ALBERT

Description: Shrubs or small trees, usually spiny. Leaves opposite, alternate or fascicled, exstipulate, simple, entire, penninerved, small. Flowers terminal and subterminal, sessile or nearly so, rather large, ♀, actinomorphic. Calyx thickly coriaceous, coloured, gamophyllous; tube campanulate-urceolate, adnate to the ovary and produced above it, inside with an annular thickening; segments 5-9, valvate in bud, ovate-triangular, acute, persistent. Petals the same number as calyx-lobes and alternating with them, imbricate and strongly crumpled in bud, obovate, deciduous. Stamens very numerous, inserted on the annular thickening of the calyx, deciduous; filaments incurved in bud, filiform, free; anthers dorsifixed, 2-celled; cells bursting longitudinally. Ovary entirely inferior or free at the top; cells several in 2-3 superposed rows, exceptionally 1-seriate; ovules numerous; those of the lower cells axile, of the upper parietal; style 1, robust, with a thickened base; stigma capitate. Berry large, subglobose, crowned by the unaltered calyx-segments, thick-walled, finally bursting irregularly, entirely filled up by the seeds. Seeds very numerous; outer layer of testa thick, fleshy-juicy; inner layer horny; endosperm none; cotyledons convolute. Distr. Two spp. viz P. protopunica BALF. f. confined to Socotra, and P. granatum L., a plant of very ancient cultivation in S. Europe, N. Africa, the Orient, tropical Asia, Malaysia, and China. Also introduced in the New World.

Description: Perennial lactiferous freshwater herbs, rhizome short tuberous with fibrous roots. Leaves radical, submerged or floating, base sheathing, oblong to linear, entire or crisped, often long-petiolate; nerves lengthwise parallel, connected by numerous oblique transverse veins. Spike emerging from the water, simple or 2-8-forked, without bracts, subtended by a mostly caducous basal sheath (spathe). Flowers bisexual (rarely by abortion unisexual), small, spicate-scapose, white, rose, purple, yellow or yellowish-green. Perianth segments 2 (1-3, or absent), equal or unequal, usually persistent. Stamens in 2 rows, 6 (or more), free, hypogynous, persistent; filament filiform; anthers extrorse, small, 2-celled. Pollen subglobose or ellipsoid. Gynaecium superior, apocarpous; carpels 3-6, sessile, each with a simple style. Ovules 1-8 (or more), anatropous. Mature carpels inflated, opening along the back. Seeds without endosperm; outer testa often loose; embryo straight, elongate. Distr. About 40 spp. described, Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, SE. Asia, through Malaysia (very rare) to N. Australia, centering in Africa and Madagascar.

Description: Herbs or undershrubs. Leaves simple. Stipules absent. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, often in unilateral inflorescences, or subumbellate. Bracts often sheathing, dry and membranous. Bracteoles 2. Calyx tubular, gamosepalous, often conspicuously ribbed, folded, the membranous folds often hyaline, lobes 5, often scarious. Petals free, but mostly connate at the base, contorted. Disk 0. Stamens 5, epipetalous, and connate with their base. Anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary superior, mostly sessile, often angled, 1-celled with 1 ovule pendulous from a basal funicle; styles 5, free or variously connate; stigma subcapitate. Capsule membranous, mostly included, circumscissile near the thin base, rarely valvate from the base upwards. Seed 1, with or without endosperm, cylindric. Distr. Throughout the world, ca 10 genera.

Description: Erect, perennial herbs; rootstock horizontal; stem-base (?always) provided with 2 elongated, spindle-shaped, subterranean tubers. Leaves decussate, dentate to pinnatifid, exstipulate, mostly crowded into a basal pseudo-rosette, cauline ones distant, gradually reduced; base decurrent into the petiole; petioles clasping the stem. Panicle terminal, bracteate, branches decussate, forked, cymose, outermost in triads; rachis and branches distinct from the stem by the presence of capitate-glandular hairs. Flowers ♀, articulated on a short pedicel, 5-merous, subactinomorphic. Base of the pedicel sustained by 2 narrow, ciliate, 1-nerved bracts ending in a thickened (?glandular), blunt nerve-tip. Ovary surrounded by 4 conspicuously capitate-glandular, persistent bracts connate at their extreme base and cuspidulate (in fruit hooked) at their apex ( outer epicalyx) and a tubular, 8-ribbed, utricle-shaped, persistent inner epicalyx with a slight constriction at its apex below a minute, crenulate or toothed limb. Calyx minute, epigynous, 5-lobed. Corolla epigynous, gamophyllous, white, pink or red, caducous; tube funnel-shaped; lobes 5, equal, rounded, erect, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, equal, alternating with the lobes; filaments free towards the apex of the tube; anthers intrors, dorsifixed. Style 1, terete, stigma capitate. Ovary 1-celled, narrow. Ovule 1, pendulous from the apex of the cell to halfway the ovary. Fruit 1-seeded, thin-walled, surrounded by the inner epicalyx, and this in turn by the hardened, 4-lobed, capitate-glandular outer epicalyx, the tips of which are hooked; fruit with epicalyces breaking off from the top of the pedicel as a diaspore. Seed oblong, subterete, acutish towards both ends, smooth but for two faint, longitudinal ridges; albumen plentiful; embryo scarcely shorter than the seed. Distr. Two spp., from the Sikkim-Himalaya, S. China and Formosa, to E. Malaysia.

Description: Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, spirally arranged, sometimes pseudoalternate, margin entire or toothed, mostly with stellate or lepidote indumentum. Stipules O. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic, axillary or terminal. Calyx tubular more or less adnate to the ovary; lobes if present valvate. Corolla rarely of free petals, mostly united in a basal tube, 4-7, valvate or imbricate. Stamens equal and alternate, or double the number of the petals, mostly adnate to the tube. Disk absent; anthers 2-celled, introrse, splitting lengthwise. Ovary superior, rarely semiinferior, 3—5-celled. Style 1; stigma punctiform to 3—5-lobed. Ovules l-~ in each cell, axile. Fruit capsular (rarely drupaceous) 1—~-seeded, dehiscent or not, pericarp often thick and woody or corky, with a persistent calyx. Seeds with copious endosperm and straight or slightly curved embryo. Distr. Ca 12 genera mostly in the N. hemisphere, absent in Australia and the Central Pacific, richly developed in E. Asia. No Styracacea has yet been found in the Philippines proper, Central & East Java, and the Lesser Sunda Isl.. Sumatra is the richest centre in Malaysia.

Description: Perennial herbs, with a short, often strong-smelling rootstock. Lowest leaves in a basal rosette, higher ones decussate, simple, odd-pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, exstipulate but those of one pair often connected by a raised line, radical ones often long-petioled. Flowers small, ♀ or unisexual, bracteate, sessile, cymose; cymes united into an often large, terminal panicle or corymb. Bracts small, opposite, persistent, oblong or linear, on the ultimate branchlets of the inflorescence only one bract of each pair flowerbearing. Calyx small, persistent; limb during anthesis short, inrolled, deeply divided into 10 or more segments, these in fruit unrolling, much accrescent, finally widely patent, plumose, pappuslike. Corolla gamopetalous, caducous after anthesis, small; tube funnel-shaped, much widened above the very short, narrow basal part, unequalsided; lobes 5, patent, oblong, imbricate in bud. Stamens 3, inserted about halfway down on the corolla-tube, alternating with the lobes, exserted or not; filaments thin; anthers small, versatile, 2-celled, ovalsuborbicular, or sub-biglobose, cells opening lengthwise. Ovary inferior, 3- celled, only one cell perfect, 1-ovuled, the two others barren or imperfect; ovule pendulous. Style thin, filiform, shortly 3-lobed or subentire, glabrous, exserted or not. Fruit small, dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded, ovate-oblong, much compressed, with 3 dorsal, 1 ventral, and 2 marginal ribs, 1-celled, the two barren or imperfect cells either enlarged or reduced to narrow ridges. Seed pendulous; albumen absent or scanty. Distr. Very many spp. centering in Andine Chile, the others nearly all on the N. hemisphere, scarce in the mountainous districts of the tropics, absent from Australia, in Malaysia only known from Central Sumatra and Java.

Description: The material on which the present paper is based was collected in fresh- and brackish-water habitats on the islands of the Leeward Group, West Indies, in 1936 and 1937. For completeness sake specimens from brackish water and from some isolated salt-water habitats — already studied by the author (K. STEPHENSEN, 1933a and 1933b) — were included. It seems highly probable that the greater part of the species treated below are also represented in the litoral fauna of the open sea. The occurrence of the species on the various islands may be summarized as follows (see also Table 1.)

Description: The smaller islands of the Caribbean Sea support relatively few species of ants. Even in the largest island in the West Indies, Cuba, there were in 1934 only about 90 forms (species, subspecies and „varieties”) known and this number has not been greatly increased since. During the 1930’s there were recorded in the entire West Indies some 450 forms and at the present time the number can hardly much exceed 500. By way of comparison, the most recent enumeration of ants of the United States (1947) shows 742 kinds. The larger proportion of these West Indian ants occur on such islands as Hispaniola which offer varied and stable habitats. The small islands have relatively few species and these are in the large part common tropicopolitan forms which tend to drive out the endemic species. Few endemic species appear to remain in the Lesser Antilles, for example. Although dr HUMMELINCK told me he was not trying to gather representative material — especially on the islands of Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire, in which collecting has been done in 1930 by dr H. J. MACGILLAVRY and the late dr L. W. J. VERMUNT — the present collection is of particular interest since it was made on many small islands whose ant fauna was hitherto completely unknown. A few records from the adjacent mainland and some other localities are also included (see Table 7). The value of the Caribbean records is enhanced by the fact that ant populations on small islands may tend to vary from time to time or to be replaced by populations of other species, not to speak of the possibility of speciation itself taking place in geographically isolated places. They also record the presence of specific cosmopolitan „vagrants” on specific islands and some of these ants are still spreading.

