorie photochimique de l'ozone ont conclu que les teneurs observées ne peuvent correspondre à un équilibre photochimique pur. Pour expliquer ces divergences, on examine ici l'hypothèse de E. etA. Vassy dans le cadre de la théorie photochimique brièvement rappelée. On constate que cette hypothèse conduit à surestimer fortement le rôle de la température dans la quantité totale de l'ozone, fait confirmé par deux exemples numériques fondés sur la théorie photochimique; en introduisant la longueur du jour dans le calcul deJ — ce qui est contraire au point de vue photochimique — on tient faussement compte de l'effet de la variation de la hauteur solaire. La conclusion de cette étude est que l'hypothèse de E. etA. Vassy doit être rejetée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung A. undE. Vassy haben 1941 versucht, den atmosphärischen Ozongehalt (Gesamtozon) aus den entsprechenden Variationen der Stratosphärentemperatur und der eingestrahlten Sonnenenergie vollständig zu erklären. Sie machten zu diesem Zweck den Ansatze/J=f (T), und zeigten, daß die auf diesem Weg empirisch gefundene Funktionf (T) näherungsweise mit der Temperaturabhängigkeit der für das Ozongleichgewicht wesentlichen Reaktionskonstantenk (T) übereinstimmt. Im Gegensatz dazu kamen andere Autoren (Schröer, Dütsch undCraig), die unabhängig voneinander die photochemische Ozontheorie weiter ausbauten, zum Schluß, daß die gemessenen atmosphärischen Ozonbeträge keine rein photochemischen Gleichgewichtswerte sein können. Zur Aufklärung dieser Differenz wird der von A. undE. Vassy aufgestellte und als erste Näherung bezeichnete Ansatz hier auf Grund der photochemischen Theorie, die noch einmal knapp entwickelt wird, untersucht, wobei vor allem folgende Mängel festgestellt werden: Der Ansatz von A. undE. Vassy bringt eine enorme Überschätzung des Temperatureinflusses auf das Gesamtozon mit sich, was anhand von zwei, nach der photochemischen Theorie durchgerechneten Zahlenbeispielen belegt wird; wegen der Hereinahme der Tageslänge in den Ansatz zur Berechnung vonJ, welches Vorgehen der photochemischen Auffassung widerspricht, wird auch der Einfluß des wechselnden Sonnenstandes falsch eingeschätzt. Auf Grund der hier durchgeführten Untersuchung muß daher die von A. undE. Vassy aufgestellte Hypothese abgelehnt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 64-69 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine große Gewitterwolke besteht aus zahlreichen getrennten zweipoligen Generatoren und getrennten Zellen die die Wolke bilden. Die vonSimpson mit dem Höhen-Elektrographen gefundenen Beweise, daß die tieferen negativen Pole dieser Generatoren gewöhnlich bei oder über dem Gefrierniveau liegen, werden von drei verschiedenen Argumenten gestützt, die auf der Untersuchung der Blitzentladungen zur Erde beruhen. Es wird gezeigt, daß positive Spitzenentladung von der Erde her isolierte Gebiete von positiver Ladung in der wirklichen Basis hervorrufen kann. In einem Überblick über neuere experimentelle Untersuchungen wird gezeigt, in welcher Weise die tieferliegenden negativen Pole dieser getrennten Generatoren sich mit dem ersten Blitzkanal verketten.
    Abstract: Résumé Un gros nuage d'orage se compose de nombreux générateurs bipolaires distincts et de cellules de nuage distinctes. Les preuves données parSimpson à l'aide de l'alti-électrographe que les pôles négatifs inférieurs de ces générateurs se trouvent en général au voisinage ou au-dessus du niveau de congélation sont étayées ici de trois arguments tirés de l'étude des décharges des coups de foudre. On montre que les décharges positives de pointes au niveau du sol peuvent créer des domaines isolés, chargés positivement, dans la base du nuage. Passant en revue de récentes recherches expérimentales, l'auteur montre comment les pôles négatifs les plus bas de ces générateurs distincts sont liés à la première trajectoire de décharge.
    Notes: Abstract A large thundercloud consists of a number of separate bipolar generators associated with separate cells forming the cloud. Evidence obtained bySimpson with the alti-electrograph showing that the lower negative poles of these generators are usually at or above the freezing-level is supported by three different arguments based upon the study of lightning discharges to earth. It is shown that positive point discharge from the ground may produce isolated pockets of positive charge in the actual base. An outline is given of recent experimental results which throw light upon the manner in which the lower negative poles of these separate generators link up with the channel of the first stroke.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 29-39 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Measurements of ion concentrations in the layers of air near the ground carried out during the past years at the Institute of High Tension Research of Uppsala University indicate that there are certain time variations of the ion content which cannot be explained by the variations of the usual meteorological parameters. This article describes variations during thunderstorm showers and on clear calm summer nights. It may be proposed that the ion content variations in the latter case is due to the accumulation of emanation in the layer of air near the ground.
    Abstract: Résumé Les mesures de concentration d'ions au voisinage du sol effectuées ces dernières années à l'Institut des Recherches à Hautes Tensions de l'Université d'Uppsala ont montré que la teneur en ions varie de plusieurs façons avec le temps sans que l'on puisse mettre en cause les facteurs météorologiques ordinaires. On décrit de telles variations pendant des averses orageuses et pendant des nuits claires d'été, et on cherche à les expliquer. L'accroissement nocturne de la teneur en ions au voisinage du sol est mis en parallèle avec la concentration croissante de l'émanation dans ces couches basses de l'air.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei den während der letzten Jahre ausgeführten Messungen der Ionenkonzentrationen in der bodennahen Luftschicht am Institut für Hochspannungsforschung der Universität Uppsala ergaben sich mehrere Arten von zeitlichen Variationen des Ionengehaltes, die mit Änderungen der gewöhnlichen meteorologischen Faktoren, nicht erklärt werden können. Es werden solche Variationen während Gewitterschauern und während klarer stiller Sommernächte beschrieben und zu deuten versucht. Die nächtliche Ionenzunahme in Bodennähe wird mit der Ansammlung, von Emanation in der bodennahen Luftschicht in Verbindung gebracht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 184-206 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On donne une explication théorique du profil méridien moyen de température dans la troposphère (jusqu'à 11 km.) en s'appuyant sur le théorème de la conductibilité turbulente et en introduisant les coefficients d'échange turbulent dont l'ordre de grandeur n'est pas le même dans la verticale et dans l'horizontale. Il faut tenir compte de la chaleur de condensation libérée par les précipitations annuelles moyennes et qui est fournie à la troposphère aux différentes latitudes; alors seulement on arrive à une solution en accord complet avec le profil méridien de température, tel que le fournissent les observations aérologiques. On a considérée comme connue la distribution moyenne de la température au niveau du sol, celle-ci étant déterminée par le bilan radiatif du sol et présentant la répartition zonale bien connue. On expose ensuite thermique verticale de la troposphère et son équilibre, ainsi que l'établissement d'un gradient inférieur à un degré par cent mètres. Le profil méridien moyen de température apparaît alors comme le résultat d'un équilibre entre les processus d'échange turbulent verticaux et horizontaux et des phénomènes de condensation se produisant dans la troposphère. Le fait que ces derniers sont limités à une certaine couche basse de l'atmosphère est une des raisons pour lesquelles la troposphère présente une limite supérieure.
    Notes: Summary A theoretical account is given for the mean meridional temperature profile in the troposphere (up to 11 km) by the aid of the theorem of turbulent heat conduction introducing the vertical and horizontal coefficients of exchange (Austausch) which show a different order of magnitude. It is necessary, however, to take into consideration the heat of condensation, liberated by condensation of the mean yearly precipitation on the earth and thereby supplied to the troposphere in the different latitudes, in order to obtain a theoretical solution capable of completely explaining the mean meridional temperature profile deduced from former observations in the free atmosphere. The mean temperature distribution on ground has been assumed to be known as it is established by the radiation balance of the ground showing the determined and wellknown zonal distribution. Furthermore, some noticeable details resulting from the theory and concerning the vertical structure of temperature in the troposphere and its state of equilibrium are derived. It is made clear how a temperature gradient 〈1° C/100 m comes about. Thus the mean meridional temperature profile is shown to be a determined state of equilibrium between vertical and horizontal exchange (Austausch) phenomena and processes of condensation taking place in the troposphere. These latter ones being confined to a certain layer of the lower atmosphere are of essential importance for the upper limitation of the troposphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 207-222 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary If, in the atmosphere, the geostrophic respectively the geocyclostrophic equilibrium of the (horizontal) field of flow and pressure is disturbed, this equilibrium gets spontaneously re-established by approaching of the two fields. The (disturbed) field of flow changes hardly, but strongly the field of pressure, if the initial disturbance of equilibrium concerns all layers of the atmosphere. If originally only a partial layer is disturbed, comprising the fraction ν of the whole atmosphere, then change of field of flow is to change of field of pressure as 1−ν is to ν. The “compensation” of imposed fields of pressure and the re-establishment of geostrophic or-cyclostrophic equilibrium respectively here are closely connected; both together lead to the effect that anticyclones and depressions include all layers of troposphere and lower stratosphere (warm High, cold Low).
    Abstract: Résumé Lorsque dans l'atmosphère l'équilibre respectivement géostrophique et géocyclostrophique du champ (horizontal) de mouvement et de pression est rompu, il se rétablit spontanément en ce sens que les deux champs se rapprochent de l'état d'équilibre. Lorsque la rupture primitive de l'équilibre se produit à tous les niveaux, le champ de mouvement change à peine, mais le champ de pression s'altère profondément. Si à l'origine une couche isolée contenant la fraction ν de l'atmosphère est perturbée, la variation du champ de mouvement est à celle du champ de pression comme 1−ν est à ν. La «compensation» de champs de pression imposés et le rétablissement de l'équilibre respectivement géostrophique et-cyclostrophique sont alors intimément liés; l'un et l'autre ont pour effet que les régions de haute et de basse pression intéressent toutes les couches de la troposphère et de la stratosphère inférieure (anticyclones chauds, dépressions froides).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wenn in der Atmosphäre das geostrophische bzw. geozyklostrophische Gleichgewicht des (horizontalen) Strom- und Druckfeldes gestört ist, stellt sich dieses Gleichgewicht spontan wieder her, indem beide Felder sich dem Gleichgewichtszustand nähern. Wenn die anfängliche Gleichgewichtsstörung alle Schichten der Atmosphäre betrifft, ändert sich das (gestörte) Stromfeld kaum, das Druckfeld aber sehr stark. Wenn anfänglich nur eine Teilschicht, die den Bruchteilv der gesamten Atmosphärenmasse enthält, gestört ist, verhält sich die Stromfeldänderung zur Druckfeldänderung wie 1−ν zu ν. Die „Kompensation” aufgeprägter Druckfelder und die Wiederherstellung des geostrophischen bzw.-zyklostrophischen Gleichgewichts sind dabei engstens miteinander verbunden; beide wirken gemeinsam darauf hin, daß die Hoch- und Tiefdruckgebiete alle Schichten der Troposphäre und unteren Stratosphäre umfassen (warmes Hoch, kaltes Tief).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 223-238 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die genäherten Gleichungen der atmosphärischen Dynamik sind nur in einem bestimmten Gebiet um den Koordinatenursprung gültig, dessen Größenordnung berechnet wird; für die Gleichungen (5), die in der Meteorologie gewöhnlich benützt werden, erreicht sein horizontaler Radius kaum die Größenordnung von 10 m. Demgegenüber ist der Radius für die Gleichungen (6) von der Größenordnung von 500 km und ebenfalls für die Gleichungen (7), die sich für das Studium der Karten der Isobarenflächen eignen. Dieses Resultat mag überraschend erscheinen, da man gewöhnlich unter Benützung einer genäherten Form (α) des Geopotentials von (5) zu (7) Übergeht; geht man jedoch von der exakten Form des Geopotentials aus, so erhält man die Gleichungen (7) aus (6) (Theorem I). Die genäherten Gleichungen (9) haben eine sehr ähnliche Form wie (5) und eignen sich besonders für das Studium der Karten der äqui-geopotentiellen Flächen; unter Benützung der exakten Form des Geopotentials lassen sie sich ebenfalls aus (6) ableiten (Theorem II). Der mathematische Ursprung dieser Tatsachen beruht auf einer Eigenschaft eines 3-Vektors, der gegenüber den Koordinatentransformationen (14) kovariant ist; ferner kann man zeigen, daß die Theoreme I und II Spezialfälle eines allgemeineren Theorems sind (Theorem III). Außerdem werden noch andere Koordinatentransformationen untersucht, durch die die genäherten Gleichungen nur geringfügig verändert werden (Theoreme IV und V).
    Abstract: Summary The approximated equations of atmospheric dynamics are valid only within a certain region surrounding the origin of the coordinates of which the order of magnitude is calculated. Concerning equations (5) which are usually employed in meteorology, their horizontal radius reaches hardly the magnitude of 10 meters. On the other hand this radius amounts to the magnitude of 500 kilometers with equations (6) and equally with (7) which are adapted for the study of charts of isobaric surfaces. This result may seem paradoxical because usually formulae (7) are deduced from (5) by employing an approximated form (α) of the geopotential; but in using the exact form of the geopotential, equations (7) are obtained from (6) (theorem I). The approximated equations (9) have a very similar form as (5) and are especially adapted for the study of the charts of equi-geopotential surfaces; using the exact form of the geopotential they can also be derived from (6) (theorem II). The mathematical origin of these facts lies upon a quality of a 3-vector which is covariant against the coordinate transformations (14); furthermore it can be shown that the theorems I and II are special cases of a more general theorem (theorem III). Finally, other transformations of coordinates are discussed, through which the approximated equations are modified only insignificantly (theorems IV and V).
