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  • Articles  (1,518)
  • Springer  (1,518)
  • 1995-1999
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  • 1945-1949  (1,518)
  • 1949  (1,518)
  • Biology  (1,518)
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  • Articles  (1,518)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1960-1964
  • 1945-1949  (1,518)
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  • 1
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 59-82 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A theory of linkage of autopolyploids is developed under consideration ofm loci andr alleles. The simplifying assumption of chromosome segregation, which may be considered as an approximation to the more adequate theory of chromatid segregation, is made throughout. Random mating and distinct, non-overlapping generations are assumed. Under these assumptions the problem is determined by three basic probability distributions—the distributions of genotypes and of gametes, and the segregation distribution. The segregation distribution is assumed to be the same for males and for females. The aim of the paper is to establish recurrence formulas (which allow to find the distributions of gametes and of genotypes from generation to generation, if the distribution of genotypes for an initial generation is known) and to investigate the limit behavior of these distributions as the number of generations increases indefinitely. In the present paper (hereafter referred to as I) the problem is explained, and the three characteristic distributions are introduced for the general case of a 2s-ploid,m loci, andr alleles. Recurrence relations are established for tetraploids,s=2 andm=2 loci, while the recurrence relations for the general case as well as the limit theorems will be given in the second part of this paper (hereafter referred to as II).
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  • 2
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 83-95 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Steady state kinetic relations previously developed forclosed, homogeneous systems are extended toopen systems consisting of geometrically confined regions of arbitrary shape. The generalized system of consecutive reactions is considered to occur within the cell, and the cell plus environment are treated as an open system. The diffusion condition is imposed upon the kinetic solution for various special cases and the method ofgeneral solution when all products, reactants and intermediates, may enter and leave the cell is indicated.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract When two polished metal spheres in contact with each other are immersed in a corrosive solution, their surfaces gradually corrode, leaving, however, a non-corroded zone around the point of contact. The size of this zone is a function of the size of the spheres, concentration of the corrosive, and of the time. The phenomenon has been first observed by F. C. Besic on human teeth immersed in hydrochloric acid, and studied on metal balls. In the present paper it is shown that such a phenomenon may be due to gradients of concentration of the corrosive in the neighborhood of the point of contact, caused by the chemical reaction which consumes the corrosive. Approximate expressions for the size of the uncorroded zones as a function of the size of the balls and as a function of time are derived and found to be in fair agreement with F. C. Besic's data.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 105-113 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract When an individual grows up in a society, he learns certain behavior patterns which are “accepted” by that society. He may in general have a tendency toward behavior patterns other than those which are “accepted” by the society. This tendency toward such unaccepted behavior may be due to a process of cerebration which results in doubt as to the “correctness” of the accepted behavior. Thus, on the one hand, the individual learns to follow the accepted rules almost automatically; on the other hand, he may tend to consciously break those rules. Using a neural circuit, suggested by H. D. Landahl in his theory of learning, a neurobiophysical interpretation of the above situation is outlined. Mathematical expressions are derived which describe the social behavior of an individual as a function of his age, social status, and some neurobiophysical parameters.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Analysis is made to show that the mitotic index is simply proportional to the ratio of the duration of mitosis (T) to the intermitotic time only under special conditions. In the case of exponential growth of cell population the simple proportionality hold if the product ofT and the growth constant is small. For power law (t n ) growth of cell population the simple proportionality holds only when a steady state of growth has existed for at least ten intermitotic periods. The simple proportionality does not apply in conditions of transient growth.
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 115-138 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Food and metabolic waste products, insofar as they act upon the hereditary substrate of cells, are the most important factors governing tissue growth. Equations describing the growth of tissues are derived in consideration of this fact. A quantity is found in these equations which, if slightly changed, results in very great changes in the growth rate of the tissue, where such very great changes are interpretable as neoplastic growth. The relationship between our equations and similar equations which others have proposed is discussed.
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  • 7
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 11 (1949), S. 145-147 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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  • 8
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 57-74 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 9
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 1-40 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die phylogenetische Entwicklung wurde im Bereich der Kieselalgen von bestimmten Gesetzmässigkeiten beherrscht. Die Entstehung neuer Arten und Gattungen, ihr Wiederverschwinden und die Zunahme des Formenreichtums, resultierend aus der Zahl der neuentstandenen, vermindert um die der wieder verschwindenen Arten und Gattungen und vollzog sich nach Regeln (rules-within-limits), die durch folgende Phänomene gekennzeichnet sind: 1) Zwischen der Zahl der neuentstehenden und der Zahl der in der gleichen geologischen Subperiode aus inneren Gründen wieder aussterbenden Arten besteht eine mehr oder wenig feste Beziehung. Diese ist für die Centricae und Pennatae verschieden. 2) Ein bestimmter Anteil der neuentstandenen Arten und Gattungen erwies sich aus inneren Gründen als „ausdauernd” und blieb bis auf den heutigen Tag erhalten. Die Zunahme der Arten- (und Gattungs-) Zahl durch das Hinzukommen langlebiger Formen war stetig und vollzog sich nach Massgabe geometrischer Progressionen. Diese Tatsachen führen zu dem Schluss, dass die phylogenetische Entwicklung der Kieselalgen nach monopodialem, und nicht nach sympodialem Muster vorsichging. Auch in andern Pflanzengruppen und im Tierreich durften die gleichen Gesetzmässigkeiten herrschend sein. Am klarsten gelangen sie bei den Centricae zum, Ausdruck und werden vom Autor als das Fazit von Additions-, Subtraktions-, und Multiplikationsprozessen aufgefasst. Die heutige Situation bezüglich Häufigkeit der Grössen der Gattungen, in Zahl der Arten, ist das Endergebnis der summativen Wirkung dieser Einzelprozesse. Diese als ‚rules-within-limits’ bezeichneten Gesetzmässigkeiten werden im einzelnen beschrieben, erklärt und zusammenfassend dargestellt. Zu andern Evolutionstheorien in Beziehung gebracht, werden sie schliesslich für Erörterung des Problems benutzt, inwieweit noch andere evolutionsgeschichtliche Prozesse als übergeordnete Faktoren in den vom Verfasser dargestellten Grundplan des Evolutionsgeschehens eingreifen können.
