ALBERT

Description: Protium Pullei Swart n.sp. Arbor circ. 12 m alta. Ramuli robusti 4 mm diam. teretes glabri fusci lenticellis oblongis ferrugineis muniti. Folia trifoliolata 17 (16—21) cm longa glabra, petiolis robustis semiteretibus 4.5 cm longis basi incrassatis demum transverse rimosis, petiolulis semiteretibus robustis utrinque subincrassatis 1 cm longis sed terminalibus 2.25 cm longis, foliolis oblongo-ellipticis II (7.5—13) cm longis 5 (3.75—5.5) cm latis, apice abruptius acuminatis, acumine sublineari 8 (5—10) mm longo 2.5 (2—3) mm lato, basi cuneata, margine integro, coriaceis utrinque nitidis laevibus supra glaucescentis infra viridis, nervis secundariis utrinque II, nervis prim. et sec. utrinque prominentibus. Inflorescendae axillares breves pauce ramosae pauciflorae circ. 1 cm longae. Ramuli teretes striati cum pedicellis teretibus flore aequilongis bracteis bracteolisque triangularibus obtusis densiuscule puberulis. Flores 5-meri glabri. Calyx cupuliformis lobis oblongo-triangularibus acutis tubo aequilongis. Petala valvata oblongo-triangularia acuto apiculo inflexo carnosa. Stamina 10. Discus 10-lobis glaber. Pistillum glabrum, ovario late ovoideo stigmate 5-lobo coronato. Type: Maguire 24784 in herb. NY, 17 Sept. 1944, Suriname, Tafelberg, mixed transition high-low bush, 5 km S.W. of Savanna I.

Description: Zeer geachte Toehoorderessen en Toehoorders, Bij het beginnen van een wetenschappelijk onderzoek zal meestal degene die zich daaraan gezet heeft, allereerst het antwoord dienen te vinden op enkele fundamentele vragen. Zijn deze primaire vragen beantwoord, dan is de weg gebaand voor verder onderzoek en voor algemene theoretische beschouwingen. Deze fundamentele vragen zijn echter niet voor elke onderzoeker en ook niet voor elk onderzoek in een zelfde tak van wetenschap steeds gelijk. Dit hangt af van vele factoren, zoals: uiteindelijk doel van de studie, aard van het materiaal, geaardheid vooral van de onderzoeker, enz. Vandaag wil ik met U behandelen de hoofdvragen, die zich bij mij, voor de aan mij toevertrouwde onderdelen van de botanie steeds op de voorgrond plaatsen en de wijze waarop ik die beantwoorden pleeg te interpreteren voor het verdere onderzoek. Hierdoor zal ik tevens de gelegenheid hebben, om aan te stippen in welke richting wij op het gebied van de bijzondere plantkunde en de plantengeografie nog onderzoekingen kunnen verrichten, die ons inzicht in het geheel aanmerkelijk kunnen verruimen. Voor ik met mijn eigenlijke onderwerp begin, moet ik toch iets zeggen over wat „bijzondere plantkunde” is. Ik zal er niet te veel over uitweiden, daar, zoals Koningsberger en Reinders in het voorwoord van het eerste deel van het Leerboek der Algemeene Plantkunde terecht opmerken, de scheiding tussen „algemene” en „bijzondere” plantkunde uiteraard onscherp is. Volgens de letter van de gebruikelijke terminologie zou eigenlijk alles wat niet „algemeen” is thuis horen onder de bijzondere plantkunde. Zover wil ik niet gaan, want dat zou mijn taak wel heel omvangrijk maken en afgezien van het feit dat het buiten mijn kunnen zou komen te vallen, denk ik ook dat mijn collega voor de algemene plantkunde ernstige bezwaren zou maken indien ik datgene van de plantenphysiologie dat zeker niet algemeen is te noemen, voor mijzelf zou gaan opeisen. Ik wil daarom beginnen de physiologie, hoe bijzonder deze hier en daar ook moge zijn, maar onmiddellijk in zijn geheel bij de algemene plantkunde te plaatsen. Voor de rest zou ik mijn bovengenoemde definitie, dus „bijzonder” is alles wat niet „algemeen” is, in grote trekken willen volgen, met dien verstande dat ik mij natuurlijk wil houden aan de veelal gebruikelijke taakverdeling, zodat b.v. de „algemene” morphologie en anatomie van de Angiospermen, die in feite in het plantenrijk als geheel, „bijzonder” is, bij de „algemene plantkunde” wordt ondergebracht. De speciale en vergelijkende morphologie van deze groep reken ik echter zeer zeker tot de mij toegewezen tak van wetenschap. Ook de afgrenzing met de genetica is niet scherp. Indien men elk onderzoek waarbij niet uitsluitend op het phaenotype maar ook op het genotype gelet wordt, tot de genetica wil rekenen, dan zal de betrekkelijk jonge experimentele plantensystematiek of biosystematiek geen deel kunnen uitmaken van de bijzondere plantkunde. De genetici zullen het mij wel niet euvel duiden, dat ik ook deze tak van onderzoek laat staan bij de bijzondere plantkunde, waaruit zij is voortgekomen en waarvoor zij van zoveel betekenis is.

Description: Xylopia surinamensis R. E. Fr. n. sp. — Ramuli novelli dense aureo-ferrugineo-sericei, vetustiores plus minus glabrescentes et cortice densissime lenticellifero punctato vestiti; internodia 0,5—1 cm longa. Foliorum petiolus sericeo-tomentosus, 5—7 mm longus; lamina rigida, anguste lanceolata, basi rotundato-truncata, apicem versus sensim longeque attenuata, summo apice obtusa, supra ab initio glaberrima sed densissime verruculoso-punctata, subtus dense argenteosericea, 8—11 cm longa et 2—2,5 cm lata; costa supra valde impressa glaberrima, subtus prominens teres; nervi secundarii cum venulis vix conspicui. Flores in inflorescentiis densis nonnulli; bracteae numerosae, late ovatae, 1,5—2 mm longae. Sepala fere omnino coalita, calycem cupuliformem semiglobosum argenteo-sericeum 2—3 mm altum et 5—6 mm latum formantia. Petala exteriora linearia obtusa, extus argenteo-sericea, circ. 13 mm longa et 2 mm lata, prope basin subito dilatata; interiora linearia, acuta, quadrangulari-prismatica, utrinque cinereo-puberula, 12 mm longa et 1—1,2 mm crassa. Staminum filamenta 0,2 mm longa; antherae circ. 1 mm longae, locellatae, connectivi discus glaber; stamina exteriora plus minus sterilia. Pistilla numerosa (fere 30); ovaria dense sericea, circ. 1 mm longa, styli 1 mm et stigmata 1 mm longa. (Fructus ignotus). Suriname: Boschreserve, Sectio O (florifera Junio 1944. — Wood Herbarium Surinam No. 139). Typus speciei in Herb. Utrecht).

Description: Dames en Heren, In een universitair blad kwam onlangs de mededeling voor, dat aan een hoogleraar, die zich in dezelfde moeilijkheid bevindt als ik, nl. dat hij in de loop van deze cursus 70 jaar is geworden, een afscheidscollege zou worden aangeboden. Ik vond dat een sympathiek plan. Als men met college geven, ondanks de daaraan verbonden bezwaren, de 70-jarige leeftijd heeft gehaald, is het werkelijk geen overbodige weelde dat een ander de taak voor deze laatste keer van hem overneemt.

Description: The subject of this study are soil samples taken in the “Makkumer Waard”, a wide expanse of low-lying land, which follows the Frisian coast. Stratigraphical and palynological investigations showed that in the beginning of the Atlanticum the area lay below the level of the sea, but that gradually the influence of the sea decreased and peat formation became possible. From the transition from marine deposits to Sphagnum peat (— 4,55 m to — 3,50 m) we must conclude that there has been a temporary standstill in the transgression, or even a regression, in the middle of the Atlanticum. Towards the end of the Atlantic period a sudden marine transgression followed, which deposited a layer of sand and clay on the Sphagnum peat (— 3,50 m to — 3,30 m). Shortly before the beginning of the Subboreal (which probably sets in at — 3,10 m) an important regression began and an Eriophorum peat was formed directly on the clay (—3,30 m to —3.00 m). It is probable that the peat formation went on in the Subatlanticum, but the younger Sphagnum peat is no longer present, for a third marine transgression, which lead to the formation of the “Zuiderzee”, washed away the peat and deposited the younger sea sand. The data obtained from the Makkum profile proved to agree very well with the results of other investigators who worked in the area round the North-sea.

Description: What KIAERSK wrote in 1893 in the preface of his “Enumeratio Myrtacearum Brasiliensium” is still largely valid. It is often most difficult to define a species belonging to this family, not only because, in the absence of ripe seeds, the genus is not easily ascertainable, but also because of the strong variability shown by the vegetative characters. Thanks to the examination of the rich Guiana material preserved in the herbaria of Genève, Kew, Leiden, New York, Paris and Utrecht, I have usually been able to delimit the species in a satisfactory way; their allocation to a definite genus, however, is often a difficult problem. During the preliminary stage of this investigation, which was interrupted by the war, it was of great advantage to me that I could study the Guiana specimens of the Leiden herbarium. In order to avoid misinterpretations, I have tried to base my conclusions as far as possible on an examination of either the types themselves or of duplicates of the latter. Several of these types, especially those that form part of the earlier collections of Guiana plants, e.g. of the collection Aublet, and of the collections Desfontaines (herb. Florence) and De Candolle (Genève) had never before been reexamined, and BERG, the last monographer of the South American Myrtaceae (in Linnaea XXVII (1855—56), XXIX (1858) and XXX (1861) has either neglected these species or given an, often incorrect, interpretation based on the description alone. For this reason the second part of this paper will be devoted to a short survey of these earlier types. My best thanks are due to the directors of all herbaria mentioned. Moreover, I have to thank the “Van Eedenfonds”, whose financial aid enabled me to pay a visit to Kew and to the British Museum.