    Notes: Résumé Les équations approchées de la dynamique atmosphérique ne sont valables que dans un certain domaine entourant l'origine des coordonnées et dont nous calculons l'ordre de grandeur. En ce qui concerne les équations (5) utilisées habituellement par les météorologistes, son rayon horizontal est à peine de l'ordre de la dizaine de mètres. Par contre ce rayon est de l'ordre de 500 kilomètres pour les équations (6) et il en est de même pour les équations (7) qui sont adaptées à l'étude des cartes des surfaces isobares. Ce résultat peut paraître paradoxal puisque l'on passe habituellement de (5) à (7) en utilisant une forme approchée (α) du géopotentiel; il se fait que l'on obtient les mêmes équations (7) à partir de (6) en utilisant la forme exacte du géopotentiel (théorème I). Les équations approchées (9) ont une forme très voisine de (5) et sont adaptées à l'étude des cartes des surfaces équi-géopotentielles. On peut également les déduire de (6) en utilisant la forme exacte du géopotentiel (théorème II). L'origine mathématique de ces propositions réside dans une propriété d'un 3-vecteur covariant vis à vis des changements de coordonnées (14); on voit en même temps que les théorèmes I et II sont des cas particuliers d'un théorème plus général (théorème III). Nous considérons ensuite d'autres transformations de coordonnées qui ne modifient que très légèrement les équations approchées (théorèmes IV et V).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 325-333 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is shown that the variations of the Azores High in late winter 1947/48 follow a strict ruleFrom the harmonic analysis of the march of pressure at Funchal on Madeira can be seen that, at one point of the considered time-interval, extremes of partial oscillations appear simultaneously, thus determining a point of symmetryAmong ten calculated partial oscillations the 36 days wave of pressure is particularly pronouncedThe form of the pressure curve at Funchal in late winter 1947/48 is unmistakably dominated by the 36 days wave of pressure.
    Abstract: Résumé On montre que les variations de l'anticyclone des Açores pendant la deuxième partie de l'hiver 1947/48 sont soumises à un rythme parfaitement déterminéL'analyse harmonique de la pression à Funchal dans l'Ile de Madère révèle qu'en un point de l'intervalle considéré apparaissent simultanément des extrema des ondes partielles, c'est à dire un point de symétrieParmi les 10 ondes partielles calculées, celle de 36 jours apparaît avec une amplitude très forteL'allure de la courbe de pression de Funchal à la fin de l'hiver 1947/48 est nettement dominée par l'onde de 36 jours.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß die Schwankungen des Azorenhochs im Spätwinter 1947/48 eine strenge Gesetzmäßigkeit aufweisenDie harmonische Analyse des Luftdruckganges inFunchal auf der Insel Madeira ergibt an einer Stelle des betrachteten Zeitintervalles ein gleichzeitiges Auftreten von Extrema der Teilschwingungen, also einen einfachen SpiegelungspunktVon zehn berechneten Teilschwingungen tritt die 36tägige Luftdruckwelle mit einer sehr großen Amplitude besonders hervorDer Habitus der Luftdruckkurve von Funchal wurde im Spätwinter 1947/48 eindeutig von der 36tägigen Luftdruckwelle geprägt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 342-344 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 43
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the first part of the paper a homogeneous material of 48048 data, distributed over 44 stations of Europe, including 24 hours' variations of ground pressure, height of the 500 mb surface, and barometric mean temperature between 500 and 1000 mb, is statistically evaluated. Calues are given for the range of variation, interdiurnal variability, standard deviation, skewness, and excess. comparison of the frequency distributions with the Gaussian function of error distribution shows unexceptionally a positive excess. From the skewness being positive on the continent and negative on the ocean, together with the number of positive and negative variations, it can be concluded that on the continent pressure fall is more frequent and pressure rise more intensive, whereas on the ocean pressure rise is more frequent and pressure fall more intensive. The number of ground pressure variations connected with respective variations of mean temperature is dependent on the land-sea distribution solely. Only on the continent the ground pressure variations are combined with inverse temperature variations also on the average. Besides, the relative intensity of the low-thermic ground pressure variations increases with decreasing latitude. In the second part, material consisting of 67044 analogous data with 26 more stations covering the area from the North-Atlantic to Inner Asia and from Spitzbergen to North-Africa is examined by means of the correlation method. On the ocean, the 24 hours' ground pressure variations were found to correspond mostly with the simultaneous pressure variations at the height of 5,5 km, whereas on the continent no such close relation exists (fig. 16). On the other hand, there is no connection between pressure variations and mean temperature on the ocean, this relation being markedly inverse on the continent (fig. 17). The relation between pressure variations at 5,5 km height and variations of mean temperature in the troposphere below this height is positive throughout, however, least positive in the zones of greatest horizontal temperature contrasts (fig. 18). Results are discussed in part 3, concerning the vertical structure of isallobaric areas, the compensation of high pressure variations in the lower troposphere, the lee-effect, the nature of ground pressure variations and the cyclogenesis. Therefrom it is concluded that, within the limits of accuracy of statistical investigations, the various mutual relations between variations of pressure and temperature in the lower troposphere can be accounted for by the varying conditions in the lower troposphere according to the land-sea distribution which in one case allows compensation of upper pressure variations and in another not.
    Abstract: Résumé La première partie contient le dépouillement d'observations faites en 44 endroits de la variation de la pression au sol en 24 h., de la hauteur de la surface isobare de 500 mb et de la température moyenne entre les surfaces de 500 et 1000 mb en Europe centrale; on calcule les fluctuations moyennes, la variabilité interdiurne, la déviation, le moment du 3ième ordre et le moment du 4ième ordne. En comparant la répartition des fréquences avec la loi des erreurs deGauss, on constate avant tout le moment du 4ième ordre positif. Le moment du 3ième ordre positif sur terre, négatif sur mer, combinée avec le nombre des variations positives et négatives montre que sur terre la baisse de pression est plus fréquente et la hausse plus forte, tandis que sur mer la hausse est plus fréquente et la baisse plus intense. Le nombre des variatione de pression au sol liées à des variations de température moyenne de signs contraire ou de même signe ne dépend que de la distribution des surfaces terrestres et océaniques. Sur terre seulement les variations de pression sont en moyenne combinées avec des variations de température de signe contraire. L'intensité relative des variations de pression au sol d'origine thermique s'accroît avec la diminution de la latitude. Dans la deuxième partie, on étudie par la méthode de corrélation un matériel d'observations comprenant 26 stations de plus, soit au total 67 044 valeurs réparties dans l'espace de l'Atlantique nord à l'Asie centrale et du Spitzberg à l'Afrique du nord. Il en résulte que sur mer la variation de pression au sol en 24 h. correspond essentiellement aux variations de pression à 5,5 km d'altitude, alors que sur le continent la relation n'est que peu accusée. Par contre sur mer le lien entre les variations de pression et celles de la température fait défaut, tandis que sur terre la relation est nettement inverse. La relation entre les variations de pression au niveau de 5,5 km et les variations de la température moyenne de la troposphère au-dessous de ce niveau est partout positive, mais est la moins apparente au-dessus des régions à forts gradients horizontaux de température. La troisième partie contient une discussion des résultats s'étendant sur la structure verticale des domaines isallobariques, sur la compensation des variations de pression en altitude dans la basse troposphère, sur l'effet orographique, sur la nature des variations de pression au sol et sur la cyclogénèse. On conclut que dans le domaine ici exploré l'image complexe des relations mutuelles entre les variations de pression et de température dans la troposphère inférieure peut se comprendre grâce au fait que la distribution des océans et des continents crée dans la basse troposphère une compensation variable des variations de pression des hautes couches.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird ein homogenes, auf 44 Stationen verteiltes Material von 48048 24stündigen Änderungen von Bodendruck, Höhe der 500 mb-Fläche und barometrischer Mitteltemperatur zwischen 500 und 1000 mb-Fläche über Mitteleuropa nach den Methoden der beschreibenden Statistik bearbeitet. Variationsbreite, interdiurne Veränderlichkeit, Streuung, Schiefe und Exzeß werden ermittelt. Der Vergleich der Häufigkeitsverteilungen mit der Gaußschen Fehlerverteilungsfunktion zeigt als wichtigste Abweichung den durchwegs positiven Exzeß. Die am Festland positive, am Meer negative Schiefe ergibt zusammen mit der Anzahl der positiven und negativen Änderungen, daß am Festland der Druckfall häufiger, der Druckanstieg intensiver, am Meer dagegen der Druckanstieg häufiger, der Druckfall intensiver ist. Die Zahl der mit Mitteltemperaturänderungen entgegensetzten, bzw. gleichen Vorzeichens verbundenen Bodendruckänderungen wird nur von der Land-Meer-Verteilung bestimmt. Nur am Festland sind die Bodendruckänderungen auch im Mittel mit inversen Temperaturänderungen kombiniert. Die relative Intensität der niedrig-thermischen Bodendruckänderungen nimmt außerdem mit abnehmender Breite zu. Im zweiten Teil wird ein um 26 Stationen vermehrtes, insgesamt 67044 analoge Änderungswerte umfassendes Material im Raum Nordatlantik bis Innerasien und Spitzbergen bis Nordafrika mit der Korrelationsmethode untersucht. Es ergibt sich, daß am Ozean die 24stündigen Bodendruckänderungen weitgehend den gleichzeitigen Druckänderungen in 5,5 km Höhe entsprechen, währen am Kontinent diese Beziehung nur lose ist (Abb. 16). Dagegen fehlt am Ozean der Zusammenhang zwischen Änderungen von Bodendruck und Mitteltemperatur, der am Kontinent ausgesprochen invers ist (Abb. 17). Die Beziehung zwischen Druckänderungen in 5,5 km Höhe und Mitteltemperaturänderungen der Troposphäre unterhalb dieser Höhe ist durchwegs positiv, aber relativ am schlechtesten über den Zonen größter horizontaler Temperaturgegensätze (Abb. 18). Der dritte Teil enthält eine Diskussion der Ergebnisse, die sich erstreckt auf den vertikalen Aufbau der Isallobarengebiete, die Kompensation hoher Druckänderungen in der unteren Troposphäre, die Leewirkung, die Natur der Bodendruckänderungen und die Zyklonenentstehung. Dabei ergibt sich innerhalb der Grenzen, die einer statistischen Untersuchung gezogen sind, daß besonders durch das infolge der Land-Meer-Verteilung wechselnde Vermögen der unteren Troposphäre, obere Druckänderungen zu kompensieren, das vielfältige Bild der gegenseitigen Beziehungen der Änderungen von Druck und Temperatur in der unteren Troposphäre verstanden werden kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 374-385 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gleichzeitige Messungen von Größe und Ladungsverteilung von Kondensationskernen lassen erkennen, daß ein Gleichgewicht der Ladungsverteilung in Stadtluft selten auftritt; diese Tatsache wird auf die lokale Neubildung von Kernen zurückgeführt und diese Annahme belegt. Die einzige deutliche Beziehung zwischen den Kondensationskernen und meteorologischen Elementen besteht darin, daß die Größe der Kerne mit der relativen Feuchte wächst. Unter der Annahme, daß die Kerne aus einer wäßrigen Schwefelsäurelösung bestehen, kann ein Vergleich zwischen der theoretischen und der beobachteten Beziehung zwischen Kernradius und relativer Feuchte angestellt werden.
    Abstract: Résumé Des mesures simultanées de la grosseur et de la répartition des charges des noyaux de condensation montrent qu'un équilibre de la distribution des charges dans l'air des villes est rarement réalisé; on admet et l'on prouve que cela résulte de la formation locale de nouveaux noyaux. La seule relation distincte entre les noyaux de condensation et les facteurs météorologiques est que la grosseur des noyaux croît avec l'humidité relative. En supposant que ceux-ci sont formés d'une solution aqueuse d'acide sulfurique, il est possible de comparer les relations théoriques et expérimentales entre les rayons des noyaux et l'humidité relative.
    Notes: Summary Simultaneous measurements of the size and charge-distribution of condensation nuclei indicate that equilibrium charge-distribution is rarely present in city air. This lack of equilibrium is attributed to recent local production of nuclei and some evidence in support of this view is produced. The only marked correlation with the meteorological elements is that the size of the nuclei increases as the relative humidity increases. On the assumption that the nucleus is composed of an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid comparison is made between the theoretical and observed relationship between the radius of the nucleus and the relative humidity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 404-425 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper deals with land and sea breezes showing a daily variation. A complete mathematical theory is given of land and sea breeze circulation within all layers taking into account friction, deflective effect of earth rotation, horizontal as well as vertical heat transport, and making use ofLord Raleighs convection theory. On the base of different assumptions for the above forces, the whole cycle of land and sea breeze circulation is calculated. This theory applies to the normal sea breeze in the sense ofJ. Hann and not to a sea breeze of frontal character.
    Abstract: Résumé La présente étude traite des brises périodiques de terre et de mer. On donne une théorie complète de la circulation de ces brises à tous niveaux en tenant compte du frottement, de l'accélération complémentaire et du transport horizontal et vertical de chaleur en utilisant le théorème de la convection deLord Rayleigh. En faisant différentes hypothèses sur ces forces, on arrive à un calcul complet du cycle de circulation des brises. Cette théorie s'applique aux brises normales, au sens deJ. Hann, et non pas aux brises de mer à caractère frontal.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den tagesperiodisch ablaufenden Land- und Seewinden. Von theoretischer Seite wird unter Berücksichtigung von Reibung, ablenkender Kraft der Erdrotation und horizontalem sowie vertikalem Wärmetransport mit Verwendung der Konvektionstheorie vonLord Rayleigh eine vollständige mathematische Behandlung der Land- und Seewindzirkulation in allen Schichten gegeben. Für verschiedene Annahmen obiger Kräfte wird eine erschöpfende Durchrechnung des Zirkulationsrades der Land- und Seewindzirkulation durchgeführt. Diese Theorie bezieht sich auf den Seewind in seiner natürlichen Entwicklung im Sinne vonJ. Hann, nicht aber auf einen Seewind mit front-artigem Einbruch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 426-435 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary C. L.Godske [2] considered all possible waves in a simple, nonrotating fluid model with three homogeneous layers, which flow one over the other. The present author tries to find an application ofGodske's results to the atmosphere, which can be looked upon as a fluid of three layers, if the troposphere has an inner boundary surface (frontal surface). Here the deflecting orCoriolis force shows its powerful influence onlarge space wave-problems. That may be a hint, that the frontal cyclones mainly are not three layer waves of this kind.