    Abstract: Résumé L'évolution organique ou le changement parmi les Diatomées s'est effectué avec une régularité considérable. Les origines et les extinctions, et les accroissements des nombres des espèces et des genres, se sont soumis en tout aux lois et aux ordres, commes des régularités à l'intérieur de légères déviations. Le changement de l'évolution fut la conséquence de deux sortes de phénomène: 1°) l'origine et l'extinction des espèces éphémères dans une proportion plus ou moins déterminée mais différente pour les deux classes des Diatomées, Centricae et Pennatae; ces espèces éphémères moururent dans la subpériode de leur origines malgré le caractère assez favorable des circonstances environnantes, à cause de l'évanescence inhérente aux espèces particulières, et 2°) l'origine des espèces nouvelles (et des genres nouveaux) qui démontrèrent leur qualité innée de permanence tout en continuant de vivre depuis leurs origines, pour la plupart, jusqu'à présent. Les additions continuelles d'espèces nouvelles et permanentes, en nombres proportionnés aux nombres disponibles comme espèces parentes et possibles, donnèrent des accroissements par progressions géométriques. Par conséquent, l'évolution parmi les Diatomées fut monopodiale et non pas sympodiale. Les deux sortes d'espèces-durées sont bien connues parmi beaucoup d'autres classes de plantes et d'animaux. Les mêmes procédés d'additions, de soustractions et de multiplications, particulièrement tels qu'on les trouve dans les Centricae, sont très probables pour ces classes de plantes et d'animaux qui ont donné un résultat le plus semblable pour la somme totale de leur histoire précédente, sous la forme de la répartition des fréquences de leurs grandeurs générique actuelles. Les régularités à l'intérieur de légères déviations de cette évolution fondamentale sont détaillées, définies et discutées dans leurs relations aux diverses théories touchant les autres méthodes de l'évolution qui jouent le rôle de facteurs modifiants superposés au dessin général ou au dessein de l'évolution fondamentale.
    Notes: Summary Organic evolution, or change, among the diatoms has proceeded with considerable regularity. The origins, the extinctions, and the increases in numbers of species and genera, on the whole, have submitted to law and order, as rules-within-limits (rectilinear regression lines within grouped small deviations). The changes of evolution have followed from two sorts of phenomena — 1) the origin and extinction of shortlived or unstable species, in a proportion which has been more or less constant, but different in the two groups of diatoms, Centricae and Pennatae; these short-lived species died out in the subperiod of their origin even under favourable enough environment or surrounding conditions, because of the innate instability of these particular species: and 2) the origin of new species (and genera) which demonstrated their innate capacity for permanence by remaining in the living condition from their origins mostly up to the present time. The continued or continual additions of new and long-living species, in proportion to the number available as possible and parental species, has given the geometrical progressions. Consequently evolution in the diatoms has been monopodial, or one-stemmed, and not sympodial or not with many substitutions of one species after another in successions. The two kinds of species-durations are well-known in other classes of plants and animals. Exactly the same processes of additions, subtractions, and multiplications, particularly as found in the centric diatoms, are very probable in these classes of plants and animals which have given the same answer or arithmetical result for the whole of their previous histories, in the form of the frequency distribution of the present sizes of their genera. The rules-within-limits of this basic evolution are described, defined, and discussed in their relations to various theories of evolution which perhaps only concern the working of factors of superimposed modifications that reduce the results of the pattern or plan of basic evolution.
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  • 10
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 115-134 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 11
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Postface Dans mes „Analyses et synthèses biocénotiques” (1947a), j'ai discuté la conception d'Agrell, qui se base sur des stations-types préétablies. Depuis,Agrell a consacrédeux articles polémiques (Opusc. ent., Lund, 1948) à soutenir que ses „Bestandestypen” s'identifient aux groupements écologiques tels que je le conçois. Il n'en est rien. Dans l'idée d'Agrell, tous les relevés provenant d'un même type de stations font a priori partie d'un même „Bestandestyp”. La conséquence en est que certaines espèces en réalité vicariantes, c'est-à-dire ne cohabitant jamais -Tetracanthella wahlgreni etFolsomia brevicauda, par exemple — se trouvent réunies, sur le papier, dans une même „communauté”. Au contraire, dans mon système, les relevés faits dans un certain type de stations („AH” par exemple, cf.Gisin, 1947a) sont classés tantôt dans un groupement (2b), tantôt dans un autre (3a), d'après leur composition faunistique servant d'indicateur. Cette différence explique amplement les discordances qu'Arell relève entre mes indices d'abondance-fréquence et les siens, discordance prouvant une fois de plus que les „Bestandestypen” et les groupements ne sont pas la même chose. Agrell qualifie de résidu l'un de mes groupements. Or, rien n'est plus résiduel queson Bestandestyp 2, qui représente l'ensemble de 7 stations sur 10, celles qui restent après avoir retranché les 3 stations de milieux extrêmes. Agrell reproche à ma méthode de laisser inclassables certains relevés dépourvusd'espèces vicariantes. Cela n'est-il pas préférable au classement de force de relevés, fragmentaires et aux calculs hasardeux basés sur des unités hétérogènes? Enfin,Agrell estime que le choix des espèces caractéristiques est subjectif. J'ai: montré qu'il ne l'est ni plus ni moins que celui des caractères spécifiques en taxonomie.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Oekologie, Ethologie, Biogeographie und Biocoenotik werden noch häufig miteinander verwechselt. Diese Disziplinen lassen sich an Hand des Schemas unterscheiden, das in vorstehenden Schlussfolgerungen wiedergegeben ist. Dieses Schema ist zugleich ein Beitrag zu einem neuen, dreidimensionalen System der Biologie. Speziell wird auf den methodischen Unterschied zwischen Oekologie und Biocoenotik eingegangen. Die Biocoenotik kann als eine unentbehrliche Vorstufe der Oekologie angesehen werden, insofern sie die natürliche Vergemeinschaftung der Organismen als ein grossartiges, von der Natur selbst eingesetztes Experiment betrachtet. Ihre Aufgabe ist es, dass Ergebnis dieses Experiments zu beschreiben. Die Lebensgemeinschaften, die sie dabei unterscheidet, sind gekennzeichnet durch ihre häufig wiederkehrende, einigermassen konstante Zusammensetzung, entsprechend den relativen Faktoren-Gleichgewichten, welche sich im Laufe der Jahrhunderte einstellen. Die Lebensgemeinschaften sind aber viel leichter zu erfassen als die Faktoren-Gleichgewichte und deren biologische Bedeutung. Ihre Abgrenzung erfolgt, — wie in der Taxonomie diejenige der Arten — auf Grund objektiver Diskontinuitäten. Letztere gründen sich in der Biocoenotik auf die sich ökologisch ersetzenden (vikariirenden) Arten. Sie sind die Prüfsteine für die Grundeinheiten der Biocoenotik: die Biocoenosen.] Soweit die Organismen einer Biocoenose aufeinander einwirken, stellen sie gleichzeitig einen Konnex dar; und soweit sie in ihren Ansprüchen oder Anpassungen übereinstimmen, gehören sie auch zum gleichen Lebensformen-Typ. Es ist praktisch, drei Grössenordnungen von Biocoenosen zu unterscheiden: Synusien, Assoziationen und Biome.