Description: H.M. The Queen of the Netherlands has made Dr E.D. Merrill, Arnold Professor of Botany at Harvard University, an Officer in the Order of Oranje and Nassau, with which honour we congratulate both Dr Merrill and Malaysian botany. Dr A.C. Smith of the Arnold Arboretum has been appointed ass. curator of the U.S. National Herbarium, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

Description: Blume, C.L. Museum Botanicum. 2 volumes. The dates given by BLUME for each separate part of volume 1 (1849-1851) seem always to have been considered to be correct. However, those of the 2nd volume are partly wrong: the preface is dated 1852, and may have been printed at that time, but the book was then not distributed. Each part consists of 16 pages.

Description: Dr H.C.D. de Wit started a revision of Malaysian Bauhinia, this being part of his work on the Caesalpiniaceae of Malaysia; he is working in the Eijksherbarium, Leyden, Holland. Mr R.A. Blakelock, is revising the genus Evonymus at the Roy. Bot. Gardens, Kew-Surrey.

Description: As noted in Dr L.G.M. Baas Becking’s Postscript to Mr van Bemmel’s article in Chronica Naturae Vol. 104, part 4, the new systematics has not been entirely neglected by botanists. I would like to put a further botanical vieuwpoint on this subject. Firstly, I suggest that there is no sharp distinction between the old systematics and the new; secondly, I would emphasize that systematics of the primary descriptive type are an essential basis for the new systematics, and that we are still a long way from completeness in our primary systematic study of Malaysian plants. Systematics of the primary descriptive type need not be out of touch with modern scientific thought. The field botanist in the tropics cannot regard the subject of his study as dead material. But his first job is to classify his material so that others may have an intelligible guide to it. And he cannot classify it without some recognized code of procedure and of nomenclature. It is true that in the past the choice of the correct name for a taxonomic group has too often occupied ”the central position of systematic work”. But to a botanist with a modern scientific outlook, the search for the correct name is merely the last step in a study, a step necessary in order to correlate his work with what has gone before.

Description: Though the list of nomina generica conservanda must be kept as small as possible, both the spirit of the rules and wish of all taxonomists is to aim at stabilizing nomenclature. In general the number of new combinations necessary through the digging up of an old name or the discovery of the identity of a mis-identified plant will be decisive. If the number of new combinations towards the one or the other side are nearly equal, the generic name which has been in current use will generally be favoured. If no new combinations are necessary, the current use only will be regarded as the reasonable decision.

Description: Aide, F., A. Gaoili & R.J. Cochico: Jatropha curcas L. (tuba) as a source of natural dye. (Philip. J. Sc. 77 (1947) 55-60). Anonymus: Bosbouw op Ceram. (Forestry in Ceram Island, Moluccas). (Econ. Weekblad v. Ned. Ind. 1947, no. 14).

Description: In the past half century much efforts have been made to establish the exact publication dates of several important books, serials, and other issues. An admirable attempt towards assembling these data is the ”Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History” of which 13 parts have appeared (1936-43). A disadvantage of this journal to the botanist is that it has many pages devoted to zoological publications. Besides, it is exceedingly expensive. Many data are found in the Journal of Botany, the Kew Bulletin and the Journal of the Arnold Arboretum mainly composed by Barnhart, Britten, Fernald, Jackson, Marshall, Merrill, Kuntze, Sherborn, Sprague, Stearn, Wiltshear, Woodward.

Description: It seemed useful to correct some errors which have crept into the text of volume 4 as well as to add some additional data which came to our knowledge and are worth recording. Valuable help in general was rendered by Dr R. C. BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK Jr, for additions to the Burmanniaceae by Dr F. P. JONKER, for Chenopodiaceae by Dr C. A. BACKER, for Viburnum by Mr J. H. KERN, for Xyris by Dr P. VAN ROYEN, and for a grass by Dr P. JANSEN. Printing errors have only been corrected if they may give rise to confusion. The page numbers a and b denote respectively the left and right column.

Description: Annual herbs. Leaves stipulate, opposite or verticillate, simple. Flowers axillary, solitary, glomerate or fascicled, actinomorphic, ♀, small or minute; sepals 2-5, free or shortly connate, imbricate in bud, pellucid or with pellucid margins, 1-nerved or nerveless, persistent. Petals the same number as sepals, not or slightly surpassing them, imbricate in bud, free, membranous, persistent. Disk absent. Stamens as many as petals (and alternating with them) or more, but not more than twice their number, persistent; anthers dorsifixed, small, 2-celled; cells bursting longitudinally. Ovary superior, 2—5-celled, isomerous (except in Bergia trimera); cells ~-ovuled. Ovules in the inner angles of the cells. Styles equal in number to the cells, free, short, persistent. Capsule small, septicidally dehiscent. Seeds many, minute, oblong, straight or curved, in transverse section terete; embryo straight or curved; cotyledons short; no endosperm. Distr. Genera 2, in the temperate and tropical zones of both hemispheres, both of them in Malaysia.

Description: Annual or perennial herbs, often strongly smelling, frequently clothed with glandular or mucigenous hairs (the latter consisting of a very shortly stalked 4-lobed knob becoming slimy when wetted). Leaves opposite or the upper spirally arranged, exstipulate, petioled, simple or the lower 3-partite or palmately 3-foliolate. Flowers ♀, either solitary in leaf-axils (often between 2 glands), or in terminal racemes, nodding, zygomorphic. Calyx deeply 5-partite. Corolla much exceeding the calyx, gamopetalous, mostly very oblique; tube widened upwards; lobes 5, in bud imbricate, the anterior one much the largest. Stamens inserted near base of corolla, included, either 2 (anterior ones) perfect with 3 staminodes or 4 perfect, didynamous, with or without 1 posticous staminode; anthers free or cohering in pairs. 2-celled; connective often gland-tipped; cells parallel or widely diverging, opening lengthwise. Disk hypogynous, fleshy. Ovary superior, either 1-celled with 2 opposite parietal deeply intruded, T-shaped placentas touching in the middle and consequently spuriously 4-celled, or 2—4-celled and then the cells often halved by a parietal radial spurious dissepiment. Ovule either 1 in each compartment, or numerous and superposed. Style long; stigma 2—4-lamellate. Drupe or capsule; cells 1- of more-seeded. No endosperm; cotyledons flat. Distr. About 60 spp. belonging to 3 genera ( Martyniaceae proper) in the tropics and subtropics of America and to ± 15 in the Old World which, the Australian Josephinia excepted, are confined to or centering in Africa; many genera are monotypic. Some spp. are now ubiquitous weeds having escaped from cultivation. Of the genera treated here only Josephinia is native to Malaysia.

Description: Much-branched, erect or rambling shrubs, armed with axillary spines. Leaves opposite, often with rudimentary stipules, simple, quite entire. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles, or in axillary fascicles, unisexual (monoecious or dioecious) or sometimes partly bisexual, actinomorphic, 4-merous. Calyx campanulate, 4-lobed or 2—4-partite. Petals 4, free, imbricate in bud, oblong or lanceolate. Disk absent. ♂: Stamens 4, alternating with the petals, longer than the corolla, in ♀ reduced to staminodes; filaments slender, free or connate at the base; anthers oval, cells 2, back to back, opening longitudinally; no rudimentary ovary. ♀: Staminodes 4, not exceeding the corolla, anthers barren. Ovary superior, globose, 2-celled or imperfectly 4-celled; ovules 4, erect from the base; style short or almost absent; stigma subsessile, large, deeply bifid. ♀ like ♀, but with 4 perfect stamens. Berry globose; with a thin endocarp. Seeds 1-3, erect, flat, orbicular, exalbuminous; cotyledons cordate, thick; testa coriaceous. Distr. Few spp. in tropical and subtropical Africa and tropical Asia, one extending into West Malaysia.

Description: Aquatic often rather large perennial herbs with creeping, subterranean stolons. Stem simple or branched, leafy at the base, stiff or flaccid, erect or floating, bearing a terminal spike or panicle. Leaves long, linear from a sheathing base. Flowers (♂♀), crowded in separate globose clusters; lower clusters ♀, in or above the axil of a leafy bract, stalked or sessile; higher clusters ♂, bractless or with a small bract. ♂: Perianth actinomorphic, choriphyllous. Tepals 3(-6), spathulate. Stamens 3(-6); filaments free or connate at the base; anthers basifixed, oblong; pollen globose. ♀: Tepals as in ♂ but larger. Ovary 1, exceptionally 2, sessile with a narrow base, unilocular; ovule 1, pendulous; style 1, usually simple, rarely forked; stigma unilateral, short. Fruits densely crowded, sessile with a narrow base, crowned by the style, indehiscent; exocarp spongy, endocarp hard; testa thin; embryo in the middle of the mealy endosperm. Distr. Temperate and colder regions of the N. hemisphere, crossing the tropics in Malaysia over the mountains towards Australia and New Zealand. About 15 species have been distinguished, in Malaysia only one sp. occurs.