Description: A survey of the literature in which species of Musci are reported for Colombia, amplified by unpublished identifications of recent collections, indicates a known flora of 750 species. About 600 published names are treated as synonyms. An annotated list of the collectors is also provided, as well as notes on critical localities and itineraries, especially those of Purdie, Lindig and Wallis. Moss collections of Moritz, Wagner and Osculati are not from Colombia. Two new combinations are proposed: Campylopus pittieri Williams var. congestum (Thér.) comb. nov. and C. pittieri var. latilimbatum (Thér.) comb. nov.

Description: Among the material collected by LANJOUW and LINDEMAN during the Suriname Expedition 1948—’49 a specimen of Mabea taquari Aubl. was found whose flowers showed some interesting deviations from the normal structure. In the “Flora of Suriname” vol. II, part 1 (1932), p. 78 LANJOUW states that the female flower of the genus Mabea Aubl. is apetalous and provided with a 5- or 6- partite calyx. In a re-investigation of the specimens preserved in the Utrecht Herbarium this could as a rule be confirmed.

Description: In this first paper on the liverworts of the leeward islands of the Netherlands Antilles, a total of 16 species are being reported; 15 from Curasao (mainly Christoffelberg area) and 2 from Bonaire. All species are drought-tolerant and widespread in the neotropical lowlands. A key to the species and references to descriptions of each species are given as well as short notes on distribution and ecology.

Description: The present paper deals with the wood anatomy of the Blakeeae (Melastomataceae). Generic descriptions of the secondary xylem of Blakea, Topobea, and Huilaea are given and compared with data on 16 genera of the Miconieae. Numerical pattern detection was undertaken. The results confirm our preliminary ideas that Blakea and Topobea do not differ enough to enable the separation of these genera on the basis of their wood anatomy. Within the Miconieae it is not possible to separate the genera. However, some anatomical differences between the two tribes were found. The genus Huilaea seems to belong in the Blakeeae although it also shows similarities with the Miconieae. Wurdack’s suggestion (pers. comm.) that the Blakeeae are closest to the genera Loreya and Bellucia, and perhaps should be merged with the Miconieae, is supported to some degree.

Description: Morphology, chemistry, distribution and ecology of 6 species of Cladonia subgenus Cladina (Lichenes) from the Colombian paramos are described: C. arcuata Ahti, C. boliviano Ahti, C. confusa Sant., C. polia Sant., C. rangiferina (L.) Wigg. var. abbayesii Ahti, and C. colombiana spec. Nov. C. bicolor (Mull. Arg.) Ahti is reduced to synonymy under C. polia.

Description: Now that at the Jakarta Forestry Congress it was announced on the behalf of the Indonesian government that a target area has been set to conserve 5% of the land area, eventually to be increased to 10%, the time has come to indicate how these areas are to be allocated. Botanical arguments are available as a guidance; they are drawn from established sources, including experience from work at the Rijksherbarium. A number of points are here given. 1. In Malesia, it is usually possible, clearly to distinguish between primary forest: rich in species, balanced as an ecosystem, complex, fragile, different from place to place, in which rarity of species prevails, slow in regeneration, irreplaceable within any foreseeable amount of time, and secondary forest: poor in species, an ecosystem in succession, simple, aggressive, consisting of common, widespread species, quick in regeneration, and entirely renewable. From the botanical point of view, secondary forest has no conservation value, only primary forest has.

Description: ASHTON, P.S., Crown characteristics of tropical trees. In Tomlinson & Zimmermann (ed.), Tropical Trees as Living Systems (1978) p. 591-615, 8 fig. An important subject in relation to bioproduction. Approaches are through Leaf Area Index (the area of leaf surface above a unit area of ground) and Leaf Area Density (ditto per volume of space). Field work was done in Malaya by students; the simple methods are described. Macaranga gigantea is compared with Musanga cecropioides; other pioneer species are quite different, however. Two profile diagrams of secondary forest are given. Crowns are modified in competition, as reflected in LAI and LAD. Plagiotropic branching allows trees to broaden quickly. Light- or shadepreference is not clearly correlated to architectural model. Givnish & Vermey’s prediction of variation in leaf shape, size, and inclination in lianas as a result of transpirational costs against photosynthetic gains, is discussed and clarified. Dipterocarps may change their model in maturity. — M.J.

Description: Dr J. Hutchinson retired after 44 years of service in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew (May 31, 1948), as Keeper of the Museum. He will devote his time mainly to the writing of some general handbooks especially his Genera Plantarum. He was succeeded by F.N. Howes, D. Sc. Mr H.K. Airy Shaw was appointed Principal Scientific Officer, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, on Dec. 31st, 1948.

Description: Some news was received on the revegetation of Krakatau, and the small new cone, Anak Krakatau (Krakatau Jr) as visited by a party in August 1951. Krakatau. The camp was made in the SE.corner of the island. In several places the old substratum has been traced, and in the basal layer of the ash covers, which attain sometimes 30 m thickness, remains are found of former woody share vegetation. Bases of tree trunks have partly been buried in their upright position. Some of these are charred, and have apparently been burned during the eruption; others are not charred, or have been charred only very superficially.

Description: A growing interest in the Flora Malesiana was a chief characteristic of 1950. The number of free subscriptions increased to over 320 and the total of subscriptions, therefore, to over 620 as the Government of Indonesia receives 300 copies for official purposes. The first volume of series I, the Cyclopaedia of Botanical Exploration in Malaysia, which contains the main bibliographical and biographical data of all collectors in Malaysia, accompanied when advisable by an itinerary and information concerning the collections, has now been printed. It is expected that the volume will appear before the end of the year thus bringing Mrs.M.J. van Steenis-Kruseman’s patient and devoted work during more than 12 years to a conclusion.

Description: In recent years considerable interest has been taken in the characteristics of seeds and seedlings, especially those of rainforest species. The rapid destruction of the world’s rainforests is the cause of great concern to many. Efforts at rehabilitation and reafforestation can be assisted considerably if seedlings can be readily recognised and their ecological requirements ascertained. Many botanists such as Duke (1965, 1969) and Burger (1972) are endeavouring to add information on this aspect of rainforest ecology. Systematic botanists also find characters of seedling morphology and anatomy useful as evidence of relationships at various levels of taxonomy, and also in some cases, Bailey (1956), as evidence in phylogenetic studies. One character which occurs in many rainforest species is the presence of domatia — small structures occurring on the lower surface of the leaf blade in or very close to the vein axils. They may be in the form of a pit in the leaf tissue, a pocket formed by a connection of tissue across a vein axil, a tuft of hairs or a dome of tissue elevated above the leaf surface with an opening in or near the centre. These four — pit, pocket, hair-tuft and dome — are, following Jacobs (1966a), the basic elemental types. In some cases, a domatium may have a structure in which elements are combined. Domatia occur only in woody dicotyledons, trees, shrubs or vines, and in the majority of cases, those species are of humid forest origin. Often they are quite distinctive and their presence has been used as a supporting character in systematic studies of tropical and subtropical floras. To date they have not been recorded in seedlings.

Description: Alphen de Veer, E.J. van: Een teratologisch novum (Chron. Naturae 105, 1949, 150-152, 3 fig.). Peculiar polyconal monstruosity of Pinus merkusii. Anonymous: Lijst van boomsoorten verzameld in de Afd. Kapoeas-Barito, Z. Borneo. Ditto, in de Afd. Bandjermasin, Hoeloe Soengel, Z.O. Borneo. Ditto, in de Afd. Samarinda, O. Borneo. Rapport v.h. Bosbouwproefstation Buitenzorg no. 2, 3 & 5, 76, 61 & 48 pp. March, April 1949. Mimeograph. Lists of tree species collected, arranged both by native names and Latin names; of each species the number of specimens and durability class is added.

Description: It is advised to address all mail with destination Royal Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg, in future as ’Royal Botanic Gardens, Bogor (Buitenzorg)’ The present number, Flora Malesiana Bulletin No. 6, concluded the 1st volume. The second volume of the Flora Malesiana Bulletin begins with no. 7.

Description: Small or large resinous usually evergreen trees, usually buttressed, and often (if large trees) with flaky or fissured bark. Some or most parts with a tomentum of fascicled hairs, or sometimes single hairs, unicellular or multicellular glandular hairs, or multicellular, short or long lobed or peltate hairs. Leaves alternate, simple, margin entire or sinuate, not crenate, terminating ± abruptly at the ± prominent geniculate petiole, penninerved (in Dryobalanops and some Hopea nerves ~, dense and slender), often with domatia in axils between nerves and midrib or along midrib and (rarely) nerves; tertiary nerves scalariform or reticulate. Stipules paired, large or small, persistent or fugaceous, leaving small to amplexicaul scars. Inflorescence paniculate, racemose, rarely cymose, ± regularly, rarely irregularly, branched, terminal or axillary; bracts and bracteoles paired, small or large, persistent or fugaceous. Flowers secund or distichous, bisexual, actinomorphic, scented, nodding. Calyx persistent, 5-merous; 2-5 sepals usually greatly enlarging into wing-like lobes in fruit; sepals either free to base, imbricate in bud, remaining so or becoming valvate in fruit, or fused at base, forming a cup or tube ± enclosing the fruit, adnate to or free from it. Corolla 5-merous, contorted, base connate or free, usually partially or entirely unicellular hairy. Stamens 5-110, 1-3 verticillate or irregular, hypogynous or subperigynous, centrifugal; filaments compressed or filiform, free or connate, frequently cohering with petals on falling; anthers erect, 2-celled with (2-)4 pollen sacs, introrse or laterally dehiscent; tapetal cells binucleate, pollen grains 2-celled at anthesis; connective with short or prominent appendage. Ovary superior or semi-inferior, 3-, rarely 2-, locular; style ± thickened at base into a stylopodium, entire or trifid towards apex; stigma obscure or prominent, 3- or 6-lobed. Ovules 2(-3) in each loculus, axile, pendulous or laterally anatropous, bitegmatic with ventral raphe and superior micropyle. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded; with woody pericarp and persistent ± aliform sepals. Embryo-sac development of Polygonum type: endosperm of the nuclear type, embryo development normal, ripe seeds with or more usually without endosperm; cotyledons equal or more usually unequal and with one more or less enclosing the other, laminar or fleshy, entire or lobed, enclosing the radical. Germination epigeal or hypogeal; pericarp splitting irregularly or along 3 sutures. Distribution. The newly described monotypic genus Pakaraimaea MAGUIRE & ASHTON (1977), locally found in the south of former British Guyana, makes the family pantropical, confined to the lowlands and hills of the tropics below 1800 m. Fig. 2. This genus represents a distinct subfamily Pakaraimoideae.

