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  • Articles  (583)
  • Springer  (583)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1945-1949  (583)
  • 1949  (583)
  • Medicine  (554)
  • Geography  (29)
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  • Articles  (583)
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1945-1949  (583)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 1 (1949), S. 347-357 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Luftpartikelchen, das ausschließlich adiabatischen Zustandsänderungen unterliegt, nimmt seine Gleichgewichtslage im Innern einer im hydrostatischen Gleichgewicht befindlichen Luftmasse ein, wenn die SummeS seiner spezifischen Enthalpie und seiner potentiellen Energie in der Masseneinheit ein Extrem wird; je nachdem dieses Extrem ein Minimum oder ein Maximum ist, ist das hydrostatische Gleichgewicht stabil oder instabil. Diese Forderung läßt sich für den Fall der geostrophischen Bewegung verallgemeinern, indem man zur SummeS die kinetische Longitudinalenergie der Partikel (je Maßeinheit) addiert. Dieses letztere Resultat läßt sich unmittelbar auf den Fall des permanenten Kreiswirbels ausdehnen.
    Abstract: Summary A particle of air which undergoes but adiabatic changes of state occupies its position of equilibrium inside a mass of air in hydrostatic equilibrium if the sumS of its specific enthalpy and of its potential energy per unit of mass assumes an extreme value. According as this extreme is a minimum or a maximum the state of hydrostatic equilibrium is stable or unstable. This postulate can be generalized in case of geostrophic state of motion on condition that the kinetic longitudinal energy of the particle per unit of mass is added to the sumS. This last result can be immediately extended on the case of a permanent circular vortex.
    Notes: Résumé Une particule qui ne subit que des transformations adiabatiques, occupe sa position d'équilibre au sein d'une masse d'air en équilibre hydrostatique, lorsque la sommeS de son enthalpie spécifique et de son énergie potentielle par unité de masse est extremum. Suivant que cet extremum est un minimum ou un maximum, l'état d'équilibre hydrostatique est stable ou instable. On peut généraliser cette proposition au cas de l'état de mouvement géostrophique, à condition d'ajouter, à la sommeS, l'énergie cinétique longitudinale, par unité de masse, de la particule. On peut étendre immédiatement ce dernier résultat au cas du tourbillon circulaire permanent.
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  • 2
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 1 (1949), S. 384-407 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Many cold fronts which cross the principal crest of the Alps in a Southerly direction and penetrate into the region are very avtive in that region. Other cold fronts, however, die out almost completely when crossing the Southern Alps, due to Föhn phenomena. In the present paper, the behaviour of cold air currents crossing the Alps and penetrating the Southern Alps region is thoroughly discussed by analysing individual examples. Thereby it is shown that a clear distinction between the two kinds of cold air invading the Southern Alps region can be drawn from considering the characteristic features of the airstream. Both cases can be easily recognised by examination of the relevant upper air charts. Cold fronts are active in the Southern Alps when this region lies ahead of a high-level trough in the upper air: whilst cold fronts die out through the effect of the Föhn when the Southern Alps lie to the rear of a high-level trough.
    Abstract: Résumé De nombreux fronts froids dirigés vers le Sud et qui traversent les Alpes se révèlent extrêmement actifs sur le versant sud, de cette chaîne. D'autres fronts au contraire disparaissent presque complètement en franchissant le faîte montagneux à cause du phénomène de foehn. On examine ici des cas déterminés de passages de masses d'air froides par-dessus les Alpes et leur écoulement sur le versant opposé. En repérant certaines caractéristiques de ces courants, il est possible de distinguer nettement les deux types d'invasion froide au Sud des Alpes. Cette distinction est particulièrement facile par l'emploid des cartes de pression en altitude. On constate alors qu'un front froid reste actif en traversant les Alpes lorsque la partie antérieure d'un couloir de basse pression en altitude se trouve sur le versant sud, mais qu'il y a frontolyse par foehn lorsque la partie postérieure de ce couloir se trouve sur cette région.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Viele Kaltfronten, die mit Südkurs den Alpenhauptkamm überschreiten und in das Südalpengebiet eindringen, sind dort außerordentlich wetterwirksam. Andere Kaltfronten, die über die Alpen hinwegziehen, werden dagegen in den Südalpen durch Föhnerscheinungen fast völlig aufgelöst. In vorliegender Arbeit wird an Einzelbeispielen das Verhalten von Kaltluftströmungen beim Überqueren der Alpen und beim Eindringen in das Südalpengebiet eingehend untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, daß durch charakteristische Merkmale der Strömmungen eine einwandfreie Unterscheidung der beiden Arten von Kaltlufteinbrüchen in das Südalpengebiet möglich ist. Vor allem lassen sich beide Fälle durch Anwendung der Höhenwetterkarte gut auseinanderhalten. Es ergibt sich, daß eine Kaltfront dann die Südalpen wetterwirksam überquert, wenn dieses Gebiet auf der Vorderseite eines in der Höhenkarte in Erscheinung tretenden Höhentroges liegt, daß dagegen die Front durch Föhnwirkung aufgelöst wird, wenn die Südalpen auf der Rückseite des Höhentroges liegen.
