ALBERT

Notes: Earlier mathematical models that have been developed for use with data acquisition/data reduction systems in close range photogrammetry have not taken into consideration the geometry of video imagery. In this paper, a recently developed multi-application collinearity equation (MACE) model is analysed and assessed. The model is simple to apply and is adaptable to any data acquisition/data reduction system in close range photogrammetry.

Notes: The use of CCD cameras for digital photogrammetry has only slowly been taken up by the photogrammetric community. However, the pace of change is quickening with better understanding and cheaper equipment. Recently a decision was made to start some research into close range three dimensional digital measurement. The overall objective was to develop a low cost system for the automated measurement of small industrial objects. This shorter contribution describes the initial stages of this work.

Notes: This paper presents two mathematical models of the accuracy of digital terrain model (DTM) surfaces which have been linearly constructed from square gridded data, respectively with and without additional feature specific data. In these models, the accuracy of DTM surfaces is expressed as a function of a few parameters, such as slope angle, grid interval or the accuracy of raw data, which are familiar to practitioners in photogrammetry and other mapping related disciplines. These models are in a form similar to the conventional formulae for contour map accuracy and they are compared with experimental test results.

Notes: In 1987, the Scottish Office commissioned vertical aerial photography for the whole of Scotland at 1:24 000 scale. The paper describes the need for this national coverage, the physical and economic constraints and the acquisition of the photographs. The principal use of the photography, as a database for measuring land cover change in Scotland, is summarised and numerous other projects are also described. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le Bureau des Affaires Écossaises a commandé en 1987 une couverture photographique aérienne verticale au 1:24000 sur ľensemble de ľÉcosse. On présente dans cet article les besoins qui ont motivé cette couverture, les contraintes économiques el physiques correspondantes et le déroulement de sa saisie. On donne un aperçu de la principale utilisation de ces photographies, destiniées à constituter une base de données pour la détermination des modifications intervenues en Écosse dans ľoccupation du sol; de nombreux autres projets sont également mentionées. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Im Jahre 1987 gab das Scottish Office Auftrag zur Luftbildaufnahme im Maβstab 1:24000 von ganz Schottland. Im Artikel werden die Notwendigkeit für diese vollständige nationale Bedeckung, für die physikalischen und ökonomischen Zwangsbedingungen und für die Beschaffung der Fotos beschrieben. Die prinzipielle Nutzung der Fotografie als Datenbasis zur Bestimmung der Landnutzungsänderung in Schottland wird hervorgehoben und zahlreiche andere Projekte werden ebenso beschrieben.

Notes: Maintaining the quality of aerial photographic products with time requires a simultaneous retention of both image and dimensional characteristics. These factors are prerequisites for maintaining aesthetic value and ensuring no distortion of information occurs. It is, however, the recent experience of archivists that many negatives and prints are suffering irreversible deterioration. Degradation is typified by image fading, the presence of surface crystalline deposits which obscure any image and significant dimensional distortion. This paper relates those factors which influence stability, principally temperature, relative humidity and oxygen, and correlates them to structural changes in the materials. In addition an overview is given of methods of monitoring and of inhibiting breakdown. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Pour maintenir la qualité des produits photographiques aériens dans le temps, il faut satisfaire auxproblèmes de conservation à la fois de ľimage et de ses qualités dimensionnelles. Ce sont des préalables nécessaires au maintien de la qualité esthétique du document et àľabsence de distorsion dans ses données. C'est que ľexpérience récente des archivistes a montré que nombre de négatifs et de tirages subissaient actuellement des détériorations irréversibles. Ces détériorations sont caractérisees par ľaffaiblissement de ľimage, ľapparition de dépôts cristallins en surface qui obscurcissent ľimage et ľexistence de variations dimensionelles importantes. On examine dans cet article les facteurs qui pertubent cette conservation, essentiellement la température, ľhumidité relative et ľoxydation et on les corrèle avec les changements structured des matériaux. On donne de plus un aperçu des méthodes permettant de suivre et de freiner ces altérations. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Das Gewährleisten der Qualität von Luftbilderzeugnissen in Abhängigkeit der Zeit erfordert die gleichzeitige Bewahrung sowohl der Bild- als auch der Dimensionscharakteristika. Diese Faktoren sind die Voraussetzungen zur Erhaltung des ästhetischen Wertes und gewährleisten, daβ keine Verzerrung der Informationen auftritt. Es ist jedoch neuste Erfahrung von Archivaren, daβ viele Negative und Kopien irreversible Wertminderungen erleiden. Das wird sichtbar durch das Verblassen von Bildern, das Auftreten von kristallinen Ablagerungen aufder Oberfläche, die Bilddetails verdecken und durch signifikante Dimensionsänderungen. Der Betrag bezieht sich auf solche Faktoren, die die Stabilitat beeinflussen, vor allem Temperatur, relative Luftfeuchte und Sauerstoff und korreliert diese mit strukturellen Veranderungen des Materials. Zusätzlich wird ein Überblick über Verfahren zur Materialbeobachtung und der Verminderung von dessen Verderb gegeben.

Notes: During both the First and Second World Wars, much effort was put into obtaining and interpreting aerial photographs for military reconnaissance purposes. Initially this material was classified; however, with the passing of time, much has now been declassified and is accessible to the general public. There is a large variety of information which can be of use to a number of disciplines. This material includes photographic prints, interpretation manuals, interpretation reports, plans of targets, and technical details of cameras, lenses and mountings. The use of this material will be demonstrated with examples from the United Kingdom, France and Italy, primarily for civil engineering site studies. The varied sources of this material will be discussed. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Au cours de la première et de la seconde Guerre Mondiale, on a déployé beaucoup ď efforts dans le receuil et ľ interprétation de photographies aériennes à des fins de reconnaissance militaire. Au début on classifia ces documents; mais maintenant, le temps ètant écoulé, on en a déclassifié une grande partie pour la rendre accessible au grand public. On peut ainsi y trouver toutes sortes ď informations qui peuvent être utiles à de nombreuses disciplines. Ces documents comprennent des tirages photographiques, des manuels ď interprétation, des rapports ď interprétation, des plans ď objectifs (militaires), et des détails techniques sur les chambres photographiques, leurs objectifs et leurs montures. Ľ intérêt du recours à ces documents est illustré par des examples provenant du Royaume-Uni, de France et ďItalie, essentiellement dans le domaine du génie civil pour des études de sites. On examine également les diverses origines de ces documents. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Während des 1. und 2. Weltkrieges wurde vielAufwand zur Gewinnung und Interpretation von Luftbildern für militärische Erkundungszwecke geleistet. Anfänglich wurde dieses Material unter Verschluβ gehalten, im Laufe der Zeitjedoch wurde vielesfreigegeben und ist nun der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich. Es gibt eine Vielzahl von Informationen, die für eine Anzahl von Disziplinen von Nutzen sein kann. Das Material umfaβt Fotokopien, Interpretationsmanuale, Interpretationsberichte, Pläne von Zielen und technische Details über Kameras, Objektive und Aufhängungen. Die Nutzung dieses Materials wirdan Hand von Beispielen aus dem Vereinigten Königreich, aus Frankreich und aus Italien gezeigt, und zwar vor allem für Analysen von Baustellen. Die vielfältigen Quellen für dieses Material werden diskutiert.