    Notes: Conclusions L'écologie cherche à connaître les conditions d'existence des organismes par rapport à leur milieu physique et biotique. D'une part elle étudie les exigences des organismes envers le milieu et leurs adaptations à celui-ci; d'autre part, elle recherche comment le milieu influe sur les organismes. Or, puisque chaque être vivant fait partie du milieu des autres et que sa présence et son activité modifient le milieu physique et biotique pour lui-même comme pour les autres, l'écologie est amenée à considérer en général les interactions entre les facteurs constitués par les organismes ainsi que par les agents inorganiques. Toutefois, la complexité de ces interactions est telle qu'à leur analyse physico-chimique s'opposent des difficultés partiellement insurmontables. La raison en est que les multiples facteurs écologiques n'agissent pas isolément, mais en combinaison dans l'espace et dans le temps. Il en résulte des états d'équilibre relatif dont seule l'expérience multiséculaire de la nature nous révèle l'aboutissement avec certitude. Aussi bien l'écologiste qui veut en tenir compte commence-t-il ses recherches par le relevé qualitatif et quantitatif des groupements biologiques spontanés. Le chercheur les reconnaît à la constance relative de leur composition, dans les divers endroits où ils sont réalisés, constance résultant de l'équilibre relatif entre les facteurs. C'est exactement pour de tels groupements queMöbius à créé le terme de biocénose. Ainsi la biocénotique peut être considérée comme la propédeutique d'une écologie justement conçue; elle ne serait que préparatoire et provisoire si la Science pouvait un jour entièrement éclaircir le jeu des forces écologiques. Enfin en essayant de bien situer l'écologie dans le cadre des disciplines biologiques voisines, il est utile d'avoir présent à l'esprit l'ébauche suivante d'un nouveau système de la biologie:
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 41-56 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 75-88 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Neuere Definitionen der botanischen Begriffe „ecotype”, „ecospecies” und “coenospecies” werden kurz besprochen. Beispiele von ecospecies werden erörtet, und folgende neue Begriffsbestimmungen vorgeschlagen: „g-ecospecies” Gruppen mit gleicher Chromosomenzahl, zwischen denen morphologische, ökologische und geographische Unterschiede deutlich festzustellen sind, und bei denen in künstlichen oder natürlichen Zuständen nur beschränkter Genaustausch stattfinden kann. „a-ecospecies” Gruppen mit ungleicher Chromosomenzahl, zwischen denen ökologische und geographische Unterschiede deutlich festzustellen sind, und bei denen nur beschränkter Genaustausch stattfinden kann. „ecotypes“ Gruppen, die genetisch unterschiedene Bestandteile von ecospecies bilden, die für besondere Typen von Milieu geeignet sind, und bei denen unbeschränkter Genaustausch stattfinden kann. „cytotypes“ Gruppen, die polyploiden Bestandteile einer ecospecies bilden. Die wahrscheinlichen Enstehungsarten derg-ecospecies (allmählich) und dera-ecospecies (plötzlich) werden beschrieben, und es wird für besonders wichtig erklärt, dass die Systematiker den Begriffa-ecospecies anerkennen, denn diese mögen sich morphologisch äusserst wenig unterscheiden. Beispiele für den Gebrauch der Begriffe werden angeführt, und es wird vorgeschlagen, dass es interessant wäre, sie nicht nur bei Pflanzen sondern auch bei Tieren zu verwenden.
    Abstract: Sommaire Nous avons brièvement étudié dans l'article ci-dessus les récentes définitions des ternies botaniques „ecotype” „ecospecies”, et „coenospecies”. Nous avons discuté quelques exemples d'ecospecies et nous avons proposé les nouvelles définitions suivantes: „g-ecospecies” Groupes avec le même nombre de chromosomes, entre lesquels il y a des différences morphologiques, écologiques et géographiques nettement déterminées; ils ne sont capables que d'un échange limité de gènes dans des conditions artificielles ou naturelles. „a-ecospecies” Groupes avec différents nombres de chromosomes, entre lesquels il y a des différences écologiques et géographiques nettement déterminées, et qui ne sont capables que d'un échange limité de gènes. „ecotypes” Groupes formant des composants d'ecospecies génétiquement distincts, adaptés à des types spéciaux de milieux et qui sont capables d'un échange illimité de gènes. „cytotypes” Groupes formant des composants polyploïdes d'une ecospecies. Les origines probables desg-ecospecies (graduelles) et desa-ecospecies (abruptes) y sont expliquées; nous avons mis en relief l'importance de l'identification par les taxonomistes d'a-ecospecies, qui peuvent à peine présenter des différences morphologiques. Nous donnons des exemples d'emplois de ces termes, et nous suggérons que leurs applications aux animaux aussi bien qu'aux plantes pourraient présenter un intérêt certain.
    Notes: Summary Recent definitions of the botanical terms ecotype, ecospecies and coenospecies are briefly reviewed. Examples of ecospecies are discussed and the following new definitions are proposed: g-ecospecies Groups with the same chromosome number between which there are well-defined morphological, ecological and geographical differences and which, under artifical or natural conditions are capable of only limited gene-exchange. a-ecospecies Groups with different chromosome numbers between which there are well-defined ecological and geographical differences and which are capable of only limited gene-exchange. ecotypes Groups forming genetically distinct components of ecospecies, adapted to special types of environment and capable of unlimited gene-exchange. cytotypes Groups forming polyploid components of an ecospecies. The probable modes of origin ofg-ecospecies (gradual) anda-ecospecies (abrupt) are explained; and the importance of the recognition by taxonomists ofa-ecospecies, which may differ morphologically hardly at all, is. emphasized. Examples of the uses of the terms are given, and it is suggested that their application to animals as well as plants would be of interest.