    Abstract: Résumé C. L.Godske [2] a étudié toutes les ondes pouvant apparaître dans un fluide non rotationel à trois couches homogènes superposées en mouvement. On tente d'appliquer ici les résultats deGodske à l'atmosphère qui, en première approximation, peut être assimilée à un fluide à trois couches si la troposphère présente une surface frontale interne. On constate le rôle tout à fait prédominant de la force fictive deCoriolis dans le cas des ondesde grandes dimensions; c'est peut-être là un indice que les cyclones frontaux ne sont pas essentiellement des ondes de cette nature.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung C. L.Godske [2] hat in einem einfachen (nicht rotierenden) Flüssigkeitsmodell mit drei übereinander strömenden homogenen Schichten alle darin möglichen Wellen untersucht. Der Verfasser bemüht sich um eine Anwendung der ErgebnisseGodskes auf die Atmosphäre, die in grober Näherung als dreischichtige Flüssigkeit gelten darf, wenn die Troposphäre eine innere Grenzfläche (Frontfläche) besitzt. Es zeigt sich dabei vor allem der übermächtige Einfluß derCorioliskraft bei denweiträumigen Wellenproblemen, vielleicht auch ein Hinweis, daß die Frontalzyklonen im wesentlichen nicht Dreischichtenwellen dieser Art sind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 469-484 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 2 (1950), S. 436-466 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By help of technical means the dew-point method for measuring humidity in the free atmosphere is developed. The fundamental questions of this method are cleared up and applied for practical use. The process of condensation at the surface of specular metals is of main importance; at dew-points of 0° to some −20°C crystals are formed, apart from droplets, due to the freezing germs existing in the haze layers of the atmosphere and in the dust near the soil. Below −20°C, there appear exclusively crystals in consequence of the principles of the process of condensation. These results are in good agreement with the theoretical researches ofM. Volmer andE. Wall. When testing the dew-point apparatus on airplanes it has proved its successful application in every possible conditions. Compared with the usual methods for measuring humidity, this one shows a great superiority with regard to inertia, which is a particular advantage for measurements with temporal and spatial differences.
    Abstract: Résumé Des perfectionnements techniques permettent d'appliquer la méthode du point de rosée à la mesure de l'humidité dans l'atmosphère libre. On discute les principes de la méthode et sa valeur pratique. L'important est le processus de condensation à la surface du métal poli; pour les points de rosée compris entre 0° et −20°C il se forme, outre des gouttelettes, des cristaux dûs aux „germes” contenus dans les couches de brume et dans les poussières voisines du sol. Au-dessous de −20°C il n'apparaît plus que des cristaux. Ces résultats expérimentaux sont d'accord avec les recherches théoriques deM. Volmer et deE. Wall. L'instrument à condensation a été mis à l'essai sur des avions et son fonctionnement a été éprouvé avec succès dans des conditions extrêmement variables. Comparée avec les méthodes classiques de mesure de l'humidité, celle-ci se révèle supérieure du point de vue de l'inertie, cela surtout lors des mesures de fortes variations spatiales ou temporelles.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit technischen Hilfsmitteln wird die Taupunktsmethode zur Registrierung der Luftfeuchte in der freien Atmosphäre ausgebaut. Dabei werden die grundsätzlichen Fragen der Methode geklärt und praktisch verwertet. Wesentlich ist der Kondensationsvorgang an der Oberfläche der Spiegelmetalle, wobei sich bei Taupunkten von 0° bis etwa −20°C auf den Spiegeln neben Tropfen auch Kristalle bilden, die durch die in den Dunstschichten der Atmosphäre und im Bodenstaub enthaltenen „Gefrierkeime” bedingt sind. Unter −20°C treten infolge des grundsätzlichen Vorgangs bei der Kondensation nur Kristalle auf. Diese gemessenen Ergebnisse stimmen mit den theoretischen Arbeiten vonM. Volmer undE. Wall überein. Die Flugerprobung des Taupunktsgeräts hat seine volle Verwendungsfähigkeit in den überhaupt möglichen Grenzen ergeben. Der Vergleich mit den sonst üblichen Methoden der Feuchtemessung erweist in Bezug auf die Trägheit eine vielfache Überlegenheit, die sich besonders stark bei Messungen zeitlicher oder räumlicher Unterschiede auswirkt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the course of the development the fundamental notions about atmospheric electricity have experienced considerable changes. In a first period expiring about withF. Exner, one tried to explain the striking parallels of electrical and meteorological phenomena; then follows a period with a distinct emancipation of atmospheric electricity, where meteorological influences were admitted but as perturbations. In the twenties begins a reaction to this isolationist views and a new evolution starts which might be called correlative phase. The author analyses and explains these repeated changes, and in a second part he discusses the problem of the diurnal variation of atmospheric electricity and shows the complexity of electro-meteorological relations. The close connexion between the phenomena of atmospheric electricity and the turbulent vertical exchange urges to employ investigations of atmospheric electricity for investigations in exchange and air-mass research.
    Abstract: Résumé En matière d'électricité atmosphérique les points de vue ont souvent varié considérablement. Dans une première période allant jusqu'àF. Exner environ, on a essayé d'expliquer le parallélisme évident entre les phénomènes électriques et météorologiques; puis on a envisagé les premiers pour eux-mêmes, indépendamment des influences météorologiques considérées alors comme des «perturbations». Autour des années 1920, une réaction se dessine contre cette discrimination, et une nouvelle phase commence que l'on pourrait appeler corrélative. Après une analyse approfondie de ces fluctuations de la théorie, l'auteur aborde dans la deuxième partie de son étude le problème des variations diurnes des phénomènes électriques et montre la complexité des relations les unissant à ceux de l'atmosphère ellemême. La liaison étroite entre les phénomènes de l'électricité atmosphérique et les échanges turbulents de masse dans la verticale prouve l'utilité des recherches électriques pour l'étude de cet échange et pour celle des masses d'air de l'atmosphère.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die luftelektrischen Grundanschauungen haben im Laufe der Entwicklung mehrfach erhebliche Wandlungen durchgemacht. Auf die Entwicklungsperiode, in der man die auffallenden Parallelen im Verhalten luftelektrischer und meteorologischer Größen aufzuklären sich bestrebte — sie findet etwa mitF. Exner ihr Ende—, folgt eine Phase bewußter Emanzipation der luftelektrischen Forschung, während der man in den meteorologischen Einflüssen nur „Störungen” sieht. Etwa in den zwanziger Jahren beginnt dann eine Reaktion gegen dieses Isolationsbestreben und mit der früher lange vergeblich versuchten Aufklärung des luftelektrischen Grund- und Existenzproblems leitet sich eine neue Entwicklungsphase ein, die man sinngemäß als korrelative Phase bezeichnen möchte. Nach einer eingehenden und nach den inneren gründen dieser mehrmaligen Schwenkung suchenden Darstellung wird im zweiten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit das Problem der luftelektrischen Tagesgänge behandelt und als Beweis für die komplexe elektro-meteorologische Arbeits- und Betrachtungsweise in seinen neuesten Entwicklungen kurz dargestellt. Die enge Verbindung zwischen dem luftelektrischen Geschehen und dem vertikalen atmosphärischen Massenaustausch legt die Benutzung luftelektrischer Untersuchungen in der Austausch-und Luftkörperforschung nahe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 17-28 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit der Atmosphäre an einer beliebigen Stelle der Erdoberfläche hängt von der örtlichen Konzentration kleiner Ionen ab; diese ist ihrerseits bedingt 1. durch die Ionisierungsstärke und 2. durch die Geschwindigkeit ihrer Vernichtung. Die Vernichtung von Kleinionen ist vor allem auf die Anlagerung an Kondensationskerne zurückzuführen. Es werden Methoden für die Kernzählung und für die Bestimmung von Größe und Maße der Kerne beschrieben. Das Verhältnis von geladenen zu ungeladenen Kernen wird für den Fall, daß sie im Gleichgewicht mit den kleinen Ionen sind, für Kerne verschiedener Größe bestimmt. Kernbeobachtungen in der freien Atmosphäre ergeben, daß dieses Gleichgewicht gewöhnlich nicht besteht. Die Aufstellung einer einfachen Beziehung zwischen der atmosphärischen Leitfähigkeit, dem Prozentsatz der Ionenbildung und der Kernkonzentration wird noch erschwert durch die Feststellung, daß die aus der Luft stammenden radioaktiven Substanzen, die zur Bildung von Kleinionen beitragen, mit einer Zunahme der Kernkonzentration ihrerseits ebenfalls eine Zunahme zeigen.
    Abstract: Résumé La conductibilité électrique de l'atmosphère en un endroit quelconque de la terre dépend de la concentration locale des petits ions; celle-ci est à son tour commandée 1. par l'intensité de l'ionisation et 2. par la vitesse de leur disparition. La destruction des petits ions est due surtout à leur dépôt sur des noyaux de condensation. On expose des méthodes de dénombrement des noyaux et de détermination de leur grosseur et de leur masse. On établit le rapport des noyaux chargés aux noyaux non chargés dans le cas où ils sont en équilibre avec les petits ions, et cela pour des noyaux de différentes grosseurs. Des observations de noyaux de l'atmosphère libre prouvent que cet équilibre n'est généralement pas réalisé. Dans la recherche d'une relation simple entre la conductibilité atmosphérique, le taux de formation d'ions et la concentration en noyaux, on se heurte à la difficulté suivante: les substances radioactives provenant de l'air et qui contribuent à la formation de petits ions augmentent en même temps que la concentration des noyaux.
    Notes: Summary The electrical conductivity of the atmosphere at any part of the earth's surface depends on the local concentration of small ions. This in turn depends 1. on their rate of production and 2. on their rate of removal. The removal is due principally to attachment to condensation nuclei. Methods are described for counting the nuclei and for determining their sizes and masses. The ratios of charged to uncharged nuclei, when they are in equilibrium with the small ions, are determined for nuclei of various sizes. Observations on nuclei in the free atmosphere show that they are usually not in equilibrium. The difficulty of establishing any simple relation between atmospheric conductivity, rate of ion-production and nucleus concentration is increased by the discovery that the air-borne radioactive matter which contributes to the small-ion production tends to increase with increase of nucleus concentration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 40-55 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es ist eine statistische Beziehung, zwischen der atmosphärischen Leitfähigkeit am Boden und dem Vertikalstrom Luft—Erde zu erwarten; an Hand der Beobachtungsergebnisse von achtzehn Stationen kann diese Beziehung mit wenigen Ausnahmen bestätigt werden. Auf Grund davon wird ein Parameter bestimmt, der an verschiedenen Stationen gleich-zeitig variieren sollte. Für vier, weit auseinander liegende Stationen zeigt dieser Parameter während einer fünfjährigen Periode tatsächlich geringere Schwankungen von Station zu Station innerhalb der einzelnen Jahre als für die einzelne Station von Jahr zu Jahr. Der Jahresgang des Vertikalstroms für die ganze Erdkugel wird geschätzt; seine Schwankungen stehen im allgemeinen in Übereinstimmung mit der Gewittertheorie für die Erhaltung der elektrischen Erdladung. Im Anhang wird eine Übersicht über die Beobachtungen der Leitfähigkeit und des Vertikalstroms in Canberra gegeben.
    Abstract: Résumé Il doit exister une relation statistique entre la conductibilité atmosphérique au voisinage du sol et le courant vertical air-terre; les observations de 18 stations vérifient cette relation, à quelques exceptions près. On détermine un paramètre dont la valeur devrait varier simultanément en des endroits différents. Or pour quatre stations fort éloignées les unes des autres, ce paramètre présente pendant cinq ans des variations plus faibles de station à station au cours de l'année que d'année en année en un même endroit. On essaye d'estimer la marche annuelle du courant vertical pour l'ensemble du globe; ses variations concordent en général avec la théorie des orages concernant la permanence de la charge terrestre. En appendice on donne un aperçu des observations de conductibilité et du courant vertical à Canberra.
    Notes: Summary A statistical relation may be expected between the conductivity of the atmosphere near the ground and the air-earth conduction current. Results from 18 stations are examined and with a few exceptions such a relation is found to hold. Following from this result a parameter is determined which, statistically, should vary simultaneously at various stations. At four widely separated stations this parameter, over a period of five years, shows less variation from station to station in the same year, than it does from year to year at the same station. The annual variation of air-earth current over the whole globe is estimated. Its fluctuations generally accord with the thunderstorm theory of the maintenance of the earth's electric charge. A summary of air earth current and conductivity observations at Canberra is appended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary First some considerations on the theories concerning the ball-lightning are resumed; then some new examples of this phenomenon are described, and their interpretation is proposed.
    Abstract: Résumé Après avoir exposé quelques considérations sur les théories concernant l'éclair globulaire, on décrit quelques exemples nouveaux de ce phénomène dont on essaie aussi l'interprétation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach Vorausschickung einiger Betrachtungen über die Theorien zur Erklärung des Kugelblitzes werden einige neue, in Oberitalien beobachtete Fälle dieser Erscheinung beschrieben und eine Deutung derselben versucht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 70-76 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der elektrische Strom, der vertikal durch Gewitter fließt, wurde oberhalb der Gewitterwolken mit Apparaten gemessen, die auf einem B-29-Flugzeug montiert waren. Der resultierende Strom war in allen Fällen so gerichtet, daß er die negative Ladung über dem Schönwettergebiet der Erde zu erhalten sucht. Die mittlere Stromstärke pro Gewitter betrug 1 Amp., welcher Durchschnittsbetrag gerade erforderlich ist, um die Schönwetterladung durch Gewittertätigkeit aufrechtzuerhalten. Weitere Ergebnisse sind am Ende des Aufsatzes zusammengefaßt.
    Abstract: Résumé On a mesuré à l'aide d'appareils montés sur un avion B-29 le courant électrique vertical issu des nuages orageux, au-dessus de ceux-ci. La direction du courant résultant était toujours telle qu'il tendait à maintenir la charge négative au-dessus de la région de beau temps de la terre. L'intensité moyenne par orage était de un ampère, valeur précisément nécessaire pour maintenir la charge de beau temps par l'activité orageuse. D'autres résultats sont résumés à la fin de l'article.