Notes: Low cost analytical plotters for use with 35 mm and 70 mm metric and non-metric photography are increasingly being considered as a means of introducing photogrammetry to non-photogrammetrists. One of these instruments, an Adam Technology MPS-2, recently formed the basis for a research project into the feasibility of such non-specialist use. During the project, an MPS-2 users' group was formed and many of the current users were asked to complete a questionnaire detailing their experiences with the instrument. Almost 40 users responded and their replies are given in this paper, which begins by outlining the project and goes on to discuss the comments received. The paper ends with an appraisal of the MPS-2 as seen through the eyes of its users and concludes that, considering its relatively low cost, it is definitely worthy of consideration by non-specialists. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On considère actuellement de plus en plus que les appareils de réstitution analytiques bon marché, permettant ľemploi des photographies 35 mm et 70 mm, métriques et non-métriques, constituent un bon moyen ďinitiation des non-photogrammètres à la photogrammétrie. Ľun de ces instruments, le MPS-2 de la Société Adam Technology, a servi de base à une action de recherche sur lafaisabilitéďun tel emploi par des non-spécialistes. On a formé, dans le cadre de cette action de recherche, un groupe ďutilisateurs du MPS-2, à la plupart desquels on a adressé un questionnaire leur demandant de détailler leur expérience de cet appareil. On a reçu près de 40 réponses ďutilisateurs et ľon reproduit ces réponses dans cet article. Après avoir esquisé les grandes lignes de cette action de recherche, on commente les réponses reçues. On termine sur une appréciation du MPS-2 vu par les utilisateurs et on en conclut que, étant donné son coût relativement faible, cet appareil mérite absolument ďêtre pris en compte par les non-spécialistes. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Preiswerte analytische Auswertegeräte für die Auswertung von 35 mm-und 70 mm-Fotos, die mit Meβkammern und Nichtmeβkammern aufge-nommen wurden, werden zunehmend als Mittel zur Einführung der Phologrammetrie bei Nichtphotogrammetem angesehen. Eines dieser Geräte, ein MPS-2 von Adam Technology, bildete kürzlich die Grundlage für ein Forschungsprojekt zum Nutzen solcher Anwendungen für Nicht-spezialisten. Während des Projektes wurde eine MPS-2-Nutzergruppe gebildet und viele der gegenwärtigen Nutzer wurden gebeten, einen Fragebogen zu vervollständigen und ihre Erfahrungen mit dem Gerät mitzuteilen. Zunächst wird das Projekt skizziert, und dann werden die erhaltenen Kommentare diskutiert. Der Artikel schlieβt mit einer Bewertung des MPS-2, wie er mit den Augen seiner Nutzer gesehen wird und schluβfolgert, daβ er unter Beachtung seiner relativ geringen Kosten deutlich die Aufmerksamkeit der Nichtspezialisten verdient.

Notes: The evolution of quality assurance at the Ordnance Survey of Great Britain (OS) is described. Quality control methods have been adopted to cope with the change from graphical to digital products and processes, but the human inspector remains indispensable. Following an agreement that the OS will archive large volumes of digital data captured by public utility contractors, quality assurance procedures for the acceptance of batches of digital maps have been based on an elaboration of standards BS 6001 (IS02859). A quality assurance certification scheme for land survey organisations based on BS 5750 (ISO9001) is under discussion. However, following recent government initiatives in quality management, the OS is now committed to the philosophy of total quality management and registration schemes for quality assurance could eventually become obsolete. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Cet article traite de ľévolution de ľassurance-qualitéàľOrdnance Survey (OS) de Grande-Bretagné. On a adopté a ľOS des méthodes de contrôle-qualité permettant de faire face aux changements résultant du passage de la forme graphique à la forme numérique pour les procédés el les produits, tout en conservant unepart ďintervention humaine indispensable dans les controles. Comme suite à une convention passée avec les services publics selon laquelle ľOS doit archiver ďimportantes quantités des donnees numiriques que ceux-ci auront receuillies, on se conformera à un système de normes BS 6001 (ISO 2859) pour les procédés ďassurance-qualité lors de la recette technique des lots de cartes numériques. La discussion porte actuellement sur un projet de certification ďassurance-qualité et de registre pour les organismes de levé foncier, en se basant sur la norme BS 5750 (ISO 9001). Toutefois, aprés les récentes initiatives gouvernementales en matière de gestion de la qualityé, ľOS se trouve maintenant confrontéà la philosophie ďune gestion de la qualityé-totale, ce qui pourrait finalement rendre périmés les projets ďassurance-qualité actuels. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Es wird die Entwicklung der Qualitätssicherung beim Ordnance Survey (OS) in Groβbritannien beschrieben. Dazu wurden Verfahren zur Qualitätskontrolle entwickelt, die dem Wechsel von graphischen zu digitalen Erzeugnissen und Prozessen genügen, aber der menschliche Faktor bleibt dabei unentbehrlich. Entsprechend einer Vereinbarung, wonach der OS groβe Mengen digitaler Daten archiviert, die durch öffentlich bestellte Vertragspartner erfaβt wurden, beruhen die Verfahren zur Qualitätssicherung für die Annahme von Datensätzen digitaler Karten auf der Ausarbeitung der Standards BS 6001 (ISO 2859). Diskutiert wird gegenwärtig ein auf dem Standard BS 5750 (ISO 9001) basierendes Nachweisschema zur Qualitätssicherung und ein Register für Organisationen, die sich mit Landvermessungen beschüftigen. Folgt man jedoch jüngsten Initiativen der Regierung in bezug auf die Behandlung der Qualität, so ist der OS der Philosophie zur totalen Qualitätsverwaltung und Registratur verpflichtet, denn die Qualitätsgewährleistung könnte möglicherweise unüblich werden.

Notes: Photogrammetric measurements within environmental test chambers which incorporate viewing ports constitute an application of multi-media photogrammetry. Perturbations to the incident bundles of rays due to refraction must therefore be taken into account. In this paper, refraction compensation for the case of antenna measurements within thermal vacuum chambers is discussed. Correction models applicable to the camera invariant refracting surfaces of a glass window and vacuum chamber are reviewed, especially error compensation using the approach of analytical selfcalibration. Results of a sequence of measurements of a satellite antenna are then analysed to illustrate the high measurement accuracies which are afforded by the selfcalibration approach. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les déterminations photogrammétriques dans un environnement de caissons ď essais munis de hublots de visée, constituent une application de la photogrammetrie à trovers des milieux multiples. II y a lieu par conséquent de tenir compte des perturbations que subissent lesfaisceaux de rayons lumineux incidents par suite de la réfraction. On examine dans cet article la compensation de la réfraction dans le cas de mesures sur des antennes placées dans des enceintes thermiques sous vide. On analyse les modèles de correction applicables aux surfaces réfractantes invariantes de la chambre photographique et de ľ enceinte à vide, comprenant des fenêtres en verre, en s'attachant plus particulièrement à une compensation ď erreurs basée sur des méthodes ď auto-étalonnage analytique. On présente ensuite les résultats ď une série de mesures portant sur une antenne de satellite, qui illustrent le haut degré de précision atteint par cette méthode ďauto-étalonnage. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Photogrammetrische Messungen innerhalb von Umwelt-Testkammern, die auch Öffnungen zum Durchblick enthalten, stellen eine Anwendung der Multimedien-Photogrammetrie dar. Demzufolge müssen Störungen wegen Refraktion bei den Aufnahmestrahlenbündeln berücksichtigt werden. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Kompensation der Refraktion für Antennenmessungen in thermalen Vakuum-Kammern diskutiert. Korrekturmodelle, die auf die kamerainvarianten brechenden Oberflächen eines Fensterglases und die Vakuum-Kammer angewandt werden können, werden analysiert, besonders unter dem Gesichtspunkt, daß eine Fehlerkorrektur mittels Selbstkalibrierung erfolgt. Dann werden Ergebnisse einer Folge von Messungen an der Satellitenantenne analysiert, um die hohe Meßgenauigkeit darzustellen, die aus dem Ansatz zur Selbstkalibrierung resultiert.