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  • 3
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 1 (1949), S. 273-294 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The paper gives a general view of the investigations dealing with the general circulation of the atmosphere in middle latitudes, carried out by the Department of Meteorology of the University of Chicago under the direction of Prof.C. G. Rossby during the academic year 1946–47. The zonal circulation in the middle latitudes of the northern hemisphere shows, particularly during the winter halfyear and normally between heights of 5 and 15 km, a fairly narrow band of very strong western winds with the character of a free jet. The maximum of intensity of this wind-band appears at the level of the tropopause (300–200 mb.). The wind velocity is rapidly decreasing to the south of the wind maximum. The zonal windband is located within or immediately to the south of an equally narrow zone in which the contrast of temperature between the polar and equatorial regions reaches its highest degree. There is a strong inclination of the tropopause within the zonal wind-band. Frequently, even a discontinuity can be found, the height of the tropopause corresponding to that of the polar atmosphere in the north and to that of the equatorial atmosphere in the south of the wind-band. Below the wind-band, often a well defined frontal zone is situated, ending in the upper layers of the troposphere a little to the north of the wind-band. The upper west-wind belt embracing the whole earth has a wavelike form with wave-lengths from about 50 to 120 degrees of longitude. These waves show but a small velocity of propagation and do not appear to be connected with the ordinary short and unstable frontal waves of the troposphere. On the other hand, they seem to influence considerably the behaviour as well as the movement of these short waves of the lower atmosphere. However, the upper waves are unstable insofar as the amplitude of the oscillation (formation of meander) is little by little increasing so much as to form whirls at the margins of the wind-band: of cyclonic nature and cold thermic structure at the southern side, of anticyclonic nature and warm thermic structure at the northern side. This cutting off of air-masses from within the wind-band causes an exchange of air-masses between high and low latitudes which appears to be of greatest importance in the tropospheric air-layers above 700 mb. Theoretical investigations show that the observed meridional windprofiles at the level of the tropopause agree rather well with those theoretically computed on the assumption of a constant vertical component of absolute vorticity within the lateral large-scale exchange of air-masses in the middle latitudes. Theoretical wind-profiles of this kind show, in low latitudes, such a strong meridional wind-gradient as to cause inertia instability at the southern edge of the wind-band. Due to them, the meridional wind-increase ceases more or less abruptly in latitudes of 40 to 30 degrees. The conclusion can be drawn from the simultaneous appearance of the wind-band and the frontal zone below it that the formation of the west-wind-band must be accompanied by a dynamic concentration of solenoids within the band, a phenomenon in a similar form to be found with oceanic currents. In addition to these important results of recent American researches, shortly indicated above, several Austrian investigations referring to some questions of the discussed problems are mentioned.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur donne un aperçu des recherches sur la circulation générale de l'atmosphère sous les latitudes moyennes entreprises par le Department of Meteorology of the University of Chicago, sous la direction du professeurC. G. Rossby en 1946/47. Dans la circulation zonale des latitudes moyennes de l'hémisphère nord apparaît, en hiver surtout, une région assez étroite de très forts vents d'Ouest entre 5 et 15 km. d'altitude qui a l'allure d'un jet aérien délimité. Le maximum de vitesse de ce courant se produit au niveau de la tropopause (300 à 200 mb.); au Sud de ce maximum, la vitesse décroît rapidement. Le courant zonal se trouve dans une bande étroite, ou immédiatement au Sud de celle-ci, dans laquelle les différences de température entre les régions polaires et équitoriales ont leurs plus grandes valeurs. A l'intérieur du courant la tropopause monte rapidement et présente même souvent une discontinuité: au Nord, son altitude correspond à celle de l'atmosphère polaire, au Sud à celle de l'atmosphère équatoriale. Au-dessous du même courant, on rencontre souvent une zone frontale bien développée qui dans les couches supérieures de la troposphère se termine un peu au Nord du courant zonal. La partie supérieure du courant d'Ouest présente une structure ondulée, avec des longueurs d'onde comprises entre 50° et 120° de longitude. Ces ondes ne se déplacent que lentement et ne paraissent pas être de même nature que les ondes frontales instables de la troposphère. D'autre part elles semblent exercer une action décisive sur l'allure et sur le mouvement des courtes ondes frontales inférieures. Les ondes supérieures sont instables en tant que sur leurs bords il peut se produire des ondulations donnant naissance à des tourbillons: sur le bord sud du courant apparaissent des tourbillons cycloniques et froids; sur le bord nord des tourbillons anticycloniques et chauds. Le courant d'Ouest expulse de la sorte des masses d'air et entretient un échange de masses entre les hautes et les basses latitudes qui semble avoir une grande importance dans les couches troposphériques au-dessus de 700 mb. Des recherches théoriques montrent que les profils méridiens du vent observés au niveau de la tropopause concordent fort bien avec ceux qu'exige la constance d'une composante verticale tourbillonnaire dans le cadre de l'échange turbulent à grande échelle des latitudes moyennes. De tels profils théoriques du vent montrent, aux basses latitudes, un gradient méridien du vent tellement grand que des états instables d'inertie doivent se produire au Sud du courant d'Ouest. Ces zones d'instabilité introduisent une cessation plus ou moins brusque de l'accroissement méridional de vitesse du vent vers 40° à 30° de latitude. Le fait que le courant d'Ouest étroit se superpose à une zone frontale inférieure amène à conclure que la formation de ce courant est accompagnée d'une concentration dynamique de solénoïdes à son niveau, phénomène analogue à celui que l'on observe dans les courants marins. Faisant suite à cet examen des travaux américains, l'article énumère encore quelques résultats de recherches autrichiennes relatives à certaines questions du même problème.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im folgenden wird ein Überblick über die Untersuchungen über die allgemeine Zirkulation der Atmosphäre in den mittleren Breiten der Erde gegeben, die vom Department of Meteorology of the University of Chicago unter der Leitung von Prof.C. G. Rossby im Akademiejahr 1946 bis 1947 ausgeführt worden sind. In der zonalen Zirkulation der mittleren Breiten der Nordhemisphäre zeigt sich vor allem im Winterhalbjahr normalerweise zwischen 5 und 15 km Höhe ein verhältnismäßig schmales Band von sehr starken Westwinden, das den Charakter eines Freistrahls besitzt. Das Intensitätsmaximum dieses Windbandes tritt im Tropopausenniveau (300 bis 200 mb) auf. Südwärts des Windmaximums nimmt die Windgeschwindigkeit sehr rasch auf niedrige Werte ab. Das zonale Windband liegt innerhalb oder knapp südlich einer ebenfalls relativ schmalen Zone, in der der Temperaturgegensatz zwischen den polaren und äquatorialen Gebieten konzentriert ist. Im Bereich des zonalen Windbandes steigt die Tropopause steil an, wobei häufig sogar eine Unstetigkeit auftritt, indem nördlich desselben ihre Höhe jener der polaren Atmosphäre entspricht, südlich davon jener der äquatorialen. Unter dem Windband liegt häufig eine gut ausgebildete Frontalzone, die in den oberen Troposphärenschichten etwas nördlich des Windbandes endigt. Das obere Westwindband zeigt rund um die ganze Erde einen wellenförmigen Verlauf mit Wellenlängen von etwa 50° bis 120° Längengraden. Diese Wellen weisen nur eine geringe Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit auf und scheinen mit den gewöhnlichen kurzen, instabilen troposphärischen Frontalwellen keine nähere Beziehung zu haben. Anderseits scheinen sie sowohl das Verhalten, wie auch die Bewegung dieser kurzen unteren Wellen in maßgebender Weise zu beeinflussen. Die oberen Wellen sind insofern instabil, als die meridionale Schwingungsweite (Mäanderung) allmählich sich so verstärkt, daß es an den Rändern des Windbandes zur Bildung von Wirbeln kommt: auf der Südseite zyklonischer Natur und kalten thermischen Aufbaues, auf der Nordseite antizyklonischer Natur und warmen thermischen Aufbaues. Diese Ausstoßung von Luftmassen aus dem Windbandbereich führt zu einem Luftmassenaustausch zwischen hohen und niedrigen Breiten, der wie es scheint in den troposphärischen Schichten oberhalb 700 mb von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung ist. Theoretische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die beobachteten meridionalen Windprofile im Tropopausenniveau recht gut mit solchen übereinstimmen, die der Forderung einer konstanten vertikalen Wirbelkomponente im Bereich des großräumigen seitlichen Austausches der mittleren Breiten genügen. Solche theoretische Windprofile zeigen in niedrigen Breiten ein so großes meridionales Windgefälle, daß es am Südrand des Windbandes zu Trägheitsinstabilitäten kommt. Sie führen zu einem mehr oder minder unvermittelten Abbruch der meridionalen Windzunahme in 40° bis 30° Br. Das gleichzeitige Auftreten von Windband und Frontalzone darunter führt zur Schlußfolgerung, daß es bei der Ausbildung des Westwindbandes zu einer dynamischen Konzentration von Solenoiden in seinem Bereich kommen muß, zu ähnlichen Vorgängen, wie sie bei ozeanischen Strömen auftreten. Im Anschluß an diese hier kurz angedeuteten wichtigen Ergebnisse dieser neueren amerikanischen Arbeiten wird auf einige Ergebnisse österreichischer Untersuchungen hingewiesen, die einige Fragen der obigen Probleme betreffen.