    Notes: Summary The electric current passing vertically through thunderstorms has been measured above the thunderheads with apparatus mounted on a B-29 airplane. The direction of the resulting current, in all cases, was such as to maintain the negative charge found over the fair-weather region of the earth. The average magnitude of the current per storm was one ampere, an amount required of the average storm if the fair-weather charge is to be maintained through thunderstorm activity. Other results obtained are summarized at the end of the article.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 98-101 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The author describes a new electrometer which has been produced in his own workshop in accordance with the approved types ofWulf andLutz-Edelmann. The disposition for measuring and connexions is placed in the cover of the electrometer. Moreover it is fitted with a high ohm resistance, the temperature of which can be measured with a resistance thermometer and kept constant by electric heating.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit une nouvelle construction d'un électromètre conçu sur le modèle éprouvé de celui deWulf etLutz-Edelmann, et réalisé dans l'atelier de l'auteur. Le dispositif de mesure et d'enclenchement est placé dans le couvercle lequel supporte également un rhéostat à haute résistance dont la température, maintenue constante par un chauffage électrique, est mesurée avec précision à l'aide d'un thermomètre à résistance.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Neukonstruktion eines Elektrometers beschrieben, das in Anlehnung an die bewährten Modelle vonWulf undLutz-Edelmann in der eigenen Werkstatt hergestellt worden ist. Das gesamte Meß- und Schaltsystem ist im Deckel des Elektrometergehäuses untergebracht. Außerdem trägt derselbe einen eingebauten Hochohmwiderstand, dessen Temperatur mit einem Widerstandsthermometer genau gemessen und durch elektrische Heizung konstant gehalten werden kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 56-63 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung I. Der Beitrag der Gammastrahlung der in der Luft enthaltenen radioaktiven Stoffe zur Gesamtionisation der Luft in Bodennähe war bisher nur auf theoretischem Wege ganz ungenau bestimmt worden. Der Verfasser hat nun ein Verfahren zur direkten Bestimmung dieser “Luftstrahlung” ausgearbeitet. Ein großes Ionisationsgefäß war gegen unten und auf allen Seiten durch einen 10 cm dicken Eisenpanzer abgeschirmt, während der Eisenpanzer oben offengelassen war. Messungen der Gesamtionisation wurden nun mit dieser Anordnung abwechselnd ausgeführt, wenn der Panzer oben ganz offen oder mit einer, 1,2 cm dicken Eisenplatte bedeckt war, in der Gammastrahlen in einem bekannten Verhältnis abgeschwächt werden. Nach Anbringung einer Korrektur für die kleine Abschwächung der weichen Komponente der kosmischen Strahlung in der 1,2 cm dicken Eisenplatte konnte die Luftstrahlung exakt ermittelt werden. Sie beträgt im Mittel 0,15I (Inenpaare, pro cm3 und sec), variiert jedoch beträchtlich von Tag zu Tag. Diese Variationen können Schwankungen der weichen Komponente der kosmischen Strahlung entweder maskieren oder vortäuschen. II. Um die Gesamtionisation durch die Alphastrahlen des in der Luft enthaltenen Radon, Thoron und von deren Zerfallsprodukten in Bodennähe zu ermitteln, wurden im Garten Luftproben (13 1) 1 m über dem Boden in ein großes, evakuiertes Ionisationsgefäß eingefüllt und das Abklingen der Ionisation durch mehrere Stunden bis zu drei Tagen verfolgt. Aus den Zerfallskurven kann der Beitrag der Radiumkomponente (Radon plus Zerfallsprodukte) und der Thoriumkomponente (Thoron plus Zerfallsprodukte) getrennt ermittelt werden. Ersterer betrug im Spätherbst 1949 0,93I, letzterer 0,83I. Die Thoriumkomponente beträgt also 47% der Gesamtionisation durch Alphastrahlen. Am gleichen Orte der Erdbebenstation am nördlichen Stadtrand von New York wurde der Radongehalt der Luft im November und Dezember 1949 mit 46·10−18 curie per cm3 gemessen.
    Abstract: Résumé I. On n'a étudié jusqu'ici que par voie théorique et sans précision l'apport du rayonnement gamma issue des substances radioactives atmosphériques à l'ionisation totale de l'air des couches voisines du sol. L'auteura mis au point un procédé de mesure directe de ce rayonnement atmosphérique. Une grande chambre d'ionisation, protégée vers le bas et de tous-côtés par un blindage de fer de 10 cm d'épaisseur, est ouverte vers le haut. On mesure l'ionisation totale sans ou avec un couvercle de fer de 1,2 cm. d'épaisseur dans lequel les rayons gamma sont absorbés suivant une loi connue. Après une correction nécessaire à cause de la petite absorption de la composante molle des rayons cosmiques dans le couvercle de fer, on a pu déterminer exactement le rayonnement atmosphérique. Celui-ci est en moyenne de 0,15I (paires d'ions par cm.3 et par sec.), mais il varie notablement d'un jour à l'autre; ces variations peuvent masquer, celles des composantes molles du rayonnement cosmique ou les imiter. II. Pour déterminer l'ionisation totale produite au niveau du sol par les rayons alpha issus du radon et du thoron atmosphériques et de leurs produits de désintégration, on a prélevé des échantillons d'air (13 1.) à un mètre au-dessus du sol dans le jardin de la station sismologique à la périphérie nord de New-York et on les a introduits dans la chambre d'ionisation; puis on a observé pendant plusieurs heures et même jusqu'à trois jours la décroissance de l'ionisation de ces échantillons. Les courbes de désintégration permettent le calcul séparé de l'effet des composantes du radium (radon et dérivés) et celles du thorium (thoron et dérivés). Le premier s'élevait à 0,93I, le second à 0,83I en automne 1949; la composante du thorium entre pour 47% dans l'ionisation totale due aux rayons alpha. Au même endroit on a mesuré en novembre-décembre 1949 la teneur de l'air en radon et trouvé 46·10−18 curies p. cm.3.
    Notes: Abstract I. The effect of the gamma rays from the various radioactive substances floating in the atmosphere—previously only estimated theoretically—was determined directly by measuring the total ionization with and without a 1,2 cm. iron plate on top of the ionization chamber which was shielded on the bottom and on all sides by 10 cm. iron. The absorption of the soft component of cosmic radiation in 1,2 cm. iron was taken into account. It was found that the gamma radiation from the radioactive substances in the atmosphere (“air radiation”) amounts, on the average to 0,15I (ion pairs per cm.3·sec) near the ground. It varies considerably from day to day. These variations can exaggerate or mask actual fluctuations which may occur in the soft component of cosmic rays. II. To find the total ionization produced by radon, thoron and their decay products in the atmosphere near the ground, samples of air (13 liters) were taken in the garden of the Seismic Station of Fordham University (in the Northern suburbs of New York), at 1 meter above ground and introduced in an evacuated large ionization chamber which was completely, shielded from local radiations by 10 cm. iron on all sides. By following up the “decay” of ionization with time it was possible to determine the ionizing effects of the radon and thoron decay products separately. It was found that radon and its decay products give, on the average (autumn 1949) an ionization of 0,93I (by their alpha rays) while thoron and its decay products contribute 0,83I (47% of the total alpha ray effect). The radon, content alone amounted to 46·10−18 curie/cm.4 in November and December 1949.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 5 (1953), S. 386-410 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There is investigated the direction of approach and the velocity of propagation of pressure waves of periods of a few seconds and amplitudes of 10−4 to 10−3 mm Hg. For this purpose three sensible variographs have been mounted at places distant ca. 800 m from each other; their indications were transmitted by wireless to a central station and recorded here. The direction of approach of the pressure waves was predominantly from NW, whereas the velocity of propagation temporarily is higher than the velocity of sound. Comparing the weather situation for the time there is a relation between the direction of approach and the appearence of low pressure areas on the Atlantic Ocean. Possible causes and the propagation of the pressure waves in the atmosphere are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé L'étude porte sur la direction d'ou proviennent les ondes de pression dont la période est de quelques secondes et l'amplitude comprise entre 10−4 et 10−3 mm, ainsi que sur leur vitesse de propagation. On a placé dans ce but en des points distants d'environ 800 m trois variographes sensibles dont les mesures étaient transmises par radio à une station centrale ou elles étaient enregistrées. L'azimut d'origine est essentiellement le Nord-Ouest; la vitesse de propagation était parfois supérieure à celle du son. Il existe une relation entre l'azimut d'origine et l'apparition de domaines dépressionnaires sur l'Atlantique. On examine enfin les causes possibles de ces ondes ainsi que leur propagation dans l'atmosphère.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Herkunftsrichtung und Ausbreitungs-geschwindigkeit kurzperiodischer Luftdruckwellen mit Periodendauern von wenigen Sekunden und Amplituden von 10−4 bis 10−3 mm Hg untersucht. Zu diesem Zwecke wurden an drei zirka 800 m voneinander entfernten Punkten empfindliche Variographen aufgestellt und deren Meßwerte drahtlos an eine zentrale Registrierstation übertragen und registriert. Die gefundene Herkunftsrichtung der Luftdruckwellen weist vorwiegend nach NW, während die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit zeitweise höher als Schallgeschwindigkeit ist. Ein Vergleich mit der jeweils herrschenden Wetterlage führt auf Beziehungen zwischen der gefundenen Herkunftsrichtung und dem Auftreten von Tiefdruckgebieten über dem Atlantik. Mögliche Ursachen sowie die Ausbreitung solcher Druckwellen in der Atmosphäre werden diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 57
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 5 (1953), S. 490-504 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 5 (1953), S. 411-431 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Interdiurnal variations of pressure at the height of the standard isobaric surfaces are calculated for the first half-year of 1943 from data of the Hamburg Seewarte-maps interpolated for a certain net of points. The geographical distribution as well as the annual march of the interdiurnal variability of pressure show the processes in the free atmosphere to be very similar to those near the ground. There is, however, a strong increase of the interdiurnal variability of pressure with height, followed by a rapid decrease in the stratosphere. The interdiurnal variability of temperature (relative topography of the 500/1000 mb. surfaces) follows analogous relations with the geographical distribution and the annual variation as the interdiurnal variability of pressure. By means of certain cross-sections for which the average heights of the standard isobaric surfaces were calculated can be show that there exists a close connection between the inclination of the surfaces of pressure and the interdiurnal variability of the pressure itself. The inclination of the surfaces of pressure therefore, must be considered as one of the factors determining the daily variations of pressure. Further investigations will deal with the relations between the variations of pressure and temperature near the ground and those in the upper troposphere and the stratosphere from which conclusions can be drawn with regard to the vertical structure of pressure phenomena in middle latitudes.
    Abstract: Résumé L'étude suivante porte sur la variation interdiurne de la pression au niveau des surfaces isobares standard, calculée pour un certain réseau de points des cartes dressées par la Seewarte de Hambourg, et cela pour le premier semestre de 1943. La géographie et la marche annuelle de cette variation de pression montrent une grande analogie des phénomènes de l'atmosphère libre avec ceux observés au sol. Toutefois la variation interdiurne de pression augmente fortement avec l'altitude jusqu'à la surface de 225 mb., puis diminue rapidement dans la stratosphère. La variation interdiurne de la température (topographie relative de la couche de 500/1000 mb) présente la même régularité de distribution géographique et de marche annuelle. Sur la base de profils calculés pour les altitudes moyennes des surfaces isobares standard, on montre aussi qu'il existe une étroite relation entre l'inclinaison des surfaces isobares et la variation interdiurne de la pression, et que celle-ci est un facteur actif des variations diurnes de la pression. Des recherches ultérieures auront pour objet de comparer les variations de pression et de température au niveau du sol et dans la troposphère supérieure ou dans la stratosphère; on en tirera des conclusions concernant la structure verticale des processus de pression des latitudes moyennes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In vorliegender Arbeit werden aus den für ein bestimmtes Punktenetz interpolierten Werten der Hamburger Seewarte-Karten die interdiurnen Änderungen des Druckes in der Höhe der Standardisobarenflächen (St. I. Fl.) für das erste Halbjahr 1943 berechnet. Sowohl die geographische Abhängigkeit wie auch der Jahresgang der interdiurnen Veränderlichkeit (i. V.) des Druckes zeigen ein sehr ähnliches Verhalten der Vorgänge in der freien Atmosphäre mit jenen am Boden. Es nimmt jedoch die i. V. des Druckes mit der Höhe bis zur 225 mb-Fläche stark zu, fällt dann aber in der Stratosphäre rasch wieder ab. Auch bei der i. V. der Temperatur (rel. Top. der 500/1000 mb-Fläche) ergeben sich ähnliche Gesetzmäßigkeiten in der geographischen Verteilung und im Jahresgang wie bei der i. V. des Druckes. An Hand bestimmter Querschnitte, für die die mittleren Höhen der St. I. Fl. berechnet wurden, wird auch gezeigt, daß ein enger Zusammenhang zwischen der Neigung der Druckflächen und der i. V. des Druckes selbst besteht, jene also als mitbestimmender Faktor der täglichen Druckänderungen zu betrachten ist. In weiteren Arbeiten sollen die Druck- und Temperaturänderungen in Bodennähe jenen in der oberen Troposphäre und in der Stratosphäre gegenübergestellt und aus den Ergebnissen Schlüsse auf den vertikalen Aufbau des Druckgeschehens gemäßigter Breiten gezogen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 59
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 5 (1953), S. 478-489 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An attempt is made to apply methods of statistical mechanics to the continuous diversity of the terrestrial atmosphere. To this purpose the hydrodynamic equations of motion must be expressed in Hamiltonian form. In analogy to statistical mechanics a Gibbs arrangement of a canonical totality is set up involving the energy-function by which the atmosphere is described as a whole. By this arrangement the probability is given that a certain state of the atmosphere considered as phase point in a phase space exists in a volume-element of this phase space. This initial probability makes it possible to establish, in a practical example, a relation between the average geometrical curve of temperature state and the distribution of the whole mass of the atmosphere over the different density values.