Description: Dioecious trees (or tall herbs), often lepidote or hairy. Leaves large, simple, entire or dentate, spirally arranged, palminerved (or compound), often asymmetric. Stipules 0. Flowers actinomorphic, valvate, unisexual, rarely polygamous, in elongate, bracteate, caducous spikes or panicles.—♂ Flowers: sepals 4-9, free and very unequal or connate in a lobed tube, isomerous, in ♂ Tetrameles with a few occasionally additional lobules. Petals free, isomerous or 0. Stamens isomerous and episepalous, filaments often long; anthers basifix, intrors or latrors, incurved in bud. Rudimentary ovary present or 0.—♀ Flowers: sepals connate above the ovary or free. Petals and rudimentary stamens 0. Styles isomerous, opposite the calyx lobes, mostly inserted on the margin of the calyx, (2-fid, filiform), club-shaped, or with a capitate stigma. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 3-8 parietal, alternisepalous placentas. Ovules ~. Capsule opening at the apex with slits or splitting laterally; pericarp membranous. Seeds ~, very small, ovate or spindleshaped; testa punctate or scrobiculate, outer sheet loosely covering the embryo. Albumen 0. Embryo straight, cylindric. Distr. Three genera with 4 spp., Datisca (herbaceous) with one sp. in Asia and one in W. Central America, Tetrameles and Octomeles both with one Indomalaysian sp..

Description: Trees, shrubs, lianas or perennial herbs. Leaves spirally arranged, opposite in one species only (Madagascar). Blade simple or, rarely, (only in Acrotrema) to threefold pinnatisect. Stipules absent, but in Acrotrema and a number of species of Dillenia petiole with stipule-like, often wholly or partly caducous wings. Inflorescence cymose or racemose, sometimes reduced to a single flower, terminal or axillary. Flowers ♀♂, actinomorphic to (mainly in the androecium) zygomorphic, hypogynous, mostly yellow or white. Sepals (3-) 4-5 (-20), imbricate, persistent in fruit. Petals (2-) 3-5 (-7), caducous usually within half a day after opening of the flower, imbricate in bud, all equal, apex rounded or emarginate. Stamens ~-3, often partly staminodial, free or partly coherent by their filaments, centrifugal. Anthercells basifix, oblong to linear, opening with an apical pore or a longitudinal slit. Carpels 1-±20, free or connate along the central axis only, with free styles. Ovules ~-1, anatropous, apotropous, on an axile placenta. Fruit dehiscent or indehiscent, in the latter case permanently enclosed by the sepals. Seeds arillate or with a rudimentary aril, with abundant endosperm and a minute, straight embryo. Distr. Ca 10 genera, of which one circumtropical (Tetracera), 3 confined to tropical S. America, one in the Old World tropics from Madagascar to the Fiji Islands (Dillenia), one endemic in Ceylon (Schumacheria), one in S. India, Ceylon, and the Malay Peninsula (Acrotrema, fig. 5), one endemic in Borneo (Didesmandra), one endemic in Australia ( (Pachynema), and one on the southern hemisphere from Madagascar to the Fiji Islands, mainly in Australia (Hibbertia, fig. 3). Many species are relatively limited in distribution, none is distributed throughout Malaysia.

Description: Perennial, palustrial or aquatic herbs with a creeping rhizome; stems erect, solid, submerged at the base. Leaves biseriate, partly radical or subradical, partly cauline, lower congested, higher remote, elongate-linear, rather thick and spongy, bluntmargined; their sheathing bases excreting slime on their inner side. Flowers very numerous, very closely packed in 2 or less often 3, superposed, contiguous or more or less remote terete unisexual spikes; upper spike male; the 1-2 lower ♀; all spikes at the base with a foliaceous bract which falls off long before anthesis; the ♀ spikes here and there between the flowers often with a similar bract. ♂ Flowers consisting of 3 flat hairs together surrounding 2-5 stamens; anthers basifixed, linear, 2-celled; connective shortly produced; cells back to back, bursting longitudinally; pollengrains free or cohering in tetrads. Rachis of ♀ spathe closely studded with patent cylindrical thickish excrescences; between these excrescences and on their basal part beset with flowers containing a fertile ovary; higher part of the excrescences bearing rudimentary ovaries. ♀ Flowers with or without a very narrow bracteole; bracteole with a more or less broadened, often dentate-acuminate apex either entirely hidden by the flowers or their apex visible externally. Ovary borne by a long very thin stalk (gynophore) which bears long hairs on its base, fusiform, 1- celled; style distinct thin; stigma broadened, unilateral, linear or spathulate. Fruit small, fusiform, or elongate-ovoid, falling off together with its stalk from the pilose axis of the spike, finally bursting by a longitudinal slit; seed pendulous, striate; endosperm mealy; embryo narrow, straight, nearly as long as the seed. Distr. Throughout the world between the arctic circle and lat. 35 S, comprising ± 7 spp., in Malaysia only one very variable species.

Description: Annual, or perennial herbs with a rhizome. Leaves scattered, entire. Stipules 0 or very small. Racemes terminal. Flowers bisexual, regular, 5-merous, in groups in the axils of bracts. Sepals usually more or less connate, rarely free. Corolla perigynous or almost hypogynous, petals long-clawed, rarely entirely free, usually free at the base, connate in the upper portion of the claws, lobes imbricate spreading. Stamens 5, inserted on the margin of the calyx tube, free, usually unequal (2 shortest), included in the corolla tube. Ovary (2-)3(-5) celled, lobed, each cell with 1 erect ovule. Style with (2-)3(-5) stigmatic lobes, partly sunk in the ovary. Fruit with (2-)3(-5) one-seeded cocci and a columella. Distr. Ca 19 spp. in Australia, 4 in Tasmania, 1 in New Zealand and 1 in Malaysia, Australia and Micronesia (Palau, Jap).

Description: Suprageneric epiphels have been entered under the family name to which they belong preceded by the indication of their rank (tribes, e.g.). Supraspecific epithets have been entered under the generic name to which they belong preceded by the indication of their rank (sections, series).

Description: Whilst visiting the Leeward Group, in 1936—1937, I couldn’t help being fascinated by the striking occurrence of representatives of the arachnid order Chelonethida on every island of this arid region which invited me to an investigation of its soil fauna. This first publication of a serial on a group in which so much taxonomical work has still to be done, may be considered as the inevitable aftereffect of these first-sight impressions. My grateful thanks to JOSEPH C. CHAMBERLIN (Forest Grove, Oregon) and C. CLAYTON HOFF (Fort Collins, Colorado) for their interest in my work and to WILLIS J. GERTSCH and E. BROWNING for letting me have the loa.n of some material deposited in The American Museum of Natural History and the British Museum (Natural History).

Description: This small paper consists only of an enumeration of the specimens collected by Dr. HUMMELINCK in 1936 and 1937, together with the records of land and fresh water decapods from the articles by RATHBUN (1936) and SCHMITT (1936) on the collections made in 1930. Identifications of many of the brachyuran crabs were made by the late Dr. MARY J. RATHBUN (U.S. National Museum). The senior author is responsible for the identifications of the remainder of the crabs, as well as of the anomurans, while the junior author has determined the caridean species. The material has been deposited in the U.S. National Museum, 'with the exception of the specimens of Coenobita, most of the Gecarcinus, and some of Macrobrachium faustinum, Cardisoma and Uca, which have been presented to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden.

Description: CONTENTS\nI. Introduction............. 3\nII. Historical notes, including the successive views concerning the specific value of the growth forms.......... 6\nIII. The species of the genus Millepora........ 18\nIV. Synonymy and geographical distribution....... 23\nV. Discussion of the various characters for specific distinction .................................................... 44\nVI. Notes on specimens of Millepora from the islands Edam and Noordwachter in the Java Sea........... 71\nVII. Notes on specimens of Millepora in the Paris Museum ............................................................... 79\nVIII. Notes on specimens of Millepora in the Leiden Museum ............................................................. 86\nIX. Notes on specimens of Millepora in the Amsterdam Museum .................................................. 100\nLiterature............... 108\nI.\nINTRODUCTION\nAs a result of his studies on the growth forms of Millepora Hickson (1898 a, b, 1899) came to the conclusion that these various forms entirely are caused by different environmental factors, and that they are nothing else but manifestations of the extreme variability of the one species Millepora alcicornis L. Previously Hickson (1889) had seen more or less extreme growth forms on the reefs of North Celebes, and at that time he distinguished a more or less delicately branched growth form named by him Millepora alcicornis from a plate-like growth form named by him Millepora plicata. Now these growth forms are so strongly different that it seems a matter of fact that they are specifically distinct. Later, however, Hickson made an extensive study of material from expeditions and of

Description: Mr C.T. White is to be congratulated on being presented with, the Mueller Memorial Medal awarded by the Adelaide Meeting of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science, Aug. 1946. This award is in recognition of his work on the systematic botany of Queensland.\nDr Ir J.Ph. Pfeiffer, Director of Research, B.P.M.-lab., Amsterdam, died Nov. 18, 1947, at Amsterdam, 58 years old. He was formerly wood-technologist, and collected plants in Simaloer Island, NW Sumatra.

Description: Dr H.C.D. de Wit started a revision of Malaysian Bauhinia, this being part of his work on the Caesalpiniaceae of Malaysia; he is working in the Eijksherbarium, Leyden, Holland.\nMr R.A. Blakelock, is revising the genus Evonymus at the Roy. Bot. Gardens, Kew-Surrey.

Description: Though the list of nomina generica conservanda must be kept as small as possible, both the spirit of the rules and wish of all taxonomists is to aim at stabilizing nomenclature. In general the number of new combinations necessary through the digging up of an old name or the discovery of the identity of a mis-identified plant will be decisive.\nIf the number of new combinations towards the one or the other side are nearly equal, the generic name which has been in current use will generally be favoured. If no new combinations are necessary, the current use only will be regarded as the reasonable decision.

Description: There are only a few things left in common to the displaced and disjointed inhabitants of this Earth; they are the things spiritual.\nAmong those treasures of the mind natural science has come to the fore only in the last three centuries, as a lofty and impartial principle that tends to join people instead of disrupting them. Through war, famine and pestilence the undying fire of science has remained a steady beacon.