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    Acta biotheoretica 9 (1949), S. 101-114 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 403-404 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors have isolated from the intestinal content of the larvae of the waxmothGalleria mellonella a bacterium utilizing beeswax.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 407-409 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Autoren bestimmen den Histamingehalt von Meerschweinchenlungen nach Anlegung eines Pneumothorax, nach lokaler Reizung mit Papain und bei normalen Kontrolltieren. Der Histamingehalt sinkt zunächst sofort nach Herstellung eines Pneumothorax, steight aber nach einigen Stunden wieder an und bleibt während mehrerer Tage über den Normalwert erhöht. Die Reizung der Lunge durch eine lokale Injektion von Papain gibt, ähnlich wie der Pneumothorax, eine nach einiger Zeit auftretende Erhöhung des Histamingehalts.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 410-411 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Ultraschall auf isoliertes Muskelgewebe wird untersucht und dabei folgen des gefunden: Im quergestreiften Muskel, in dem das Actomyosin nicht in der üblichen Weise entfernt worden ist, spalten sich die Muskelfibrillen in der Längsachse. Nach Entfernung des Actomyosins gibt es Aufspaltungen senkrecht zur langen Achse der Fibrillen. Die entstehenden parallelen Spalte liegen in Abständen von 4–8 µ. Im glatten Muskel gibt es, in Abständen von 3–4 µ, senkrecht zu den Fibrillen verlaufende Spalte, auch ohne da\ das Actomyosin entfernt worden ist. Der Herzmuskel wird durch Ultraschall nicht nennenswert beeinflu\t. Die Bedeutung der Befunde wird diskutiert.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 417-425 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 479-480 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The viscosity of synovial fluids and hyaluronic acid solutions, obtained from vitreous humour, are lowered by ultrasonic vibrations. Electrophoretic analysis reveals that the content of hyaluronic acid in these ultrasonically treated solutions is diminished.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 483-484 
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    Notes: Summary In rabbits it has been confirmed, that, if the blood pressure falls rapidly, a lower limit will be attained, below which a normal respiration will no longer exist. This minimal arterial tension seems to be an absolutely fixed one, since it was found to be the same, whether the respiratory center was normal or under the influence of either a depressing or a stimulating drug.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 444-444 
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    Notes: Summary A phage specific for Proteus X 19 and X 2 strains is described. The secondary growth appearing after lysis of OX 19 cultures is devoid of the X-Antigen reacting with typhus sera. The phage is inactive against Proteus OXK.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 447-448 
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    Notes: Summary Patulin was examined in regard to its effect upon the different white blood cells in white mice. There is a very noticeable influence on the lymphocyte count in the circulating blood, which was reduced by daily injections of patulin 0.1 mg i. p. from 8–15,000 to 1–3,000, while the granulocytes were scarcely affected. After the injections were stopped, the lymphocyte count increased again, and sometimes an increase of the granulocytes has been noticed. Often mice died from abscesses in different organs. Patulin seems to have an inhibitory effect on lymphatic tissues, like carbamates and nitrogen mustard. Whether there is a growth inhibitory effect on tumours is now an object of study.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 476-478 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der histochemische Nachweis der alkalischen Phosphatase beiAcanthochites fascicularis L. (Polyplacophora, Mollusca) erbringt den Beweis eines ausgedehnten Vorhandenseins des Ferments. Das Integument, das Bindegewebe und das Muskelgewebe enthalten keine oder nur Spuren von Desmophosphatase. Der Verdauungsapparat, insbesondere die Zuckerdrüse und der Mitteldarm sind dagegen reich an Phosphatase, desgleichen die Niere, die Spermatogonien und Spermatozyten, die Nukleolen der Ovozyten und das Epithel des Ovariums.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 484-486 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 487-487 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 498-501 
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    Notes: Summary The historical dispute in whichGoethe opposedNewton's theory of colour can be referred to the discrepancy between the concepts of “light” as physical radiation and the concept of “light” as sensation. Language as well as natural inclination lead to the confusion and even identification of the two wholly different concepts, whereas the physical laws thatNewton treated and the psychophysical laws that chiefly interestedGoethe are not in agreement.Goethe rightly boasted of „having rescued the subjective colours“.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 65-66 
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    Notes: Summary Some particularities of the diffraction spectra produced by the lattice of a tissue have been discussed. An account is given of the apparition of supplementary diffraction maxima when the light-beam forms an angle ≠ 90° with the lattice-plane.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 161-162 
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    Notes: Summary The cobweb of geometrical spiders enables us to examine the effect of substances on instinct movements of animals. It seems possible to separate the different fundamental functions co-operating in the production of the cobweb by experiment. The effect of Pervitin, mentioned in this report, is characterized by a considerable disturbance of the regular arrangement of the concentric sticky threads.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 167-167 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im PilzInoloma traganum wurde ein neuer antibakterieller Stoff gefunden. Diese Substanz wirkt nur auf einige Arten von Mikrokokken und Pseudodiphtheriebazillen. Das neue Antibiotikum wurde aus einer Wasserlösung durch Adsorption an aktive Kohle konzentriert, mit konzentriertem Äthanol eluiert und durch Verdampfen der Lösung gewonnen. Für eine Maus ist der Stoff bei intravenöser Applikation nicht toxisch. Er könnte theoretisch beim Studium der systematischen Einordnung von Mikrokokken und Pseudodiphtheriebazillen bedeutsam sein.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 172-172 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 181-188 
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    Notes: Summary It is discussed which of the new rays of atomic physics (protons, neutrons, electrons) may be applicable for depth therapy. The range of protons is too short. Recent information from the U.S.A. shows that neutron therapy is not as successful as formerly supposed. Irradiation with fast electrons produced by the betatron may be superior to X-ray therapy. Some preliminary results of biological experiments withDrosophila eggs and ionization measurements are reported. The position of the maximum effect is some centimetres below the surface and not on it. Electrons have a definite range, so that the parts of the body beyond this range are not irradiated.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 202-203 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird der Nachweis geführt, daß die Hemmung der Glukosepolymerisation (ohne Hemmung der Glukoseoxydation) durch Dinitrophenol und Natriumazid mit einer Hemmung der Phosphataufnahme und -polymerisation parallel geht. Bei Verwendung von phosphatarmen Hefezellen ist die Ingangsetzung der Glukosepolymerisation (nicht der Glukoseoxydation) von der Gegenwart von Phosphat im Nährmedium abhängig. Gleichzeitige Vermehrung von Phosphataufnahme, Phosphatpolymerisation und Glukosepolymerisation konnte durch Zugabe von Riboflavin zu Suspensionen von Hefe, die unter Mangelbedingungen gezüchtet war, erreicht werden. Es wird die Auffassung vertreten, daß Hefezellen, die Glukose in Gegenwart von Phosphat umsetzen, Glykogen (=polymerisierte Glukose) und Metaphosphat (polymerisierte Form) gleichzeitig aus Glukose-I-Phosphat bilden. Für diese Annahme sprechen thermodynamische Überlegungen über den Polymerisationszustand von Metaphosphat.