    Abstract: Résumé On tente d'appliquer les méthodes de la mécanique statistique au traitement statistique de la diversité continue de l'atmosphère terrestre. Il est nécessaire pour cela de ramener les équations hydrodynamiques du mouvement aux formes de Hamilton. Par analogie à la mécanique statistique on établit un théorème de Gibbs concernant un ensemble canonique et dans lequel s'insère la fonction d'énergie décrivant l'atmosphère dans son ensemble. Ce théorème fournit la probabilité qu'un état détermié de l'amtosphère considéré comme point de phase dans un espace de phase est rencontré dans un élément de volume de cet espace. Cette probabilité initiale permet, dans un exemple concret, d'établir une relation entre la courbe géométrique moyenne d'état de température et la distribution de la masse totale de l'atmosphère selon les différentes valeurs de la densité.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird versucht, die Methoden der statistischen Mechanik auf die statistische Behandlung der kontinuierlichen Mannigfaltigkeit der Erdatmosphäre zu übertragen. Dazu ist es notwendig, daß die hydrodynamischen Bewegungsgleichungen auf eine Hamiltonsche Form gebracht werden. In Analogie zur statistischen Mechanik wird ein Gibbsscher Ansatz einer kanonischen Gesamtheit gemacht, in den die Energiefunktion, die die Atmosphäre als Ganzes beschreibt, eingeht. Mit diesem Ansatz wird die Wahrscheinlichkeit angegeben, daß ein bestimmter Zustand der Atmosphäre, der als Phasenpunkt in einem Phasenraum aufgefaßt wird, in einem Volumelement dieses Phasenraumes anzutreffen ist. Diese Ausgangswahrscheinlichkeit gestattet es, in einem Anwendungsbeispiel eine Verbindung zwischen der mittleren geometrischen Temperaturzustandskurve und der Verteilung der Gesamtmasse der Atmosphäre auf die verschiedenen Dichtewerte herzustellen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 60
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 5 (1953), S. 432-477 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the first part of this article the author discusses the spatial distribution of the meteorological elements at the development of south an of north foehn situations. The element is a network of mountain and valley stations of the Swiss Alps and in the regions north and south of the Alps. Some diagrams of temperature, humidity and atmospheric pressure of typical weather situations complete the description in mean values. In the second part the results are discussed theoretically, an earlier developped theory of the foehn is pushed on and shown in 5 stages of development. The existence of a baroclinic solenoid field clears up the sinking down of the foehn into the valleys. Such a solenoid field is developping already in the preceding anticyclonic state of the foehn and it makes it possible to explain the extraordinary kinetic energy of south and north foehn connected with the pressure gradient. The reversal of wind to north before the burst of the foehn in the valley and the forthcoming of foehn calms can be attributed to a solenoid field with inverse rotational speed which arises along the upslide surface of the foehn above the cold air of the ground. In rare cases the valley foehn develops to the “dimmerfoehn”, where the foehn wall reaches to the other side of the crest of the Alps, whereas pressure gradient and wind velocity have extraordinary high values. The foehn gale then is blowing above the upper valleys because its downward velocity then can no longer follow the downslide orography. At the rise of a south foehn in the Alpine region there is a zone of divergence in the lower part of the troposphere, whereas at the end of the foehn there is a zone of convergence of the air masses. The isobaric lapse rate of temperature of the lee-side to the crest of the Alps, which is a measure for the development of the solenoid field, exists also at north foehn in a similar order of magnitude. In the third part there are explained some important periods in the research for a foehn theory; a critical commentary is given about some theories which differ from the views of the author.
    Abstract: Résumé La première partie de l'article ci-dessous est consacrée à la répartition spatiale des éléments météorologiques lors de l'établissement des situations de foehn du Nord et du Sud à l'aide d'un réseau de stations de montagne et de vallée des Alpes suisses, comme des régions bordières. Quelques diagrammes de température, d'humidité et de pression complètent le matérial des valeurs moyennes. La deuxième partie comprend la discussion théorique des résultats et l'extension d'une théorie précédemment établie s'appuyant sur cinq stades de développement du foehn. L'existence d'un champ barocline de solénoides éclaire le problème si discuté de la descente du foehn dans les vallées; ce champ qui apparaît déjà lors du stade anticyclonique préalable suffit, concurremment avec le gradient de pression, à rendre compte de la grande énergie cinétique du foehn. L'apparition du vent du Nordavant que le foehn ait atteint le fond des vallées, de même que les accalmies du foehn, peuvent s'expliquer par un champ de solénoides inversement disposé et se formant le long de la surface de glissement ascendant sur l'air froid. Dans des cas rares, le foehn de vallée se developpe d'une manière (Dimmerfoehn) où le mur de foehn s'étend jusque sur l'autre côté de la crête des Alpes, tandis que le gradient de pression et la vitesse du vent atteignent des valeurs extrêmement hautes. Le vent évite alors la partie supérieure des vallées, car sa vitesse de chute ne suffit plus pour lui faire suivre le profil du thalweg. Au début du foehn du Sud il se forme une zone de divergence dans les Alpes, dans la partie inférieure de la troposphère; au stade final il y a au contraire convergence. Le gradient isobare de température dirigé du versant sous le vent vers l'arête des Alpes et qui mesure en quelque sorte le développement du champ de solénoïdes existe également lors du foehn du Nord. Dans la troisième partie, l'auteur expose certaines étapes de la théorie du foehn et montre en quoi ses propres vues diffèrent des explications antérieures à elles.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die räumliche Verteilung der meteorologischen Elemente bei der Entwicklung von Süd- und von Nordföhnlagen besprochen. Als Grundlage dazu dient ein Netz von Berg- und Talstationen im schweizerischen Alpengebiet, sowie im nördlichen und südlichen Alpenvorland. Die Darstellung in Form von Mittelwerten wird durch einige Thermo-, Hygro- und Barogramme von typischen Wetterlagen ergänzt. Im zweiten Teil werden die gewonnenen Ergebnisse theoretisch verarbeitet, eine bereits früher aufgestellte Föhntheorie weiter ausgebaut und in fünf Entwicklungsstadien dargestellt. Das in der Föhnliteratur so hart umstrittene Problem des Hinuntersteigens des Föhns in die Täler wird durch das Bestehen eines baroklinen Solenoidfeldes erklärt. Ein solches Solenoidfeld beginnt seine Entwicklung bereits im vorausgehenden Antizyklonalstadium des Föhns und ermöglicht auch, im Zusammenhang mit den sehr bedeutenden Druckgradienten, eine ausreichende Erklärung für die außergewöhnliche kinetische Energie von Süd- und von Nordföhn. Das Umschlagen des Windes auf Nordvor dem Föhndurchbruch im Tal sowie das Eintreten von Föhnpausen kann auf ein Solenoidfeld mit gegensinniger Drehbeschleunigung zurückgeführt werden, das sich entlang der Aufgleitfläche des Föhns über die Bodenkaltluftschicht bildet. In seltenen Fällen entwickelt sich der Talföhn zum “Dimmerföhn”, bei dem die Föhnmauer bis auf die andere Seite des Alpenkammes hinüberreicht, während Druckgradient und Windgeschwindigkeit außerordentlich hohe Werte annehmen. Der Föhnsturm überweht dann den oberen Teil der Föhntäler, da seine Absinkgeschwindigkeit nicht mehr ausreicht, um dem abfallenden Geländeprofil zu folgen. Während sich beim Beginn der Südföhnentwicklung im Alpengebiet, im unteren Teil der Troposphäre, eine Divergenzzone bildet, läßt sich hier beim Föhnzusammenbruch ein Konvergenzgebiet der Luftmassen feststellen. Das isobare Temperaturgefälle von der Leeseite zum Alpenkamm, das ein Maß für die Entwicklung des Solenoidfeldes darstellt, läßt sich auch bei Nordföhn in ähnlicher Größenordnung nachweisen. Im dritten Teil wird versucht, einige wichtige Entwicklungsperioden der Föhnforschung hervorzuheben. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auf einige Föhntheorien, die sich in wesentlichen Punkten von den hier vertretenen Anschauungen unterscheiden, kritisch eingegangen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 61
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 55 (1995), S. 243-244 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 62
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 55 (1995), S. 215-221 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The relationships between smoke concentrations, measured at two monitoring stations in Athens by the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development) methods are studied by using a sample of 738 mean daily values of simultaneous measurements during the period 1984–1986. It is shown that an exponential model, different for each monitoring station, with smoke concentrations in COH (coefficient of haze) as the independent variable and smoke concentrations in μgr/m3 as the dependent variable, was the most appropriate for transforming smoke data from COH to μgr/m3. Also it is shown that the transformation models can be applied independent of the prevailing meteorological conditions. Finally some tentative conclusions are derived concerning the long term variations of smoke concentrations in μgr/m3 for the period 1977–1990 and 1973–1990 at the two monitoring stations respectively. The trend analysis has shown that pollution abatement efforts resulted in an about 10% per year decreasing trend in smoke concentrations, during the period 1986–1990, at these two Athenian stations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 63
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 55 (1995), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Long-period fading observed in recordings ofVLF andLF atmospherics in meteorologically clear nights exhibits a good correlation with the geomagnetic activity indexA p . The fading phenomenon occurs more frequently in the case of integrated field intensity of atmospherics than in the case of andLF radio signal transmitted from a certain station. The phenomenon has been analyzed for the monsoon and postmonsoon periods separately, and the results have been discussed in relation to the large-scale travelling ionospheric distubances (LS TID). The modal value of fade periods forVLF andLF atmospherics has been found to be about one hour. It is noted that the correlation of the fade amplitude of highttimeVLF andLF atmospherics versus the geomagnetic activity is frequency dependent and increases fromVLF toLF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 64
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 65
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 3-16 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) concentrated a variety of observational systems in the warm pool of the western equatorial Pacific for an Intensive Observation Period (IOP) November 1992 through February 1993. In this paper, aspects of the largescale variations of the tropical atmosphere and Pacific Ocean surrounding the observations of air-sea interaction in the Intensive Flux Array (IFA) during the IOP are described, with the objective of providing a context for the future analyses of these observations. The evolution of the 1991–1992 El Niño/Southern Oscillation event was unusual: Warm SST anomalies in the equatorial cold tongue region switched to colder than climatology in the last half of 1992, but waters warmer than 30°C remained displaced eastward just west of the dateline, coninuing to fuel anomalous convection there during the IOP. Fortunately, SST in the IFA remained warmer than 29°C during most of the IOP, and convective activity was observed over the IFA. The Southern Oscillation Index, which had relaxed to near zero prior to the experiment, decreased during the IOP, reflecting sea level presure changes associated with renewed westerly wind activity. In response to these westerly wind events, the warm pool migrated back into the central equatorial Pacific, leading to a reintensification of the ENSO warm SST anomalies east of the dateline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 66
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 17-32 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The transition from a cold to a warm state of the E1 Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle is studied using Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Sets (COADS) for the period 1950–1992. The onset of El Niño (November to December of the year preceding the El Niño) is characterized by an occurrence of minimum sea-level pressure anomalies in the subtropics around the “node” line of the Southern Oscillation. This pressure fall favors the formation of the anomalous cyclonic circulations over the western Pacific and leads to the establishment of anomalous westerlies in the western equatorial Pacific during the boreal spring of the El Niño year. The westerly anomalies then intensify and propagate into the central Pacific by the end of the El Niño year. This is an essential feature of the development of a basin-wide warming. It is argued that the development of the equatorial westerly anomalies over the western Pacific may result from the thermodynamic coupling between the atmosphere and ocean. In boreal winter and spring the mean zonal winds change from westerly to casterly over the western equatorial Pacific. A moderate equatorial westerly anomaly initially imposed on such a mean state may create eastward SST gradients via changing rates of evaporational cooling and turbulent mixing. The equatorial SST gradients would, in turn, induce differential heating and zonal pressure gradients which reinforce the westerly anomalies. The feedback between the eastward SST gradients and westerly anomalies promotes the eastward propagation of the westerly anomalies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 67
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 57-79 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The lower-tropospheric scale interactions occurring in the summer monsoon of the western North Pacific are reviewed and summarised in a conceptual model. Diabatic heating produces a circulation with similar characteristics to those that are observed. In the lower troposphere the advection of vorticity by the divergent wind produces a compact, and more intense response than in the upper levels. Subsequent phase dispersion westward, and group propagation eastwards, lead to a monsoon depression in convectively suppressed conditions, a westerly jet with cross-equatorial flow, and a strong confluence region to the east of the monsoon depression. I suggest that this confluence zone traps tropical waves in the mid-lower troposphere in a similar manner to the accumulation and emanation mechanisms described by Chang and Webster. The details of the convection in the confluence zone are of little direct consequence to the monsoon circulation, which is similar in scale to the deformation radius for the undisturbed tropics. However, mesoscale convective systems can both self organise into larger coherent structures and produce vortices of horizontal scale 100–200 km, which are long-lived and potentially have considerable indirect influence on both the monsoon and embedded systems, such as tropical cyclones. The confluence zone provides an excellent environment for tropical cyclone formation, which is enhanced by the presence of a previously developed tropical cyclone. Scale-interaction arising from the merger of developing vortices and the large monsoon depression can lead to development of a very large typhoon and rapid breakdown of the total monsoon circulation. The interaction of tropical cyclones with the mid-latitude systems is complex and not well understood, but recurving tropical cyclones may provide a major component of the emanation of energy to higher latitudes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 68
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 33-55 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using large-scale circulation statistics from the Pacific Ocean basin, predictability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system on interannual time scales is found both to be limited in extent and to possess a strong annual cycle. Irrespective of when lagged correlations are commenced, correlations decrease rapidly through the boreal spring, indicating an inherent predictability limitation for large scale coupled oceanicatmospheric processes such as El Niño. Long term prediction experiments using numerical coupled-models show that the models are excellent facsimiles of the real system. They, too, encounter the predictability barrier and exhibit a substantial decrease in observation-prediction correlation across the boreal spring. Thus, a predictive system based solely on the interactive physics of the Pacific Basin appears limited to a maximum of less than one year and a minimum of only one or two months. Two hypotheses are made to explain the existence of the predictability barrier. First, it is argued that the tropical coupled system is at its frailest state during the boreal spring and that the signal-to-noise ratio is weakest. In such a system, maximum random error growth may occur as the atmosphere and the ocean become temporally detached and wander onto different climate trajectories. A series of 144 preliminary Monte Carlo experiments were conducted with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to test the hypothesis. Irrespective of when the experiments were commenced, error growth was maximized at the same time of the year. The second hypothesis suggests that the near-equatorial circulation is perturbed at the time of its weakest state by external influences such as the monsoon and that the climate wanderings are “nudged” deterministically. There is observational and theoretical evidence to support the hypothesis. Observations suggest that anomalous monsoons impart basin-wide coherent alterations of the wind stress field in the Pacific Ocean. Experiments with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model show that the period of an ENSO event is altered substantially by an anomalous monsoon. Given that there appear to be precursors to anomalous monsoons, it is suggested that there may be ways to avoid the predictability barrier and thus extend prediction of the entire system. Finally, noting that the two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, they are combined to form a unified theory. As the asymmetric monsoonal and the symmetric near-equatorial heating are in approximate quadrature, it is argued that the monsoons influence the Walker circulation during the boreal spring. However, during the boreal fall and early winter the near-equatorial heating variability dominates the winter monsoon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 69
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 81-99 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Considerable advancements have recently been made in understanding tropical cyclone motion. Based on these new understandings, the requirements for accurate tropical cyclone motion prediction with dynamical models can be specified. Four issues related to dynamical track prediction are the initial specifications of the environmental wind field, the symmetric vortex and the asymmetric vortex structure, as well as the adequacy of the models to predict the time evolution of each of these three components of the total wind field. Recently developed barotropic and limited-region or global baroclinic models are examined in terms of these issues. The capability of the Hurricane Research Division barotropic model to provide skillful track forecasts to 48 h retrospectively substantiates that tropical cyclones motion is governed by barotropic dynamics to first order. Limited-region baroclinic models are demonstrated to have many of the numerical characteristics, physical process representations, and initial condition specifications that will be required to properly predict tropical cyclone tracks. In particular, the semioperational Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model most closely addresses all of the above issues, and has demonstrated potential for markedly improved tracks for a small sample of cases. Finally, the inclusion of some aspects of tropical cyclone structure in the initial conditions of global baroclinic models has improved their track predictions. Thus, the outlook is for a significant improvement in dynamical track predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 70