Description: All types of entolomatoid fungi available in the Velenovský Herbarium at Prague have been studied. In this first report the types of 30 species described by Velenovský in Nolanea, Leptonia and Telamonia (one species) are described. Species accepted here have, if necessary, been transferred to Entoloma, which resulted in 18 new combinations and 4 new names. One described in Nolanea had to be transferred to Pluteus.

Description: This long expected second part of the British fungus flora covers the genus Coprinus. Each of the 90 species is described and illustrated. Information about cultures and genetics is added. Taxa, only differing in the number of spores formed on a basidium, are treated as separate species. A key is provided for the determination of sections, stirps, and species.

Description: A revision of the species, comprised in the section Eu-Protium of the genus Protium from the region from Asia to Australia incl., might., in view of the elaborate publications by H. J. Lam (The Burseraceae of the Malay Archipelago and Peninsula etc., Bull. Jard. bot. Buitenzorg, S. 3, 12, 1932, p. 318—324) and J. J. Swart (A Monograph of the genus Protium and some allied genera, Rec. Trav. bot. néerl., 39, 1942, p. 211—146), seem superfluous. However, an examination of the Clemens material from New-Guinea of 1939 and of the type material of the thusfar mysterious Bursera tonkinensis Guill. justified the publication of some notes thereon. To these some remarks concerning observations on other species have been added. I am much indebted to the directors of the following herbaria for the loan of material: the herbarium of the Botanisches Museum, Berlin; the herbarium of the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. (A); the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; the herbarium of the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris; the herbarium of the Botanical Institute, Wroclaw (BRSL); the “Rijksherbarium”, Leiden (L).

Description: Trees; leaves with caducous stipules; tertiary nervation descendant, but usually lax and irregular; inflorescences clustered, axillary, manyflorous; calyx with two rows of four lobes each; corolla 8-merous, each lobe with 2 dorsal segments as long as itself; stamens epipetalous, 8, in the same row as the 8 alternipetalous staminodes; ovary usually 8-celled; cells 1-ovuled, ovules anatropous, attached at the base; fruit a berry, 1—2-seeded; seeds with a small, circular, basal scar, in which the hilum and the micropyle are placed close to one another; albumen abundant; cotyledons thin, foliaceous; radicle long, cylindrical, exsert — About 80 species in all tropical countries, except in America. In 1925, Lam (Bull. Jard. Bot. Bzg, sér. 3, 7, 1925, 235—237) described of M. elengi three varieties, var. typica, var. parvifolia and var. brevifolia and a forma longepedunculata in the type-variety. As was pointed out already by him, the differences between the two new varieties are slight, if existing at all. As those between M. elengi and M. parvifolia were obscured by many intermediate stages Lam was forced to consider the latter a variety of the former. Studying the more abundant material at our disposal it becomes clear that M. elengi is an extremely variable species in which it is impossible to distinguish varieties or forms. However, it must be pointed out that in the western parts of the Archipelago the leaves are large (up to 18 cm long), whereas they are decreasing in size towards the east, ending in the small leaves of the former species M. parvifolia (up to 6 cm long).

Description: The vegetative characters — especially those which are important for identification of the species — together with the distribution of the Polysiphonia species occurring in Netherland’s waters were subject of the following study. The material used consisted for the greater part of dried specimens, present in the following collections: Rijksherbarium (Leiden), herbarium Van Goor, Zoological Station (Den Helder), herbarium of the “Koninklijke Nederlandse. Botanische Vereniging” (Rijksherbarium, Leiden) and the herbaria of the Universities of Amsterdam, Groningen and Utrecht.

Description: This paper on the Philippine species of Argyreia forms an addition to that published by the same author in Blumea V, 2, (1943) p. 352—383. As to the description of the genus, the limitation of it against Rivea and the inclusion in it of Lettsomia may be referred to what has been said on p. 353—356 of that publication.

Description: As is explained in other papers in this jubilee volume (v. Steenis – Kruseman, Smit) it was not on purpose, but by coincidence that the Rijksherbarium came to Leiden. However, Leiden will have been the obvious alternative after Brussels, for Fischer as well as for Von Siebold. There Reinwardt, founder of the Botanical Garden of Buitenzorg (now Bogor, Indonesia), was professor since 1821. There the State Museum of Natural History had been founded in 1820. There was also situated the old and famous Hortus Academicus with which also Von Siebold had his contacts while in Japan and which was the destination of a large shipment of live plants he had brought with him. Actually, shipping the collections to Leiden meant the return to an earlier plan, discussed at the Ministry in 1827. Possibly at Reinwardt’s suggestion the plan had been put forward to merge Blume’s collection with those in the possession of Leiden University, then still called the Hogeschool (= High School). The main components of the University herbarium were the Reinwardt collection and the herbarium Van Royen, other important collections (De Vriese, Teysmann, Junghuhn, Splitgerber) only later coming into the possession of the university. Although the Rijksherbarium came to Leiden after all, the combination was not completed before the last year of Miquel’s directorate (see the paper by Mrs. Van Steenis in this jubilee volume, p. 29).

Description: Dr Van Ooststroom’s revision of the genus Argyreia in this series (Blumea V, 2, 1943, p. 352) did not include the collections from the Philippines and the Malay Peninsula. The species from the Philippines have been treated later on by Van Ooststroom (Blumea VI, 2, 1950, p. 337), whereas further additions were given in Blumea V, 3, 1945, p. 686 and Blumea VII, 1, 1952, p. 170. The representatives from the Malay Peninsula remained uninvestigated so far. The present paper should be considered an addition to Van Ooststroom’s papers. Consequently I have not repeated the lists of literature, descriptions, or remarks, unless important additions or changes were necessary.

Description: Seven Coleus species, of which six occur in Sri Lanka and one in East Africa, are transferred to Plectranthus. The following new names are published: P. grandis (Cramer) Willemse, P. inflatus (Benth.) Willemse, P. malabaricus ( (Benth.) Willemse, var. malabaricus and var. leptostachys (Benth.) Willemse, P. kanneliyensis (Cramer & Balasubramaniam) Willemse, P. crameri Willemse (nom. nov. for Coleus mollis Benth.), P. elongatus (Trim.) Willemse, and P. scandens (Guerke) Willemse.

Description: In the course of my study on the wood-anatomy of Javan woods (Mikrographie des Holzes der auf Java vorkommenden Baumarten), I examined also many woods from mangrove-trees. Mangrove has been the subject of much investigation; the community is usually described as xeromorphic. Mangrove woods proved to be different from woods belonging to species growing in other stations even if those species belonged to the same family or even genus. The data may be traced in my “Mikrographie” but it seems more convenient to review them here.

Description: The important genus Agathis is well represented in the rich flora of the island of Borneo. In some places it forms nearly pure stands and has been heavily exploited for its resin and for lumber. Three species, one of which merely represents leaf variations from another, have been proposed previously for this genus in Borneo (Warburg, 1900; Meijer Drees, 1940). Several hundred collection numbers can be found in the major herbaria, much the majority of which belong to one species. This is particularly true for the non-Asian herbaria. During several field trips to Borneo, however, I identified three additional quite distinct unnamed species. The great variability of leaf size and shape even on individual plants in this genus together with difficulty in making good representative collections from these immense trees has surely hindered the recognition of the distinctions to be described here. None of these species has been totally overlooked, to be sure, inasmuch as a few specimens of each have previously reached the major herbaria. Furthermore, Whitmore (1979) concluded after seeing some of this material that it did not correspond to any of the species already described from Borneo but in fact represented Agathis dammara, a species not actually found in Borneo. I will describe all five Borneo species in order to clarify their distinctions. Only fully mature pollen cones and seed cone scales will be considered in this description along with as much as possible the normal foliage leaves as opposed to the poorly developed leaves of primary branches and seed cone bearing shoots.

Description: In the following the role of morphology, anatomy and palynology in systematics at the Rijksherbarium will be discussed, as far as flowering plants are concerned. It will be demonstrated that most of the research in this field is rooted in the interest of individual workers, and that no planning was involved until recently. The scope of it varied, as it was done either for pure taxonomic purposes, or for systematic and phylogenetic reasons, or for its own merit. Chiefly, I think, the study of morphology s.l. originated because Suringar, Hallier, Lotsy, and especially Lam, were interested in achieving a more natural or evolutionary system of the Angiosperms. Lotsy and Lam extended their interest to the other Cormophytes as well. In 1895 W. F. R. Suringar published a booklet which was intended as a summary of his lectures. His idea was that the tree of natural affinities could be a preparation and a guide to a real genealogical tree. He pictured this tree with a number of main branches, each of them bearing a number of ramification systems. He adorned this tree with a winding red line connecting groups of plants from different ramification systems. Formerly these groups had been arranged in a linear sequence of increasing complexity by A. P. de Candolle.