Description: Shrubs, trees, or prostrate plants. Leaves spread, rarely opposite, entire or toothed, exstipulate. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80, zygomorphic, rarely almost actinomorphic, small, axillary, solitary or usually in clusters of 2,3 or more. Calyx and corolla 5-lobed. Stamens 4, rarely 5, in pairs of unequal length, inserted on the corolla-tube and alternate with the lobes. Anther-cells opening lengthwise, confluent at the apex, usually forming a single reniform cell after dehiscence. Ovary superior, not lobed, 2\xe2\x80\x9410-celled with 1 ovule in each cell, rarely 2-celled with 2 ovules per cell. Style simple entire or obscurely notched at the apex. Drupe 2\xe2\x80\x9410-celled.\nDistr. Ca 35 spp., largely in Australia, 1 species in E. Asia, further in the Pacific, Rodriguez Isl. and Mauritius.

Description: Annual or perennial herbs, never woody shrubs (in Malaysia). Stems often furrowed and with soft pith. Leaves alternate along the stems, often also in rosettes; petiole usually with a sheath, sometimes with stipules at the base; lamina usually much divided, sometimes entire. Flowers polygamous, in simple or compound umbels, sometimes in heads, terminal or leaf-opposed, beneath with or without involucres and involucels. Calyx teeth 5, often obsolete. Petals 5, alternate with the calyx teeth, equal or outer ones of the inflorescence enlarged, entire or more or less divided, often with inflexed tips, inserted below the epigynous disk. Stamens alternate with the petals, similarly inserted. Disk 2-lobed, free from the styles or confluent with their thickened base, forming a stylopodium. Ovary inferior; styles 2. Fruits with 2 one-seeded mericarps, connected by a narrow or broad junction (commissure) in fruit separating, leaving sometimes a persistent axis ( carpophore) either entire or splitting into 2 halves; mericarps with 5 longitudinal ribs, 1 dorsal rib at the back of the mericarp, 2 lateral ribs at the commissure; 2 intermediate ribs between the dorsal and the lateral ones; sometimes with secondary ribs between the primary ones, these without fascicular bundles; often vittae in the ridges between the ribs or under the secondary ribs, and in the commissure, seldom under the primary ribs.\nDistr. Numerous genera and species, all over the world. The representatives native in Malaysia belong geographically to five types. (1) Ubiquitous genera ( Hydrocotyle, Centella, Oenanthe); one species, Hydrocotyle vulgaris, shows a remarkable disjunction, occurring in Europe & N. Africa and also in New Guinea, Australia and the Marshall Islands. (2) Western elements are Sanicula (wide-spread in the N. hemisphere but absent from New Guinea and Australia), Heracleum and Pimpinella; though some spp. are endemic their close relatives are found in SE. Asia. (3) A distinctly N. element is the Japano-Formosan Peucedanum japonicum in the islands N. of Luzon. (4) A distinct Australian element is Trachymene which centers in Australia and occurs also in New Caledonia and Fiji; this genus shows a relatively rich secondary centre in East Malaysia; another Australian alliance is found in ubiquitous Eryngium of which the only native Malaysian species hitherto known is allied to Australian spp. (5) A distinct Subantarcticdistributed genus is Oreomyrrhis which centers in New Guinea by 4 spp.; one of these occurs from Kinabalu to Australia, New Zealand to Andine South America as far as Mexico; a marked instance of the ancient alpine-Papuan South Pacific plant refuge (v. ST.).

Description: Erect tall annual, usually branched. Leaves simple, with 2 free stipules, in the lower part of the stem opposite, in the higher part spirally arranged, long-petioled, palmate, 3\xe2\x80\x9411-foliolate. Flowers (\xe2\x99\x82) (\xe2\x99\x80) or mostly (\xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x80). Male flowers in short, dense cymes, which are united into lax, foliate, terminal panicles, very shortly pedicelled. Tepals 5, free, oblong, membranous, imbricate. Stamens 5, epitepalous; filaments erect and short in bud, linear, with a narrowed apex; anthers comparatively large, basifixed, 2-celled, cells opening longitudinally, rudimentary ovary absent. Female flowers solitary in the axil of a small, primary, membranous, entire bract closely enveloping the ovary, each enveloped by a spathaceous, conspicuous, acuminate, secondary bract. Perianth absent. Ovary sessile, 1-celled; style central; stigmas 2, sessile, long, filiform, caducous. Ovule solitary, pendulous. Achene closely enveloped by the much enlarged, secondary bract, broadly oval, with a concave rimmed base, much compressed, faintly keeled on the lateral margins; pericarp smooth, hard, crustaceous, easily splitting into two halves; albumen unilateral, scanty, fleshy; embryo large, horseshoe-shaped; cotyledons large; radicle long.\nDistr. Monotypic, native of Central Asia, cultivated in tropical Asia, naturalized in N. America.

Description: Small trees, mostly deciduous, bark gummy, wood soft, roots thickened, pungent; trunk often inflated. Leaves spread, imperfectly 2\xe2\x80\x944-imparipinnate; tissue with myrosin cells; pinnae opposite, provided with stipitate glands at the base of the petiolules and pinnae. Leaflets small, opposite, entire, all articulated. Stipules represented by blunt knobs. Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, white (or yellow streaked red), in axillary panicles. Calyx tube short, as a hypanthium; lobes 5 imbricate, spreading or reflexed, separately dropping. Petals 5 free, anterior one largest and erect, others reflexed, posterior smallest. Disk lining the calyx tube, with a short free margin bearing the androecium. Perfect stamens 5 epipetalous; anthers dorsifixed, 1-celled, oblong, when lengthwise opened broader. Staminodes 5, subulate, with or without rudimentary anthers. Ovary superior, shortly stalked, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas. Style filiform, stigma small. Ovules ~, in 2 series on each placenta. Capsule linear, beaked, 3\xe2\x80\x946-angled; valves thick, spongy, on the inside with pitted cavities in 1 row along the median line. Seeds 3-winged (or exalate), body roundish large. Embryo exalbuminous, straight, containing oil.\nDistr. Ca 10 spp., confined to the semi-arid countries of Somaliland, Madagascar, SW. Africa, NE. Africa, Asia Minor, 2 spp. in India.

Description: Halophobous, aquatic or palustrial perennial herbs, rooting in the mud or freefloating. Stem erect or floating, solid, with numerous air-chambers as are the petioles. Leaves rosulate or alternate, or solitary at the top of the stem, emersed, floating or submerged, broad or narrow, curvinerved (when emersed); petioles sheathing at the base. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80, ephemerous, mostly in racemiform, spiciform, subumbelliform or paniculiform inflorescences which are subtended by 1-2 spathelike or tubular leaf-sheaths, rarely solitary or pairwise in the leaf-axils. Bracts minute or absent. Flowers often simultaneously or centrifugally expanding. Perianth choriphyllous or gamophyllous, 6-merous, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, blue or lilac, rarely yellow, after anthesis marcescent and tightly including the ovary or the fruit. Stamens 6 or 3, rarely 1, on the base, in the tube or in the throat of the perianth, often unequal; filaments free; anthers 2-celled, cells bursting lengthwise, rarely opening by pores. Ovary superior, sessile, 3-celled, with axile placentas or 1-celled with 3 parietal or with 1 apical placenta. Ovules numerous or 1 and then pendulous from the apex of the cell. Style 1; stigma entire or minutely 3-lobed. Fruit a 3-valved capsule or indehiscent. Seed(s) longitudinally ribbed. Embryo central, terete, straight, hardly shorter than the copious, mealy endosperm.\nDistr. About 8 small genera and \xc2\xb1 25 species, 6 genera confined to the New World, one in Madagascar, one widely distributed in the Old World; in Malaysia one native genus, one introduced and abundantly naturalized, and one occasionally cultivated as an ornamental.

Description: Submerged, rootless, monoecious freshwater plants. Leaves verticillate, 2-4 times forked, segments linear dentate. Flowers actinomorphic, solitary, axillary, unisexual. Perianth valvate, segments 9-12, persistent, narrow. \xe2\x99\x82: stamens 8-24; anthers nearly sessile rather broad, connective pointed, the 2 cells mostly crowned by a minute bristle; ovary rudiment absent. \xe2\x99\x80: ovary superior, sessile, 1-celled with 1 ovule; style persistent, subulate, sulcate towards the apex; stamen rudiments absent. Fruit oblong, compressed, warty, not dehiscent, near the base with 2 straight or curved soft spines, or unarmed.\nDistr. Ca 2 spp., both ubiquitous.

Description: Annual or perennial, saprophytic or autotrophic herbs; the saprophytic species often colourless. Leaves usually spread or alternate, entire, simple, without stipules; non-saprophytic species with a radical rosette of linear leaves; stem leaves often reduced to small scales; sometimes the basal part of the stem provided with many decurrent, grass-like leaves. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x82, usually actinomorphic, solitary or in capitate or cymose inflorescences. Perianth corolline; limb consisting of 2 whorls; tube sometimes 3-winged. Anthers 3, subsessile in the perianth throat and dehiscing laterally with horizontal slits,or 6, hanging down in the perianth tube and dehiscing with longitudinal slits. Connective large, often appendiculate. Style filiform or shortly cylindrical or conical. Stigmas 3, sometimes connate. Ovary inferior, 1-celled with parietal placentation, or 3-celled with axile placentation. Ovules ~, anatropous, with 2 integuments; funicles often rather long. Fruit usually capsular, sometimes fleshy, crowned by the persistent perianth tube and the style, or by a thickened persistent basal ring of the perianth tube, dehiscing irregularly or with transverse slits at the top. Seeds ~, small, subglobose to linear, sometimes with loose, reticulate testa, with endosperm.\nDistr. About 125 species, widely distributed in the tropics of both hemispheres, also in subtropical America, Chicago area, Mo\xc3\xa7ambique, Southern China, Japan, Southern Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania. As many species are rare, it is possible that only a part of their area is known. Most of them are found in moist regions. Among the autotrophic Malaysian Burmanniaceae there are 3 rather common species which are widely spread, viz Burmannia coelestis, B. disticha and B. longifolia. The latter two are absent from Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands, the former occurs in Java proper only in its western part. Of the saprophytic Malaysian species only 3 have been often collected, viz Burmannia championii, B. lutescens, and Gymnosiphon affinis.