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  • 4
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 403-404 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors have isolated from the intestinal content of the larvae of the waxmothGalleria mellonella a bacterium utilizing beeswax.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 407-409 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Autoren bestimmen den Histamingehalt von Meerschweinchenlungen nach Anlegung eines Pneumothorax, nach lokaler Reizung mit Papain und bei normalen Kontrolltieren. Der Histamingehalt sinkt zunächst sofort nach Herstellung eines Pneumothorax, steight aber nach einigen Stunden wieder an und bleibt während mehrerer Tage über den Normalwert erhöht. Die Reizung der Lunge durch eine lokale Injektion von Papain gibt, ähnlich wie der Pneumothorax, eine nach einiger Zeit auftretende Erhöhung des Histamingehalts.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 410-411 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Ultraschall auf isoliertes Muskelgewebe wird untersucht und dabei folgen des gefunden: Im quergestreiften Muskel, in dem das Actomyosin nicht in der üblichen Weise entfernt worden ist, spalten sich die Muskelfibrillen in der Längsachse. Nach Entfernung des Actomyosins gibt es Aufspaltungen senkrecht zur langen Achse der Fibrillen. Die entstehenden parallelen Spalte liegen in Abständen von 4–8 µ. Im glatten Muskel gibt es, in Abständen von 3–4 µ, senkrecht zu den Fibrillen verlaufende Spalte, auch ohne da\ das Actomyosin entfernt worden ist. Der Herzmuskel wird durch Ultraschall nicht nennenswert beeinflu\t. Die Bedeutung der Befunde wird diskutiert.
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  • 7
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 417-425 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 479-480 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The viscosity of synovial fluids and hyaluronic acid solutions, obtained from vitreous humour, are lowered by ultrasonic vibrations. Electrophoretic analysis reveals that the content of hyaluronic acid in these ultrasonically treated solutions is diminished.
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  • 9
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 483-484 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rabbits it has been confirmed, that, if the blood pressure falls rapidly, a lower limit will be attained, below which a normal respiration will no longer exist. This minimal arterial tension seems to be an absolutely fixed one, since it was found to be the same, whether the respiratory center was normal or under the influence of either a depressing or a stimulating drug.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 444-444 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A phage specific for Proteus X 19 and X 2 strains is described. The secondary growth appearing after lysis of OX 19 cultures is devoid of the X-Antigen reacting with typhus sera. The phage is inactive against Proteus OXK.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 447-448 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Patulin was examined in regard to its effect upon the different white blood cells in white mice. There is a very noticeable influence on the lymphocyte count in the circulating blood, which was reduced by daily injections of patulin 0.1 mg i. p. from 8–15,000 to 1–3,000, while the granulocytes were scarcely affected. After the injections were stopped, the lymphocyte count increased again, and sometimes an increase of the granulocytes has been noticed. Often mice died from abscesses in different organs. Patulin seems to have an inhibitory effect on lymphatic tissues, like carbamates and nitrogen mustard. Whether there is a growth inhibitory effect on tumours is now an object of study.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 476-478 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der histochemische Nachweis der alkalischen Phosphatase beiAcanthochites fascicularis L. (Polyplacophora, Mollusca) erbringt den Beweis eines ausgedehnten Vorhandenseins des Ferments. Das Integument, das Bindegewebe und das Muskelgewebe enthalten keine oder nur Spuren von Desmophosphatase. Der Verdauungsapparat, insbesondere die Zuckerdrüse und der Mitteldarm sind dagegen reich an Phosphatase, desgleichen die Niere, die Spermatogonien und Spermatozyten, die Nukleolen der Ovozyten und das Epithel des Ovariums.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 484-486 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 487-487 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 498-501 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The historical dispute in whichGoethe opposedNewton's theory of colour can be referred to the discrepancy between the concepts of “light” as physical radiation and the concept of “light” as sensation. Language as well as natural inclination lead to the confusion and even identification of the two wholly different concepts, whereas the physical laws thatNewton treated and the psychophysical laws that chiefly interestedGoethe are not in agreement.Goethe rightly boasted of „having rescued the subjective colours“.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 65-66 
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    Notes: Summary Some particularities of the diffraction spectra produced by the lattice of a tissue have been discussed. An account is given of the apparition of supplementary diffraction maxima when the light-beam forms an angle ≠ 90° with the lattice-plane.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 161-162 
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    Notes: Summary The cobweb of geometrical spiders enables us to examine the effect of substances on instinct movements of animals. It seems possible to separate the different fundamental functions co-operating in the production of the cobweb by experiment. The effect of Pervitin, mentioned in this report, is characterized by a considerable disturbance of the regular arrangement of the concentric sticky threads.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 167-167 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im PilzInoloma traganum wurde ein neuer antibakterieller Stoff gefunden. Diese Substanz wirkt nur auf einige Arten von Mikrokokken und Pseudodiphtheriebazillen. Das neue Antibiotikum wurde aus einer Wasserlösung durch Adsorption an aktive Kohle konzentriert, mit konzentriertem Äthanol eluiert und durch Verdampfen der Lösung gewonnen. Für eine Maus ist der Stoff bei intravenöser Applikation nicht toxisch. Er könnte theoretisch beim Studium der systematischen Einordnung von Mikrokokken und Pseudodiphtheriebazillen bedeutsam sein.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 172-172 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 181-188 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is discussed which of the new rays of atomic physics (protons, neutrons, electrons) may be applicable for depth therapy. The range of protons is too short. Recent information from the U.S.A. shows that neutron therapy is not as successful as formerly supposed. Irradiation with fast electrons produced by the betatron may be superior to X-ray therapy. Some preliminary results of biological experiments withDrosophila eggs and ionization measurements are reported. The position of the maximum effect is some centimetres below the surface and not on it. Electrons have a definite range, so that the parts of the body beyond this range are not irradiated.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 202-203 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird der Nachweis geführt, daß die Hemmung der Glukosepolymerisation (ohne Hemmung der Glukoseoxydation) durch Dinitrophenol und Natriumazid mit einer Hemmung der Phosphataufnahme und -polymerisation parallel geht. Bei Verwendung von phosphatarmen Hefezellen ist die Ingangsetzung der Glukosepolymerisation (nicht der Glukoseoxydation) von der Gegenwart von Phosphat im Nährmedium abhängig. Gleichzeitige Vermehrung von Phosphataufnahme, Phosphatpolymerisation und Glukosepolymerisation konnte durch Zugabe von Riboflavin zu Suspensionen von Hefe, die unter Mangelbedingungen gezüchtet war, erreicht werden. Es wird die Auffassung vertreten, daß Hefezellen, die Glukose in Gegenwart von Phosphat umsetzen, Glykogen (=polymerisierte Glukose) und Metaphosphat (polymerisierte Form) gleichzeitig aus Glukose-I-Phosphat bilden. Für diese Annahme sprechen thermodynamische Überlegungen über den Polymerisationszustand von Metaphosphat.