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 206-206 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die bisherigen Untersuchungen über Wachstum der Moose in Dunkelkulturen ergaben, daß die Moose ohne Lichtzutritt nur Protonema zu bilden fähig sind. Neue Versuche, über die berichtet wird, mit der Kultur der Moose,Splachnum sphaericum L. fil.,Splachnum ampullaceum L. undTrematodon ambiguus Hornsch, hatten ein entgegengesetztes Resultat. Die genannten Moose bildeten in Dunkelkulturen auf festem Agarnährboden wie auch in flüssigem Medium mit Saccharosezusatz Gametophyten. Die unter diesen Bedingungen gebildeten Gametophyten waren chlorophyllfrei und die Phylloide waren schuppenförmig. Aus diesen und anderen jetzt durchgeführten Versuchen ist zu schliessen, daß nicht das Licht, sondern die Nährstoffart und der Nährstoffvorrat für die Gametophytenentstehung bestimmend ist.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 209-209 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach Vorbehandlung mit dem benetzenden Mittel Tween 20 gelang es, sowohl die durch Histaminwirkung als auch durch Vagusreizung erzeugte Magensaftsekretion mit dem Antihistaminpräparat Antasten zu hemmen. Ohne Vorbehandlung mit Tween 20 wird keine Hemmung durch das Antihistaminpräparat hervorgerufen. Es ist möglich, daß Tween 20 die Permeabilitätsverhältnisse in den magensaftsezernierenden Zellen verändert, so daß Antasten die Histaminwirkung in den Zellen selbst blockieren kann.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 213-214 
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    Notes: Summary Diethylaminoethyl ester of phenyl-cyclopentane carboxylic acid (Parpanit) and diaminoethylphenothiazine (2987 R. P., Diparcol), substances paralysing the autonomic synapses, the postsynaptic cholinergic innervation and the motor centers, protect very actively against nicotinic and cholinergic intoxication. Parpanit has no anticholinesterase action, while Diparcol inactivates selectively pseudo-cholinesterasein vitro andin vivo. Curarizing and synaptolytic agents as tubocurarine, methyltubocurarine, diiodoethylate of bis (quinoleyl-8′-1, 5-pentane) (3381 R. P.) and lauryl-dimethyl-aminoethanol (764 L.), protect against nicotinic intoxication, but do not suppress the muscarinic actions of cholinergic agents. Triiodate of tri(tri-ethylammonium-methoxy)-1,2,3-benzene (2559 F.), curarizing, but not synaptolytic substance, protects only against nicotinic convulsions and muscular fasciculations. Tetra-ethyl-ammonium, synaptolytic substance, protects only against synaptic stimulations induced by nicotinic agents. Atropine protects against nicotinic and muscarinic actions of nicotinic substances, but not against nicotinic convulsions and muscular fasciculations. The curarizing and synaptolytic substances as well as atropine do not inhibit cholinesterases. Thus no correlation exists between anticholinesterase, synaptolytic and nicotinolytic properties.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 336-336 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 358-359 
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    Notes: Summary When 10 p.p.m. and 1,000 p.p.m. of the sodium salts of 2,4-D (2,4-DNa) and DNOC (DNOCNa) and ofo-isopropyl-N-phenyl carbamate (IFC) are mixed together in binary and ternary combinations, a potentializing (synergistic) effect on wheat and tomato seedlings is observed, judged by the number of days elapsing from treatment to complete wilting. Both in binary and ternary combinations the greatest effect has been ascertained from the interaction of low concentrations of DNOCNa on 2,4-DNa (on tomatoes) and on IFC (on wheat). The practical importance of these preliminary results is briefly sketched.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 355-357 
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    Notes: Summary From a series of pictures obtained with a slow cloud chamber at 2300 m above sea level (Hafelekar near Innsbruck) two tracks are discussed. Considering all the possibilities of error, they must be due to particles with masses less than 70m e.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 359-360 
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    Notes: Summary Seven experiments were carried out on guinea-pigs. The results obtained showed that the depression of the cochlear potential under anoxia was not only independent of the intensity, which was already proved by previous experiments, but also of the frequency of the stimuli.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 362-364 
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    Notes: Summary The inhibition of thiouracil goitre in the rat by the methyl ether of vitamin A reported in previous investigations is not to be referred to vitamin A, but to the iodine that is bound to vitamin A in the course of its synthesis. The relation between thiouracil and iodine compounds with different mobility of the iodine: NaI (II), the iodine-containing methyl ether of vitamine A (III), 2:4-dioxo-3:3-diethyl-5-iodine-tetrahydropyridin (IV),N-(4-oxy-3:5-diiodine-benzoyl)-diiodine-DL-tyrosine (V), and 1:4-dioxy-2:3-diiodine-buten-(2) were studied in the thyroid gland of the rat by histological investigation of the degree of development of the thiouracil goitre and by determination of the iodine content of the thyroid. The iodine deprivation caused by thiouracil is definitely inhibited by the iodine compounds named, regardless of the motility of the iodine. The histologically demonstrable thiouracil goitre is likewise inhibited by these compounds, and here the degree of inhibition increases with the motility of the iodine.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 369-369 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 369-369 
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    Notes: Summary Anaerobic processes for gaining energy, which occur in the larvæ ofChironomus (and also ofEutanytarsus) even under not strictly anaerobic conditions, but all the more under these, require an aerobic (oxybiotic) phase for the undisturbed continuance of metabolism. This is brought about in such forms as live in shallow (or relatively oxygen-rich) waters (Chironomus thummi, Eutanytarsus) through increased oxygen uptake from the medium under conditions favorable to respiration (oxygen debt, secondary oxybiosis). Species subject to a permanent oxygen deficit, such as those e.g. that live on the bottoms of eutrophic lakes (Ch. plumosus, anthracinus, and alsotentans) show in its stead an aerobic phase that occurs already under anaerobic conditions, oxygen being obtained from peroxides formed in the body. I call this important process “endoxybiosis”. It obviates an oxygen debt following upon oxygen deficit. The nourishment of the larvæ is important for the formation of the peroxides necessary for “endoxybiosis”.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 319-320 
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    Notes: Résumé Le gonflement et dégonflement rapide et accentué des copolymers de l'acide méthacrylique et du divinyl benzène dans des solutions aqueuses alcalines et acides ont été étudiés. Les phénomènes ressemblent aux contractions et dilatations des systèmes biologiques. L'interprétation donnée est basée sur l'effet du redressement des chaînes moléculaires sous l'influence de la répulsion électrostatique des groupes carboxyliques ionisés, qui se contractent lors de la neutralisation des charges.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 325-326 