Description: Small trees, shrubs or twining woody plants, rarely herbs; branches terete. Glands present in various parts. Indumentum consisting of simple hairs, or in Viburnum sometimes lepidote; glandular hairs mostly present. Stems often pithy. Leaves decussate, simple or deeply divided (Sambucus), sometimes provided with pitted or cup-shaped glands exuding resin. Stipules absent or very small. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, mostly cymosely arranged, 4\xe2\x80\x945-merous; outer flowers in an inflorescence sometimes differing from the normal ones, rarely ( Sambucus p.p.) some fls aborted into extra-floral nectaries. Calyx adnate to the ovary, (4\xe2\x80\x94)5-fid or -toothed, mostly constricted below the limb; sepals often enlarged in fruit. Corolla epigynous, gamopetalous, sometimes 2-lipped, lobes mostly imbricate in bud. Stamens inserted on the corolla tube, alternating with the lobes, extrorse or introrse. Anthers free, 2-celled, dorsifixed, versatile, cells parallel, opening lengthwise, mostly introrse; filaments sometimes reflexed or curved in bud. Ovary inferior, 1-(2-)3-5(-8)-celled, in fruit cells sometimes partly abortive. Style terminal, often slender with one knoblike stigma, or 3 short partly connate styles. Ovules 1(-~), pendulous or axile. Fruit a drupe or berry, rarely a capsule. Seeds often only one per fruit, often with bony testa. Endosperm copious, sometimes ruminate; embryo straight, often small and linear, axial, cotyledons oval or oblong.\nDistr. Ca 10-14 genera, mainly distributed on the N. hemisphere, in the tropics mostly confined to the mountains, on the S. hemisphere only Viburnum and Sambucus, an endemic genus in New Zealand, two monotypic endemic genera in New Caledonia, in Australia only Sambucus in the eastern part.

Description: Aquatic often rather large perennial herbs with creeping, subterranean stolons. Stem simple or branched, leafy at the base, stiff or flaccid, erect or floating, bearing a terminal spike or panicle. Leaves long, linear from a sheathing base. Flowers (\xe2\x99\x82\xe2\x99\x80), crowded in separate globose clusters; lower clusters \xe2\x99\x80, in or above the axil of a leafy bract, stalked or sessile; higher clusters \xe2\x99\x82, bractless or with a small bract. \xe2\x99\x82: Perianth actinomorphic, choriphyllous. Tepals 3(-6), spathulate. Stamens 3(-6); filaments free or connate at the base; anthers basifixed, oblong; pollen globose. \xe2\x99\x80: Tepals as in \xe2\x99\x82 but larger. Ovary 1, exceptionally 2, sessile with a narrow base, unilocular; ovule 1, pendulous; style 1, usually simple, rarely forked; stigma unilateral, short. Fruits densely crowded, sessile with a narrow base, crowned by the style, indehiscent; exocarp spongy, endocarp hard; testa thin; embryo in the middle of the mealy endosperm.\nDistr. Temperate and colder regions of the N. hemisphere, crossing the tropics in Malaysia over the mountains towards Australia and New Zealand. About 15 species have been distinguished, in Malaysia only one sp. occurs.

Description: Herbs or shrubs, sometimes parasitic, usually with twining stems, occasionally prostrate or creeping, or erect, very rarely trees, often with milky juice. Leaves mostly spirally arranged, in parasitic species absent or nearly so, usually petioled; petiole sometimes with extra-floral nectaries. Stipules absent, pseudostipules (leaves of axillary shoot) rarely present. Inflorescences mostly cymose, one- to many-flowered, with mostly opposite or subopposite bracts at the base of the cymes or under the solitary flowers; rarely racemose. Flowers generally hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, rarely slightly zygomorphic, usually 5-merous, rarely 4-merous, various in size and colour, often showy. Sepals usually free, imbricate, with quincuncial aestivation, often persistent, sometimes accrescent in fruit. Corolla sympetalous, of various shapes, often funnel-shaped or campanulate, more rarely rotate, salver-shaped or urceolate; the limb nearly entire or more or less deeply lobed, often contorted-plicate in bud, or valvate or induplicate-valvate. Stamens isomerous, alternating with the corolla-lobes, adnate to the corolla, with usually slender, often filiform filaments and introrse or laterally and longitudinally dehiscing anthers. Pollen smooth or spinulose. Disk mostly present, annular or cupular. Ovary superior, mostly of 2 carpels, 2- or 1-celled, sometimes 4-celled by development of accessory partitions, rarely of 3 carpels and 3-celled; ovules 2 in each carpel, sessile, erect, anatropous. Style 1, often filiform, simple or forked, or 2 free styles, rarely very short or absent. Stigma entire or 2-lobed, rarely 3-lobed, or stigmas 2-4, of various shape, globular or ellipsoid to filiform, sometimes applanate, rarely peltate, kidney-shaped, conical or funnel-shaped. Fruit a capsule dehiscing by valves or circumscissile or irregularly dehiscing, rarely a berry or nut-like. Seeds as many as ovules or fewer; endosperm cartilaginous; cotyledons generally folded, sometimes obscure or absent.\nDistr. Ca 55 genera, with ca 1650 spp., widely distributed in the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of both hemispheres; the greater part of the species in the tropics and subtropics of America and Asia. The larger genera Cuscuta (ca 165 spp.), Convolvulus (ca 250 spp.) and Ipomoea (ca 500 spp.) nearly throughout the range of the family but Convolvulus more in the temperate parts and Ipomoea more in the tropics and subtropics. Other large genera as Evolvulus (ca 100 spp.) and Jacquemontia (ca 120 spp.) nearly confined to America. Argyreia (ca 90 spp.) confined to tropical Asia. Malaysia, and a single sp. in Australia, and Merremia (ca 80 spp.) circumtropical. Several monotypic or small genera in E. Africa, Madagascar, and Australia.

Description: Mostly perennial, paludose, grass-like herbs with fibrous roots; stembase very rarely thickened, often profusely producing shoots. Leaves basal, distichous on each shoot, ensiform, linear or filiform, sometimes twisted; sheaths with a membranous margin (in Mal. spp.) producing mucilage (?always), with or without a short ligule; limb glabrous or with numerous, small hard papillae, sometimes with a stout nerve in either margin. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x82, in terminal, few- to many-flowered heads, 3-merous, yellow to white, ephemeral, each in the axil of a conspicuous bract; bracts conchate, imbricate, spirally arranged, lower ones sterile; one to few flowers simultaneously in anthesis. Peduncles scape-like, terete to compressed, sometimes winged or ribbed, glabrous or with numerous hard papillae, at the base with some sheaths provided with a short limb. Bracts entire, ciliate, fimbriate or lacerate, with one complete main nerve and some complete or incomplete longitudinal secondary (descending) nerves, in the apical part mostly with a small minutely-papillose field. Calyx zygomorphic; lateral sepals navicular, with entire, dentate or ciliate crest, wings membranous, entire, glabrous or ciliate; median sepal membranous, spathelliform or cap-shaped, enveloping the corolla, mostly obovate, 1-3(-5)-nerved, pushed out by the corolla in anthesis(?always). Corolla actinomorphic, ephemeral; petals with an orbicular to obovate limb and a long, narrow claw, free, cohering mutually or by the staminodes. Stamens mostly 3 fertile epipetalous inserted on the petals and 3 alternating staminodes, staminodes rarely absent, or all stamens fertile; filaments short; anthers basifix, dehiscing lengthwise extrorsely. Ovary superior, sessile to stipitate (in Australian spp. sometimes with 3 hard swellings at the top), 1- or 3-celled, or incompletely 3-celled. Placentas parietal, central, or basal, with ~ ovules; styles filiform, apex 3-fid, stigmas mostly capitate. Fruit shape similar to that of the ovary but larger, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds ellipsoid to obovoid, often ribbed, with a long funicle.\nDistr. Xyridaceae are confined to the tropics throughout the world including the southern parts of North America; east of Malaysia and Australia hitherto only recorded from the Patau group (Korror) and New Caledonia.

Description: The Flora Malesiana is not preceded by a general key enabling one to identify any unknown native or wild plant to the family or genus to which it belongs. This is certainly a serious lack and presents a formidable handicap to inexperienced taxonomists in rapid naming current collections.\nHowever, there are several forcing arguments for omitting\xe2\x80\x94at present\xe2\x80\x94such an attempt which in itself would present no facile task, and could be accomplished only by a taxonomist thoroughly acquainted with the Malaysian flora. One could of course use some world key as a basis and cut out the entries leading to genera or families not represented in the Malaysian flora, but this procedure would be unsatisfactory, specially as these world keys make little use of vegetative characters; the latter appear to me very important specially in the earlier forks of the keys.