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 206-206 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die bisherigen Untersuchungen über Wachstum der Moose in Dunkelkulturen ergaben, daß die Moose ohne Lichtzutritt nur Protonema zu bilden fähig sind. Neue Versuche, über die berichtet wird, mit der Kultur der Moose,Splachnum sphaericum L. fil.,Splachnum ampullaceum L. undTrematodon ambiguus Hornsch, hatten ein entgegengesetztes Resultat. Die genannten Moose bildeten in Dunkelkulturen auf festem Agarnährboden wie auch in flüssigem Medium mit Saccharosezusatz Gametophyten. Die unter diesen Bedingungen gebildeten Gametophyten waren chlorophyllfrei und die Phylloide waren schuppenförmig. Aus diesen und anderen jetzt durchgeführten Versuchen ist zu schliessen, daß nicht das Licht, sondern die Nährstoffart und der Nährstoffvorrat für die Gametophytenentstehung bestimmend ist.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 209-209 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach Vorbehandlung mit dem benetzenden Mittel Tween 20 gelang es, sowohl die durch Histaminwirkung als auch durch Vagusreizung erzeugte Magensaftsekretion mit dem Antihistaminpräparat Antasten zu hemmen. Ohne Vorbehandlung mit Tween 20 wird keine Hemmung durch das Antihistaminpräparat hervorgerufen. Es ist möglich, daß Tween 20 die Permeabilitätsverhältnisse in den magensaftsezernierenden Zellen verändert, so daß Antasten die Histaminwirkung in den Zellen selbst blockieren kann.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 213-214 
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    Notes: Summary Diethylaminoethyl ester of phenyl-cyclopentane carboxylic acid (Parpanit) and diaminoethylphenothiazine (2987 R. P., Diparcol), substances paralysing the autonomic synapses, the postsynaptic cholinergic innervation and the motor centers, protect very actively against nicotinic and cholinergic intoxication. Parpanit has no anticholinesterase action, while Diparcol inactivates selectively pseudo-cholinesterasein vitro andin vivo. Curarizing and synaptolytic agents as tubocurarine, methyltubocurarine, diiodoethylate of bis (quinoleyl-8′-1, 5-pentane) (3381 R. P.) and lauryl-dimethyl-aminoethanol (764 L.), protect against nicotinic intoxication, but do not suppress the muscarinic actions of cholinergic agents. Triiodate of tri(tri-ethylammonium-methoxy)-1,2,3-benzene (2559 F.), curarizing, but not synaptolytic substance, protects only against nicotinic convulsions and muscular fasciculations. Tetra-ethyl-ammonium, synaptolytic substance, protects only against synaptic stimulations induced by nicotinic agents. Atropine protects against nicotinic and muscarinic actions of nicotinic substances, but not against nicotinic convulsions and muscular fasciculations. The curarizing and synaptolytic substances as well as atropine do not inhibit cholinesterases. Thus no correlation exists between anticholinesterase, synaptolytic and nicotinolytic properties.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 336-336 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 358-359 
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    Notes: Summary When 10 p.p.m. and 1,000 p.p.m. of the sodium salts of 2,4-D (2,4-DNa) and DNOC (DNOCNa) and ofo-isopropyl-N-phenyl carbamate (IFC) are mixed together in binary and ternary combinations, a potentializing (synergistic) effect on wheat and tomato seedlings is observed, judged by the number of days elapsing from treatment to complete wilting. Both in binary and ternary combinations the greatest effect has been ascertained from the interaction of low concentrations of DNOCNa on 2,4-DNa (on tomatoes) and on IFC (on wheat). The practical importance of these preliminary results is briefly sketched.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 355-357 
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    Notes: Summary From a series of pictures obtained with a slow cloud chamber at 2300 m above sea level (Hafelekar near Innsbruck) two tracks are discussed. Considering all the possibilities of error, they must be due to particles with masses less than 70m e.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 359-360 
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    Notes: Summary Seven experiments were carried out on guinea-pigs. The results obtained showed that the depression of the cochlear potential under anoxia was not only independent of the intensity, which was already proved by previous experiments, but also of the frequency of the stimuli.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 362-364 
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    Notes: Summary The inhibition of thiouracil goitre in the rat by the methyl ether of vitamin A reported in previous investigations is not to be referred to vitamin A, but to the iodine that is bound to vitamin A in the course of its synthesis. The relation between thiouracil and iodine compounds with different mobility of the iodine: NaI (II), the iodine-containing methyl ether of vitamine A (III), 2:4-dioxo-3:3-diethyl-5-iodine-tetrahydropyridin (IV),N-(4-oxy-3:5-diiodine-benzoyl)-diiodine-DL-tyrosine (V), and 1:4-dioxy-2:3-diiodine-buten-(2) were studied in the thyroid gland of the rat by histological investigation of the degree of development of the thiouracil goitre and by determination of the iodine content of the thyroid. The iodine deprivation caused by thiouracil is definitely inhibited by the iodine compounds named, regardless of the motility of the iodine. The histologically demonstrable thiouracil goitre is likewise inhibited by these compounds, and here the degree of inhibition increases with the motility of the iodine.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 369-369 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 369-369 
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    Notes: Summary Anaerobic processes for gaining energy, which occur in the larvæ ofChironomus (and also ofEutanytarsus) even under not strictly anaerobic conditions, but all the more under these, require an aerobic (oxybiotic) phase for the undisturbed continuance of metabolism. This is brought about in such forms as live in shallow (or relatively oxygen-rich) waters (Chironomus thummi, Eutanytarsus) through increased oxygen uptake from the medium under conditions favorable to respiration (oxygen debt, secondary oxybiosis). Species subject to a permanent oxygen deficit, such as those e.g. that live on the bottoms of eutrophic lakes (Ch. plumosus, anthracinus, and alsotentans) show in its stead an aerobic phase that occurs already under anaerobic conditions, oxygen being obtained from peroxides formed in the body. I call this important process “endoxybiosis”. It obviates an oxygen debt following upon oxygen deficit. The nourishment of the larvæ is important for the formation of the peroxides necessary for “endoxybiosis”.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 319-320 
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    Notes: Résumé Le gonflement et dégonflement rapide et accentué des copolymers de l'acide méthacrylique et du divinyl benzène dans des solutions aqueuses alcalines et acides ont été étudiés. Les phénomènes ressemblent aux contractions et dilatations des systèmes biologiques. L'interprétation donnée est basée sur l'effet du redressement des chaînes moléculaires sous l'influence de la répulsion électrostatique des groupes carboxyliques ionisés, qui se contractent lors de la neutralisation des charges.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 325-326 
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    Notes: Summary Ablation of the whole forebrain in lizards caused considerable impairment of all kinds of spontaneous activity. Postural (extrapyramidal) and skin reflexes were augmented, evidently because they were freed from central inhibition. The running movements were noticeably stiff and angular; when swimming, the animal's body undulated much more than normally, calling to mind the swimming movements of urodeles. After the elimination of the dorsal part of the forebrain, it was no longer possible to elicit the autotomy of the tail. Some social reactions, such as defensive threatening and the expression of inferiority (Treteln), were reinforced. The behaviour patterns of feeding and drinking showed a peculiar disintegration.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 327-329 