Notes: This paper describes some experimental investigations into the variation of digital terrain model (DTM) accuracy with sampling interval, based on data acquired using stereophotogrammetric methods. The main factors affecting DTM accuracy are reviewed and various alternative schemes for carrying out experimental tests on DTM accuracy are outlined. Detailed information is given about the test areas, source data sets and check point data sets, followed by a discussion concerning the special design of this experiment. The experimental results are reported and, finally, a critical analysis of the test results is presented.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé On presente dans eel article quelques études expérimentales sur la variation de ľ exactitude ďun modèle numerique du terrain (MNT) en fonction de ľintervalle ďéchantillonnage de données obtenues à partir de méthodes stéréophotogrammétriques. On examine les facteurs principaux qui interviennent sur ľ exactitude ď un MNT et ľ on esquisse divers projets permettant de mener au choix des essais expérimentaux sur ľ exactitude ďun MNT. On fournit des informations détaillées sur les polygones ď essai utilisés, lesjeux de données concernant les points de vérification et ceux de l'altimétrie initiale, suivies ďune présentation de la conception particulière de ces études. On décrit les résultats expérimentaux obtenus et ľ on termine cet article par une analyse critique des résultats de ľ essai. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Im Artikel werden einige experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Variation der Genauigkeit von Digitalen Geländemodellen (DTM) beschrieben, wobei ein Rasterintervall verwendet wurde, das auf stereophotogrammetrischer Datenerfassung basierte. Es werden die Haupteinfluβfaktoren auf die Genauigkeit der DTM betrachtet und verschiedene alternative Wege zur Testung der DTM-Genauigkeit skizziert. Detaillierte Angaben erfolgen zu den Testgebieten, den Quelldaten-Sätzen und den Datensätzen der Kontrollpunkte mit anschlieβenden Ausführungen zur speziellen Gestaltung dieses Versuchs. Die Versuchsergebnisse werden angegeben, und abschlieβend erfolgt ihre kritische Analyse.

Notes: In 1989, the Council of the Photogrammetric Society decided that some record of the use of analogue photogrammetric equipment in Great Britain should be preserved before it was too late. The author agreed to investigate this matter as a research project funded by a number of survey organisations. Work on the project so far has resulted in the completion of two documents. The first is a Catalogue of Analogue Instruments that list some 230 instruments of 30 different types. The second is an Archive that gives further details of the history and use of the 30 different types of instrument. The entry included in his paper, by way of example, is that concerned with the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph.Readers are encouraged to provide corrections and additional information wherever possible.

Notes: Feature extraction is the first and crucial step of all image analysis procedures. Together with their mutual relations, features form perceptual structures on which hypothesis generation and reconstruction processes are built. The article gives a framework for feature extraction within an interpretation system, discusses a possible object and image model useful for building up perceptual structures and gives examples for the use of various features for standard photogrammetric tasks.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉RésuméĽextraction automatique de silhouettes est la première étape fondamentale dans tout procédéďanalyse ďimages.Ces silhouettes constituent, en même temps que leurs relations mutuelles, des structures identifiables à partir desquelles on peut établir des hypothèses et procéder à la re constitution. On donne dans cet article un cadre général pour ľextraction de silhouettes dans un système ďinterprétation et ľon y discute ďune modélisation possible de ľimage et de ľobjet pour obtenir des structures identifiables. On fournit enfin des exemples sur ľemploi de diverses silhouettes d̄objets dans les travaux photogrammétriques courants.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉ZusammenfassungDie Kantenextraktion stellt den I. wesentlichen Schritt aller Bild-analyseverfahren dar. Gemeinsam mit ihren wechselseitigen Beziehungen bilden die Kanten wahrnehmbare Strukturen, auf denen Hypothesen und Rekonstruktionsprozesse aufgebaut werden können. Im Artikel werden ein Grundgerüst z.ur Kantenextraktion angegeben, mögliche Objekt- und Bild-modelle zur Entwicklung von Wahrnehmungsstrukturen diskutiert und Beispiele zur Nutzung verschiedener Kanten für photogrammetrische Standardaufgaben angegeben.

Notes: Accurate and rapid planning techniques are of vital importance when competing for business in the deregulated telecommunications market. This requirement, together with the arrival of personal communication networks, demands more detailed spatial data than are available now. This paper examines difficulties in current planning methods and considers the specifications of future data sets. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les méthodes de planification précises et rapides sont ď une importance vitale lorsque ľ on est en concurrence en affaires dans le marché déréglementé des télécommunications. Ce besoin, parallèlement àľ arrivée des réseaux personnels de communication, nécessite une disponibilité de données tridimensionnelles beaucoup plus détailées que celles que ľ on a actuellement. On examine dans cet article les difficultiés rencontrées dans les méthodes actuelles de planification, et ľ on réfléchit sur les spécifications des jeux de données dans ľ avenir. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Genaue und schnelle Planungsverfahren sind beim Geschäftswettbewerb aufdem nicht regulierten Telekommunikations-Markt von auβerordentlicher Bedeutung. Diese Anforderung in Verbindung mit dem Aufkommen von Personal-Kommunikations-Netzwerken erfordert detailliertere Raumdaten ah jetzt verfügbar sind. In dem Artikel werden die Schwierigkeiten der gegen-wärtigen Planungsmethoden geprüft und Anforderungen an künftige Datensätze erörtert.

Notes: The President's Medallist directs the Survey Services Branch of the Technical Services Group of English Heritage. This Branch includes the Photogrammetric Unit which was first established at the Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies of the University of York in 1975, with support from English Heritage's predecessor organisation. The Unit has played a leading part in the development of architectural photogrammetry in the UK, with particular reference to the recording of ancient monuments and historic buildings. The writer discusses some aspects of the application of photogrammetry in this area, illustrating the modern photogrammetric product in comparison with 18th and 19th century pictures and prints from his own collection. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé C'est le titulaire de la Médaile du Président de notre Société qui dirige le Département de Levés du groupe des services techniques du Patrimoine anglais. Ce Département comprend ľUnité de Photogrammétrie qui était installée initialiement àľInstitut des Études Architecturales Avancées ďYork en 1975, avec le soutien de ľorganisme qui précédait le Patrimoine anglais. Cette Unité a joué un rôle prépondérant dans le développement de la photogrammétrie architecturale au Royaume-Uni, et une mention particulière est à faire en ce qui concerne ľarchivage des constructions anciennes et des monuments historiques. Ľauteur discute de quelques aspects des applications de la photogrammétrie dans ce domaine, illustrant le produit photogrammétrique moderne par comparaison avec des tableaux et des gravures des 18èmeet 19ème siècles issus de sa collection personelle. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Der Träger der Präsidenten-Medaille leitet die Vermessungsabteilung innerhalb des Technischen Dienstes von English Heritage. Diese Abteilung schlieβt die Photogrammetrie-Einheit mit ein, die zunächst im Jahre 1975 im Institut für Moderne Architektur an der Universitat York mit unterstüt-zung der Vorgängerorganisation von English Heritage aufgebaut wurde. Diese Einheit hat eine führende Rolle bei der Entwicklung der Architektur-photogrammetrie im Vereinigten Königreich gespielt, wobei besonders altehrwürdige Denkmäler und historische Bauwerke aufgenommen wurden. Der Schreiber diskutiert einige Aspekte der Anwendung der Photogrammetrie aufdiesem Gebiet und illustriert das moderne photogrammetrische Erzeugnis im Vergleich mit Bildern und Kopien aus dem 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, die der eigenen Sammlung entstammen.