Description: Thusfar the genus Dacryodes, as far as the Australasian area is concerned, was only known to occur in Western Malaysia (including the Philippines), with a centre in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. Only one, out of 13, species is extending towards Cochin China in the West and the Philippines and N. Celebes in the East and another is known from the Malay Peninsula, British N. Borneo and the Philippines (cf. the senior writer’s paper in Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, sér. III, Vol. XII, 1932, 334—366). Thus, Dacryodes was so far considered one of the many exclusively or preponderantly west-malaysian genera which do not or hardly cross Wallace’s line.

Description: Soon after the foundation of the Rijksherbarium in 1829 King Willem I of the Netherlands presented the herbarium of C. H. Persoon to this institute. The fungi in this famous herbarium, along with some other collections, among which the tropical fungi collected by F. W. Junghuhn and H. Zollinger, formed the basis for the mycological herbarium. But in the early period of the Rijksherbarium, owing to a shortage of funds and the absence of a curator for the cryptogams, the collections of fungi and lichens were badly neglected and remained in disorder for a long time. It was the third director of the Rijksherbarium, W. F. R. Suringar (director from 1871 to 1898) who became aware of the omissions in the collections of cryptogams and who took measures to fill the gaps. During his period several series of cryptogamic exsiccata were bought. He also acquired the cryptogamic collections of J. K. Hasskarl and L. H. Buse as well as the well-known lichen herbarium of G. W. Körber. But there still was no one to look after these collections.

Description: In 1977 hebban we in het gebied rond Ambleteuse amfibieën bestudeerd. Bij inventarisatie troffen we Triturus vulgaris, T. helveticus, T.alpestris, T.cristatus. Rana temporaria, Hyla arborea, Bufo bufo, B. calamita, Alytes obstetricans, Pelodytes punctatus en Salamandra salamandra aan. Verschillend van voorgaande jaren was dat T.helveticus midden in de duinen bij Ambleteuse werd gevonden en dat P.punctatus frequenter en ook iets noordelijker voorkwam. R.arvalis en R.esculenta zijn in tegenstelling tot ’74 en ’75 niet aangetroffen. De vangstresultaten over de afgelopen vier jaar in de poelen die wij bezocht hebben, zijn gerangschikt in een tabel. Met behulp van gemerkte dieren konden we in een klein gebied, met dicht bijelkaar gelegen poelen aantonen dat watersalamanders zich tussen de voortplantingspoelen verplaatsen, waarbij T.alpestris het meest actief is. Tevens kwam naar voren dat het hoogtepunt van de voortplantingstijd voor T.cristatus iets later valt dan voor de andere watersalamanders. Onderzoek naar eiafzet leverde op dat voorkeur voor bepaalde planten samenhangt met de morfologie en beschikbaarheid op het moment van eiafzet en dat er van specifieke relaties waarschijnlijk geen sprake is. Op plastic planten worden ook eieren afgezet, bij voorkeur vlak onder het wateroppervlak. De eieren op dit kunstmatig substraat ontwikkelen zich tot levenskrachtige larven.

Description: Twenty-seven species of Pycnogonida are recorded from the mediolittoral and infralittoral zones in the West Indies and of the north coast of South America, including two new species. Eurycyde acanthopus n. sp. was found on the shelf off the coast of Venezuela. Anoplodactylus monotrema n. sp. is widely distributed in the area; it has apparently been confused in the past with A. robustus (Dohrn, 1881). The morphology of the latter, and of the closely related A. virescens (Hodge, 1864), is discussed. Material from Amsterdam and St. Paul islands (Indian Ocean) attributed to A. virescens, is considered to belong to a separate species, A. dentimanus. – The range of several species is extended. Two species of Endeis, viz. E. meridionalis (Bohm, 1879) and E. biseriata Stock, 1968, were found for the first time in the Atlantic Ocean; formerly they were recorded from the Indo-West Pacific only. An Achelia is provisionally identified as A. langi (Dohrn, 1881), a species hitherto known from the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. — The male of Tanystylum isthmiacum difficile Stock, 1966, is illustrated for the first time; it is concluded that T. isthmiacum and T. geminum Stock, 1954, do not form a pair of vicarious species. The male sex of Ammothella exornata Stock, 1975, is also recorded for the first time.

Description: Epinephelus (Cephalopholis) cruentatus (Lacépède, 1802) [Petrometopon cruentatum], the Graysby, is one of the most common groupers on the coral reef at the southwest coast of Curaçao. They are very abundant at a depth from 7½ to 9 m. A second, lower maximum in their vertical distribution is found at a depth of 30 m. Juveniles are found mainly at a depth of about 6 m in crevices of the coral species Montastrea annularis. The calculated number of fish actually present appeared to be 24 specimens in a transect of 240 m2 at a depth of 9 m. Measurements were made of the percentage of bottom cover and of the quantity of coral structure. A strong correlation was found between both. For the studied coral reef in Curaçao a high percentage of bottom cover means at the same time a high quantity of structure and thus of hiding places for the Graysbys. A strong correlation (p 〈 0.01) could be observed between the mean number of E. cruentatus and the mean percentage of bottom cover of the coral species M. annularis and Agaricia spp. These coral species have an important influence upon the vertical distribution of E. cruentatus by their growth form, which supplies hiding possibilities e.g. holes, overhangs, crevices. There is a suggestion of a movement in the population to shallower waters during the spawning season. In Curaçao the Graysbys appear to be diurnal. During the night they move deeper into caves and crevices of the reef. The most important food fish of the Graysby, Chromis multilineata, shows the same vertical distribution as its predator and seems also to be strongly determined by the percentage of cover of M. annularis and Agaricia. Otolith readings of E. cruentatus demonstrate that each year 3 growth rings are formed, the formation of which starts in September, January and June. Juveniles, however, form 7 growth rings a year. The translucent zones in the adults are formed in September, January and June, when food intake, condition factor and body growth is low. In the periods following these three months, the opaque zones are formed and this formation coincides with maxima in food intake, condition factor and body growth. Possibly a change in temperature is a factor in initiating a new growth ring. Growth in length and weight of the Graysbys occurs especially in February and to a lesser extent during July and October. The growth equation of Von Bertalanffy for E. cruentatus in Curaçao is: Lt = 41.5 (1 — e-0.13 (t + 0.94)). The total length-standard length relationship is expressed by the equation: y = 1.2091 x + 0.2326 and appears to be linear. The length-weight relationship found for the Graysbys is: W = 0.0121 x TL 3.0821, and is closely proportional to the cube of the length. The spawning season occurs from May to October. Mating takes place especially in August and September. Mature females are found mainly between 16 and 25 cm TL, at an age of 4 and 5 years, mature males between 21.5 and 27.4 cm TL in age group 6 and to a lesser extent in age groups 5 and 7, transitionals between 19.5 and 23.4 cm in age groups 4 and 5. For the transitionals in the length-range of 19.5-23.4 cm a transition rate of 10% was found. This relatively high rate is linked with a high increase of numbers of males in this length-range. Transition occurs usually in September, and to a lesser extent during July, August and October, immediately after spawning. A sex-ratio of 2.5 : 1 was observed for mature females and males. A significant correlation (p 〈 0.01) exists between transition rate and sex-ratio. In general a strong dominance of females coincides with a relatively low transition rate and vice versa. Females spawn only once a season, whereas males spawn more frequently and can mate with more than one female. E. cruentatus feeds mainly on fish (75%) and to a lesser extent on crustaceans (18%). Juveniles, however, feed more on shrimps (80%) than on fish. The equation found for the relation mean weight of stomach contents and size classes is: w = 0.00567 x TL3.5917, this indicates that the weight of the stomach contents is a function of about the third power of the length. Graysbys show preference for Chromis multilineata (± 55%). They feed especially at sunrise and sunset. Food intake varies considerably during the year and is in general high between February and August and lower in the rest of the year. In addition, minima in food intake can be observed in January, September, and possibly in June, and maxima in October-November, February-March and July. These minima and maxima in food intake correspond with time of ring formation in the otoliths. A significant correlation was found between food intake and condition factor during the year (p 〈 0.01).

Description: Several samples of asphaltic marls from the Island of Buton have been analysed on diatoms. These samples after their treatment with solvents to eliminate the asphalt content appeared to consist of greyish or yellowish white marls. Despite the vigorous treatment with several solvents, by which the asphalt content was reduced to a small fraction of a percent, it proved to be impossible to prepare and wash the samples in the usual way. Only after heating them to about 800° F. for several hours, they could with much care be washed and cleaned adequately for final examination. The samples were labelled: Waisioe and Kaboengka.

Description: Miopliocene marls from the island of Buton yield a large marine foraminiferal fauna and some calcareous algae. Three-hundred and thirthy-three species have been identified. Two genera, twenty-three species and four varieties are described as new. The existence of mud-volcanoes in young neogene time is advocated.

Description: The numbers (St. ...) quoted in the present systematic part, are the registration numbers of specimens in the Geological Museum at Leiden. The molluscan collection from Poeloe Boenjoe comprises the numbers St. 41757—’61 (inclusive), ’63—’70, ’73—’97, ’99—41802, ’04—’09; Tarakan: St. 41742—’50, ’98. Other organisms: Boenjoe: St. 41762, ’71, ’72, ’95, 41803; Tarakan: St. 41751, ’52, ’53, ’54, ’55.