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    Notes: Summary The authors have continued their research work on the absolute amount of desoxyribonucleic acid in the cellular nucleus. A number of results are reported, concerning mainly the mammals. They point out that this amount is very similar in the different species. If desoxyribonucleic acid is really the essential constituent of the gene, this would mean that all mammals have approximatively the same genetic equipment.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 333-333 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 336-336 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 337-347 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 347-354 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die spezifische Konstellation der globulären Eiweißmoleküle bleibt im Gegensatz zu der Konstellation anderer Fadenmoleküle unverändert, wenn das Protein in Wasser gelöst, ausgesalzen oder vorsichtig getrocknet wird. Die große Stabilität der spezifischen Konstellation wird einer bestimmten inneren Struktur der Proteine zugeschrieben. 2. Die innere Struktur globulärer Proteinmoleküle wird vor allem durch Salzbrücken zwischen positiv und negativ geladenen Atomgruppen aufrechterhalten, ferner durch H-Bindungen, durch Dithiobrücken, vielleicht auch durch geringgradige Verzweigung der Peptidketten. 3. Denaturierung besteht in einer Änderung der spezifischen inneren Struktur eines Proteins, herbeigeführt durch eine Sprengung der Salzbrücken. Denaturierung führt zu einer Entfaltung der im nativen Protein dicht gefalteten Peptidketten. Die Resistenz nativer Proteine und lebender Zellen gegen proteolytische Fermente geht bei Denaturierung verloren, da durch die Entfaltung der Peptidketten Angriffspunkte für die proteolytischen Fermente freigelegt werden. 4. Der Mechanismus der Bildung der spezifischen Struktur nativer Proteine im lebenden Organismus wird erörtert.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 360-361 
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    Notes: Summary In decisive experiments on diuresis with rats it is shown that oxytocin and vasopressin have a contrary effect on the excretion of Na and K. Oxytocin increases the excretion of Na, vasopressin decreases the excretion of Na and raises the excretion of K. The effects on Cl-and water-metabolism may be considered only as consequences of the primary effect on Na and K.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 365-365 
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    Notes: Summary Tubercle bacilli of the human type were injected intrahepatically into white rats, after these animals had been treated previously with killed bacilli of the same strain. Suspensions of the infected livers later proved to be equally pathogenic for guinea-pigs whether they were taken from specifically pre-treated or from untreated rats.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 368-368 
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    Notes: Summary In a brief communication to “Nature”1 I have introduced the term “Threshold Value” to design the lowest carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere at which photosynthesis of green leaves can take place. The final proof for the existence of this threshold is found in my experiments with leaves exposed to high light intensities in air poor in carbon dioxide1,2. These experiments show that respiratory carbon dioxide is expired until the threshold value for photosynthesis is reached at 0.0090 vol. %. To avoid confusion it is considered best to use the term “Threshold Value” only in the sense stated above.Reinau's use of the term to designate equilibria between consumption and production of carbon dioxide, found in the open air, seems to be without any adequate basis.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 11-30 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 45-46 
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    Notes: Summary After referring to the constitution of prothrombin as it is generally accepted to-day (A-factor, B-factor, labile factor) the author describes procedures according to which it is possible to distinguish the forms of hypoprothrombinæmia resulting from the lack of A- and B-factor respectively:- in the former are included the cases of dicumarol intoxication and those with plasma treated with colloidal aluminium hydroxide, in the latter those of K-avitaminosis (icterus with or without hepatic insufficience). In this last condition it can be shown that the sera act differently from the normal, which probably is to be referred to a lack of A-factor.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 52-52 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 373-380 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 381-389 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 404-405 
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    Notes: Summary The utilization of beeswax by the bacterium isolated byLozet andFlorkin from the intestinal content of the waxmoth has been studied. It appears that the bacterium utilizes mostly the acids of the wax, but also a certain amount of esters.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 409-409 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei nichtnarkotisierten Ratten verstärken kleine Dosen von Neoantergan die Adrenalinwirkung auf den Blutdruck. Anderseits sieht man, da\ gro\e Neoantergandosen diese Blutdrucksteigerung ganz verhindern. Bei nichtnarkotisierten Ratten und Meerschweinchen eliminieren gro\e Dosen von Antastene die Adrenalinwirkung auf den Blutdruck. Die Beobachtung wird an anderer Stelle ausführlicher geschildert werden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 413-414 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kurven — Impulsfrequenzen als Funktion der Zeit — für die Impulsentladungen in isolierten retinalen Elementen der Katze sind in verschiedenen Wellenlängenbereichen different. Ein erstes Maximum ist im Rot, je ein weiteres auch im Grün und Blau vorhanden. Die Maxima dieser Effekte liegen in denselben spektralen Bereichen wie die Maxima der «Modulatoren», dieGranit mit andern Methoden ermittelt hat.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 414-415 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 425-438 
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    Notes: Summary The basic factual material from our analysis of intersexuality inSolenobia triquetrella is presented here in summary form. Finally it is shown that neitherGoldschmidt's interpretation of the phenomenon of intersexuality nor that ofBaltzer orKosminsky can be reconciled with our factual findings. On the other hand, our findings can be explained satisfactorily with the aid of the following assumptions: (1) F andM are more or less equilibrated in our intersexes. (2) As in other objects with equilibrated sexual factors, sexual determination takes place phenotypically. (3) As in our case neither theF factor suppresses its opposite, theM factor, nor conversely theM factor theF factor, the entire development is under the control ofF andM. (4) The sexual determination must take place early, in the embryonic at the latest in the larval stage of development.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 446-447 
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    Notes: Summary In a series of experimental reports it is shown that the leech's organism has the capacity to weaken pathogenic microorganisms even to complete loss of their infectiousness. Production of vaccine in the leech, as well as a combined treatment with vaccine and own blood, are described. Furthermore, it proved that weakening of the infectious agent can also be achieved immediately by treatment with leech bacilli or with germ-free filtrates from such cultures (Subtiligin H).