Notes: The reunification of Germany also paved the way for the reunion of Carl Zeiss in Jena and Oberkochen in 1991, after many months of negotiation. For the surveying and photogrammetry divisions, this means that a joint policy for development, production and marketing will be pursued in Jena and Oberkochen in the future. The two photogrammetry divisions in Jena and Oberkochen will continue to exist on the market, with both their advanced aerial survey cameras (LMK 2000 and RMK TOP) being available. While Oberkochen will concentrate on the further development of analytical plotters and aerial photograph rectification systems, Jena will increasingly specialise in software development, which is an expanding field. Due to its longstanding expertise in these fields, Jena will also continue its activities in the fields of interpretation and close range photogrammetry, including the taking and evaluation of images. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé La ré-unification de ľAllemagne a éalement ouvert la voie à celle des deux Zeiss, léna et Oberkochen, en 1991, après plusieurs mois de négotiation. Pour les divisions des levés et de la photogrammétrie, cela signifie qu ľon mènera dorénavant, à Iéna et à Oberkochen, une politique commune en ce qui concerne les developpements, la production et le marketing. Les deux divisions photogrammétriques, celle ďléna et celle ďOberkochen, continueront ďêtre présentes sur le marché, offrant toutes deux lews chambres photogrammétriques aériennes avancées LMK 2000 et RMK TOP. Tandis qu à Oberkochen on concentre les activités sur lapoursuite du développement des restituteurs analytiques et des systèmes de redressement des photographies aériennes, à léna on se spécialisera dans le développement des logiciels, domaine qui est en expansion. Etant donnée la compétence que ľon a acquise de longue date à Iéna dans le domaine de ľinterprétation et dans celui de la photogrammétrie à courte distance, on γ poursuivra les activités dans ces domaines, qui comprennent également la saisie et ľévaluation des images. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands bahnte im Jahre 1991 nach vielen Monalen der Verhandlung auch den Weg zur Vereinigung der Firmen von Carl Zeiss in Jena und Oberkochen. Für die Abteilungen Vermessung und Photogrammetrie bedeutet das, daβ in Zukunft für Entwicklung, Produktion und Vertrieb in Jena und Oberkochen eine abtestimmte Politik verfolgt wird. Die beiden photogrammetrischen Abteilungen in Jena and Oberkochen werden weiterhin mil ihren beiden Luftbildmeβkammern (LMK 2000 und RMK TOP) auf dem Markt vertreten sein. Wahrend sich Oberkochen auf die Weiterentwicklung analytischer Auswertegeräte und von Systemen zur Luftbildentzerrung konzentriert, wird sich Jena auf die Software-Entwicklung spezialisieren, was ein stark expandierendes Gebiet ist. Dank langjähriger Erfahrungen wird Jena seine Aktivitäten auf den Gebieten Photointerpretation und Nahbereichsphoto-grammetrie fortsetzen, wobei Bildaufnahme und Bildbewertung einges-chlossen sind.

Notes: The paper outlines the author's background and continuing education in photogrammetry. The potential of low cost instruments for non-specialists is examined from her viewpoint as a research student and as an employee of Leica UK Ltd. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Ľarticle retrace les compétences acquises par ľauteur en photogrammétrie et lew prolongement en formation continue. Ľauteur présente également les possibilityé des appareils à bas prix pour les non-spécialistes en so plaçant à un double point de vue, en tant qu'tudiant faisant de la recherche et en tant qu'employee de la Société Leica Ltd. (RU). 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung In dem Artikel werden die Ausbildung und die fortwährende Weiter-bildung der Autorin in Photogrammetrie skizziert. Der Nutzen preiswerter Gerdte für Nichtspezialisten wird unter ihrem Blickwinkel als Forschungs-student und Mitarbeiterin der Leica UK Ltd. beleuchtet.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:MONITORING BUILDING STRUCTURES. Edited by J. F. A. Moore.POSTCODES: THE NEW GEOGRAPHY. By J. F. Raper, D. W. Rhind and J. W. Shepherd.TEST OF TRIANGULATION OF SPOT DATA. Edited by I. J. Dowman.EUROPEAN SPACE DIRECTORY 1992. Seventh edition. Endorsed by Eurospace. Edited by D. Shirvanian.WISSENSBASIERTE METHODEN ZUR FERNERKUNDUNG DER UMWELT. Edited by O. Günther and W.-F. Riekert.PROCEEDINGS OF THE ISPRS AND OEEPE JOINT WORKSHOP ON UPDATING DIGITAL DATA BY PHOTOGRAMMETRIC METHODS, CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD UNIVERSITY, ENGLAND, 15–17 SEPTEMBER 1991. Edited by P. R. T. Newby and C. N. Thompson.GLIMPSES OF WORLD WAR By W. P. Roe.A GUIDE TO MAP AND IMAGE PROCESSING By M. P. Skrdla.MULTIPHOTO GEOMETRICALLY CONSTRAINED MATCHING. By E. P. Baltsavias.DIGITALE PHOTOGRAMMETRIE IN DER DREIDIMENSIONALEN STRÖMUNGSMESSTECHNIK. By H.-G. Maas.LONDON. AN AEROFILMS GUIDE. By I. Thomson.THE SOUTH DEVON COAST PATH: AN AEROFILMS GUIDE. By D. Hannigan.THE COTSWOLD WAY: AN AEROFILMS GUIDE. By T. Fryer.THE SOUTH DOWNS WAY: AN AEROFILMS GUIDE. By J. Godfrey.SURVEYING. Sixth edition. By A. Bannister, S. Raymond and R. Baker.INSTRUMENT MAKERS TO THE WORLD: A HISTORY OF COOKE, TROUGHTON AND SIMMS. By A. McConnell.TRANSIT CIRCLE–THE STORY OF WILLIAM SIMMS 1793–1860. By E. Mennim.TERRA-1: UNDERSTANDING THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT. THE ROLE OF EARTH OBSERVATIONS FROM SPACE. Edited by P. M. Mather.SPACE. By R. Gibson.KATASTER-ABC. Second edition. By O. Kriegel and D. Dresbach.

Notes: Hertfordshire County Council makes extensive use of aerial photography obtained from the ten yearly air survey of the entire county. This paper emphasises the value of the photography for specialist applications in the Planning and Estates Department, but also considers other uses. Details are given of photographic products and of a land use survey based on photo-interpretation. Finally, the future policy on the commissioning of aerial photography for Hertfordshire is considered, taking into account the potential of satellite imagery, the requirements of the existing GIS system for association with aerial photography and the possibility of additional revenue from more assertive marketing of photographic products. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Le Conseil du Comté de Hertfordshire se sert considérablement des photographies aériennes obtenues dans le cadre du levé aérien décennal de tout le comté. On souligne dans cet article ľintérét que trouvent, dans ces photographies, les spécialistes du Ministère de ľAménagement et ľon examine également ďautres utilisations. On fournit des détails sur les produits photographiques et sur un levéďusage du sol obtenu à partir ďune photo-interpretation. Enfin on examine la politique envisagée àľavenir pour ľexécution de la couverture aérienne de ľHertfordshire, qui prendre en compte les possibilityés de ľimagerie spatiale, les besoins ďintégration de la photographie aérienne dans les SIG actuels, et les revenus supplémentaires qui devraient provenir ďune démande commerciale plus soutenue sur les produits photographiques. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Der Hertfordshire County Council macht regen Gebrauch von Luft-bildern, die vor 10 Jarhen von der ganzen Grafschaft aufgenommen wurden. In dem Beitrag wird der Wert der Bilder für die Nutzung durch Spezialisten bei der Planning and Estates Department betont, aber est werden auch andere Anwendungen betrachtet. Es werden Details über fotografische Erzeugnisse und tiber eine auf der Photointerpretation basierende Land-nutzungserhebung angegeben. Schlieβlich wird die künftige Politik bei Aufträgen zur Luftbildaufnahme für Hertfordshire dargelegt, wobei das Potential von Satellitenbildern, die Anforderungen des bestehenden GISzur Verbindung mil Luftbildern und die Möglichkeit zusätzlicher Einnahmen dureh gröβere Vermarktung fotografischer Erzeugnisse in Betracht gezogen werden.