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 101-110 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary At the resolutions currently in use, and with the sparse oceanic data coverage, numerical analyses cannot adequately represent tropical cyclone circulations for use in numerical weather prediction models. In many cases there is no circulation present at all. Most numerical weather prediction centers therefore employ a “bogussing” scheme to force a tropical cyclone vortex into the numerical analysis. The standard procedure is to define a synthetic data distribution based on an analytically prescribed vortex, which is passed to the analysis scheme as a set of high quality observations. In this study, four commonly used bogus vortices are examined by comparing resultant forecast tracks in an environment at rest, and in a background flow that simulates a typical monsoon trough-subtropical ridge structure. There are three main findings, each of which has significance for operational tropical cyclone track prediction. First, great care is needed in the choice of the characteristics of the bogus vortex, such as the radius and magnitude of the maximum wind. Second, the tropical cyclone trajectories can be very sensitive to their initial position in the idealised environment. Third, the bogus vortex can substantially influence the environment, especially over longer time periods and for vortices of larger size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 71
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has used a tropical cyclone bogus insertion procedure to produce correctlypositioned, cyclone-like vortices within the initial analyses and to track the vortices throughout the model forecasts. The TC bogus soundings are constructed from a standard axisymmetric vortices for well developed tropical cyclones based on a few manually-analyzed parameters such as storm position, central pressure and radius of gale force wind. Mainly because of such an axi-symmetric property of JMA TC bogus data, which is likely to remove the steering flow from the central core region of TC, all the JMA models have a noticeable slow-start bias error and also northward drifting blas error in TC movement. In order to investigate the impact of asymmetric wind components on the TC track forecast, an experimental analysis-forecast cycle is conducted using the JMA global spectral model, in which asymmetric components extracted from the first guess fields are added to the axisymmetric TC bogus. It is found from the experiment that both the slow-start bias error and northward bias error can be reduced by introducing the asymmetric components into the TC bogus. Besides the impact study, a statistical verification study of the bogus data was also made against real data such as sonde data and superiority of the preparation method of asymmetric components was proved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 72
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 111-123 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Satellite data are used to study the cloud development and water vapor supply during the genesis of Typhoon Nina (November 1987). Using satellite microwave and infrared data, the following physical parameters are retrieved and analyzed: water vapor path, surface wind, sea surface evaporation, precipitation, and cloud type. During the week prior to the genesis of Nina, several cloud clusters were observed in the region of the subsequent genesis (near 5° N, 170° E). Cloud type studies showed that several clusters had similar structures. By examining the sea surface evaporation and precipitation in the cloud clusters, we found that the precipitation exceeded evaporation by several times in the precipitating areas of the cluster that evolved into a tropical storm, indicating that local evaporation alone could not supply enough water vapor, and that horizontal transfer of water vapor from surrounding areas is required for the tropical cyclogenesis. Surface wind fields indicated that there was a constant increase of cyclonic wind in the area of the cloud cluster that finally led to the tropical storm, while no apparent increase of wind was found in the other cloud clusters. In addition, water vapor amount did not decrease for several days until the disturbance was upgraded to a tropical storm, while it was found to decrease after the mature stage for the other cloud clusters that did not evolve into tropical storms. From consideration of the water vapor balance, the cyclogenesis can be interpreted as a transition from an unbalanced cluster to a balanced cluster. Horizontal transfer of water vapor in a water vapor-unbalanced cloud cluster is not large enough to overcome the deficit caused by precipitation over evaporation. The shortage of water vapor in the unbalanced cluster results in a short-lived cloud cluster. When the sum of evaporation and horizontal transfer can provide enough water vapor supply to balance the removal by precipitation (balanced cluster), the precipitation does not “dry up” the atmosphere. This is the necessary condition for the cyclogenesis. The increase in horizontal transfer of water vapor is found in this study to be associated with the increase of the surface cyclonic wind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 73
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary An unusually long-lived (33 hours), devastating (local maximum rainfall rate over 800 mm/24 hr) meso-β-scale (diameter smaller than 200 km) convective system that occurred over the Mediterranean coast of Spain has been simulated reasonably well by means of a regional numerical model. Several runs of the model including parameterized convection and boundary conditions of varying degrees of complexity have been performed. In most of these experiments, the main characteristics of the event, namely its, stationarity and duration, are captured. The direct relationship between the Lagrangian lifetime of a meteorological system and its degree of deturministic predictability seems to be corroborated by the results: It appears that the meso-α-scale forcing that preceded and favoured the MCS was especially well predictable, and once initiated, the simulated MCS seems to have several feedback mechanisms helping to extend its life. Results are encouraging, because they reveal that it might be possible to predict very severe episodes of small MCSs such as the one shown here sufficiently in advance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 74
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 135-155 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The interaction of binary cyclonic vortices is investigated using the nondivergent barotropic model of Chan and Williams (1987) under two situations: a quiescent environment and a linearly-sheared background flow. It is found that the mutual interaction between the vortices results from a combination of two processes: the advection of symmetric vorticity by the asymmetric flow and the advection of asymmetric vorticity by the symmetric flow. The latter contribution is rather significant. Whether the vortices in a binary system attract or repel each other depends on the asymmetric vorticity distribution associated with the two vortices. Such a distribution is governed by the structure (size) of and the separation between the vortices. In the presence of a sheared flow, the contribution from the advection of asymmetric vorticity by the symmetric flow may also become appreciable depending on the structure and magnitude of the shear. Furthermore, the geographical locations of the vortices in relation to the sheared flow are also important in determining the relative movement of the vortices. In the presence of β, the movements of the vortices are modified by the northwestward β-drift However, the relative motion between the vortices is almost identical to that on an f-plane. In other words, the mutual interaction between the vortices is largely independent of β. Alternatively, the two vortices can be considered to be one system which drifts towards the northwest under the influence of β while they interact with each other within the system. Physically, this independence arises because the two relative vorticity advection terms have much larger magnitudes than the planetary vorticity advection term. However, the β-effect is still important in that it modifies the asymmetric flow associated with each vortex and hence the asymmetric vorticity. Such modifications change the advection patterns compared with the β=0 case and hence lead to different vortex movements. The presence of a linear shear causes the binary system to move as if it was a large (for a cyclonic shear) or smaller (for an anticyclonic shear) vortex under the influence of β.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 75
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 181-196 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The characteristics of a strong European summertime cold front are investigated using the wealth of synoptic observations, which were analysed by the dynamical initialization scheme of an operational meso-scale model. The study was also extended to forecasted fields. Cross-sections perpendicular to the front, covering a dormain of more than 2000 km in the horizontal and 10 km in the vertical direction, bring out the basic parameters (as potential temperature and the components of the geostrophic and ageostrophic wind vectors), the ageostrophic crossfrontal circulation and all cross-frontal frontogenesis terms. None of the many frontogenesis terms plays a dominant role, there is a concerted action of geostrophic and ageostrophic deformation and shear, of tilting and diabatic sources in producing a rather complex structure of total frontogenesis. The cross-sectional fields of all presented terms strongly underline the fact, that a front is not a line of discontinuity but a rather wide three-dimensional field phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 76
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 197-208 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary In a project “ALPEX-Simulation”, sponsored by the Österreichischer Fond zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung (FWF), all eight cases of ALPEX-SOP cyclones were numerically simulated with a fine mesh isentropic model of the atmosphere. These numerical simulations in six-hourly intervals allow a deeper insight into the synoptics and dynamics of the cyclogeneses in the Western Mediterranean, especially into the genesis of the two basic types of cyclones: the so-called “Überströmungs”-type and “Vorderseiten”-type. In the first phase of cyclogenesis of the “Überströmungs”-type, the blocking and flow splitting of the cold air due to the Alps and the canalization between the Alps and the Massif Central are important. Cold air flows cyclonically around the western part of the Alps, creating a vorticity maximum at the south western edge of the Alpine, bow and leads also to an enhanced PV. In connection with warm air in the Mediterranean, a strong baroclinic zone is generated. The interaction between the arriving PV maximum in the upper troposphere and the enhanced PV at the bottom leads to cyclogenesis in the Western Mediterranean. In the case of the “Vorderseiten”-type warm air advection dominates with the exception of a shallow layer of cold air in the inner Po-Valley, which is shielded by the Alpine ridge. A well-pronounced PV maximum builds up and couples with the PV maximum arriving at upper levels, even before the cold air, coming from the north-west, has surrounded the Alps. The cold air only intensifies the development by raising the baroclinity. Therefore, the “Vorderseiten”-cyclogenesis is an orographically modified cyclogenesis, in the course of which the cyclonic development is triggered by the Alps, whereas the “Überströmungs”-cyclogenesis is an orographically induced cyclogenesis i.e. a “true” lee cyclogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 209-228 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The horizontal and vertical structure of the Tramontane wind is analyzed in this paper using the PYREX Data Base. Important aspects of the Tramontane description known or assumed by previous climatological studies are confirmed or modified from this analysis. However the main aim of this paper is to establish the importance of the Pyrenean orographic forcing as the main factor driving the intensity and distribution of the Tramontane wind. We do this in two ways: (1) computing the correlation between the surface and upper level winds and the orographic forcing, measured by the pressure drag, (2) comparing the tangential acceleration (obtained from two versions of a numerical model with different orography) to the acceleration derived from observation. We think we can confirm the brographic origin of the Tramontane wind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 78
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 57 (1995), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 79
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 261-273 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The impact of initial data on cloud forecasts by the Florida State University Global Spectral Model (FSUGSM) has been investigated. This work has shown that improving the information content of the initial data by physical initialization has a very strong, positive impact on cloud forecasts. Model spin-up of clouds is considerably reduced. There is an overall better representation of high, middle, low, and total clouds over the tropics and there is a discernible improvement in the prediction of clouds. A strong correlation between cloud shortwave forcing and longwave forcing has been noted in model forecasts with the physically initialized data. This result compares very well with observations from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 80
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 57 (1995), S. 61-86 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The role of fog events for acid production and moist deposition in southern Germany during three EUMAC Joint Cases has been investigated by analysis of routine measurements and simulations with a one-dimensional fog-chemistry model. To identify the chemical and meteorological conditions, routine measurements by different institutions have been interpreted. The periods under consideration include a smog episode with low photooxidant concentrations during the ‘Winter Case’ in February 1982. The ‘Wet Case’ in spring 1986 represents a period with higher photooxidant concentrations. Conditions which are mostly characterized by low SO2 and oxidant concentrations and comparatively high pH-values in the fog are given during the ‘SANA 1’ case in autumn 1990. Fog mostly occurs as a subscale phenomenon, but sometimes it can also cover large areas and it can contribute significantly to moist deposition. The model results indicate that the liquid phase sulfate production in the fog layer may even exceed the gas phase production during 24 hours within a layer of the same height occasionally. On the other hand, during the SANA 1 case the sulfate production in the fog was extremely low at night due to lack of oxidants and SO2. Depending on the dissipation time of the fog a remarkable effect on the photolysis rates is possible. Since a significant amount of particulate mass is lost by moist deposition during fog, it is evident that fog events can have a noticeable effect on some of the gas phase constituents which are easily soluble.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 81
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 57 (1995), S. 87-100 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Two complex models to determine photolysis frequencies for chemical transport models are used to study the effects of input data and the consideration of relevant physical processes on the derived photolysis frequencies. Within the model CTM photolysis frequencies are calculated on a coarse latitudinal grid with climatological input data (monthly mean or seasonal mean values) and are then interpolated linearly in space to derive photolysis frequencies for each grid cell of the chemical transport model. These clear sky photolysis frequencies are then corrected to account for cloud effects. The model STAR calculates photolysis frequencies for each grid cell considering the relevant physical processes on the basis of actual profiles computed with a mesoscale meteorological model and other available geophysical data. The comparison of the O3 and NO2 photolysis frequencies shows that the approach used within the CTM model compares to STAR only under certain conditions, as climatological input data can be less suitable for episodic photolysis frequencies calculations. The ozone column content significantly alters the photolysis frequency of ozone itself and climatological Dobson data limit the quality of the calculations. The temperature dependence of the quantum yields and the absorption cross sections lead to increased uncertainties when climatological temperature profiles are used. This is especially the case for sunrise/sunset conditions. The use of one surface albedo for all landuse types and seasons within the CTM model restricts the quality of the calculations close to the surface. If clouds are present the CTM model over-/underestimates the cloud effects on the photolysis frequencies and differences up to an order of magnitude are found for below cloud values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 82
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 55 (1995), S. 185-204 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The application of a radiative upper boundary condition (RUBC) in a mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) model with hybrid vertical coordinate is presented. Results of two- and three-dimensional numerical simulations are discussed. Starting from earlier work by Klemp and Durran (1983) and Bougeault (1983) the radiative upper boundary condition is formally derived for a hybrid vertical coordinate. The basic assumptions include hydrostaticity, linearity, neglect of Coriolis effects and restriction to internal gravity waves. The resulting RUBC is global in space and local in time. In a second step. the RUBC is tested in a twodimensional vertical-plane version of the NWP model, in which essential properties of the full three-dimensional model have been preserved. Gravity wave experiments clearly show the superiority of the RUBC over the commonly used lid-type upper boundary condition. For the setting with an isolated bell-shaped mountain with resolution-independent steepness, the RUBC tends to work more effectively with increasing horizontal resolution. At the same time, the application of a radiative instead of a lid-type, and thus reflecting, upper boundary condition appears to become more important with decreasing mesh width. Finally, the RUBC is introduced into the full three-dimensional NWP model. This requires further approximations. In particular for a limited-area model, the geopotential field at the uppermost model level needs to be bi-periodic. Here, a linear detrending technique is applied. First results for a weather situation with strong northwesterly flow towards the Alps show that application of the RUBC drastically reduces the development of unrealistic standing, hydrostatic mountain waves, which become apprent as distinct mesoscale ridge-trough structures in the simulation with the lid-type upper boundary. Implications of the RUBC on the time-stepping procedure of the NWP model are also discussed. In the experiments whown, the additional RUBC-terms are treated explicitly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 83
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 6 (1953), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Hinblick auf die Bedeutung der Baroklinie für die Dynamik der allgemeinen Zirkulation der Atmosphäre werden die Intensitäten des Solenoidfeldes längs den vonHess angegebenen mittleren Meridionalschnitten durch die Atmosphäre wie auch die Barokline längsPalméns speziellem Meridionalschnitt berechnet, tabelliert und erläutert.