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 449-451 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Merthiolat zeigt eine hemmende Wirkung auf die Hyaluronidase des Hodens. Dennoch ist es mittels verschiedener Konzentrationen jenes Stoffes möglich, eine selektive Hemmung der Mukooligosaccharase-Fraktion (MO) bei fast vollständiger Schonung der depolymerisierenden Fraktion (MP) zu erzielen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 453-454 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 474-475 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer mit Pansenflüssigkeit der Ziege beimpften stickstofffreien Nährlösung ist in 10 Tagen eine Stickstoffanreicherung von rund 200% festzustellen. Aus der Pansenflüssigkeit der Ziege, die durch eine permanente Pansenfistel entnommen wird, lassen sich verschiedene Typen stickstoffbindender Bakterien herauszüchten. Diese Bakterien vermögen in stickstofffreier Nährlösung Luftstickstoff zu binden. Der Mittelwert der Stickstoffanreicherung beträgt dabei rund 10 mg pro 1 Nährlösung bei einem Ausgangswert von 2 mg pro 1. Das Ausmaß der Stickstoffanreicherung ist nicht nennenswert verschieden, wenn zur Beimpfung nur ein einziger Typ oder mehrere differente Typen der gezüchteten stickstoffbindenden Bakterien verwendet werden. Die Zahl der keimungsfähigen Bakterien (auf stickstofffreiem Nährboden) variiert bei demselben Tier und bei gleichem Futter nur in geringem Maße und beträgt bei Winterfutter durchschnittlich 5·106 pro ml Panseninhalt. Beim Übergang zu Grünfutter sinkt die Zahl der Bakterien zunächst steil ab und erst nach 5–6 Wochen erreicht sie wieder einen neuen provisorischen Durchschnittswert von 2·105 pro ml. Der gebundene Stickstoff besteht zum größeren Teil aus körpereigenen Stickstoffverbindungen der Bakterien. Den Rest (bis zu 30%) machen wohl andere stickstoffhaltige Verbindungen aus. Unter normalen Bedingungen dürfte im Pansen keine Fixation von Stickstoff stattfinden, da der Stickstoffgehalt der bakterienfreien Pansenflüssigkeit viel höher ist als die obere Stickstoffgrenze bei der die gezüchteten Bakterien Stickstoff zu binden vermögen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 474-474 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Methode für die Reinigung und Anreicherung von Influenzavirus beschrieben: Das Influenzavirus wird zunächst an CaCO3 adsorbiert. Dieses wird mit Hilfe von eingeleiteter CO2 in Lösung gebracht. Die Ca-Ionen werden mit Hilfe von Dusarit, einem sehr wirksamen «Permutit»-Körper gegen Na-Ionen ausgetauscht.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 482-483 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Versuchen, die Mitte September bis Ende April ausgeführt wurden, konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß kleinste Thyroxingaben (0,1–1,0 γ) an der schilddrüsenlosen Ratte mit niedrigem Stoffwechsel binnen zweier Stunden eine oft mehrere Stunden anhaltende Steigerung des O2-Verbrauchs um 20% verursachen. Dieser Befund steht im Gegensatz zu der üblichen Auffassung, daß Thyroxin am intakten Tiere nur nach einer Latenz von etwa 24 Stunden wirke. Erhöhte Aktivität der Tiere kann zur Deutung ausgeschlossen werden. 1,0 γ Thyroxin bewirkt an der hypophysektomierten Ratte eine ähnliche Stoffwechselsteigerung wie an schilddrüsenlosen Tieren. Hieraus muß gefolgert werden, daß die beobachtete rasche Wirkung des Thyroxins nicht auf einem hypophysären Heizhormon (nachMansfeld) beruht. Die Bedeutung der Versuche liegt darin, daß die angewandten Thyroxindosen den von der normalen Schilddrüse gespeicherten Wirkstoffmengen entsprechen. Es darf daher angenommen werden, daß Thyroxin in gleichen Quantitäten auch von der normalen Drüse auf verschiedene Reize ohne Verzögerung ausgeschüttet werden kann.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 487-490 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 504-504 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 66-68 
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    Notes: Summary The author applies the theory of the normal divisor of groups to explain a known division of crystal classes with a main-axis and to extend this division on the cubic system of crystals. The scheme of a new terminology and systematization for crystal classes is given under the form of the table.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 72-72 
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    Notes: Summary In the vole,Microtus agrestis L., there are 46 chromosomes as in the twin-species,M. arvalis Pallas. In striking contrast to this last animal, the sexual chromosomes, studied in the last spermatogonial divisions, are of gigantic size (X metacentric = 8–9 µ;Y acrocentric = 5–6 µ). The identification of theX is proved by the analysis of marrow-smears of the female. It is expected that several problems concerning the mode of attachment and the type of association betweenX andY can be resolved by the study of that most interesting rodent.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 74-77 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 79-81 
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    Notes: Summary Moschatine, a new powerful hypotensive and intestine-stimulating agent, was found in extracts of posterior salivary glands ofEledone moschata andEledone Aldrovandi. Extracts prepared from other tissues and organs ofEldone are quite ineffective. The substance is also wanting in salivary extracts ofOctopus vulgaris, Octopus macropus andOctopus De Filippii as well as in extracts from the hypobranchial body ofMurex trunculus andMurex brandaris. Moschatine was isolated as highly active picrate and, probably, as reineckate. It is not a choline derivative. The moschatine content of the salivary extracts ofEledone varies, when expressed in picrate, between 500 and 1500γ per g fresh tissue.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 82-83 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch subkutane Verabreichung großer Mengen einer hypertonischen Kochsalzlösung an hungernde und durstende Kaninchen gelang es uns, einen hypersalämischen Dauerzustand mit anschließender Azotämie hervorzurufen. Die Bestimmung der glomerulären Filtration ergab normale Werte, das Verhältnis Harnstoff-Clearance/Kreatinin-Clearance sank jedoch erheblich. Dies kann nur so gedeutet werden, daß von der normalen Menge filtrierten Harnstoffes ein pathologisch hoher Prozentsatz resorbiert wird. Es gelang also, eine Azotämie ausschließlich tubulären Ursprungs hervorzurufen. Das histologische Bild der Niere mit ausschließlich tubulären Veränderungen bekräftigt obige Annahme.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 90-92 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 92-92 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 142-148 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 148-153 
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    Notes: Summary Coloured crystals absorb light in narrow spectral regions. In recent years it has been possible to discover the structure of such crystals by means of absorption lines.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 157-158 