Notes: Woodland ecology necessarily involves a time dimension. It is seldom possible to understand the ecology of a wood without knowing its history. Although the history of many woods extends back far beyond the invention of photography, aerial photographs come at a period when the written record of woodland is often poor. They are also of great help in mapping woods as they are today. Some historic details can be learnt from recent photographs, others from historic aerial photographs. Photographs taken in the Second World War, such as those of England taken by the Germans and preserved in the United States, record an important and otherwise ill-documented period. This paper reviews the kinds of information that can be extracted from present and past aerial photographs and discusses the limitations of aerial survey and other forms of remote sensing as a means of measuring past and future changes. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Ľécologie sylvestre comprend la dimension du temps. Onne pent guère s'entendre àľéecologie ďun bois sans connaître son histoire. Bien que ľ histoire ďun grand nombre de bois s'étende longuement avant la découverte de la photographie, la photographie aérienne commence à une époque où il y à souvent des lacunes à la documentation écrite des bois. Elle est très utile, aussi, pour la cartographie des bois comme ils existent aujourd'hui. Des particulariés historiques s'apprennent ďaprès des photographies récentes, des autres ďaprès des photographies aériennes historiques. Parmi les photos les plus utiles sont celles de la IIe guerre mondiale, comme celles de la France prises par la Royal Air Force et conservées àľUniversité de Keele. Cette communication passe en revue les informations qu'on peut extraire des photographies aériennes du présent et du passé, et discute les bornes des levés aériens et spatiaux comme moyen de contrôler les changements du passé et du futur. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Die Waldökologie enthalt eine Zeitdimension. Selten ist es moglich, die Ökologie eines Waldes zu begreifen, ohne mit seiner Geschichte getraut zu sein. Obwohl die Geschichte mancher Wälder weit vor die Entdeckung der Photographie sich ausdehnt, die Luftphotographie kommt zu einer Zeit, wo schriftliche Urkunden der Wälder oft fehlen. Luftbilder sind auch sehr nutzvoll für die Kartographie von dem heutigen Zustandder Wälder. Einige historische Angaben werden von jungeren, andere von historischen Luftaufnahmen geschöpft. Unter den wertvollsten Luftbildern sind die von dem zweiten Weltkrieg, z. B. die britische Aufnahmen von Deutschland und Österreich, die jetzt in der Universität Keele aufbewahrt sind. Diese Abhandlung rezensiert die Auskünfte, die aus jüngere und historische Luftphotographie ausgeschöpft werden können, und diskutiert die Beschrankungen der Luft- und Weltraumvermessung als Zeugnis vergangener und zukünftiger Veranderungen.

Notes: In many photogrammetric applications, speed is often critical and high accuracy is only a secondary consideration. To use a metric camera in such situations would be quite uneconomical. Non-metric cameras are inexpensive to buy, use and maintain. A top quality 35mm amateur single lens reflex camera might cost £ 1000, an order of magnitude below that of a metric camera. In addition, they are robust, mobile and require a minimum of accessories. In short, they are ideal for rapid, medium to low accuracy work. However, in contrast with a metric camera, a non-metric camera lacks a stable inner orientation, fiducial reference system and standard method of calibration. This paper relates to a final year undergraduate project carried out at City University, London which dealt with such a calibration. The aim of the work was to determine (a) whether or not a 35mm SLR camera had a stable interior orientation and, if so, the best way of determining that orientation and (b) the accuracy of measurement that might be attained with such a camera. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Dans de nombreuses applications photogrammetriques la vitesse constitute souvent le paramètre critque, tandis que la haute précision ne vient seulement qu'en seconde position. Utiliser dans ces conditions une chambre métrique serait tout à fait anti-économique. Les chambres non métriques sont peu coûteuses àľ achat, en utilisation et pour leur entretien. Un appareil reflex, 35 mm, ď amateur, à lentille simple, de haute qualityé, peut coûter £1000, ce qui est inferieur ďun ordre de magnitude au coût ďune chambre métrique. De plus ces chambres non métriques sont robustes, faciles à transporter et n'ont besoin que d'un minimum ďaccessoires. En résumé elles sont idéales pour des travaux rapides et une précision de moyenne à faible. En revanche les chambres non métriques manquent de stabilityé dans leur orientation interne, sont dépourvues de systèmes de repères de fond de chambre et n‘ont pas de méthode ďétalonnage standard. Cet article, qui résulte ďun project effectuéà la City University de Londres par un étudiant, dans sa dernière année, trait ďun tel étalonnage. Son objectif est de déterminer (a) si un appareil 35 mm SLR a ou non une orientation intérieure stable, et si oui, quelle est la meilleure façon ď obtenir cette orientation et (b) la précision de mesure que ľ on peut atteindre avec un tel appareil. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Bei vielen photogrammetrischen Anwendungen ist die Geschwindigkeit oft kritisch, und hohe Genauigkeit ist erst von zweiter Bedeutung. In solchen Situationen eine Meβkammer zu benutzen, wäre sehr unökonomisch. Nichtmeβkammern sind bezüglich Anschaffung, Nutzung und Wartung billig. Eine Qualitäts-Spiegelreflexkamera mit 35 mm-Objektiv mag ca. £1000 kosten, was einen Bruchteil der Kosten für eine Meβkammer darstellt. Zusätzlich sind sie robust, mobil und erfordern ein Minimum an Zubehör. Kurzgefaβt, sie sind ideal für schnelle Arbeiten für mittlere und niedere Genauigkeit. Im Gegensatz zu Meβkammern fehlen bei Nichtmeβkammern jedoch eine stabile innere Orientierung, ein Rahmenmarken-Referenzsystem und ein Standardverfahren der Kalibrierung. Der Beitrag bezieht sich auf ein im Abschlufijahr an der City University in London durchgefuhrtes Projekt, das sich mit solch einer Kalibrierung beschäftigte. Zielstellung der Arbeit war es (a) zu bestimmen, ob eine 35 mm SLR-Kamera eine stabile innere Orientierung und (b) die mil solcher Kamera erhältliche Meβgenauigkeit herauszufinden.