Description: Last year Prof. Dr. I.M. van der Vlerk brought to my attention a collection of fossil remains of mammals dredged up in the East Schelde, province of Zeeland, Netherlands. The fossils were obtained by the Schot brothers of the ZZ 8 from the bottom of a through ca. 1500 m long, 200 m wide, and 35 to 45 m deep along the South coast of Schouwen island North of the Roggenplaat, and belong to the municipal museum of Zieriksee. The keeper, Mr. P. van Beveren, suggested that they be identified. Prof. Van der Vlerk kindly arranged a short visit to Zieriksee to enable me to select the specimens described in the present contribution, and Prof. Dr. B.G. Escher, director of the Geological Museum at Leiden, had the photographs taken at his institution by Mr. W.F. Tegelaar. This cooperation is here gratefully acknowledged. The fossils dredged from the East Schelde, as might be expected, are of various ages. Besides remains of mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, bison, and red deer, there are teeth of bunomastodontids and of primitive elephantines. Very similar teeth from the East Schelde have already been described by the late Miss Dr. A. Schreuder (1944, 1945a, 1949), who identified them as Anancus arvernensis (Croizet et Jobert) and Archidiskodon planifrons (Falconer et Cautley) respectively. The fossils thus identified are stained jet black, and for this reason have been referred to as “black fossils” in the Dutch literature (Van der Vlerk, 1938, p. 10; Van der Vlerk and Florschütz, 1950, p. 63; Van der Vlerk, 1951, p. 119/120; 1952, pp. 156, 157). They are taken to represent a fauna somewhat older than that of Tegelen in Limburg province (= Upper Villafranchian: Schreuder, 1945b), and have been correlated with the Red Crags of England, Upper Pliocene or Lower Pleistocene according to one’s own favoured definition of the Plio-Pleistocene boundary.

Description: In the collections of the Leyden Geological Museum is a set of fossiliferous clay-stones which was long ago collected by the mining engineer Hulshoff-Pol in the coal quarries of Batoe Panggal 1), Eastern Borneo. He presented the collection in 1902 to Dr M. Schmidt, who at that time was making geological investigations in Borneo. After Dr Schmidt’s appointment to a professorship in Stuttgart, the fossil collections made by him in Borneo were acquired by the Leyden Geological Museum (1920). Fig. 1 roughly indicates the locality of Batoe Panggal, while Fig. 2 depicts the delta area of the Mahakkam or Koetei river and its neighbouring areas. The dotted area is again represented in Fig. 3 below.

Description: Seit 1949 ist das Geologisch-Mineralogische Institut der Reichsuniversität Leiden, (und zwar dessen Mineralogisch-Petrographische Abteilung, Leitung Prof. Dr. E. Niggli) mit Untersuchungen am Granitmassiv von Sept-Laux (Belledonne-Massiv, Frankreich) beschäftigt. Diese haben als Ziel, einen kleinen Beitrag zu liefern zum Versuche der Lösung eines der wichtigsten petrogenetischen Probleme, nämlich der Frage nach der Entstehung von granitischen Gesteinen und Massiven. Zu diesem Zwecke wurde ein Teil des zentralen Granites des Belledonnemassivs im Masstabe 1:10000 kartiert, wobei besonders interessante Stellen mit dem Messtisch im Masstabe 1:100 bis 1:1000 aufgenommen wurden. Mehr als 800 Handstücke wurden gesammelt und untersucht; von 100 Handstücken wurden chemische Analysen angefertigt, um ein so genau mögliches Bild der petrochemisehen Verhältnisse zu erlangen. Tausende von Kluftmessungen wurden ausgeführt und an zahlreichen Proben gefügekundliche Untersuchungen angestellt. Ueber diese und andere Terrainund Laboratoriumsarbeiten wird später von meinen Mitarbeitern ausführlich berichtet werden. In der vorliegenden ersten Mitteilung soil nur ein Detailproblem behandelt werden, nämlich die Anwendung stereometrischer Kriteria bei der Lösung der Frage, wie die Aplit- bis Pegmatitgänge des Sept-Laux-Gebietes entstanden sind. Die Wahl des Arbeitsgebietes für unsere Granit-untersuchungen fiel aus den folgenden Gründen auf die hochalpine Region von Sept-Laux (± 2000 m über Meer) : die Aufschlüsse sind im allgemeinen hervorragend und ausgedehnt, da Vegetation kaum stört; ferner sind die Gesteine im allgemeinen sehr frisch und wenig verwittert. Als Nachteil muss in Kauf genommen werden, dass die alpine Gebirgsbildung nicht spurlos an den Gesteinen vorbeigegangen ist. Der wohl herzynische Granit von Sept-Laux zeigt mikro- und makroskopisch zahlreiche Erscheinungen der spateren alpinen Dislokations-metamorphose und Orogenese. Immerhin ist zu bemerken, dass die alpine Gesteinsumwandlung hier bedeutend geringere Ausmasse als in den schweizerischen Zentralmassiven annahm.

Description: One of the specimens dealt with in the present paper has been described in previous papers, in which it appeared under three different names, all of which for different reasons eventually proved to be erroneous. The present identification as Sacculina cordata Shiino at last seems to be definite. The second specimen, as the first from the material collected by the Siboga Expedition, belongs to the species Sacculina papposa V. K. & B., of which up till now the type specimen only was known; the parasite dealt with here is interesting because the excrescences of its external cuticle are of a structure slightly different from that of the corresponding parts in the type; moreover, in this specimen retinacula were found, yielding an additional character for the definition of the species. The remainder of the material dealt with here proved to belong to a new species, characterized in the first place by the peculiar excrescences of the external cuticle.

Description: Statistical analyses of the interrelationships between body size, dry weight, and number of eggs per gravid female were carried out in Gammarus alinus, Bathyporeia sarsi, Microdeutopus gryllotalpa and Corophium insidiosum sampled in Kiel Bay (western Baltic Sea). In all cases closed correspondence between real andpredicted data was found, if the regressions were expressed as power functions (y = b'.xSUP-m or ln y = ln b'+ m.ln x = b + m.ln x). The exponent m seems to be rather constant in gammaridean amphipods: it is usuallyabout 2.4 to 2.8 in the size-weight regression, 2.7 to 3.6 in the size-egg-number regression, and 1.1. to 1.5 in the weight-egg-number regression. The parameter b is obviously more species-dependent and presumably also influenced to a higher degree by ecological factors.

Description: J. falcata, an unselective suspension feeder, was cultivated in standing, unaerated finger bowls, feeding on amixture of Brachionus plicatilis, Scrippsiella faeroense, Ulva sp., and natural detritus. This amphipod can also be maintained with diets composed of dead or live material of both plant and animal origin, but an addition ofliving zooplankton is necessary for long-term cultivation. Starvation resistance is higher in females than inmales, and it is increased by lower temperatures. The life span of J. falcata increases with decreasing temperature, and it is generally higher in females (maximum: 252 days at 10 °C) than in males. In laboratory culture, a bimodal mortality pattern is typical with high juvenile death rates, low mortality during thereproductive phase, and again increasingly high death rates toward the end of the life cycle. Growth rate depends on temperature, sex, and individual age. The temperature dependence of growth is particularly high inmales, and it is higher in adults than in juveniles. The total number of moults is lower in males (5 to 6) than infemales (7 to 9). Sexual maturity is attained at moult IV to V. The average incubation time of eggs is about 9 to 16 days (highest value at 10 °C). Three to 4 broods were observed, with largest numbers of offspring at 10 °C.

Description: Experiments have been carried out on the duration of larval development of H. araneus-, in relation to temperature, food quality, and individual variation. A graphical model is presented which predicts larval occurrence and settlement in the field (Helgoland waters, North Sea). Preliminary observations are reported on predator-prey interactions with larvae of the spionid polychaete Polydora ciliata-. Cannibalism and necrophagy during starvation experiments with zooplankton are considered: In larvae which are not kept in individual confinement, maximum survival time doubles due to feeding on living or dead sibling larvae. Analyses are presented revealing elemental and biochemical composition of starved and fed larvae as well as energy equivalents calculated from these data. During starvation, early larvae lose carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Their main metabolic substrate is protein; lipid is utilized to a much lesser extent. Exoskeleton formation is, apparently, independent of nutrition: Zoea-1 larvae starved for 8 days contain the same amount of chitin as larvae fed well over this period of time. Energy calculations suggest an extremely low respiration rate and a very effective reconstruction of body material in starved larvae.

Description: The life cycles of the three most frequent amphipod species of the shallow waters of Kiel Bay (western Baltic Sea) were studied by evaluating their length-frequency distributions and percentages of gravid females over a15-month period. B. sarsi has two generations per year. The first one hatches in late spring and reproduces insummer. Its offspring overwinters and closes the cycle by breeding in spring. The reproductive phase in the population lasts from May to November; the minimum temperature for reproduction is about 6 C. M. gryllotalpa has a life cycle similar to that of B. sarsi, but less pronounced breeding periods and a shorter reproductive phase (end of June to October). C. insidiosum produces three generations per year during theperiod from end of April to beginning of November. Reproduction culminates in late spring/mid-summer, and to a lesser degree, in autumn. In the last two species variation in sex ratio shows a relationship to thereproductive cycle.

Description: This amphipod is mainly a suspension feeder, but it can also switch to deposit feeding. It was cultivated instanding, unaerated finger bowls, feeding on detritus, living or dried algal matter, rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis), or large-sized phytoplankton. A mixture of these items gave best results and hence was used for long-termcultivation. Preliminary results are presented on ingestion rate (suspension feeding), digestion rate, starvationresistance, and elemental and biochemical composition. In the life cycle of C. insidiosum, several factors werefound to play an important role: temperature, individual age, sex, and in contrast to other amphipod speciesthus far studied also the age of the mother animal at the time of breeding. Increasing temperature reduces thetotal life span, the age and size at the time of attaining sexual maturity, and the duration of marsupial development. It increases growth and moulting rate. At increasing individual age, the growth rate, and in males also the moulting rate, decrease, while the number of offspring per brood and surprisingly also the duration ofits marsupial development increase. Females generally have a longer life span than males, and they show a higher number of moults, higher moulting frequency and growth rate, and a larger maximum body size. Body length and age at the time of reaching sexual maturity are smaller in males than in females. Furthermore the age of the mother animal at the time of breeding proved to be of particular importance: Individuals from early broods have an apparently longer life span than those originating from late broods, and they have more moults, mostly a higher growth rate, higher number of offspring and longer incubation of broods.