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    Notes: Summary Chloroplasts were found in living fibres of flax-plants: in very young hypocotyls as well as in the middle and upper parts of four to five months old stems. They are disk-shaped, with diameters of about 1–2,5µ and were identified by means of a fluorescence microscope. In young plants, they are spread all over the contents of the fibres and even penetrate into fibre tips of very small diameters (5µ). Starch grains may occur in all fibres containing chlorophyll. In fibres of adult plants (wall diameter 15µ and more) the green cell contents are restricted to small isolated parts of the fibre lumen, separated by tracts of dead material with a very narrow lumen. The green parts of these old fibres can still be plasmolysed. The chloroplasts might play an important role in the increase of fibre diameter, in osmoregulation, and in the formation of wall material. The starch grains are probably changed into soluble carbohydrates, which contribute to the formation of the cellulose layers of the fibre walls.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 162-164 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Paraphysis cerebri ist ein zusammengesetztes tubulöses Organ, das sich in den Ventriculus impar telencephali, den vorderen Teil des 3. Ventrikels, eröffnet. Die Tubuli bestehen aus einem einschichtigen hauptsächlich kubischen bis zylindrischen Epithel auf einer Basalmembran, die mit wenigen Ausnahmen unmittelbar an die Wand von venösen Sinusoiden grenzt. Nach intrazerebralen Injektionen durch das Dach des 4. Ventrikels vonAmblystoma mexicanum mit einer 5%-Suspension von Tusche in isotonischer Ringer-Lösung zeigen sich in den Schnitten gar keine Tuscheteilchen in den paraphysären Tubuli, während diese auf und in dem Ependym und vor allem dem Epithel aller Plexus chorioidei in großer Menge sichtbar sind. Die schwarzen Teilchen werden offenbar in den Plexus resorbiert. Weiter wird eine Sekretion in den paraphysären Tubuli in der Richtung des Lumens, also nach dem Ventrikel zu, beschrieben und abgebildet. Aus dieser vorläufigen Mitteilung geht also hervor, daß die Paraphysis von Urodelen eine zusammengesetzte tubulöse extern sezernierende Drüse ist, die einen oder mehrere, wenn nicht alle Bestandteile des Liquor cerebrospinalis produziert, und daß dem Epithel der Plexus jedenfalls eine resorbierende Funktion zukommt. Eine Tabelle zeigt einige Unterschiede zwischen dem Epithel der paraphysären Tubuli und demjenigen der Plexus chorioidei.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 172-172 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 173-180 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 200-200 
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    Notes: Summary It has been found that urea is capable of forming addition products with a great number of aliphatic compounds of various kind. The partners must have a chain structure the chain being straight or branched within certain limits. As a rule, the chain must contain at least six members or more. Cyclic compounds are generally not added to urea. Processes of separating mixtures of organic compounds can be based upon their different behaviour towards urea. The newly discovered addition products represent a type unknown so far. The structure of their crystals differs from that known from the classic theory of the complex chemistry.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 204-205 
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    Notes: Résumé L'injection de granules provenant d'un broyage de gastrulas ou de blastulas de grenouilles dans des œufs segmentés de différentes espèces d'Amphibiens donne, dans les stades ultérieurs, un accroissement de la basophilie dans les cellules voisines de la piqûre. Les rares embryons témoins, injectés avec un tampon au phosphate, qui donnent une réaction analogue sont sur le point de se cytolyser. On n'a pas noté de gastrulations doubles et les quelques tubes neuraux secondaires observés étaient sans doute dus à un traumatisme mécanique.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 208-209 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Vitamine des B-Komplexes vermindern die Zuckerresorption im Darm. Durch die Phosphorylierung von Thiamin, Riboflavin, Nikotinsäure und Pyridoxin wird — wahrscheinlich — die Phosphorylase erschöpft. Dextrose, die phosphoryliert werden muß, kann dann nur in kleinerer Menge resorbiert und verbraucht werden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 211-213 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schilddrüsenlose Ratten mit einer Stoffwechselsenkung von 30–40% reagieren auf die einmalige Injektion von 2 µg Thyroxin Schering nach 24 Stunden mit einer Stoffwechselsteigerung von etwa 20%, während der Stoffwechsel normaler Ratten selbst von der einmaligen Injektion von 1 mg unbeeinflußt bleibt. Schilddrüsenlose Tiere sind daher einmaligen Thyroxingaben gegenüber mehr als 500mal so empfindlich als normale. Prüft man die Wirkung wiederholter Gaben, so ist der Unterschied bedeutend geringer und den Angaben vonMeyer undWertz etwa entsprechend.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 361-362 
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    Notes: Summary Ulcers of the stomac of guinea-pigs, produced by subcutaneous application of histamine, are reduced to a significant degree in number by peroral application of antihistaminics. The effect is corresponding to the given dosage. Pyribenzamin proved to be the most effective.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 365-367 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Wirkung einiger Monoamino-oxybenzoesäuren, Monooxybenzoesäuren und Monoamino-monooxybenzoesäuren auf den tuberkulostatischen Effekt von Paraaminosalicylsäure (PAS) wurde untersucht. 2. Von den geprüften Substanzen übte nur Paraaminobenzoesäure (PABA) eine antagonistische Wirkung auf PAS aus. Diese deutet darauf hin, daß PABA für Tuberkelbazillen bedeutsam ist. 3. Es wird angenommen, daß PABA sich als Bestandteil eines komplexen Wuchsfaktors der Tuberkelbazillen geltend macht und daß PAS diesem Wuchsfaktor entgegenwirkt.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 372-372 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 158-159 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser vorläufigen Mitteilung wird über die Untersuchung der Zellwandstrukturen bei einigen Algen der GruppenDesmidiales undMesotaeniales berichtet. Sie wurden mit Hilfe des Elektronenmikroskops unternommen. Es wurden die Durchmesser der bekannten Poren beiCosmarium tetraophthalmum Bréb. undCosmarium Botrytis Menegh. festgestellt. BeiStaurastrum muticum Bréb. ließ sich ein noch nicht bekanntes Porensystem ermitteln. Auch beiClosterium moniliferum (Bory)Ehrenbg. wurde eine bis jetzt unbekannte Zellwandstruktur gefunden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 159-161 
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    Notes: Summary Hearing and the vibration sense in birds have been analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The minimum of the intensity threshold of hearing is at about 3,200 cycles p. sec., about the birds own voice. The birds sensibility is here like that of man. The influence on threshold by damages of parts of the middle ear showed that bone conduction does not play any role in physiological hearing. Extirpation of both cochlea and lagena is followed by complete loss of hearing ability. Birds have a well-developed sense of vibration. It is possible to train birds—after extirpation of the auditory sense organ—to react to vibrations of the sitting rot, from 100 to 3,200 cycles. The maximal sensibility to vibration is found at 800 cycles. Frequency discrimination is very low. The perception of vibration in birds takes place by the means of “Strang” of the “Herbst sche Körperchen” between tibia and fibula. The present knowledges of the vibration sense explains former different results concerning the hearing of birds after extirpation of the whole labyrinth. Hearing and the sense of vibration are distinctly different senses also in birds. But some central connection seems to exist, because after successful training of one sense the task is solved also by the other without new learning.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 237-239 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Chinone, die durch Oxydation von Dihydroxyphenolen in durch Zinkmangel geschädigten Pflanzen entstehen, blockieren die Mitosen in jungen Geweben. Durch Cystein wird die Zahl der Mitosen erhöht. Phenanthrachinon hat einen ähnlichen antimitotischen Effekt. Wenn die Mitose gehemmt ist, dann erfolgt die Zellvergrößerung, soweit als möglich, ohne eine entsprechende Volumenzunahme des Kerns.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 243-244 