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    Notes: Summary Ablation of the whole forebrain in lizards caused considerable impairment of all kinds of spontaneous activity. Postural (extrapyramidal) and skin reflexes were augmented, evidently because they were freed from central inhibition. The running movements were noticeably stiff and angular; when swimming, the animal's body undulated much more than normally, calling to mind the swimming movements of urodeles. After the elimination of the dorsal part of the forebrain, it was no longer possible to elicit the autotomy of the tail. Some social reactions, such as defensive threatening and the expression of inferiority (Treteln), were reinforced. The behaviour patterns of feeding and drinking showed a peculiar disintegration.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 327-329 
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    Notes: Summary The authors have continued their research work on the absolute amount of desoxyribonucleic acid in the cellular nucleus. A number of results are reported, concerning mainly the mammals. They point out that this amount is very similar in the different species. If desoxyribonucleic acid is really the essential constituent of the gene, this would mean that all mammals have approximatively the same genetic equipment.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 333-333 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 336-336 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 337-347 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 347-354 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die spezifische Konstellation der globulären Eiweißmoleküle bleibt im Gegensatz zu der Konstellation anderer Fadenmoleküle unverändert, wenn das Protein in Wasser gelöst, ausgesalzen oder vorsichtig getrocknet wird. Die große Stabilität der spezifischen Konstellation wird einer bestimmten inneren Struktur der Proteine zugeschrieben. 2. Die innere Struktur globulärer Proteinmoleküle wird vor allem durch Salzbrücken zwischen positiv und negativ geladenen Atomgruppen aufrechterhalten, ferner durch H-Bindungen, durch Dithiobrücken, vielleicht auch durch geringgradige Verzweigung der Peptidketten. 3. Denaturierung besteht in einer Änderung der spezifischen inneren Struktur eines Proteins, herbeigeführt durch eine Sprengung der Salzbrücken. Denaturierung führt zu einer Entfaltung der im nativen Protein dicht gefalteten Peptidketten. Die Resistenz nativer Proteine und lebender Zellen gegen proteolytische Fermente geht bei Denaturierung verloren, da durch die Entfaltung der Peptidketten Angriffspunkte für die proteolytischen Fermente freigelegt werden. 4. Der Mechanismus der Bildung der spezifischen Struktur nativer Proteine im lebenden Organismus wird erörtert.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 360-361 
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    Notes: Summary In decisive experiments on diuresis with rats it is shown that oxytocin and vasopressin have a contrary effect on the excretion of Na and K. Oxytocin increases the excretion of Na, vasopressin decreases the excretion of Na and raises the excretion of K. The effects on Cl-and water-metabolism may be considered only as consequences of the primary effect on Na and K.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 365-365 
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    Notes: Summary Tubercle bacilli of the human type were injected intrahepatically into white rats, after these animals had been treated previously with killed bacilli of the same strain. Suspensions of the infected livers later proved to be equally pathogenic for guinea-pigs whether they were taken from specifically pre-treated or from untreated rats.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 368-368 
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    Notes: Summary In a brief communication to “Nature”1 I have introduced the term “Threshold Value” to design the lowest carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere at which photosynthesis of green leaves can take place. The final proof for the existence of this threshold is found in my experiments with leaves exposed to high light intensities in air poor in carbon dioxide1,2. These experiments show that respiratory carbon dioxide is expired until the threshold value for photosynthesis is reached at 0.0090 vol. %. To avoid confusion it is considered best to use the term “Threshold Value” only in the sense stated above.Reinau's use of the term to designate equilibria between consumption and production of carbon dioxide, found in the open air, seems to be without any adequate basis.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 11-30 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 45-46 
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    Notes: Summary After referring to the constitution of prothrombin as it is generally accepted to-day (A-factor, B-factor, labile factor) the author describes procedures according to which it is possible to distinguish the forms of hypoprothrombinæmia resulting from the lack of A- and B-factor respectively:- in the former are included the cases of dicumarol intoxication and those with plasma treated with colloidal aluminium hydroxide, in the latter those of K-avitaminosis (icterus with or without hepatic insufficience). In this last condition it can be shown that the sera act differently from the normal, which probably is to be referred to a lack of A-factor.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 52-52 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 373-380 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 381-389 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 404-405 
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    Notes: Summary The utilization of beeswax by the bacterium isolated byLozet andFlorkin from the intestinal content of the waxmoth has been studied. It appears that the bacterium utilizes mostly the acids of the wax, but also a certain amount of esters.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 409-409 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei nichtnarkotisierten Ratten verstärken kleine Dosen von Neoantergan die Adrenalinwirkung auf den Blutdruck. Anderseits sieht man, da\ gro\e Neoantergandosen diese Blutdrucksteigerung ganz verhindern. Bei nichtnarkotisierten Ratten und Meerschweinchen eliminieren gro\e Dosen von Antastene die Adrenalinwirkung auf den Blutdruck. Die Beobachtung wird an anderer Stelle ausführlicher geschildert werden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 413-414 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Kurven — Impulsfrequenzen als Funktion der Zeit — für die Impulsentladungen in isolierten retinalen Elementen der Katze sind in verschiedenen Wellenlängenbereichen different. Ein erstes Maximum ist im Rot, je ein weiteres auch im Grün und Blau vorhanden. Die Maxima dieser Effekte liegen in denselben spektralen Bereichen wie die Maxima der «Modulatoren», dieGranit mit andern Methoden ermittelt hat.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 414-415 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 425-438 
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    Notes: Summary The basic factual material from our analysis of intersexuality inSolenobia triquetrella is presented here in summary form. Finally it is shown that neitherGoldschmidt's interpretation of the phenomenon of intersexuality nor that ofBaltzer orKosminsky can be reconciled with our factual findings. On the other hand, our findings can be explained satisfactorily with the aid of the following assumptions: (1) F andM are more or less equilibrated in our intersexes. (2) As in other objects with equilibrated sexual factors, sexual determination takes place phenotypically. (3) As in our case neither theF factor suppresses its opposite, theM factor, nor conversely theM factor theF factor, the entire development is under the control ofF andM. (4) The sexual determination must take place early, in the embryonic at the latest in the larval stage of development.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 446-447 
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    Notes: Summary In a series of experimental reports it is shown that the leech's organism has the capacity to weaken pathogenic microorganisms even to complete loss of their infectiousness. Production of vaccine in the leech, as well as a combined treatment with vaccine and own blood, are described. Furthermore, it proved that weakening of the infectious agent can also be achieved immediately by treatment with leech bacilli or with germ-free filtrates from such cultures (Subtiligin H).