Description: Trees or shrubs, at least two spp. laticiferous. Leaves simple, entire, subopposite or opposite, rarely subverticillate; often with some alternate ones between, penninerved; petiole sometimes with auricles at the top; blade often with glandular pits in the axils of the secondary nerves or scattered on the undersurface; tertiary nerves slender but conspicuous, transverse and usually crowded, more or less perpendicular to the midrib. Stipules small, caducous. Flowers bisexual, in small fascicles or solitary, placed along racemose or more or less broadly paniculate axillary shoots; bracts minute deltoid. Sepals 5, quincuncially imbricate, two inner ones with scarious margins. Corolla infundibuliform, tube short, slightly thickened; lobes spreading, imbricate in bud. Staminodes 5, alternipetalous, inserted in the throat. Stamens 5, epipetalous; filaments short, connate with the base of the petals; anthers basifix, slightly extrorse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary superior, 1\xe2\x80\x942-celled, glabrous, contracted into a short stout style; cells with 1 apotropous, ascending ovule, attached to the basis of the central axis; stigma truncate, capitate or faintly 2-lobed. Fruit drupaceous, 1\xe2\x80\x94(2)-seeded, ovoid to oblong; pericarp thin. Seeds with a thin-crustaceous pale dull testa. Hilum small, round, basal; albumen absent; cotyledons thick; radicle inferior.\nDistr. 6 spp. of this mono-generic family occur in SE. Asia and Malaysia.

Description: Dioecious trees (or tall herbs), often lepidote or hairy. Leaves large, simple, entire or dentate, spirally arranged, palminerved (or compound), often asymmetric. Stipules 0. Flowers actinomorphic, valvate, unisexual, rarely polygamous, in elongate, bracteate, caducous spikes or panicles.\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x99\x82 Flowers: sepals 4-9, free and very unequal or connate in a lobed tube, isomerous, in \xe2\x99\x82 Tetrameles with a few occasionally additional lobules. Petals free, isomerous or 0. Stamens isomerous and episepalous, filaments often long; anthers basifix, intrors or latrors, incurved in bud. Rudimentary ovary present or 0.\xe2\x80\x94\xe2\x99\x80 Flowers: sepals connate above the ovary or free. Petals and rudimentary stamens 0. Styles isomerous, opposite the calyx lobes, mostly inserted on the margin of the calyx, (2-fid, filiform), club-shaped, or with a capitate stigma. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with 3-8 parietal, alternisepalous placentas. Ovules ~. Capsule opening at the apex with slits or splitting laterally; pericarp membranous. Seeds ~, very small, ovate or spindleshaped; testa punctate or scrobiculate, outer sheet loosely covering the embryo. Albumen 0. Embryo straight, cylindric.\nDistr. Three genera with 4 spp., Datisca (herbaceous) with one sp. in Asia and one in W. Central America, Tetrameles and Octomeles both with one Indomalaysian sp..

Description: Trees (or shrubs), often deciduous, producing gum and an orange juice. Leaves spread, palmatilobed, often with domatia in the axils of the main ribs; stipules caducous. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual, showy, mostly golden-yellow, paniculate or racemose. Sepals 5 imbricate. Petals 5, imbricate or contorted, emarginate. Stamens ~, with free filaments, equal or subequal; anthers 2-celled, linear, basifixed, opening by introrse, short, often confluent pore-like slits. Ovary 1-celled with laminal placentas projecting into the cell, or perfectly or imperfectly 3-celled, the upper portion remaining 1-celled; ovules ~, style simple, stigma punctiform. Capsule 3\xe2\x80\x945-valved, valves of the endocarp separating from and alternating with those of the pericarp. Seeds covered by woolly hairs, mostly cochleate-reniform; endosperm copious, rich in oil; embryo large, conforming to the shape of the seed; cotyledons broad.\nDistr. Ca 15 spp., mostly in trop. and subtropical America, some in trop. Africa and SE. Asia, 3 species in N. Australia, rare in Malaysia; G. gillivrayi is possibly the only native Malaysian species. LAM assumed the genus to belong to the \xe2\x80\x98antarctic\xe2\x80\x99 type(Blumea 1 (1935) 135), but it is manifestly peri-tropical.

Description: Trailing shrubs or lianas without special organs for climbing, branches rarely flexuose; stem with wide vessels, raphides in the flowering parts; bark often with short linear lengthwise lenticels. Growth in flushes from terminal and axillary buds. Indumentum of stellate or simple hairs. Stipules minute, obsolete, or absent. Leaves simple, scattered, petiolate, serrate or callous-dentate, penninervous, midrib sulcate, veins in cross-bars, veinlets reticulate. Inflor. lateral, often on a common peduncle forked at the apex, cymose, often pseudo-umbellate; bracts 2, at the apex of the peduncle. Flowers mostly white, dioecious (or polygamous), 5(-4)- merous. Sepals distinctly imbricate (rarely valvate), free or subconnate at the base, persistent. Stamens (10-) ~, in \xe2\x99\x80 fls with short filaments and small sterile anthers; filaments thin, anthers versatile, base divaricate, attached in the middle, reflexed in bud, dehiscing lengthwise. Disc absent. Ovary free, superior, tomentose (or glabrous), (5-) ~-celled; ovules attached on the central axis. Styles free, (5-) ~, persistent, elongating after flowering in \xe2\x99\x80, \xc2\xb1clavate, spreading, in \xe2\x99\x82 ovary small, with minute styles. Berry glabrous (or hairy), often spotted by lenticels, oblong. Seeds ~, small, biconvex, oblong, immersed in pulp; testa cartilagineous, reticulate-pitted, dark when dry; albumen copious; integuments 1; embryo cylindrical straight, cotyledons short.\nDistr. Ca 30 spp. from W. Malaysia & Himalaya to Sachalin, Japan and Formosa, centering in China and Japan.

Description: Herbs or undershrubs, usually succulent, perennial, less often annual or biennial. Leaves spirally arranged, opposite or whorled, exstipulate, simple or compound, entire, dentate, crenate, serrate or deeply incised. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80, rarely unisexual, actinomorphic, usually cymose or cymose-paniculate, rarely spicate or solitary in leaf-axils, pedicelled or sessile, mostly 4\xe2\x80\x945-, rarely 3- or polymerous. Sepals free or nearly so, or united into a distinct tube, after anthesis marcescent and persistent as are the petals. Petals the same number as sepals, rarely more, hypogynous, free or variously connate. Stamens either as many as petals and alternate with them or twice their number, perigynous or all or partly inserted on the corolla; filaments free from each other; anthers 2-celled; cells introrse, dehiscing longitudinally. Hypogynous scales as many as carpels, placed singly at the back of them, free or at the base adnate to the base of the carpels. Carpels superior, the same number as petals, epipetalous, free or connate at the base, 1-celled. Ovules inserted on the adaxial side, mostly many, biseriate, rarely solitary or few. Styles as many as carpels, free, linear or subulate, short to long. Fruit follicular, membranous or leathery, opening on the adaxial side. Seeds minute, endosperm usually fleshy; embryo straight.\nDistr. About 20 genera and upwards of 700 spp., in the frigid, temperate and warm regions of Europe, Asia, Africa, northern and tropical America, rare in S. America and Australia, absent from Polynesia.

Description: Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, sometimes climbing by means of foliar tendrils, rarely small trees. Leaves spirally arranged or opposite, exstipulate, sessile or petioled, entire or more or less deeply divided, or compound. Flowers axillary or terminal, solitary, geminate, corymbose or capitate, actinomorphic or slightly zygomorphic. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-partite, with or without transparent fields, persistent. Corolla gamophyllous, 5-lobed or 5-partite; lobes contorted in bud. Stamens 5, on the corolla-tube, inserted at equal or unequal height, alternating with the segments; filaments free from each other, included or exserted; anthers dorsifixed, 2-celled; cells opening longitudinally. Ovary superior, sessile on a disk, 3 (rarely 2)-celled; ovules in each cell 1-~, inserted in the inner angle; style 1, filiform, 3 (rarely 2)-fid. Fruit a loculicidal or septifragal capsule, rarely indehiscent. Endosperm mostly copious; embryo straight or slightly curved.\nDistr. N. America and the Andes, rare in the Old World, absent from Africa and Australia. Genera 12, represented by upwards of 250 species. In Malaysia one American genus is more or less naturalized; a few other species are cultivated in gardens.

Description: Annual or perennial herbs or undershrubs, sometimes fleshy. Leaves simple, entire or subentire, opposite, spread, or spuriously whorled, sometimes minute, stipulate or not. Stipules often small, scarious, fugacious. Flowers axillary, solitary, clustered or fascicled, cymose, pseudoracemose, or subumbellate, actinomorphic, usually \xe2\x99\x80, often small and inconspicuous. Tepals 5, either free, imbricate in bud, herbaceous with scarious often white margins or entirely scarious, persistent, conniving before and after anthesis, or a distinctly gamophyllous, corolline or calycine 3\xe2\x80\x948-lobed perianth with usually persistent, herbaceous lobes imbricate or rarely valvate in bud. Stamens 1-~, perigynous or hypogynous, free or connate at the base, either singly or in groups, often alternate with the perianth lobes. Anthers 2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise. Disk annular or absent. Ovary superior, semi-inferior or inferior, 1\xe2\x80\x949-celled. Ovules 2-~, solitary or ~, basal, apical or axile. Styles 1-~. Capsule or drupe, 2\xe2\x80\x94~-seeded, often enclosed by the perianth and falling off with it.\nDistr. About 23 genera (if Mesembryanthemum is split into segregates many more) and over a thousand spp.(over 800 belonging to Mesembryanthemum), distinctly centering in the S. hemispherical subtropics of the Old World, mainly in S. Africa, with a secondary centre of development in Australia, in Malaysia and other essentially forested tropics poorly represented by some widely distributed, partly peritropical genera and widely distributed weeds.