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    Notes: Summary The flowering speed in the aqueous humor of the eye of man and rabbit is the same (Kinsey, Grant, andCogan). The exchange of half of the aqueous humor in an anæsthetized eye takes place in approximately 2·7 minutes. Under normal conditions, resistance changes in the capillary system may widely influence the water-exchange rate. The exchange between lens and vitreous humor is very small and depends upon the condition of the protein structure.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 246-247 
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    Notes: Summary Evidence is given that the modifications of the respiration by the afferent vagus in man and in rabbits might be very much alike.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 250-251 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wiederholte Injektionen von Podophyllin verursachen bei weißen Ratten eine Leukopenie. Gegenüber der Norm wird die Zahl der Leukozyten um ungefähr 40% vermindert.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 251-251 
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    Notes: Summary (1) The installation of the perfusion of the cerebral ventricles with a solution having nearly the same composition as the normal cerebrospinal fluid has no effect on the oxygen consumption of the animal. (2) A solution with a calcium excess produces a decrease of the oxygen consumption. (3) A perfusion with a calcium free solution increases the oxygen consumption. (4) An excess of potassium in the solution which is used for the perfusion, increases also the oxygen consumption. (5) A solution without potassium does not modify the oxygen consumption. (6) An increase in the concentration of magnesium produces a decrease of the oxygen consumption of the animal. (7) The absence of magnesium has no remarkable effect on the oxygen consumption.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 254-254 
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    Notes: Summary A description of a simple and inexpensive device for artificial respiration is given. The apparatus permits of varying the frequency of the rhythm, the depth of the inspiration, as well as the relationship between inspiratory and expiratory periods.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 260-260 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 271-277 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 278-279 
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    Notes: Summary The abundance rules would probably allow the lower limit of the age of the elements to be more clearly defined if the half lives of long-lifed artificial isotopes, such as X129 Pd107 or Se79, were known with better accuracy. They would permit the upper limit for the age of the elements to be improved, if the abundance of bismuth were known with better accuracy. From the values of these quantities at present available not much can be said, except that it seems more probable than hitherto assumed, that the age of the elements lies between 4 and 5·109 years.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 285-286 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 9, 10-Dioxo-13-cyanmethyl-5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14-hexahydro phenanthren wurde durch eine Reihe von Reduktionen, deren Mechanismus nicht vollständig aufgeklärt ist, in eine neue Verbindung übergeführt. Diese besitzt sehr wahrscheinlich das Kohlenstoff/Stickstoffgerüst des Morphins oder eines seiner Stereoisomeren. Es wird über Abbaureaktionen berichtet, die diese Struktur bestätigen können.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 289-290 
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    Notes: Summary The applications ofMacht's test, slightly modified, for the quantitative study of the phytodynamic activity of chemical compounds has been proposed. It is based on measuring the elongation of hypocotyledons of white lupine seedlings, grown inShive's nutritive solution. The conditions of reliability of the method are established, and examples based on the phyto-inhibitory power of technical hexachlorocyclohexane and the phyto-exciting power of diphenylil acetic acid are given.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 295-296 
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    Notes: Summary Sodium-fluorescein was injected intravenously in human beings, and the concentration of fluorescein in the anterior chamber of normal eyes was measured and compared with the blood concentration of the ultrafiltrable part of fluorescein. When the concentration in the anterior chamber is highest it is about one tenth of the blood concentration of the diffusible fluorescein at the same time. Therefore the aqueous humour cannot be formed by ultrafiltration. By means of a mathematical analysis it is possible to evaluate the output of the human aqueous humour per minute from our measurements. It is 2 mm3 per minute.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 296-297 
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    Notes: Summary The effects of dihydrogenated ergot derivatives (DHE, DHO, and CCK) upon the renal circulation have been investigated in normotensive and hypertensive patients, using the clearance techniques. Doses of 0.4–1.0 mg reduce the renal plasma flow markedly and increase the filtration fraction and the renal arteriolar resistance. The rise in blood pressure above the control levels occurring after a transitory fall might tentatively be explained on the basis of renal ischæmia.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 300-300 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 308-312 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 321-322 
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    Notes: Summary In the past years the 7-bromo-cholesteryl esters were obtained indirectly by usingN-bromosuccinimide. It has now become possible to obtain directly from cholesteryl esters in carbon tetrachloride the corresponding 7-bromo-compounds by a simple method using bromine and light, with a yield of 60% of the theoretical amount, while with the dark reaction the dibromocholesterol known for about 60 years is produced.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 322-323 
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    Notes: Summary Preparation of carboxylic acids derived from stilbœstrol, hexœstrol, and œstrone is described. The acids have neither œstrogenic nor bacteriostatic properties.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 323-325 
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    Notes: Summary Implantation experiments in which heterogeneous inductors are used show that at least two inductive substances or substance groups with specific action are included in those inductors: one, the archencephalic inductive agent, is thermostable, soluble in organic solvents, and passes over into the fractions with fatty acids and nucleoproteins; the other, the spinal inductive agent, is already destroyed at 70–90° C, is not soluble in organic solvents, and does not pass over into the fractions with fatty acids and nucleoproteins.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 326-327 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new theory of the moon illusion based on visual size-constancy is advanced. It was possible to show that an object moving away from the observer in a horizontal plane remains constant in apparent size for a greater distance than an object moving in vertical plane. Therefore, the phenomenon of size-constancy holds for a shorter distance in the vertical than in the horizontal plane. This variation in the distance beyond which size-constancy breaks down accounts for the apparent change in the size of a distant object (e. g. the moon) between the horizontal and the vertical plane.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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