Description: Our 150th anniversary is commemorated in a rather modest way and it is not our intention to make it an important international event. However, we decided to dedicate part of Blumea to the jubilee, not only in order to bring our anniversary to the attention of our colleagues abroad, but also in order to bring the historiography of our institute more or less up to date.

Description: 1. This paper deals with a pollenanalytical investigation of holocenic peat-layers in Central Friesland. 2. One diagram shows a praeboreal spectrum with Betula in the dominant position, the first appearance of thermophilous trees (Corylus, Alnus) and a high percentage of Gramineous and Cyperaceous pollen. 3. Originally in all diagrams the percentages of Ericaceous pollen are low. 4. During the boreal time the peat formation was of little importance. A maximum of Corylus pollen in the boreal period has not been found here. 5. In the Atlanticum a thick layer of peat has been formed; the percentage of Alnus pollen remains high, the Quercetum-mixtum fluctuates between 10 and 25 per cent and there is also much Corylus pollen. 6. Two narrow clay-bands are present in the peat. They contain many pollen grains of halophytic plants, which indicates that there must have been two marine transgressions in the Atlanticum. These transgressions will have reached their farthest point in this region. 7. In the upper atlantic and subboreal peat-layers there are many fragments of Ericaceae and also a high percentage of Ericaceous pollen. 8. The Young Sphagnum peat consists of Sphagnum species of the Cymbifolia section. The presence of Fagus pollen never reaches a level of 10 per cent. 9. During the subatlantic transgression the Young Sphagnum peat has locally been washed away and was replaced by clay with many Phragmites rests. The author wishes to express his thanks to “It Fryske Gea”, the Frisian association for the protection of nature, president Mr. M. WIEGERSMA, Drachten, for the permission to take samples at “Het Princehof” and for the assistance to this work. He is also highly indebted to Dr. F. P. JONKER for his assistance and interest during the investigation and to Prof. Dr. C. E. B. BREMEKAMP for correcting the English text.

Description: Bei einer Untersuchung in einer Anzahl von niederländischen „blauwgraslanden“ (d. h. „blaue Wiesen“, Cirsio-Molinietum, Junco-Molinion) wurde Ctenidium molluscum angetroffen, eine Art, welche in den Niederlanden mehr oder weniger zum Mesobromion gerechnet wird. Untersuchungen an altem Herbarmaterial ergaben, daß die Art im vorigen Jahrhundert auch mehrere Male in den Übergangsgebieten zwischen Pleistozän und Holocän gefunden worden ist, wo es früher u. a. ausgedehnte „blauwgraslanden“ gab, und hier und da auch Gesellschaften aus dem Caricion davallianae. Den alten Funden von Ctenidium molluscum waren oft andere Arten, überwiegend aus dem Caricion davallianae, beigemischt. Literaturangaben aus Grasländern, Mooren und Heiden von Irland bis Österreich brachten zutage, daß der soziologische Anschluß von Ctenidium molluscum sich geographisch verschiebt: im extrem atlantischen Klima findet sich das Moos in verschiedenen Milieutypen, von ziemlich trockenen bis zu nassen Böden, in Gegenden mit trockenerem Klima nur auf feuchten bis nassen Böden. Außer dieser naß/trocken-Verschiebung handelt es sich teilweise auch um eine basisch/sauer-Verschiebung: in Zentral-Europa kalkstet, in NW-Europa bodenvag. Man hat den Eindruck, daß solche Verschiebungen u.a. für die Gradientgrasländer (im Sinn von VAN LEEUWEN) charakteristisch sind. Hier findet sich Ctenidium molluscum mit Arten wie Linum catharticum, Briza media, Carex flacca und auch Fissidens adianthoides, wobei Ctenidium seltener ist. Wahrscheinlich erfordert Ctenidium einen stärkeren Gradienten als die anderen erwähnten Arten. Demzufolge wird Ctenidium molluscum im niederländischen „blauwgrasland“ heute nahezu nicht mehr angetroffen, da sich nicht nur das Areal vom „blauwgrasland“ sehr stark vermindert hat, sondern auch die noch erhaltenen Naturschutzgebiete stark von der allgemeinen Nivellierung (der Herabsetzung des Wasserstandes und der Eutrophierung, also der Abnahme der Gradientsituationen) betroffen sind. Den Herren Prof. Dr. J. J. Barkman, Drs. J. H. WILLEMS und Dr. H. J. During danke ich für kritische Durchsicht des Manuskripts, Herrn Drs. E. A. MENNEGA für die Übersetzung.

Description: The data on which this study is based, were gathered during a scientific expedition which lasted from September 1948 to May 1949. The author had accepted an invitation to join Prof. J. LANJOUW who on this expedition was entrusted with the botanical part of the investigations. They worked in close contact with the other staff members, the zoologists Dr D. C. GEIJSKES and P. H. CREUTZBERG, and the geo-morphologists Prof. J. P. BAKKER and Dr A. BEOUWER. Especially the cooperation with the latter group proved to be of prime importance for the study of the vegetation. For more general Information with regard to the aims and scope of this expedition the reader is referred to the preliminary report (26).

Description: In the course of next year a revision of the surinam Musaceae will be published. A new Heliconia species recognized during this study, is described here.

Description: The genus Callisthene is found in the Extra Amazonian part of the Brazilian mainland, particularly in the zone of the campos and in the adjacent parts of Bolivia. The genus comprises eight species, as defined in this paper. It shows its greatest diversity on the central plateau of the Brazilian state of Minas Geraes. Most of the species are typical trees of the campos of the interior Brazilian plateau, which is characterized by a climate with a severe dry season. The genus was first described by MARTIUS in 1824. He mentioned all important characters and placed it in the Vochysiaceae, a family which had been described only four years earlier by A. DE ST. HILAIRE (1820). It was named after Callisthenes (360—327 B.C.), the Greek naturalist and historian of Alexander the Great, relative and pupil of Aristotle. MARTIUS (l.c.) described 3 species, WARMING (1875 in the “Flora Brasiliensis”) 7, while BRIQUET (1919) added several others, only one of which — in the opinion of the present author — can stand after careful studies of the complete type material.

Description: Protium Bangii Swart n. sp. Arbor. Ramuli satis robusti teretes striati fuscescentes lenticellis ellipticis sparsis. Folia 2-juga circ. 15 cm longa ubique glabra juvenilia pilis nonnullis munita, petiolis semiteretibus basi subincrassatis 3,5 cm longis, interjugis teretibus supra carinatis 2 cm longis, petiolulis foliolorum lateralium semiteretibus subalatis 2—3 mm longis sed terminalibus teretibus carinatis 15 mm longis, foliolis elliptico-oblongis subovatis apicem versus valde angustatis 8 cm longis 3,75 cm latis lateralibus leviter asymmetricis basalibus in super brevioribus, omnibus apicem versus gradatim acuminatis, acumine attenuato 7,5 mm longo 5 mm lato, basi late cuneata vel rotundata, margine integro, pergamentaceis laevibus, nervis secundariis utrinque circ. 12 apicem versus prope marginem conjunctis, nervis primariis supra sulcatis infra cum sec. et tert. prominentibus. Inflorescentiae axillares pauciramosae floribus satis numerosis compositae, rhachibus teretibus sparse puberulis, pedunculis usque ad 9 cm longis, ramulis sec. ad 3 cm, tert. ad 0,5 cm longis. Pedicelli teretes 0,5—1 mm longi cum bracteis bracteolisque late triangularibus 0,5 mm longis calycibusque sparse puberuli. Flores 5-meri 3 mm longi. Calyx late cupuliformis circ. 1 mm alta, lobis triangularibus obtusis tubo aequilongis. Petala oblongo-ovata inflexo-apiculata glabra. Stamina 10, filamentis subulatis 2 mm longis, antheris oblongis 0,5 mm longis. Discus annularis 10-lobis 0,5 mm altus glaber. Pistillum glabrum 1,5 mm altum basi disco cinctum ex ovario ovoideo circ. 1 mm alto, stylo brevissimo et stigmate 5-lobo compositum. Typus: Bang 2370 in U.S. Nat. Herb. 1380537. Distributio: Bolivia, dept. La Paz, flum. Yungas, Coroico, Bang 2370 (Aug. 1894, flor.).

Description: Mr A.G.L. Adelbert has finished his work on the Labiatae of Java. Dr R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr., Leyden, continued his work on Malaysian Rubiaceae and finished the genera Bikkia, Lerchea, Argostemma, Steenisia; he stated with the genus Ophiorrhiza.

Description: Blume, C. L, Bijdragen tot de kennis van de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië. Reprint of part 4 ( 1850). Dr M. A. DONK draws attention to the fact that part 4 of BLUME’ s Bijdragen was reprinted in 1850, at Batavia. The printers were VAN LANGE & Co, not the Landsdrukkerij this time. A copy of this second edition is in the Bibliotheca at Bogor. The letterprint is different from that of the original and the paper is of inferior quality. The numbering of the pages is kept as much as possible in agreement with the original edition. At Bogor there is an other copy of the Bijdragen in which part 4 is in MS,; this indicates that at some time no stock was available of the original edition.

Description: Flora Malesiana series i volume 8 instalment 3, pages (1)-(19) and 301- 577 came from the press in October 1978. Price Dfl. 190. It contains the Title page, Contents, Dedication to F.A.W. Miquel by F.A. Stafleu (a very full account of Miquel’s significance for Malesian botany), Abbreviations and signs, Revisions, Addenda (mainly in the Rhizophoraceae), and Index, by Mrs. M.J. van Steenis-Kruseman. The binding of volume 8 is also available. The revisions of this instalment are two. H. Keng, Labiatae (p. 301- 394, 32 fig.), deals with 88 wild and 25 cultivated species in 32 genera. Also mentioned are 11 cultivated species, in 9 other genera. Distribution is extensively discussed; J. Muller gave a palynological comment on the subdivision of the family. A long chapter on phytochemistry and chemotaxonomy, digesting many recent data, was contributed by R. Hegnauer. Ding Hou, Anacardiaceae (p. 395-548, 69 fig.), deals with 149 sp. in 22 genera. Seedlings are discussed by E.F. de Vogel, anatomy with many data by P. Baas, chemistry with many new compounds by R. Hegnauer.