Description: Erect herbs with a short rhizome. Leaves linear radical or crowded at the stem base, distich, equitant, parallel-nerved. Flowers zygomorphic, bisexual, solitary in the axil of spathaceous bracts. Perianth corolline, segments 4, 2-seriate. Stamen 1, inserted at the base of the abaxial segments. Filament flattened; anther 2-celled; cells straight or twisted, opening lengthwise by slits. Ovary superior, 3-celled with axile placentas, or 1-celled with parietal placentas. Style simple. Ovules ~, anatropous. Capsule with 3 valves. Seeds ~.\nDistr. Centering in Australia, comprises 4 genera with 5 species.

Description: Evergreen, glabrous trees or shrubs, without resin-tubes. Leaves spread, simple, entire, more or less crowded towards the ends of the shoots, shining, exstipulate; midrib sulcate; shoots with perular terminal buds. Branches often in pseudowhorls. Inflorescences terminal, sometimes lateral, generally not exceeding the leaves. Flowers on the ultimate axis in fascicles of 3, towards the end solitary, pedicellate, bracteate. Calyx deeply 5-lobed, fleshy, persistent, petaloid, lobes inequal, concave, imbricate, 2 outermost smallest. Petals 5, thinner than the sepals, inserted at the margin of the disk-like receptacle. Stamens 5, attached to the base of the petals; filaments flattened or terete, slightly thickened towards the base; anthers dorsifixed, dehiscing lengthwise, intrors. Staminodes petaloid, dentate in the upper half, top mostly pointed, alternating with the petals. Disk glands 5, ovoid to ellipsoid, epistaminodial. Ovary ovoid, originally 2-celled, one cell soon abortive. Styles 1-2; stigma punctiform. Ovule 1, pendulous, anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, or a nut, with fibrous endocarp. Testa membranous; cotyledons planoconvex; albumen absent.\nDistr. Four spp., one each in New Zealand and adjacent islands, N. Caledonia, the New Hebrides, and N. Queensland & E. Malaysia.

Description: Scandent shrubs (often erect in youth), without resin; branches sympodial with a series of circinate woody hooks in one plane. Leaves spread, simple, entire, often rosette-crowded, cuneiform, penninervous, reticulate-veined, glabrous, both surfaces minutely pitted, each pit with a peltate small hair secreting a waxlike substance; petiole articulated, scar on the twigs often saddle-shaped; stipules absent. Flowers \xe2\x99\x80\xe2\x99\x82, actinomorphic small. Inflor. few or several times dichotomous or spike-like, often provided with said hooks and single reduced bract-like leaves, branches often recurved. Pedicels articulated. Bracts with a glandular-thickened base, margin fimbriate-membranous. Calyx tube short, at length adnate to the base of the ovary; lobes 5 inequal imbricate, enlarged and wing-like in fruit. Petals 5, united at the base, slightly contorted in bud. Stamens mostly 10, rarely 5, the episepalous slightly longer. Filaments with broadened base; anthers basifixed, \xc2\xb1 introrse to \xc2\xb1 latrorse, 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary for the greater part inferior, consisting of 3 carpels, 1-celled, protruding into a nippleshaped elongation bearing 3 articulated erect styles with a punctiform or horseshoe-shaped stigmatic apex; nipple enlarging in fruit. Ovule 1, basal, ascending, with 2 integuments. Nut not dehiscent, crowned by the enlarged calyx. Seed roundish with testa intruding between the cerebral-like folds of the endosperm. Exocarp leathery. Embryo straight, erect, obliquely placed; cotyledons diverging; hypocotyl rather thick.\nDistr. Disjunct, ca 3 spp. in trop. W. Africa, and 9 in SE. Asia, from the Deccan to Burma, Indochina, Hainan, S. China, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra (cf. fig. 2).

Description: Priority of publication is internationally accepted as the basic principle of the \xe2\x80\x98Rules of Botanical Nomenclature\xe2\x80\x99.\nThis has emphasized to a marked degree the importance of determining accurately the exact time when novelties are placed before the scientific public.

Description: Perennial herbs, with a short, often strong-smelling rootstock. Lowest leaves in a basal rosette, higher ones decussate, simple, odd-pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, exstipulate but those of one pair often connected by a raised line, radical ones often long-petioled. Flowers small, \xe2\x99\x80 or unisexual, bracteate, sessile, cymose; cymes united into an often large, terminal panicle or corymb. Bracts small, opposite, persistent, oblong or linear, on the ultimate branchlets of the inflorescence only one bract of each pair flowerbearing. Calyx small, persistent; limb during anthesis short, inrolled, deeply divided into 10 or more segments, these in fruit unrolling, much accrescent, finally widely patent, plumose, pappuslike. Corolla gamopetalous, caducous after anthesis, small; tube funnel-shaped, much widened above the very short, narrow basal part, unequalsided; lobes 5, patent, oblong, imbricate in bud. Stamens 3, inserted about halfway down on the corolla-tube, alternating with the lobes, exserted or not; filaments thin; anthers small, versatile, 2-celled, ovalsuborbicular, or sub-biglobose, cells opening lengthwise. Ovary inferior, 3- celled, only one cell perfect, 1-ovuled, the two others barren or imperfect; ovule pendulous. Style thin, filiform, shortly 3-lobed or subentire, glabrous, exserted or not. Fruit small, dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded, ovate-oblong, much compressed, with 3 dorsal, 1 ventral, and 2 marginal ribs, 1-celled, the two barren or imperfect cells either enlarged or reduced to narrow ridges. Seed pendulous; albumen absent or scanty.\nDistr. Very many spp. centering in Andine Chile, the others nearly all on the N. hemisphere, scarce in the mountainous districts of the tropics, absent from Australia, in Malaysia only known from Central Sumatra and Java.

Description: Shrubs or small trees, usually spiny. Leaves opposite, alternate or fascicled, exstipulate, simple, entire, penninerved, small. Flowers terminal and subterminal, sessile or nearly so, rather large, \xe2\x99\x80, actinomorphic. Calyx thickly coriaceous, coloured, gamophyllous; tube campanulate-urceolate, adnate to the ovary and produced above it, inside with an annular thickening; segments 5-9, valvate in bud, ovate-triangular, acute, persistent. Petals the same number as calyx-lobes and alternating with them, imbricate and strongly crumpled in bud, obovate, deciduous. Stamens very numerous, inserted on the annular thickening of the calyx, deciduous; filaments incurved in bud, filiform, free; anthers dorsifixed, 2-celled; cells bursting longitudinally. Ovary entirely inferior or free at the top; cells several in 2-3 superposed rows, exceptionally 1-seriate; ovules numerous; those of the lower cells axile, of the upper parietal; style 1, robust, with a thickened base; stigma capitate. Berry large, subglobose, crowned by the unaltered calyx-segments, thick-walled, finally bursting irregularly, entirely filled up by the seeds. Seeds very numerous; outer layer of testa thick, fleshy-juicy; inner layer horny; endosperm none; cotyledons convolute.\nDistr. Two spp. viz P. protopunica BALF. f. confined to Socotra, and P. granatum L., a plant of very ancient cultivation in S. Europe, N. Africa, the Orient, tropical Asia, Malaysia, and China. Also introduced in the New World.

Description: Perennial or annual herbs, tufted or with an erect or creeping rhizome. Stems mostly leafy only at the base but sometimes also in the higher parts. Leaves spirally arranged, cylindric to flat and grass-like, mostly linear or filiform, sheathing at the base or entirely reduced to a sheath; sheaths open or closed, sometimes ciliate at the top. Flowers mostly proterogynous and anemophilous, solitary or in anthelas, panicles, corymbs or heads, usually small, actinomorphic, \xe2\x99\x80 or (\xe2\x99\x82) (\xe2\x99\x80).Tepals 6, free, in two whorls, rarely only 3, glumaceous or coriaceous, rarely white. Stamens 3-6, when 3 opposite the outer tepals; filaments thin; anthers basifixed, introrse; cells opening longitudinally; pollen in tetrads. Ovary superior, 1-celled or divided by 3 septa into 3 cells; style short to long; stigmas 3, papillose; ovules 3, inserted at the base of the ovary or numerous and biseriate on 3 parietal placentas. Fruit a dry, 1- or 3-celled capsule, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds sometimes tailed; embryo in the middle or at the base of the endosperm, small.\nDistr. Genera 8, with 250-300 species, especially in the temperate and cold regions of both hemispheres; in the tropics restricted to the mountainous districts.

Description: Perennial lactiferous freshwater herbs, rhizome short tuberous with fibrous roots. Leaves radical, submerged or floating, base sheathing, oblong to linear, entire or crisped, often long-petiolate; nerves lengthwise parallel, connected by numerous oblique transverse veins. Spike emerging from the water, simple or 2-8-forked, without bracts, subtended by a mostly caducous basal sheath (spathe). Flowers bisexual (rarely by abortion unisexual), small, spicate-scapose, white, rose, purple, yellow or yellowish-green. Perianth segments 2 (1-3, or absent), equal or unequal, usually persistent. Stamens in 2 rows, 6 (or more), free, hypogynous, persistent; filament filiform; anthers extrorse, small, 2-celled. Pollen subglobose or ellipsoid. Gynaecium superior, apocarpous; carpels 3-6, sessile, each with a simple style. Ovules 1-8 (or more), anatropous. Mature carpels inflated, opening along the back. Seeds without endosperm; outer testa often loose; embryo straight, elongate.\nDistr. About 40 spp. described, Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, SE. Asia, through Malaysia (very rare) to N. Australia, centering in Africa and Madagascar.