    Abstract: Résumé Vu l'importance du baroclinisme atmosphérique dans la dynamique de la circulation générale, on a calculé l'intensité du champ de solénoïdes le long des profils méridiens moyens établis parHess, ainsi que le long du profil méridien particulier donné parPalmén avec reproduction en tableaux et figures.
    Notes: Abstract In view of the importance of baroclinicy for the dynamics of the general circulation of the atmosphere, the intensity of solenoidal field alongHess' mean meridional cross sections through the atmosphere as well as the baroclinicy alongPalmén's individual meridional cross section through the atmosphere are computed, tabulated and illustrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 6 (1953), S. 111-113 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 85
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 6 (1953), S. 153-171 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine statistische Untersuchung der Zyklonen durchgeführt, die sich während der Perioden 1929 bis 1939 und 1945 bis 1952 (jeweils in den Monaten Oktober bis Mai) im Mittelmeergebiet gebildet haben. Dabei wird über folgende Gesichtspunkte zusammenfassend berichtet: Synoptische Wetterlage, zyklogenetische Ursprungsstellen, monatliche und geographische Häufigkeitsverteilung Beziehung zwischen Verlagerung einerseits und topographischen Einflüssen und Vertiefung anderseits, Depressionsvertiefung innerhalb 24 Stunden, Isobarenrichtung in 3 km Höhe im Zeitpunkt und Ort der Zyklonenentstehung, Beziehung zwischen der Isobarenrichtung in 3 km und der Zyklonenbahn, Beziehung zwischen der vertikalen Temperaturverteilung und dem Luftdruck im Zyklonenzentrum.
    Abstract: Résumé Il s'agit d'une étude statistique des dépressions formées en Méditerranée pendant les périodes 1929–1939 et 1945–1952, d'octobre à mai. L'auteur considère les points de vue suivants: situation météorologique générale, régions cyclogénétiques, distribution des fréquences par mois et par régions, relation entre le déplacement et les influences topographiques et le creusement, creusement en24 heures, direction des isobares à 3 km d'altitude au moment et au lieu de formation, relation entre cette même direction et la trajectoire dépressionnaire, relation entre la répartition verticale de la température et la pression au centre de la dépression.
    Notes: Abstract A statistical study is made of cyclones originating in the Mediterranean region in the months October through May from 1929 to 1939 and 1945 to 1952. The following features are summarized: synoptic type, points of origin, monthly and geographic frequencies, relation of displacement to topography and deepening, 24-hr deepening, isobar direction at 3 km at time and place of origin, relation between 3-km isobar direction and cyclone trajectory, and relation between vertical temperature distribution and central pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 86
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 102-108 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Up to now measurements of atmospheric electricity have been carried out as a rule with the aid of dry batteries which offer many advantages particularly for this purpose. However, in case of continuous records the rather high prize and relatively short life of dry batteries must be taken in account, especially if tensions of several hundreds volts are needed. This was the underlying idea for the construction of an apparatus, described in this article, which allows to draw currents and tensions for atmospheric electricity measurements from the A. C. power supply.
    Abstract: Résumé Les mesures d'électricité atmosphérique ont été faites jusqu'ici presque exclusivement à l'aide de batteries de piles sèches dont les avantages pour ce travail étaient reconnus. Par contre lorsqu'il s'agit d'enregistrements de longue durée, leur prix et leur durabilité très relative deviennent des inconvénients sérieux, surtout lorsqu'il s'agit d'atteindre des tensions de plusieurs centaines de volts. C'est la raison pour laquelle on a imaginé le dispositif ici décrit qui permet l'alimentation des appareils de mesure de l'électricité atmosphérique par le réseau de distribution à courant alternatif.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Luftelektrische Messungen wurden bisher fast ausschließlich nur mit Trockenbatterien durchgeführt, die mit einer ganzen Reihe von Vorzügen für eine solche Verwendung besonders geeignet erscheinen. Für Dauerregistrierungen freilich fällt ihr beträchtlich hoher Anschaffungspreis bei einer verhältnismäßig nicht allzu langen Haltbarkeit recht schwer ins Gewicht, zumal dann, wenn es sich um Anordnungen handelt, die mit Spannungen von einigen hundert Volt betrieben werden müssen. Diese Schwierigkeit war der Anlaß für die Entwicklung des im folgenden beschriebenen Gerätes, das die Strom-Spannungsversorgung der luftelektrischen Meßanordnung aus dem Wechselstromnetz erlaubt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Publications on ionospheric echo sounding apparatuses are vary rare in German as well as in foreign literature. Moreover, the various apparatuses in use show great differences as to the constructional details of their circuit organization. On the basis of many preliminary experiments an impulse transmitter and receiver has been developed, meeting all demands of low cost, high accuracy of measurement, and safety of working. This echo sounding apparatus can be used for measuring critical frequencies and the altitude of the ionosphere. It may also be useful to further research work on the relations between weather and ionosphere.
    Abstract: Résumé La littérature allemande et étrangère est très pauvre en articles concernant les instruments de sondage par écho ionosphérique. De plus les appareils utilisés présentent des différences de montage importantes. Après de nombreux essais, l'auteur a mis au point un appareil émetteur et récepteur n'exigeant pas de gros moyens mais qui satisfait aux exigences de précision et de sûreté de fonctionnement posées. Il permet la mesure de fréquences critiques et de la hauteur de l'ionosphère; il pourra être utilisé dans l'étude des relations entre le temps et l'ionosphère.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Über ionosphärische Echolotungsgeräte liegen sowohl im deutschen, wie auch im fremdsprachigen Schrifttum kaum ausführliche Veröffentlichungen vor. Außerdem weisen die jeweils verwendeten Apparaturen bedeutende schaltungstechnische Verschiedenheiten auf. In zahlreichen Vorversuchen wurde nun ein Impuls-Sende- und- Empfangsgerät entwickelt, das den bescheidenen Mitteln, die zum Bau dieser Anlage zur Verfügung standen, gerecht wird und doch den gestellten Anforderungen bezüglich Meßgenauigkeit und Betriebssicherheit entspricht. Das beschriebene Echolotungsgerät gestattet Grenzfrequenzen und Höhe der Ionosphäre zu messen und soll auch zur weiteren Erforschung der bereits erkannten Beziehungen zwischen Wettergeschehen und Ionosphäre dienen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 113-119 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die charakteristische Ionosphärensturmvariation der Ionisation der F2-Schicht an einer Station der gemäßigten Breite wird beschrieben und mit entsprechenden Vorgängen in anderen Breiten verglichen. Die bekannte eindeutige Veränderlichkeit der kritischen Frequenz der F2-Schicht wird teilweise der Wirkung des Mechanismus der Ionosphärenstürme zugeschrieben. Das Fehlen einer Korrelation zwischen den Variationen der F2-Schicht an zwei in beträchtlicher Entfernung voneinander gelegenen Orten erklärt sich aus der Tatsache, daß das Auftreten der Ionosphärenstürme nach Vorzeichen und Ausmaß mit der geomagnetischen Breite variiert und außerdem einem ortszeitlich bedingten Tageseinfluß unterliegt.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit la variation la variation caractéristique d'ionisation de la couche F2 lors des tempêtes ionosphériques observées à une station de latitude moyenne et on la compare aux phénomènes analogues à d'autres latitudes. La variabilité marquée et bien connue de la fréquence critique de la couche F2 est partiellement attribuée au mécanisme des tempêtes ionosphériques. L'absence de corrélation entre les variations de la couche F2 en deux endroits considérablement éloignés l'un de l'autre s'explique par le fait que l'apparition des tempêtes ionosphériques varie en signe et en intensité avec la latitude
    Notes: Summary The characteristic ionospheric storm variation of F2 Layer ionisation at a temperate latitude station is described and compared with corresponding effects at other latitudes. The well known marked variability of the F2 Layer critical frequency is attributed, in part, to the operation of the ionospheric storm mechanism. The lack of correlation between variations of F2 ionisation at two sites, at a considerable distance apart, is due to the fact that ionospheric storm manifestation is found to vary, in sign and magnitude, with geomagnetic latitude, and is also subject to a diurnal control determined by local time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 153-155 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Veränderlichkeit der mittleren Jahresmenge des Niederschlags für die Erdkugel als Ganzes untersucht und als klein befunden; es werden daraus verschiedene Schlüsse gezogen, die sich auf die mögliche Auswirkung kosmischer oder allgemeiner Ursachen auf den Niederschlag beziehen. Schließlich wird die Veränderlichkeit der mittleren Jahresmenge des Regens über ein Land (Frankreich) geprüft.
    Abstract: Abstract The variability of the annual average of rainfall on the globe is examined, it is found to be small. From this result different conclusions are drawn which relate to possible effects of cosmic or general causes on precipitation. Finally the variability of the annual average of rainfall on France is examined.
    Notes: Résumé On étudie la variabilité de la moyenne annuelle de la pluie sur l'ensemble du Globe; on trouve qu'elle est faible; on en conclut diverses remarques relatives à l'action éventuelle de causes cosmiques ou générales sur les pluies. On étudie ensuite la variabilité de la moyenne annuelle de la pluie sur un pays (la France).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 3 (1950), S. 139-152 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Proper correction of time signal observations on short wavelengths which, on account of their present high accuracy, have become very important for geophysical research can be carried out only if the travelling time of the waves between transmitter and receiver is known. The present paper shows that all such observations, including those of signals travelling around the earth, can be represented by a theory assuming the effective propagation velocityv eff to be a function of the angle of incidence and of the apparent height of reflection, the angle of incidence being predominant. (Thev eff values coresponding to the angles of incidence: 30°, 20°, 10°, 0° are respectively: 246000 km/s, 268000 km/s, 281000 km/s, 290500 km/s.) The principles of practical methods of calculating the velocityv eff for any distances and conditions of ionisation are discussed by the aid of world maps of critical frequencies. A new method of calculating the apparent height of reflection is suggested.