Notes: Tests of Agfa-Gevaert A viphot Pan 200S air film were carried out by the authors, operationally and sensitometrically. Encouraging results are presented. 〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Résumé Les auteurs ont effectué des essais sur lefilm aérien Aviphot Pan 2005 ďAgfa-Gevaert, de façon à la fois pratique et sensitométrique. lis présentent les résultats encourageants obtenus. 〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Zusammenfassung Von den Autoren wurden operationelle und sensitometrische Tests mil dem Luftbildfilm Aviphot Pan 2005 von Agfa Gevaert durchgeführt. Dazu werden ermutigende Ergebnisse dargestellt.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:GEODÄTISCHE ASTRONOMIE. By R. Sigl.PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE SENSING. By W. G. Rees.EUROPEAN SPACE DIRECTORY 1991. Sixth Edition. Sponsored by Eurospace. Edited by D. Shirvanian.COMPUTER VISION AND IMAGE PROCESSING. Edited by A. Barrett.FRENCH-ENGLISH GLOSSARY ON SPOT, REMOTE SENSING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. By S. T. Dyson.COLONEL SIR GEORGE EVEREST CB FRS: PROCEEDINGS OF BICENTENARY CONFERENCE AT THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 8th NOVEMBER 1990. Edited by J. R. Smith.GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS: THE MICROCOMPUTER AND MODERN CARTOGRAPHY. Edited by D. R. F. Taylor.OUR SECRET LITTLE WAR. By L. N. Abrams.BRITAIN'S CHANGING ENVIRONMENT FROM THE AIR. Edited by T. Bayliss-Smith and S. Owens.THE SECOND BOOK OF BRITAIN'S RAILWAYS FROM THE AIR. Text by C. Leigh with photographs by Aerofilms Ltd.THE LAKE DISTRICT FROM THE AIR. Photographs by Aerofilms Ltd. Captions by S. Acland and E. Leeming.PLANETARY MAPPING. Edited by R. Greeley and R. M. Batson.ELECTROMAGNETIC DISTANCE MEASUREMENT. By C. D. Burnside.INTERPRETABILITY OF SPOT DATA FOR GENERAL MAPPING. By E. Ahokas, J. Jaakkola and P. Sotkas.GEOMETRISCHE GRUNDLAGEN DER LUFTBILDINTERPRETATION. By B. Pfeiffer and G. Weimann.LOOKING AT PHOTOGRAPHS: A GUIDE TO TECHNICAL TERMS. By G. Baldwin.AERIAL ARCHAEOLOGY, VOLUME 12. Edited by D. A. Edwards.GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION 1991: THE YEARBOOK OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION. Edited by J. Cadoux-Hudson and D. I. Heywood.PHOTOGRAMMETRIE: ANWENDUNGEN IN WISSENSCHAFT UND TECHNIK. By K. Regensburger.

Notes: Policies to counter the growing discrepancy between economic opportunities in rural and urban areas have focused predominantly on expanding manufacturing in rural areas. Fundamental to the design of these strategies are the relative costs of production and productivity of manufacturing in rural compared to urban areas. This study develops information that can be used to assess the productivity of manufacturing in rural and urban areas. Production functions are estimated for the meat-products and household-furniture industries to investigate selected aspects of location and productivity. The results show that the effect of location on productivity varies with industry, size, and the timing of entry. Although the analysis is specific to two industries, it suggests that development policies targeting manufacturing can be more effective if they focus on industries and plants with characteristics that predispose them to the locations they support.

Notes: . It is increasingly recognized that the assumption that the supply of tradable output is perfectly elastic, which underlies many regional economic models (esp. economic base models), does not hold in many developing countries. When the supply of tradable output (primarily agricultural products) and, in many cases, non-tradable output is inelastic, the resulting income multipliers will be substantially reduced. Recent calls for the promotion of market towns and smaller urban centers have not fully considered the impact of supply in elasticities on the capacity of such measures to stimulate broad-based development. This study uses data collected from firms in several market-town systems in Niger to examine the probable consequences. The paper argues that such policies are unlikely to be effective in countries like Niger where the vulnerability of the rural economy has severely limited the elasticity of the supply response, especially for agriculture and nonfarm production by small-scale producers.

Notes: Abstract: Although they are required to make very large investments, port authorities are discovering that they have less and less control over their destinies. The major decisions affecting port traffic are made by shipping lines whose activities are global in scale. This paper examines the plight of public monopoly ports in a highly competitive environment. Several policy options are discussed.

Notes: Qualitative and quantitative procedures have been used to aggregate communities and counties for regional economic analysis. However, Once aggregated, communities and counties are perceived as homogeneous entities; this often belies the diversity that may exist. In order to capture the non-uniqueness of counties, fuzzy-set clustering procedures were employed to derive a typology of Nevada counties. Fuzzy-set clustering procedures employing fuzzy-set membership values and possibility theory derive county membership values associated for specific county clusters. Information from fuzzy partitions yields a means for posterior evaluation of county clusters which is independent of the algorithm producing them. From county membership values calculated from results of the fuzzy-set clustering analysis for Nevada, specific economic development programs for aggregate and individual counties are derived.

Notes: The focus of this study is the examination of the interstate differences in per capita state and local revenues. On one side free competition among states is supposed to keep the interstate differences in per capita state and local revenues at a minimum level. On the other side, the interstate differences in variables like income and taste of consumers, natural conditions (like climate), state's size (scale effect), and others may explain the existing interstate differences in per capita state and local revenues. The empirical results indicate that we successfully explained over 90 percent of the variance in per capita state and local revenues. Additional empirical results reveal that the federal government distributes money among states in a discriminate fashion based on region and size.

Notes: Book review in this Article:A History of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Social Change in the American Metropolis. By Richard Plunz.Long-Wave Rhythms in Economic Development and Political Behavior. By Brian J.L. Berry.Debt Cycles in the World Economy: Foreign Loans, Financial Crises, and Debt Settlements, 1820-1990, By Christian Suter.Negotiating Debt: The IMF Lending Process. By Kendall W. Stiles.Overexposed: U.S. Banks Confront The Third World Debt Crisis. By Raul L. Madrid.Lessons of Economic Stabilization and its Aftermath. By Michael Bruno, Stanley Fischer, Elhanan Helpman, and Nissan Liviatan, with Leora (Rubin) Meridor (editors).New Horizons? Third World Mustrialization in an International Framework. By Robert N. Gwynne.Venture Capital: International Comparisons. By Milford B. Green, editor.A Complicated War: The Harrowing of Mozambique. By William Finnegan.

Notes: The purpose of this paper is to examine the usefulness of homothetic reformulations of the shift-share accounting model to the practitioner of regional growth studies. The reformulations of Esteban-Marquillas (1972) and Arcelus (1984) are examined to determine if they improve the shift-share framework as a means for accounting for regional economic growth or decline. The purpose of the homothetic models is to separate out change in a region's employment (or value added) associated with its prior or base year specialization in particular industries from change associated with changes in the mix of industries that occurred during the period under study. It is contended while the resulting accounts may help in understanding individual industry's growth rates, they shed little light on total regional growth. Indiana employment data from 1977 and 1986 are used to illustrate the arguments.

Notes: Book Review in This Article:Robert S. Eckley. Global Competition in Capital Goods: An American Perspective.Christian N. Madu. Strategic Planning in Technology Transfer to Less Developed Countries.John R. Logan and Todd Swanstrom. Beyond the City Limits: Urban Policy and Economic Restructuring in Comparative Perspective.Jurgen Schmandt and Robert Wilson, eds., Growth Policy in the Age of High Technology: The Role of Regions and States.Michael Chrisholm. Regions in Recession and ResurgenceJohn M. Levy. Economic Development Programs for Cities, Counties and Towns.Cynthia M. Duncan, ed., Rural Poverty in America.Richard Stren, Rodney White, and Joseph Whitney, editors. Sustainable Cities — Urbanization and the Environment in International Perspective.Stuart Lowe and David Hughes, eds., A New Century of Social HousingJohn H. Goddeeris and Andrew J. Hogan, Editors Improving Access to Health Care: What Can the States Do?Dorothy J. Howell. Scientific Literacy and Environmental Policy.Gilbert B. Siegel. Public Employee Compensation and its Role in Public Sector Strategic Management

Notes: This article examines the role of services in regional employment change in Illinois from 1972–87. The approach applies recent advances in time-series analysis to investigate both the long-term and short-term relationship among employment in three sectors: goods production, export-potential services, and local services. The results indicate that there is not a long-term relation among these variables, i.e., that they do not move together in the long run. In the short term, the evidence is that employment in the service sectors follows employment change in goods production, although the response persists for only six months. The results suggest that a policy of targeting export-potential services is not likely to produce sustained employment growth in the other sectors.