Description: The following paper was written in the first place by one of us (H.E.) on the basis of specimens in the Amsterdam and Leiden Museums and on others lent by the Bernice P. Bishop Museum and Dr. W. K. Fisher. The MS was then submitted to the other two authors. One of them (D.D.J.) compared it closely with specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) \xe2\x80\x94fifteen of M. clavigera, the two types of M. victoriae, one specimen each of M. Bradleyi and M. Fisheri\xe2\x80\x94and suggested such alterations and additions as he thought necessary. After a careful study of the types of M. victoriae he concluded that it is safer to regard it as a separate species and added the description given below. In the same way the third author (G. C.) contributed his remarks after the study of thirteen specimens of M. clavigera, one specimen of M. Bradleyi and seven specimens of M. Fisheri from the collection of the Mus\xc3\xa9um National d\'Histoire Naturelle in Paris.\nThe genus Mithrodia, as such easily recognised by the series of large cylindrical spines along the arms, is one of the puzzling genera of Asterids when one tries to identify the species. For many years it was the custom of authors to use the name M. clavigera for all Mithrodias and to abstain from any description. After de Loriol\'s clear description of 1885, Fisher (1906) was the first again to call attention to the species problem in the genus.\nThe present authors, after a careful examination of the material under their charge, as well as of many specimens put at their disposal by other Museums, give their opinion on the species that may be distinguished. They have to thank the Directors of the Leiden and of the Bernice P. Bishop Museums, as well as Dr. W. K. Fisher for sending on loan specimens of the

Description: Two species of leeches only have been collected by dr HUMMELINCK in 1936\xe2\x80\x941937, but these are important as they evidently prove the occurrence in warm tropical waters of species hitherto only recorded from non-tropical areas.\nHelobdella scutifera is distinguished from H. stagnalis by AUTRUM, 1936, p. 26 and 34, though PAWLOWSKY (cf. AUTRUM 1939, Bronns Kl. u. Ordn., Hirudineae 2, p. 500) considered them synonymous. AUTRUM (l. c. p. 500 and footnote) remarks that H. stagnalis is not known from tropical localities, supposing the habitats in Ecuador, Brasil and Paraguay perhaps to be non-tropical because of their particular position. Our material, however, shows affinities to both species and tends to affirm the identity of H. stagnalis and H. scutifera. It is important to know that our habitat was really tropical, the temperature measured being 28\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\x9431\xc2\xb0 C.

Description: The smaller islands of the Caribbean Sea support relatively few species of ants. Even in the largest island in the West Indies, Cuba, there were in 1934 only about 90 forms (species, subspecies and \xe2\x80\x9evarieties\xe2\x80\x9d) known and this number has not been greatly increased since. During the 1930\xe2\x80\x99s there were recorded in the entire West Indies some 450 forms and at the present time the number can hardly much exceed 500. By way of comparison, the most recent enumeration of ants of the United States (1947) shows 742 kinds. The larger proportion of these West Indian ants occur on such islands as Hispaniola which offer varied and stable habitats. The small islands have relatively few species and these are in the large part common tropicopolitan forms which tend to drive out the endemic species. Few endemic species appear to remain in the Lesser Antilles, for example.\nAlthough dr HUMMELINCK told me he was not trying to gather representative material \xe2\x80\x94 especially on the islands of Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Aruba and Bonaire, in which collecting has been done in 1930 by dr H. J. MACGILLAVRY and the late dr L. W. J. VERMUNT \xe2\x80\x94 the present collection is of particular interest since it was made on many small islands whose ant fauna was hitherto completely unknown. A few records from the adjacent mainland and some other localities are also included (see Table 7). The value of the Caribbean records is enhanced by the fact that ant populations on small islands may tend to vary from time to time or to be replaced by populations of other species, not to speak of the possibility of speciation itself taking place in geographically isolated places. They also record the presence of specific cosmopolitan \xe2\x80\x9evagrants\xe2\x80\x9d on specific islands and some of these ants are still spreading.

Description: INTRODUCTION\nThe Blattid fauna of the Malayan subregion is very rich, accordingly since the earliest period of orthopterology students of Blattids have described and mentioned specimens from this region. Consequently the literature on Malayan Blattidae is greatly scattered, and though some of the authors did a considerable amount of work in compiling the most important contributions on the present subject, there is still much to be done in unravelling synonymy and distinguishing generic units and subfamilies.\nBrunner (1865) already described a great number of Malayan Blattidae.\nThe descriptions of new species by Walker (1868, 1869 and 1871) are very vague and full of mistakes, giving rise to a great deal of confusion.\nShelford largely restored the systematics of the group to good order by examining the species in the large collections which were at his disposal, including the types of Walker. After Shelford, Hanitsch published a large series of contributions on Malayan Blattidae, some of which (Hanitsch, 1915, 1923) contain a compilation of nearly the whole literature on this subject known at these times. In these and many other publications he also described numerous new species, but he scarcely made an attempt to arrange the unnatural aggregations of species into distinct, logical genera. Hebard (1929) on the other hand admirably succeeded in establishing numerous cases of synonymy and in describing new genera on a scientific base. Therefore it is largely due to him that the greater part of the confusion which occurred mainly in the Ectobiinae and Pseudomopinae has been cleared.\nIn the present paper an attempt has been made to continue the work along the principles put forward by Hebard.

Description: Loveridge (1944) published a key to the species and subspecies belonging to the genus Maticora Gray. This author emphasized that a much larger material than he had at his disposal should be examined, and that all records from literature should be studied, if a clear picture of the subspecies and their ranges was to be obtained. This led me to study the forms of Maticora occurring in the Netherlands East Indies. In the present paper the subspecies of Maticora bivirgata (Boie) are discussed, and some notes on Bungarus flaviceps are given, as specimens of the latter species have been referred to Maticora by several authors.\nThe material examined by me consists of 110 specimens from the collections of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (67 specimens), from the Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam (24 specimens), and from the Zoologisch Museum, Buitenzorg (19 specimens). Moreover I examined one specimen belonging to the Raffles Museum, Singapore. Mr. A. Loveridge kindly sent me data on 7 specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zo\xc3\xb6logy, Cambridge (Mass.). Thus data on 118 specimens have been included in the present paper.\nAlthough I tried to trace all references to Maticora bivirgata in literature, the synonymies are certainly not complete. Many of the references are incorporated in the synonymies of the subspecies only on the base of the localities recorded. In most cases, records in literature do not mention data on the lepidosis, coloration, and sex of the specimens, and this greatly reduces their value for studies as at present undertaken.\nH. Boie (in F. Boie, 1827, p. 556) described Elaps bivirgatus from Java, Cantor (1839, p. 33) described Elaps flaviceps from Malacca, and Bleeker

Description: This small paper consists only of an enumeration of the specimens collected by Dr. HUMMELINCK in 1936 and 1937, together with the records of land and fresh water decapods from the articles by RATHBUN (1936) and SCHMITT (1936) on the collections made in 1930. Identifications of many of the brachyuran crabs were made by the late Dr. MARY J. RATHBUN (U.S. National Museum). The senior author is responsible for the identifications of the remainder of the crabs, as well as of the anomurans, while the junior author has determined the caridean species.\nThe material has been deposited in the U.S. National Museum, \'with the exception of the specimens of Coenobita, most of the Gecarcinus, and some of Macrobrachium faustinum, Cardisoma and Uca, which have been presented to the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie at Leiden.

Description: The present notes deal with a small collection of frogs that was made by Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK during his visits to the islands of the Leeward Group, Venezuela and Eastern Colombia. I have included in this study the specimens of Pleurodema brachyops (Cope) already present in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden, and in the Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam.\nThe amphibian fauna of the Dutch Leeward Islands is very poor indeed. It consists of a single species Pleurodema brachyops (Cope)) that occurs in Aruba, Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Bonaire and Klein Bonaire. Bufo marinus (L.) has apparently been introduced into Aruba within the last few years (cf. p. 91). J. H. R. NEERVOORT VAN DE POLL, who visited Aruba in 1885, took a specimen of a Leptodactylus species. This has been mentioned by VAN LIDTH DE JEUDE (1887, p. 134) as ? Rana copii Blgr.\xe2\x80\x9d On the authority of Dr. G. A. BOULENGER the identification was changed into Leptodactylus albilabris (Gthr.), and as such it has been mentioned recently by BOSCHMA (1947, p. 42).

Description: The material on which the present paper is based was collected in fresh- and brackish-water habitats on the islands of the Leeward Group, West Indies, in 1936 and 1937. For completeness sake specimens from brackish water and from some isolated salt-water habitats \xe2\x80\x94 already studied by the author (K. STEPHENSEN, 1933a and 1933b) \xe2\x80\x94 were included. It seems highly probable that the greater part of the species treated below are also represented in the litoral fauna of the open sea.\nThe occurrence of the species on the various islands may be summarized as follows (see also Table 1.)

Description: ... there is one point which has delayed the right conception and understanding of the evolutionary process for a long time. This was the idea that the older the morphological age of the human form is, the more it must approach the living anthropoids.\nThis conclusion did not take into account that the big apes, too, must have undergone essential changes during the same period of time in which man evolved.\nWEIDENREICH, Apes, Giants, and Man, Chicago, 1946, p. 11/12.\n\nCONTENTS\nIntroduction . . . 175 Homo sapiens L. subsp . . . 182 Pongo pygmaeus palaeosumatrensis nov. subsp . . . 187 Incisors . . . 188 Canini . . . 199 Premolars . . . 208 Molars . . . 229 Milk dentition . . . 264 The prehistoric orang-utan population . . . 269 Pongo pygmaeus (Hoppius) subsp. from the Pleistocene of Java . . . 272 Pongo pygmaeus weidenreichi nov. subsp. from the Pleistocene of S. China . . . 280 Summary; the evolution of the dentition of Pongo pygmaeus (Hoppius) . . . 284\nINTRODUCTION\nMan\'s natural interest in his nearest relatives has built up an enormous