    Abstract: Résumé La correction de distance des signaux horaises émis sur ondes courtes et dont l'importanc en géophysique est actuallement très grande exige la connaissance de la vitesse de propagation des ondes entre l'émetteur et le récepteur. On montre ici qu'il est possible de donner une théorie complète de cette propagation, y compris le cas du parcours circum-terrestre, et d'après laquelle la vitesse effective est une fonction de l'angle d'indicene et de la hauteur apparente de réflexion; l'angle d'incidence est prédominant. Aux angles de 30°, 20°, 10° et 0° correspondent des vitesses effectives de 246000, 268000, 281000 et 295000 km/s respectivement. On pose également les bases de méthodes pratiques de calcul des vitesses pour toutes les distances et pour toutes les conditions d'ionisation à l'aide des cartes mondiales des fréquences critiques; on propose en outre un procédé nouveau pour le calcul des hauteurs apparentes de réflexion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die richtige Reduktion der auf kurzen Wellen beobachteten und durch ihre heutige hohe Genauigkeit geophysikalisch sehr bedeutungsvoll gewordenen Zeitsignale erfordert die Kenntnis der Laufzeit der Wellen zwischen Sender und Empfänger. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß sich sämtliche beobachteten Laufzeiten einschließlich jener der Erdumlaufszeichen durch eine Theorie darstellen lassen, in der die effektive Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeitv eff eine Funktion des Einfallswinkels und der scheinbaren Reflexionshöhe ist; dabei dominiert der Einfluß des ersteren. (Zu den Einfallswinkeln 30°, 20°, 10° und 0° gehören folgendev eff-Werte: 246000 km/s, 268000 km/s, 281000 km/s und 290500 km/s.) In der Arbeit werden auch die grundlagen von praktischen Methoden zur Laufzeitberechnung für alle Entfernungen und Ionisationsverhältnisse an Hand der Grenzfrequenz-Weltkarten entwickelt und für die Berechnung der scheinbaren Reflexionshöhe ein neues Verfahren empfohlen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 56 (1995), S. 229-260 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Past investigations of the summertime heat budget over the Tibetan Plateau have not included detailed estimates of radiative cooling (Q R ) nor have they carefully considered the effects of cloudiness on this term. The various attempts to eyaluate different combinations of heat and moisture budget torms and to understand the sources of energy to the summer armospheric heat source over the plateau are not in agreement, partly because of remaining discrepancies in the radiative and turbulent flux components, and partly because until recently, the conventional data sets needed for independently estimating the total heating and moistening terms have been incomplete. The uncertainties in the radiative term have also led to difficulties in assessing the uncertainties in the other budget terms, since no study to date has assembled a complete enough data set to allow a unified calculation of all budget quantities or to obtain budget closure. Recently published results of Yanai and his colleagues involving apparent heat source calculations for the plateau region based on a much improved FGGE data set, have motivated the examination of whether more detailed radiative calculations can help resolve past discrepancies in the budget terms on a monthly time scale. This study uses a continuous time series of 22-km resolution INSAT geosynchronous satellite measurements and ECMWF profile analyses in conjunction with medium spectral resolution radiative transfer models to estimate the slicrtwave and longwave components of the radiative cooling term and the role of cloudiness on these components for the 1988 summer period. The calculations reveal both meridional and zonal structure in radiative divergence across the plateau associated with the substantial gradients of cloudiness and aridity that dominate the summertime plateau climatology. The calculations also indicate that the magnitudes of both cloud-induced shortwave heating and longwave cooling over the plateau are much greater than over low-elevation regions. Moreover, since cloud-induced longwave cooling exceeds cloud-induced shortwave heating, the bulk effect of clouds is to radiatively cool the plateau atmosphere. The high resolution calculations are reduced to monthly averaged budget quantities for analyzing whether existing discrepancies in the plateau heat budget can be resolved. Although there is no means to rigorously verify the accuracies and representativeness of the individual budget terms, the new radiative estimates combined with the most reliable current estimates of total heating and turbulent fluxes, produce near closure (within 4%) of the plateau heat budget for the June to August period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 57 (1995), S. 21-29 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper two mesoscale meteorological models are applied to the Lisbon region. A special concern is directed to the initial conditions and input parameterization in order to assure that equal simulation constraints were imposed to both models. Results obtained for 4 August 1992 (a typical summer day) are compared to meteorological data acquired in three monitoring stations. Both simulations show similar reactions to the mesoscale forcings that occur in the modelling region. The minor differences found between simulation and reality for the meteorological situation can cause major errors in predicting air quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 93
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary The CIT photochemical model was used to investigate the effectiveness of ozone control strategies for Athens, Greece. A unique aspect of this study was the use of two different wind fields, one from a prognostic model, and the other derived with objective analysis procedures. This allows investigating to what degree the wind fields both derived using accepted methods, influence control strategy evaluation. Strategies investigated included reducing ROG and NO x , and combinations of the two. For the period studied, the use of different meteorological field preparation techniques did not influence the direction of the ozone response to controls. In both cases (i.e. using prognostic or objective analysis wind fields), reducing NO x led to predicted increases in ozone levels at the measurement stations, and ROG control lowered ozone. PAN concentrations respond similarly to ozone. However, use of the two different wind fields significantly impacted the degree and spatial locations of the responses. Use of the objective analysis fields showed greater response to emission controls because of the lower wind velocities generated. The influence of the biogenic emissions were found to be small. Also, a number of key data necessary for future studies of this kind were identified, as well as modeling domain questions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 57 (1995), S. 31-42 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary Graz, a historical grown city in the south-east of Austria, sometimes faces problems with air pollution, mainly during wintertime. The old part of the city is the largest residentially used historical downtown in Central Europe. Due to its geographical position at the southeastern edge of the Alps, Graz often has weather situations with calm winds and strong inversions between October and March. The local wind system is marked by wind shears: near the surface, cold air flows in from the south, while in higher altitudes warm air from the north flows over the basin of Graz. During these winterperiods with mighty inversions air quality values exceed the threshold limits. The reason is that the old structure of the downtown area with narrow streets and a lot of old domestic heating systems in many of the old buildings causes relatively high pollution levels. In the winter of 1988/89, the NO2 threshold values for smog-alarm (0.8 mg/m3, 3-h mean value) were exceeded several times at three air quality monitoring stations in the city of Graz. Therefore, a research project was initiated with the aim to find out the reasons for the bad air quality. The project comprised the setting up of an emission inventory as well as meteorological measurement campaigns and numerical simulations concerning the pollution dispersion in the area of Graz. The following report will try to show the interaction of the emission inventory on one hand and the determinations of flow conditions and pollutant dispersion on the other hand in order to analyze the air quality in the city. The emission inventory contains the emissions of air pollutants in a high temporal and spatial resolution. Before determining the surface flow fields, the meteorological conditions leading to the high pollution values were analyzed. After that, the boundary conditions were defined with the help of tethered balloon measurements. With these boundary conditions, quasi-steady-state flow fields were simulated. The dispersion of pollutants was calculated in a transient form using the stored flow fields. Conversion of pollutants was determined with the help of a parameterized version of the Eschenroeder-Martinez reaction mechanism. The period of winter 1990/91 with the highest pollution concentration was simulated to validate this model. The results show that the simulated and measured values of CO, NO and NO2 correspond well with each other in the centre of the city, while the correspondence is not as good in the outskirts of the city were lower pollution levels are observed. It turned out that the suggested methodology is well suited for analyzing winter situations with high pollution levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 57 (1995), S. 43-60 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Summary We have used a multi-phase cloud photochemistry model to investigate the influence of dissolved iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) on the in-cloud production and loss of ozone and ozone-related species. Comparison of the results of our simulations with and without Fe and Cu reactions for three different photochemical scenarios (marine, averaged continental and polluted continental) indicate that Fe and Cu reactions, depending upon the scenario considered, can either increase or decrease the predicted rate of loss of ozone and ozone related species. For the marine and averaged continental scenarios the rate of loss of ozone in the aqueous-phase was decreased by as much as 45% and 70%, respectively, when Fe and Cu reactions were considered. For polluted continental conditions, the rate of loss of ozone in the aqueous phase increased with a factor 2 for low metal concentrations up to a factor 20 for high metal concentrations. In all three scenarios inclusion of the Fe and Cu reactions results in cloud droplets becoming more efficient sinks for gas-phase HO2 and also enhances OH production. The net effect of the decreased losses of ozone from the aqueous phase and the effect of the cloud droplets on HO2 and OH determine the overall impact on ozone and ozone related species, for each of the situations considered. Overall, when Fe and Cu reactions were included the marine cloud was found to be a less efficient sink for ozone, and averaged continental and polluted continental clouds were more efficient sinks for ozone (O3 losses doubled in the averaged continental scenario). The higher OH flux in the aqueous phase also enhances the rate at which organic compounds, such as formaldehyde and formic acid, are oxidized in the cloud.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 6 (1953), S. 1-52 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Bericht gibt einen Überblick über die Forschungen der Arbeitsgruppe für Wolkenphysik am Imperial College in London während der vier Jahre 1949 bis 1952. Es werden Untersuchungen über folgende Probleme beschrieben: 1. Spontane Wasserdampfkondensation; 2. Messungen über die Konzentration und die Größenverteilung von Meersalzkernen über dem Nordatlantik und über ihren Anteil an der atmosphärischen Trübung; 3. theoretische und Laboratoriumsuntersuchungen über Unterkühlung und Gefrieren von Wasser und wässerigen Lösungen; 4. experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen über das Wachstum von Eiskristallen aus der dampfförmigen Phase; 5. theoretische Berechnungen über das Wachstum von Wassertropfen und Eispartikeln sowohl in Schicht- wie in Quellbewölkung; 6. Untersuchungen über Form, Aufbau und Entwicklung von hohen Eiswolken und über die Abhängigkeit ihrer Bildung von den orographischen Verhältnissen; 7. Konstruktion von Instrumenten für Niederschlagsuntersuchungen.
    Abstract: Résumé Le présent rapport résume les recherches effectuées par le groupe d'étude de la physique des nuages de l'«Imperial College» au cours des quatre années 1949–1952, et qui ont concerné les domaines suivants: 1. condensation spontanée de la vapeur d'eau; 2. mesure de la concentration et de la distribution de grosseur des noyaux de sel marin au-dessus de l'Atlantique et leur rôle dans le trouble atmosphérique; 3. recherches théoriques et expérimentales sur la surfusion et la solidification de l'eau et de solutions aqueuses; 4. recherches théoriques et expérimentales sur la croissance de cristaux de glace à partir de la phase gazeuse; 5. essais de calcul de l'accroissement de gouttes d'eau et de particules de glace à l'intérieur de nuages stratifiés ou cumuliformes; 6. recherches sur la forme, la structure et le développement des nuages glacés à haute altitude, ainsi que sur le rôle du relief terrestre sur leur formation; 7. construction d'instruments utiles aux recherches pluviométriques.
    Notes: Summary This progress report summarises the researches of the cloud physics group at Imperial College during the last four years 1949–1952. It describes work carried out on the following topics: 1. the spontaneous condensation of water vapour; 2. measurements on the concentration and size distribution of sea-salt nuclei over the N. Atlantic and their contribution to atmospheric opacity; 3. laboratory and theoretical studies on the supercooling and freezing of water and aqueous solutions; 4. experimental and theoretical researches on ice crystal growth from the vapour; 5. theoretical computations on the growth of water drops and ice particles in both layer and shower type clouds; 6. studies of the form, structure and development of high-level ice clouds and their formation relative to orographic features; 7. the construction of instruments for precipitation studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 6 (1953), S. 59-77 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The relation between total humidity (GF) of the middle atmosphere and cloudiness or fronts is investigated statistically, and it is proposed to draw cards of the GF; the importance of promoting optical methods is emphasized. Furthermore an investigation of the zones with the bigges yield of GF leads to a preference of the warm edge of the frontal zone which is realizable for forecast; this part is the “jet stream” for whichLossnitzer proposes the German translation “planetarischer Ringstrom” (planetary annular stream). Finally it is shown how the forecast of precipitation can be improved by a combination of hydro- and thermodynamic manner of consideration.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur étudie par voie statistique la relation existant entre «l'humidité totale» de l'atmosphère moyenne d'une part et la nébulosité et les fronts de l'autre; il reccommande le dessin de cartes de cette humidité totale et souligne l'avantage qu'il y a à développer les méthodes optiques. Une recherche portant sur les zones de plus grande humidité totale montre une relation pronostique particulière s'attachant aux régions chaudes en bordure de la zone frontale, respectivement de l'«anneau planetaire de courant» (planetarischer Ringstrom selonLossnitzer, ou jet stream). En assciant les points de vues hydrodynamique et thermodynamique, il est possible d'améliorer la prévision des précipitations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Beziehung von Gesamtfeuchte der mittleren Atmosphäre (abgekürzt GF) zu Bewölkung und Fronten statistisch untersucht und die Zeichnung von Karten der GF angeregt; die Bedeutung des Ausbaues optischer Methoden wird hervorgehoben. Im Anschluß daran ergibt eine Untersuchung über die Zonen der größten Ausbeute der GF eine prognostisch verwertbare Bevorzugung der Lage am warmen Rand der Frontalzone bzw. des “planetarischen Ringstromes”, welchen AusdruckLossnitzer als Übersetzung für “jet stream” vorschlägt. Anschließend wird gezeigt, wie durch Kombination der hydro- und thermodynamischen Betrachtungsweise die Niederschlagsprognose weiter verbessert werden kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 6 (1953), S. 108-110 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An observation of an unusually luminous inferior parhelion is communicated. From the appearance of weak colours it may be surmised that refraction takes part in the phenomenon which was found to originate in falling stellate snowflakes.
    Abstract: Résumé Il s'agit de l'observation d'un parhélie inférieur particulièrement lumineux. La présence d'une faible coloration laissait supposer un phénomène de réfraction se produisant dans des cristaux étoilés de neige.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Beobachtung einer ungewöhnlich lichtstarken Untersonne mitgeteilt. Das Auftreten von schwachen Farben macht die Beteiligung von Lichtbrechung wahrscheinlich; als Träger der Erscheinung wurden fallende Schneesterne festgestellt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 6 (1953), S. 114-128 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 6 (1953), S. 172-200 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper comprises the second part of a series of investigations on the atmospheric pressure of medium latitudes. Relationship between the interdiurnal variations of the pressure on groudp, the standard isobaric surfacesH 500,H 225,H 96, and the relative topography of the 500/1000 mb surfacesh is examined. A purely qualitative subdivision of the whole material (according to the signs) into 7 groups leads to the result that, on the average, those cases occur most frequently in which the ground pressure variation has the same sign as the pressure and temperature variations in the free atmosphere and, therefore, can be accounted for only by processes at high levels. Distribution of frequencies of the different groups varies according to geographical position and season, which is illustrated by figures. A further subdivision (groupsA toE) takes into consideration especially the processes of particular atmospheric layers from which conclusions can be drawn as to the behaviour of these layers. The connection of the processes near ground with the pressure in the tropopause and stratosphere becomes even more apparent if, beside the sign, also absolute values of the elements are considered.
    Abstract: Résumé La présente étude est la deuxième partie d'une recherche concernant les conditions de la pression atmosphérique aux latitudes moyennes. On compare les relations des variations interdiurnes de la pression au sol, des surfaces isobares standardH 500,H 225,H 96 d'une part et celles de la topographie relative de la couche 500/1000 mb. d'autre part. En subdivisant tout le matériel d'après le signe en sept groupes, on constate qu'en moyenne ce sont précisément les cas pour lesquels la variation de pression au sol a le même signe que les variations de pression et de température dans l'atmosphère libre qui sont les plus fréquents et que les premières s'expliquent donc par les secondes. Selon la position géographique et la saison, la distribution des fréquences des groupes est différente, ce que montrent des figures. Une autre subdivision (groupesA àE) considère spécialement certaines couches atmosphériques pour en étudier le comportement. Les relations de dépendance entre les phénomènes au sol et la variation de pression au niveau de la tropopause et de la stratosphère deviennent encore plus nettes si l'on considère, outre le signe, également les valeurs absolues.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung bildet den zweiten Teil einer Untersuchungsreihe über das atmosphärische Druckgeschehen gemäßigter Breiten [5]. Es werden die interdiurnen Änderungen des Druckes am Bodenp, der StandardisobarenflächenH 500,H 225,H 96 und der relativen Topographie der 500/1000 mb-Flächenh zueinander in Beziehung gesetzt. Bei Unterteilung des gesamten Materials rein qualitativ (nach Art der Vorzeichen) in sieben Gruppen ergibt sich, daß im Mittel gerade jene Fälle am häufigsten vorkommen, bei denen die Bodendruckänderung das gleiche Vorzeichen mit den Druck- und Temperaturänderungen der freien Atmosphäre hat, somit nur aus Vorgängen der Höhe erklärt werden kann. Je nach geographischer Lage und Jahreszeit ist die Verteilung der Häufigkeiten der Gruppen verschieden, wie dies an Hand von Abbildungen veranschaulicht wird. Eine weitere Einteilung (GruppenA bisE) berücksichtigt speziell die Vorgänge einzelner Atmosphärenschichten, um Schlüsse auf deren Verhalten ziehen zu können. Noch augenscheinlicher werden die Zusammenhänge der niedrigen Vorgänge mit dem Druckgeschehen an der Tropopause und in der Stratosphäre, wenn man neben dem Vorzeichen die absolute Größe der Elemente mitberücksichtigt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...