Notes: Access to markets and raw materials is nearly always mentioned in industrial location studies as an important locational factor. This article demonstrates a methodological approach based on inter-industry linkages and using secondary data to identify target industries for economic development initiatives. In this application we characterize Alabama's industrial base, identify industries with strong forward and backward linkages to base Alabama industries, and highlight a subset of especially good prospects.

Notes: The annual growth rates of total personal income and population in regional metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas are examined for the period 1959–87, partitioned into sub periods. Statistical testing for equality of rates shows no perceptible differences in growth rates between the major categories, metro and nonmetro. Further, this study uses a model similar in scope to shift-share analysis to test for convergence of the growth rates within these categories. It was found that for both regional nonmetro and metro areas, there was a general trend toward convergence with the exception of the 1970s decade. In that decade total population growth rates in the nonmetro areas and total income and total population growth rates in the metro areas showed significant divergences

Notes: Are recent trends toward state per capita income divergence observed in the United States also evident elsewhere in the world? This paper focuses upon interregional income divergence in Australia where a pattern very similar to that seen in the United States is discovered. Australian agricultural regions show downward divergence from the national mean per capita income and capital city regions show upward divergence.

Notes: A case study of the local labor market for engineers and scientists at three Lockheed plants in the Los Angeles metropolitan area is presented. The specifications of a questionnaire survey are described and a detailed statistical profile of questionnaire respondents is laid out. It is shown that the local labor market is highly concentrated in geographical space and that both job shifts and residence shifts of sampled workers tend to be extremely localized within the urban area. It is suggested that local labor markets with features like these are a source of significant agglomeration economies for employers.

Notes: Schumpeterian perspectives on industrial change suggest a relationship between new firms and the regionally specific technological bases for innovation. However, the links between such firms and the knowledge bases for innovation are more implicit than explicit. The innovation process in new firms reflects both the capabilities found within the firm as well as information sourcing from without.This paper seeks to articulate the nature of change in relationships between firms in science-based industries and the technological infrastructure accessed to support innovation, as such industries mature out of the birth phase. Innovation is treated as decision making, identifying the firm as innovator and agent of change.Survey research suggests that a shift in the sourcing of information, and an associated shift in the character of information accessed, occurred with maturation in the study industry, comprised of biotechnology firms in the U.S. “Early” and “later” forming firms show somewhat different technology sourcing patterns. Interviews were conducted to help interpret these findings. Implications for industry development are suggested.

Notes: Book Review in This Article:Derick W. Brinkerhoff and Arthur A. Goldsmith, editors. Institutional Sustainability in Agriculture and Rural Development: A Global Perspective.Edward J. Malecki. Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional and National Change.Edward J. Malecki. Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional and National Change.William R. Mangun, ed., Public Policy Issues in Wildlife Management.John D. Hutcheson, Jr., Francis P. Noe, and Robert E. Snow. Outdoor Recreation Policy: Pleasure and Preservation.Carl Davidson. Recent Developments in the Theory of Involuntary Unemployment.Randall Ebert and Joe A. Stone. Wage and Employment Adjustments in Local Labor Markets.Roy Bahl and William Duncombe. Economic Growth and Fiscal Planning: New York in the 1990s.Mary O. Borg, Paul M. Mason, and Stephen L. Shapiro. The Economic Consequences of State Lotteries.Ryutaro Komiya. The Japanese Economy: Trade, Industry, and Government.Ken Jones and Jim Simmons. The Retail Environment.

Notes: Starting with a brief location analysis of the plant site, in this paper we analyze the characteristics and geography of the labor market for a U.S.- Japanese automobile joint venture. Based on a survey of the firm's employees, we show that the labor market is two-tiered and stretches over many states in the United States. There are clear differences in skills, gender and socio-demographic characteristics between short and long distance movers, and American workers are willing and able to adapt to technology and work practices originating in a different culture. Most employees hold positive opinions of the work environment and practices at the plant, Japanese influence in the U.S. economy and U.S.-Japanese economic relations, despite perceiving Japan as an economic threat to the United States. We conclude with some policy implications of our findings and an agenda for future research.

Notes: The relationship between transportation and urbanization at the national scale is revisited by focusing upon the role that air passenger transportation has played in the post-war evolution of the U.S. urban system. Theory suggests that major transportation innovations have exhibited profound and prolonged interdependencies with patterns of growth in national or regional urban systems. As the most recent major intercity transportation innovation, it should be expected that utilization of air transportation should bear some relationship to patterns of growth in urban places.This paper documents this relationship by using FAA and U.S. Census data to correlate volumes of air passenger flows per capita with changes in population and employment for the 50 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. The expectation that higher volumes of air passenger flow per capita exhibit a positive correlation with both previous and subsequent growth is confirmed by the analysis. More detailed examination of both high and low air passenger index cities suggests functional and regional consistencies with the central hypothesis. The implications of these results for air transportation and airport planning include at least some justification for increased attention to provision of air service and adequate airport infrastructure as well as reiteration of the importance of air transportation in economic development.

Notes: Zimbabwe's 1992 food crisis revealed both spatial and social contradictions associated with post-independence agricultural growth. Zimbabwe's pattern of agricultural restructuring demonstrates the need for agrarian reform programs that are more socially and environmentally sustainable. This paper examines one aspect of agricultural sustainability—the use of energy. Post-independence patterns of agricultural energy consumption are analyzed and traced historically, and the social relations of agricultural energy utilization are investigated. The energetic efficiencies of the primary farming systems are calculated as are the macro-flows of energy to agriculture generally. The data and historical analysis point to the need for a restructuring of agriculture that involves greater reliance on local renewable energy in all farming systems, and the continued resettlement of black smallholders onto former white-settler estates.

Notes: Alternative agriculture is promoted as a means of enhancing rural area jobs and income. This nontraditional agricultural activity is defined as: new crops or products to an area, industrial uses of agricultural products, value-enhancement activities, and urban agricultural activities. The potential for new agriculturally-related activities is summarized. The long-term rural economic and development potential, through new income and jobs, is assessed. Next, five case studies are provided to illustrate alternative agriculture successes, limited successes, and failures (Guayule, Jojoba, Muscadine grapes, market windows for fresh fruit and vegetables, and aquaculture). We conclude that alternative agriculture may be viable in select rural areas. However, total employment generation potential is too small and diffused to provide significant rural development impacts.

Notes: The purpose of this paper is to examine how regional manufacturing responds to a decline in manufacturing activity nationwide. A trivariate VAR model of the relationships between the Federal Reserve Board's Industrial Production Index for manufacturing, and two regional manufacturing output indexes is estimated. The regions considered correspond to the Fifth and the Seventh Federal Reserve Districts. A negative shock in the national index is imposed on the system to demonstrate the following: durations and general patterns of the impulse responses; severity of the responses in the two patterns; reaction times; and interregional differences in response patterns. The findings indicate that the response patterns generally differ between the regions.