Description: In addition to W.H. Brown’s works Dr Quisumbing has completed our knowledge of useful Philippine plants by the compilation of a big volume which contains a mine of information of over 1000 different species. Preceded by an introduction, the systematic sequence is adopted for families, genera and species. Each species is provided with a list of its synonyms, local names, a popular description, and a digestion of its phytochemical and medicinal literature. There is an appendix on miscellaneous economic algae, one on edible and poisonous fungi, one on Philippine plants reported to cause hayfever or asthma, some fungi causing skin disease, a list of cyanophoric plants, a bibliography of 630 articles and books, and several indices. This book is of great use to all students of Malaysian botany. Dr Quisumbing who wrote it mostly before the war is to be congratulated with its excellent production.

Description: Mr A.G.L. Adelbert arrived in Holland on short leave November 10, 1951. Prof. Dr K.B. Boedijn, of the Agricultural Faculty at Bogor, Java, was on leave in Holland in 1951. He returned to Bogor November 1951.

Description: In the following the abbreviation B.Z. means ’Binnenlandsche Zaken’ or ’Ministry for the Interior’; all records referred to are preserved in the National Archives (’Rijksarchief’) at The Hague. By Royal Decree of Febr. 10, 1839, no. 101 (cf. B.Z., 5th Div., Febr. 18th, 1839, no 132) it was decided to publish a printed work at the expense of the Government. The issue was to consist of 250 copies and each of the planned 3 volumes were to contain c. 400 pp., 60 (coloured) plates and quarterly instalments were to be published. The costs were to be deducted from the funds granted to the ’Natuurkundige Commissie’ (Board for the Naturel Sciences) who had explored in the Dutch East Indies since the withdrawal of the English (1816). The work should embody the scientific results of the ’Commissie.’

Description: The death of Cyril Tenison White, Government Botanist, Brisbane, Queensland, occurred on August 16, 1950.; The news came suddenly and hit hard; we lost one of the kindest and gentlest of men and, besides, the greatest living authority on the Papuan and Melanesian flora. Mr White had been seriously ill, two years ago, but seemed to have recovered. His heart remained weak, however, and though he seemed in good health, he had to desist from mountain climbing.

Description: Fascicles of Flora of India. The first fascicle of this new Flora of India was issued by the Botanical Survey of India in 1978. It contains the treatment of Coriariaceae (2 sp.) and Paeoniaceae (1 sp.), both by Dr. M.A. Rau, in all 8 printed pages, each family illustrated by one full-page plate. The treatment is the usual one in a Flora, with descriptions and keys, synonymy etc., in a concise form, the descriptions occupying 6-9 lines of print. Headings under each species are: citation of the type, flowering and fruiting months, distribution, uses, chromosome numbers, and notes. There is a lamentable lack of any entry on ecology (except altitude and flowering & fruiting time).

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk: *.

Description: Banks, Joseph (1743-1820) J. Braybrooke Marshall, The handwriting of Joseph Banks, his scientific staff and amanuenses. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot. 6 (1978) 1-85, 62 fig. Introductory chapters precede many facsimile handwritings reproduced. Boschma, Hilbrand (22.iv.1893-22.7.1976) W. Vervoort, Zoöl. Bijdr. no. 22 (1977) 1-28, portr., bibliogr. During a short stay in Java in 1921 he collected plants on some islands in the Java Sea NW of Jakarta. See Fl. Males, vol. 1.

Description: Trees, shrubs, lianas, woody epiphytes or (extra-Mai.) more rarely herbs. Branches usually stout with leaves clustered at their ends; armed or unarmed; glabrous or with a tomentum of stellate or simple hairs; buds either covered by the stipular sheaths of leaves or by cataphylls. Leaves spiral or rarely opposite or in whorls; petiole usually clasping the stem; stipules either distinct or united into a ligule or absent (in Osmoxylon the petiole bears ± elaborate crests around its base); lamina digitately compound or pinnate, sometimes to the second or third degree, or simple, when either entire or pinnately or palmately lobed, margin entire or dentate. Inflorescence terminal or more rarely lateral; either simple or compound racemes or spikes, or more commonly of umbels or capitula, either solitary or arranged in compound umbels or panicles; bracts usually small and caducous; pedicel either articulated with the flower or continuous with it. Flowers hermaphrodite or heterosexual, sometimes dioecious; actinomorphic. Calyx lobes small, or reduced to a rim, or rarely absent. Petals 3 to numerous, often 5, sometimes fused into a calyptra, or forming a tube with spreading lobes (Osmoxylon), valvate or imbricate in bud, usually with a broad base but rarely narrowed below. Stamens usually as many as the petals and alternating with them, or twice as many, or indefinite; filaments inserted at the edge of the disk; anthers dorsifixed, introrse, pollen sacs 4 or rarely 8. Ovary inferior, half inferior, or very rarely (extra-Mai.) superior, 1- to many-celled, the top of the ovary usually a fleshy disk; styles and stigmas as many as the cells, either connate or wholly or partially free. Ovules solitary, pendulous, anatropous, with the raphe ventral. Fruit baccate or drupaceous, exocarp usually fleshy, endocarp forming cartilaginous or membranaceous pyrenes around the seeds. Seeds one per pyrene, with a small embryo within smooth or ruminate endosperm. Distribution. About 50 genera with a roughly estimated 1150 species, ranging mainly in the warmer parts of both hemispheres (especially in montane zones), a small number in or extending to cool-temperate regions. With the exception of SE. Asia, the family and its centres of distribution are largely found within the land masses derived from ancient Gondwanaland. In Malesia 17 genera with a total (excluding Schefflera) of 117 species in 16 genera. (The largest genus, Schefflera, with an estimated 250 species for the region, is omitted from this account.)

Description: Perennial herbs with tufted or creeping rhizome, monoecious, rarely dioecious. Stems arising centrally or laterally, erect or obliquely erect, mostly triquetrous or trigonous, rarely subterete, solid or sometimes hollow, often clothed at the base by persistent leaf-sheaths or their fibrous remains. Leaves tristichous, usually narrowly linear, sheathing at the base, with a ligule at the junction of blade and sheath, rarely lanceolate or elliptic with a more or less distinct petiole and eligulate, mostly basal and subbasal, 0-several higher on the stem, the lower ones often reduced to bladeless sheaths; sheaths of the stem-leaves and bracts closed. Inflorescence paniculiform, racemiform or spiciform, more rarely reduced to a single spikelet. Spikelets 1-very numerous, terete, sessile or peduncled, few- to many-flowered, wholly male, wholly female, or bisexual (androgynous when male flowers above, gynaecandrous when female flowers above). Bracts foliaceous or glume-like, often sheathing, sometimes wanting. Base of the branches of the inflorescence usually with a utriculiform or ocreiform bracteole (cladoprophyllum) surrounding it. Flowers unisexual, naked, solitary in the axils of the spirally arranged glumes; male flowers consisting of 3 free or rarely more or less connate stamens; anthers linear; female flowers consisting of a single pistil enclosed in a bottle-shaped prophyll (;utricle, perigynium). Style either continuous with the ovary and persistent, or articulated with it and deciduous, straight or flexuous, often incrassate at the base; stigmas 2 or 3, protruding through the small terminal orifice of the utricle. Vestigial rachilla (see Uncinia) rarely present. Utricles membranous, chartaceous, or coriaceous, bicarinate, sometimes winged, sessile or stipitate, beakless to strongly beaked, nerveless, nerved, or ribbed, glabrous, or pubescent or hispid, papillose or puncticulate or smooth, sometimes spongy at the base; beak truncate, obliquely cleft, bidentate, or bifurcate at the top. Nut trigonous (when stigmas 3), or lenticular (plano-convex or biconvex; when stigmas 2), enclosed within the utricle. Distr. A large genus with 600 to 1000 spp., the majority of them outside the tropics. However, the most primitive section, Vigneastra with a compound, paniculate inflorescence and androgynous spikelets, occurs mainly in the tropics of the Old World, from sea-level up to 3000 m. This section is represented in Malesia with 11 spp., and is there by far the largest section.

Description: Annonaceae. Dr. P.S. Ashton (A) has agreed to start a revision of this family for the Flora Malesiana. Araceae. Dr. Josef Bogner (M) is completing work on the philodendroids of Borneo. He found that Bucephalandra was mis-described and illustrated with parietal instead of basal placentation. As a result he reduced Microcasia to it. See also the Bibliography.

Description: A dedication to ODOARDO BECCARI, the greatest botanist ever to study in Malesia, is long overdue. Although best known as a plant taxonomist, his versatile genius extended far beyond the basic field of this branch of Botany, his wide interest leading him to investigate the laws of evolution, the interrelations between plants and animals, the connection between vegetation and environment, plant distribution, the cultivated and useful plants of Malesia and many other problems of plant life. But, even if he devoted his studies to plants, in the depth of his mind he was primarily a naturalist, and in his long, lonely and dangerous explorations in Malesia he was attracted to all aspects of nature and human life, assembling, besides plants, an incredibly large number of collections and an invaluable wealth of drawings and observations in zoology, anthropology and ethnology. He was indeed a naturalist, and one of the greatest of his time; but never in his mind were the knowledge and beauty of Nature disjoined, and, as he was a true and complete naturalist, he was at the same time a poet and an artist. His Nelleforeste di Borneo, Viaggi e ricerche di un mturalista (1902), excellently translated into English (in a somewhat abbreviated form) by Prof. E. GioLiouand revised and edited by F.H.H. Guillemard as Wanderings in the great forests of Borneo (1904), is a treasure in tropical botany; it is in fact an unrivalled introduction to tropical plant life and animals, man included. It is a most readable book touching on all sorts of topics and we advise it to be studied by all young people whose ambition it is to devote their life to tropical research.