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 449-451 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Merthiolat zeigt eine hemmende Wirkung auf die Hyaluronidase des Hodens. Dennoch ist es mittels verschiedener Konzentrationen jenes Stoffes möglich, eine selektive Hemmung der Mukooligosaccharase-Fraktion (MO) bei fast vollständiger Schonung der depolymerisierenden Fraktion (MP) zu erzielen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 453-454 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 474-475 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer mit Pansenflüssigkeit der Ziege beimpften stickstofffreien Nährlösung ist in 10 Tagen eine Stickstoffanreicherung von rund 200% festzustellen. Aus der Pansenflüssigkeit der Ziege, die durch eine permanente Pansenfistel entnommen wird, lassen sich verschiedene Typen stickstoffbindender Bakterien herauszüchten. Diese Bakterien vermögen in stickstofffreier Nährlösung Luftstickstoff zu binden. Der Mittelwert der Stickstoffanreicherung beträgt dabei rund 10 mg pro 1 Nährlösung bei einem Ausgangswert von 2 mg pro 1. Das Ausmaß der Stickstoffanreicherung ist nicht nennenswert verschieden, wenn zur Beimpfung nur ein einziger Typ oder mehrere differente Typen der gezüchteten stickstoffbindenden Bakterien verwendet werden. Die Zahl der keimungsfähigen Bakterien (auf stickstofffreiem Nährboden) variiert bei demselben Tier und bei gleichem Futter nur in geringem Maße und beträgt bei Winterfutter durchschnittlich 5·106 pro ml Panseninhalt. Beim Übergang zu Grünfutter sinkt die Zahl der Bakterien zunächst steil ab und erst nach 5–6 Wochen erreicht sie wieder einen neuen provisorischen Durchschnittswert von 2·105 pro ml. Der gebundene Stickstoff besteht zum größeren Teil aus körpereigenen Stickstoffverbindungen der Bakterien. Den Rest (bis zu 30%) machen wohl andere stickstoffhaltige Verbindungen aus. Unter normalen Bedingungen dürfte im Pansen keine Fixation von Stickstoff stattfinden, da der Stickstoffgehalt der bakterienfreien Pansenflüssigkeit viel höher ist als die obere Stickstoffgrenze bei der die gezüchteten Bakterien Stickstoff zu binden vermögen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 474-474 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Methode für die Reinigung und Anreicherung von Influenzavirus beschrieben: Das Influenzavirus wird zunächst an CaCO3 adsorbiert. Dieses wird mit Hilfe von eingeleiteter CO2 in Lösung gebracht. Die Ca-Ionen werden mit Hilfe von Dusarit, einem sehr wirksamen «Permutit»-Körper gegen Na-Ionen ausgetauscht.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 482-483 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Versuchen, die Mitte September bis Ende April ausgeführt wurden, konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß kleinste Thyroxingaben (0,1–1,0 γ) an der schilddrüsenlosen Ratte mit niedrigem Stoffwechsel binnen zweier Stunden eine oft mehrere Stunden anhaltende Steigerung des O2-Verbrauchs um 20% verursachen. Dieser Befund steht im Gegensatz zu der üblichen Auffassung, daß Thyroxin am intakten Tiere nur nach einer Latenz von etwa 24 Stunden wirke. Erhöhte Aktivität der Tiere kann zur Deutung ausgeschlossen werden. 1,0 γ Thyroxin bewirkt an der hypophysektomierten Ratte eine ähnliche Stoffwechselsteigerung wie an schilddrüsenlosen Tieren. Hieraus muß gefolgert werden, daß die beobachtete rasche Wirkung des Thyroxins nicht auf einem hypophysären Heizhormon (nachMansfeld) beruht. Die Bedeutung der Versuche liegt darin, daß die angewandten Thyroxindosen den von der normalen Schilddrüse gespeicherten Wirkstoffmengen entsprechen. Es darf daher angenommen werden, daß Thyroxin in gleichen Quantitäten auch von der normalen Drüse auf verschiedene Reize ohne Verzögerung ausgeschüttet werden kann.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 487-490 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 504-504 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 66-68 
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    Notes: Summary The author applies the theory of the normal divisor of groups to explain a known division of crystal classes with a main-axis and to extend this division on the cubic system of crystals. The scheme of a new terminology and systematization for crystal classes is given under the form of the table.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 72-72 
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    Notes: Summary In the vole,Microtus agrestis L., there are 46 chromosomes as in the twin-species,M. arvalis Pallas. In striking contrast to this last animal, the sexual chromosomes, studied in the last spermatogonial divisions, are of gigantic size (X metacentric = 8–9 µ;Y acrocentric = 5–6 µ). The identification of theX is proved by the analysis of marrow-smears of the female. It is expected that several problems concerning the mode of attachment and the type of association betweenX andY can be resolved by the study of that most interesting rodent.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 74-77 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 79-81 
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    Notes: Summary Moschatine, a new powerful hypotensive and intestine-stimulating agent, was found in extracts of posterior salivary glands ofEledone moschata andEledone Aldrovandi. Extracts prepared from other tissues and organs ofEldone are quite ineffective. The substance is also wanting in salivary extracts ofOctopus vulgaris, Octopus macropus andOctopus De Filippii as well as in extracts from the hypobranchial body ofMurex trunculus andMurex brandaris. Moschatine was isolated as highly active picrate and, probably, as reineckate. It is not a choline derivative. The moschatine content of the salivary extracts ofEledone varies, when expressed in picrate, between 500 and 1500γ per g fresh tissue.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 82-83 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch subkutane Verabreichung großer Mengen einer hypertonischen Kochsalzlösung an hungernde und durstende Kaninchen gelang es uns, einen hypersalämischen Dauerzustand mit anschließender Azotämie hervorzurufen. Die Bestimmung der glomerulären Filtration ergab normale Werte, das Verhältnis Harnstoff-Clearance/Kreatinin-Clearance sank jedoch erheblich. Dies kann nur so gedeutet werden, daß von der normalen Menge filtrierten Harnstoffes ein pathologisch hoher Prozentsatz resorbiert wird. Es gelang also, eine Azotämie ausschließlich tubulären Ursprungs hervorzurufen. Das histologische Bild der Niere mit ausschließlich tubulären Veränderungen bekräftigt obige Annahme.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 90-92 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 92-92 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 142-148 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 148-153 
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    Notes: Summary Coloured crystals absorb light in narrow spectral regions. In recent years it has been possible to discover the structure of such crystals by means of absorption lines.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 157-158 
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    Notes: Summary Chloroplasts were found in living fibres of flax-plants: in very young hypocotyls as well as in the middle and upper parts of four to five months old stems. They are disk-shaped, with diameters of about 1–2,5µ and were identified by means of a fluorescence microscope. In young plants, they are spread all over the contents of the fibres and even penetrate into fibre tips of very small diameters (5µ). Starch grains may occur in all fibres containing chlorophyll. In fibres of adult plants (wall diameter 15µ and more) the green cell contents are restricted to small isolated parts of the fibre lumen, separated by tracts of dead material with a very narrow lumen. The green parts of these old fibres can still be plasmolysed. The chloroplasts might play an important role in the increase of fibre diameter, in osmoregulation, and in the formation of wall material. The starch grains are probably changed into soluble carbohydrates, which contribute to the formation of the cellulose layers of the fibre walls.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 162-164 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Paraphysis cerebri ist ein zusammengesetztes tubulöses Organ, das sich in den Ventriculus impar telencephali, den vorderen Teil des 3. Ventrikels, eröffnet. Die Tubuli bestehen aus einem einschichtigen hauptsächlich kubischen bis zylindrischen Epithel auf einer Basalmembran, die mit wenigen Ausnahmen unmittelbar an die Wand von venösen Sinusoiden grenzt. Nach intrazerebralen Injektionen durch das Dach des 4. Ventrikels vonAmblystoma mexicanum mit einer 5%-Suspension von Tusche in isotonischer Ringer-Lösung zeigen sich in den Schnitten gar keine Tuscheteilchen in den paraphysären Tubuli, während diese auf und in dem Ependym und vor allem dem Epithel aller Plexus chorioidei in großer Menge sichtbar sind. Die schwarzen Teilchen werden offenbar in den Plexus resorbiert. Weiter wird eine Sekretion in den paraphysären Tubuli in der Richtung des Lumens, also nach dem Ventrikel zu, beschrieben und abgebildet. Aus dieser vorläufigen Mitteilung geht also hervor, daß die Paraphysis von Urodelen eine zusammengesetzte tubulöse extern sezernierende Drüse ist, die einen oder mehrere, wenn nicht alle Bestandteile des Liquor cerebrospinalis produziert, und daß dem Epithel der Plexus jedenfalls eine resorbierende Funktion zukommt. Eine Tabelle zeigt einige Unterschiede zwischen dem Epithel der paraphysären Tubuli und demjenigen der Plexus chorioidei.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 172-172 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 173-180 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 200-200 