Description: On March 29 and 30, 1979, the Rijksherbarium at Leiden commemorated in a modest way its foundation by King William I, 150 years ago. On the first day of the celebration a large company, including several distinguished foreign botanists, gathered in the old central building of the University for a festive meeting during which a number of speakers dwelt upon past, present and future of the Rijksherbarium as well as on its role in botany.

Description: Mycena flocculentipes is reduced to the synonymy of M. hiemalis. Mycena metata is maintained as the correct name for M. vitrea var. tenella sensu Ricken, and M. phyllogena becomes a synonym. Mycena corticola is rejected as an ambiguous name, while M. meliigena seems a plausible choice as the correct name for M. corticola sensu Kühner.

Description: The aim of this study has been to compare the ontogenetic structures of as many species of Coprinus as possible in order to obtain a better insight into their mutual relationships. The sequence of development of the parts in the first phases of primordium development has been traced with greater precision here; several degrees of rupthymenial hymenophore development have been distinguished; the veil and pileipellis structures and the corresponding terminology have been critically discussed. Finally, an attempt has been made to establish phylogenetic relationships between about 27 species, but to acheive a higher degree of accuracy in this field, ontogenetic information concerning still more species is required.

Description: The list of new localities of rare species and interesting records of more common species found in the Netherlands mainly during 1977, has been subdivided into three categories: A. Netherlands species; B. Adventitious species; C. Species escaped from cultivation. Category A includes the species — also naturalised ones — belonging to the Netherlands flora, as established by the Floristic Council in 1975 and inserted in the Standard List of the Netherlands Flora 1975 (ARNOLDS & VAN DER MEIJDEN, 1976). In list A comments have been added, where necessary; adventitious records of Netherlands species are indicated with adv., escapes from cultivation with verw. In list B and C the names of the species new for the Netherlands, are in bold type.

Description: Wilkiea macooraia (Bailey) Perkins is transferred into the genus Steganthera as Steganthera macooraia (Bailey) Endress. The flowers of the species are described for the first time.

Description: Koorders, Fl. v. Tjibodas 2 (1923) 32—46; Hochreutiner in Candollea 2 (1924—1926) 336—359; Ochse, Indische Groenten (1931) 719—722; Backer, Onkruidfl. Java Suiker (1930) 203—209; Aimshoff in Blumea 5 (1942—1945) 515—517. Miss Dr G. J. Amshoff started the revision of the Javanese Urticaceae, but left the definitive preparation to me. Urtica dioica L. and U. urens L. have been erroneously recorded for Java (Miquel, Fl. Ind. bat. 1², 1859, 227; Koorders, Exk. Fl. Java 2, 1912, 126). To my knowledge no specimens were ever collected there nor elsewhere in the Malay Archipelago.

Description: Little attention has been paid till now to the algae, transported to the Netherlands coast on drifting objects. About a century ago T. D. Vrijdag Zijnen and G. Bisschop (near Scheveningen, ± 1845), and L. H. Buse (between Wijk aan Zee and Zandvoort, ± 1840—1847) were the first to pay attention to this subject. The material collected, especially that by the first two investigators, is mentioned in the Prodromus Fl. Bat. (1853). The book of Van Goor (1923) contains a chapter on these algae, in which, however, only few new observations occur. The author is much indebted to Dr Josephine Th. Koster for her kind help, as well as to Dr S. J. v. Ooststroom. The material, collected by Vrijdag Zijnen, Bisschop and Buse is almost completely present in the collections of the ‘Rijksherbarium’ and the ‘Koninklijke Ncderlandse Botanische Vereniging’, Leiden. The material, collected during the last few years has for the greater part been brought together by the present author, and furthermore especially by K. Swennen (Den Helder), J. Stock (Amsterdam), A. Mulder (Haarlem) and P. Leenhouts (Scheveningen). This material belongs to the collection of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, but most of it is, for the time being, put under the charge of the “Comité ter Bestudering van de Nederlandse Mariene Flora en Fauna” (“Committee on the Netherlands’ Marine Flora and Fauna”) and temporarily preserved in “Het Filiaal”, Leiden.

Description: In modern handbooks the development of plant systematica is given as occurring in four overlapping phases: the pioneer (or exploratory) phase, the consolidation phase, the biosystematic phase, and the encyclopaedic phase. In systematic phycology research is still largely in the pioneer phase, with scattered attempts to reach the second, third, or even fourth phase. In many cases in phycology the biosystematic phase has to precede the consolidation phase. Knowledge of algae (growing mainly in marine or freshwater environments, but also occurring in soils or snow and on rocks or trees) is quite scanty in most parts of the world, and even for taxa that are supposed to be well known, the information is often but fragmentary. The encyclopaedic phase is for most groups of algae very remote and probably it will never be attained. Research on algae connected with the Rijksherbarium reflects the phases of systematic phycology.

Description: During the long years I was engaged in writing my “Mikrographie” (1), my main purpose was to give a survey of the wood-anatomy of as many representatives of the javanesc wood flora as I could lay hands on, in connection with Koorders’ and Valeton’s “Bijdragen” (2). My attention being almost exclusively absorbed by the descriptive side of my task, little attention was paid to eventual conclusions regarding family relationships, though some were incidentally pointed out. When this work of long years was completed, the need of a key for the identification of wood samples was felt. This I composed and completed just before the war. It was published in 1940 and written in German (3), as was the main work on which it was based. Immediately an English translation was prepared but though this was ready for the press as early as 1942, I was prevented from publishing it, at first because of the German occupation and later on for want of funds.

Description: The first substantial contribution of the Rijksherbarium towards the plant geography of Malesia and the Pacific was made by the German born J. G. Hallier in his paper ‘Über frühere Landbrücken, Pflanzen- und Völkerwanderungen zwischen Australien und Amerika’. In this paper he suggested that recent land connections had existed in the tropical Pacific from Japan over Hawaii to California and south to Peru and another connection in the south Pacific. His arguments besides botanical were also ethnographical and linguistic. H.J. Lam was not only responsible for the promotion of taxonomic research. He added chapters on phytogeography to his revisions of the Sapotaceae and Burseraceae. His papers on the subject always had a philosophical quality. He once compared phylogeny with a stream of potentialities of the genoplasm drifting in time: the genorheithrum (1938). Lam also wrote plant-geographical essays on areas with special interest: Talaud, Celebes (1945) and especially New Guinea (1934). As regards his ideas about past connections between Borneo-Philippines-Celebes-Moluccas-New Guinea he owed much to Merrill. Lam was a follower of Wegener’s continental drift theory and he pleaded with fellow taxonomists to accept this as a working hypothesis to explain distribution patterns in the Malesian archipelago (1930). Many of his papers were in Dutch, especially of course those meant for a general (Dutch) public, such as his chapter on phytogeography in Weevers’ book (1939) ‘Het leven der planten’ (The life of plants). He took care, however, to publish his more important ideas in English as well. Among many things Lam will be remembered for initiating a series of distribution maps of Pacific plant taxa: ‘Pacific Plant Areas’, which was to contain critical annotated maps. These should be a valuable asset to botanists, paleontologists, ethnobotanists and others. This plan was first suggested in 1939 during the sixth Pacific Science Congress at Berkeley, but World War II held up execution of the project. As chairman of the ‘Standing Committee on Pacific Plant Areas’ Lam gave a progress report after the war (1953). Realization of the project was to be achieved by Van Steenis, his successor both as director of the Rijksherbarium and as chairman of the Standing Committee.

Description: Frutex volubilis ramulis teretibus, costatis, glabris, inferne nudis cicatricosis, superne dense foliosis, 4—5 mm crassis. Folia chartacea, alterna (internodiis 2—3 mm longis), brevissime petiolata, lanceolata, apice acuta mucronulataque, basi cuneata, margine integerrima vel subdentata, utrinque glaberrima, subtus nervo mediano prominenti, venis secundariis argute reticularis; petiolo 2—5 mm longo, lamina 7—10 cm longa, 2—2.5 cm lata. Capitula discoidea, multa, in apice ramulorum densissime corymbosa; pedicellis glabris, ca. 5 mm longis. Involucrum turbinatum, 12—15 mm longum, 5 mm crassum; bracteis papyraceis, glaberrimis, ca. 15, externis ovatis, acutis, margine subciliatis, 3—5 mm longis, 2—2.3 mm latis; internis lanceolatis, acutis, usque 15 mm longis, 1.8 mm latis. Receptaculum convexum. Flores 5, isomorphi, hermaphroditi, corolla tubulosa 10 mm longa, superne Pentalobata; lobulis lanceolatis ca. 4 mm longis. Achaenia (valde inmatura), leviter compressa, minute glandulosa. Pappus biseriatus, ochraceus.

Description: After the senior writer, together with W. W. Varossieau, had published a revision of this monogeneric family (Blumea III, 1938—’39 and IV, 1941), some more material has been examined by us and, moreover, some new species have been described. Thanks to the courtesy of Prof. F. Gagnepain of Paris, and the Director of the Musee d’Histoire Naturelle, Phanérogamic, we had the opportunity to examine the type specimens of Gagnepain's new species from Indo-China, All with all we felt that a new key and a brief enumeration of the species with the main literature, their synonyms and distribution, might be useful. SARCOSPERMATACEAE H. J. Lam, Bull. Jard. Bot. Buitenz., sér. III, 7, 1925, 248; Blumea III, 1, 1938, 184.