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    Notes: Summary It has been found that urea is capable of forming addition products with a great number of aliphatic compounds of various kind. The partners must have a chain structure the chain being straight or branched within certain limits. As a rule, the chain must contain at least six members or more. Cyclic compounds are generally not added to urea. Processes of separating mixtures of organic compounds can be based upon their different behaviour towards urea. The newly discovered addition products represent a type unknown so far. The structure of their crystals differs from that known from the classic theory of the complex chemistry.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 204-205 
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    Notes: Résumé L'injection de granules provenant d'un broyage de gastrulas ou de blastulas de grenouilles dans des œufs segmentés de différentes espèces d'Amphibiens donne, dans les stades ultérieurs, un accroissement de la basophilie dans les cellules voisines de la piqûre. Les rares embryons témoins, injectés avec un tampon au phosphate, qui donnent une réaction analogue sont sur le point de se cytolyser. On n'a pas noté de gastrulations doubles et les quelques tubes neuraux secondaires observés étaient sans doute dus à un traumatisme mécanique.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 208-209 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Vitamine des B-Komplexes vermindern die Zuckerresorption im Darm. Durch die Phosphorylierung von Thiamin, Riboflavin, Nikotinsäure und Pyridoxin wird — wahrscheinlich — die Phosphorylase erschöpft. Dextrose, die phosphoryliert werden muß, kann dann nur in kleinerer Menge resorbiert und verbraucht werden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 211-213 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schilddrüsenlose Ratten mit einer Stoffwechselsenkung von 30–40% reagieren auf die einmalige Injektion von 2 µg Thyroxin Schering nach 24 Stunden mit einer Stoffwechselsteigerung von etwa 20%, während der Stoffwechsel normaler Ratten selbst von der einmaligen Injektion von 1 mg unbeeinflußt bleibt. Schilddrüsenlose Tiere sind daher einmaligen Thyroxingaben gegenüber mehr als 500mal so empfindlich als normale. Prüft man die Wirkung wiederholter Gaben, so ist der Unterschied bedeutend geringer und den Angaben vonMeyer undWertz etwa entsprechend.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 361-362 
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    Notes: Summary Ulcers of the stomac of guinea-pigs, produced by subcutaneous application of histamine, are reduced to a significant degree in number by peroral application of antihistaminics. The effect is corresponding to the given dosage. Pyribenzamin proved to be the most effective.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 365-367 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Wirkung einiger Monoamino-oxybenzoesäuren, Monooxybenzoesäuren und Monoamino-monooxybenzoesäuren auf den tuberkulostatischen Effekt von Paraaminosalicylsäure (PAS) wurde untersucht. 2. Von den geprüften Substanzen übte nur Paraaminobenzoesäure (PABA) eine antagonistische Wirkung auf PAS aus. Diese deutet darauf hin, daß PABA für Tuberkelbazillen bedeutsam ist. 3. Es wird angenommen, daß PABA sich als Bestandteil eines komplexen Wuchsfaktors der Tuberkelbazillen geltend macht und daß PAS diesem Wuchsfaktor entgegenwirkt.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 372-372 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 158-159 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser vorläufigen Mitteilung wird über die Untersuchung der Zellwandstrukturen bei einigen Algen der GruppenDesmidiales undMesotaeniales berichtet. Sie wurden mit Hilfe des Elektronenmikroskops unternommen. Es wurden die Durchmesser der bekannten Poren beiCosmarium tetraophthalmum Bréb. undCosmarium Botrytis Menegh. festgestellt. BeiStaurastrum muticum Bréb. ließ sich ein noch nicht bekanntes Porensystem ermitteln. Auch beiClosterium moniliferum (Bory)Ehrenbg. wurde eine bis jetzt unbekannte Zellwandstruktur gefunden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 159-161 
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    Notes: Summary Hearing and the vibration sense in birds have been analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The minimum of the intensity threshold of hearing is at about 3,200 cycles p. sec., about the birds own voice. The birds sensibility is here like that of man. The influence on threshold by damages of parts of the middle ear showed that bone conduction does not play any role in physiological hearing. Extirpation of both cochlea and lagena is followed by complete loss of hearing ability. Birds have a well-developed sense of vibration. It is possible to train birds—after extirpation of the auditory sense organ—to react to vibrations of the sitting rot, from 100 to 3,200 cycles. The maximal sensibility to vibration is found at 800 cycles. Frequency discrimination is very low. The perception of vibration in birds takes place by the means of “Strang” of the “Herbst sche Körperchen” between tibia and fibula. The present knowledges of the vibration sense explains former different results concerning the hearing of birds after extirpation of the whole labyrinth. Hearing and the sense of vibration are distinctly different senses also in birds. But some central connection seems to exist, because after successful training of one sense the task is solved also by the other without new learning.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 237-239 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Chinone, die durch Oxydation von Dihydroxyphenolen in durch Zinkmangel geschädigten Pflanzen entstehen, blockieren die Mitosen in jungen Geweben. Durch Cystein wird die Zahl der Mitosen erhöht. Phenanthrachinon hat einen ähnlichen antimitotischen Effekt. Wenn die Mitose gehemmt ist, dann erfolgt die Zellvergrößerung, soweit als möglich, ohne eine entsprechende Volumenzunahme des Kerns.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 243-244 
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    Notes: Summary The flowering speed in the aqueous humor of the eye of man and rabbit is the same (Kinsey, Grant, andCogan). The exchange of half of the aqueous humor in an anæsthetized eye takes place in approximately 2·7 minutes. Under normal conditions, resistance changes in the capillary system may widely influence the water-exchange rate. The exchange between lens and vitreous humor is very small and depends upon the condition of the protein structure.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 246-247 
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    Notes: Summary Evidence is given that the modifications of the respiration by the afferent vagus in man and in rabbits might be very much alike.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 250-251 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wiederholte Injektionen von Podophyllin verursachen bei weißen Ratten eine Leukopenie. Gegenüber der Norm wird die Zahl der Leukozyten um ungefähr 40% vermindert.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 251-251 
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    Notes: Summary (1) The installation of the perfusion of the cerebral ventricles with a solution having nearly the same composition as the normal cerebrospinal fluid has no effect on the oxygen consumption of the animal. (2) A solution with a calcium excess produces a decrease of the oxygen consumption. (3) A perfusion with a calcium free solution increases the oxygen consumption. (4) An excess of potassium in the solution which is used for the perfusion, increases also the oxygen consumption. (5) A solution without potassium does not modify the oxygen consumption. (6) An increase in the concentration of magnesium produces a decrease of the oxygen consumption of the animal. (7) The absence of magnesium has no remarkable effect on the oxygen consumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 254-254 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A description of a simple and inexpensive device for artificial respiration is given. The apparatus permits of varying the frequency of the rhythm, the depth of the inspiration, as well as the relationship between inspiratory and expiratory periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
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    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 260-260 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 5 (1949), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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