Notes: Book reviews in this article: Liberalization of Economies András Köves and Paul Marer, eds. Development in Small Island Countries David L. McKee and Clem Tisdell. The Challenge of Suburbanization Thomas M. Stanback, Jr. Can Rural America Survive? Janet M. Fitchen Economic Development Policies Timothy J. Bartik. Regional Innovation E. J. Davelaar

Notes: . A recent article in this journal concluded that West Virginia's low labor force participation rates cannot be attributed to economic, demographic, or institutional factors and that they probably result from an Appalachian culture which has a strong preference for non-market activities. This article reviews the diverse social science literature on determinants of labor force participation and then takes a closer look at Appalachian participation. It presents and uses a more comprehensive model, focuses on the county level instead of the state, and examines variations within Appalachia and over time. The main findings are that the Appalachian labor force gap is either nonexistent or very small and that there is no statistical evidence of a unique or pervasive Appalachian cultural effect. Appalachian labor force behavior appears to be quite average given the conditions faced by Appalachians.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Book Review Essay Deindustrialization and Regional Economic Transformation: The Experience of the United States. Edited by Lloyd Rodwin and Hidehiko Sazanami.Industrial Change and Regional Economic Transformation: The Experience of Western Europe. Edited by Lloyd Rodwin and Hidehiko Sazanami.The Bias Against Agriculture: Trade and Macroeconomic Policies in Developing Countries. Edited by Romeo M. Bautista and Alberto Valdes.Central and East European Economies in Transition: The International Dimension. By Andras Koves.Where North Meets South: Cities, Space, and Politics on the u.s.- Mexico Border. By Lawrence A. Herzog.Migration, Population Structure, and Redistribution Policies. Edited by Calvin GoldscheiderMigration and Residential Mobility By Martin Cadwallader.State Government and Economic Performance. By Paul Brace.Hollow Promises: Rhetoric and Reality in the Inner City. Edited by Michael Keith and Alisdair Rogers.Wildlife Management and Subsistence Hunting in Alaska. By Henry P, Huntington.Spreadsheet Models for Urban and Regional Analysis. Edited by Richard E. Klosterman, Richard K. Brail and Earl G. Bossard.

Notes: In recent years, many states have raised the amount of resources they devote to economic development programs, particularly those providing direct monetary assistance to firms. However, scholarly attention to this topic has not kept pace and, as a result, relatively little is known about such policies' effectiveness. This paper examines the effectiveness of monetary incentives using Ohio's experience with such programs in the 1980s. Empirical results show that incentives are significantly related to employment and income growth at the county level. Grants are found to be more effective than loans, and capital subsidies to businesses more effective than either labor subsidies to businesses or capital subsidies to communities. Finally, resources given to creating jobs are more effective than resources for retaining or training existing workers.

Notes: This paper examines the sources of regional convergence in per capita incomes over the last four decades. Growth in per capita income is decomposed into two major components: (1) growth in employment rates and (2) growth in wage rates per worker. Using annual data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the paper finds that the observed convergence in per capita incomes of sates was largely due to convergence in employment rates; wage rates either did not converge or did so weakly. Employing an instrumental variables technique, the paper finds that rapid growth in the work force with relatively low levels of human capital in initially poor states was a depressing influence on wage rate growth in these states, and was a major reason for the relatively slow convergence in per capita incomes.

Notes: This paper examines a variety of quasi-governmental organizations, mandatory homeowners' associations, special service districts, and transportation management associations, recently established in the urban region. Using the Washington, DC metropolitan area as a case study, this paper explores reasons for their development and implications of them for urban governance. It is argued that these organizations marry the concepts of public special districts and public-private partnerships in a process of private government formation. Private governments, it is suggested, are not wholly a private response to the shedding of services by the public sector, the dominant notion of privatization and local state restructuring, but the result of demands emerging in the private sector stimulated by social and spatial change. This signals the need to add to the concept of public-driven privatization the process of private initiated change where the resulting goods and services are more fully shaped by the needs of private interests. The evidence suggests these institutions do not represent a scaling back of the local state as privatization implies, but an extension of state structures in a fundamentally new direction, an extension which could be labeled the parallel state.

Notes: This paper investigates the migration patterns of occupational groups. The results confirm previous analyses of the differences in movement behavior between occupations but, in addition, show that this variation is a function of the industrial sector of employment. The chief aim of the paper, however, is to uncover the geography of labor flows for different occupational groups using a principal components analysis of interstate flow matrices. The resulting migration regions are homogeneous with respect to the movement behavior of particular classes or labor in each state. Results indicate that migration regions vary by occupation and industry and we argue that these differences reflect job information flows and regional employment structure for various classes of labor. The concluding remarks offer a number of additional avenues for research on occupational migration, and regions in general.

Notes: The fertility downturn in the U.S. since the baby boom has been accompanied by a growing divergence in regional fertility rates. This paper examines the spatial implications of recent fertility trends. Two interrelated questions are posed. First, how and why have the time trends in fertility varied spatially? Second, how have the regional patterns of fertility changed over time? These questions are investigated using a continuous spatio-temporal model of U.S. fertility built using the Dual Expansion Method. Results indicate that the pace of fertility decline has been the most rapid in the Northeast and the slowest in the West. Further, the traditional North-South distinctions in fertility rates are being replaced by East-West patterns. These changes tentatively suggest that regional ethnic composition is becoming an increasingly important factor in accounting for the spatial variation of U.S. fertility.

Notes: John Turner's benchmark model of the Latin American city depicts relationships between urban growth and the intra-urban mobility, shelter, economic status and location of its low-income migrants. This conceptual model, described below, requires additional empirical assessment, quantitative specification, and updating to encompass the deep regional recession since 1980. Evidence from a survey of low-income migrants in Quito in 1989 supports portions of the model. However, Quito does not support the model's other predictions about the geography of shanties, houses, and migrants based on length of residence and employment patterns. The poor scramble for work and shelter wherever they may be found. Quito's enforcement of policies against land invasions confines a relatively large portion of the poor to rented rooms. We conclude that the model underconceptualizes and overstates relationships between a Latin American city's phase of urbanization and the length of residence, location, shelter, and work of its low-income migrants. Rather than abandoning the model, however, we recommend that research use it as a point of departure for investigating the additional contributions of local development and policy.

Notes: Innovation, use of high technology, and flexibility of response to customer needs are studied in two surveys of small manufacturing firms in New York and Pennsylvania. They are shown in both surveys to be separate and unrelated concepts. None of five industry-level classifications of high-technology firms, using SIC codes predict these concepts on a firm level. Only innovation is related to a sophisticated firm marketing program. and to export from the state.

Notes: This paper discusses recent shifts in the overseas investment strategies of Japan's major multinational manufacturing companies (MNCs). Based on a survey of twenty corporations it is postulated that the move towards the globalization of these companies has taken place in three distinct but overlapping phases: (1) a linear link-up to Japan, (2) a transition stage, based upon international specialization and‘mesh’strategies, and (3) a tetra-polar strategic division of the world. The paper commences with a discussion of recent trends in MNC behavior, and then shows how overseas corporate organization has changed in the Japanese firms surveyed, especially after 1985. The implications of these changes among the major global regions is examined. The paper concludes with an assessment of whether the strategies of Japanese MNCs have converged with those. of United States or European MNCs, and to what degree they have retained their own distinctive attributes.

Notes: Traditional univariate shift-share studies of employment provide an unreliable indicator of the relative performance of a region or an industry for they fail to separate the effects of output and productivity change on the demand for labor. An extended shift-share model is proposed that overcomes this weakness and permits identification of different processes of regional development. This model is used to investigate annual employment change in twenty (two-digit SIC) manufacturing industries in nine census regions of the U.S. between 1950 and 1986. The timing and depth of the exodus of manufacturing jobs from the snowbelt to the sunbelt is illustrated along with the business cycle performance of industries and regions. Productivity growth in the sunbelt is positively associated with rapid output expansion, whereas in the snowbelt it is associated with the loss of market share and economic rationalization.

Notes: Output changes in the U.S. economy from 1972 to 1977 are analyzed using a 477-sector input-output framework. The empirical model is based on benchmark data from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Commodity output changes are attributed to technical change, import substitution, changes in domestic final demand, and changes in export demand. Special attention is given to the importance of international trade and the patterns of change observed in rapidly growing and declining sectors.The results indicate that 71 percent of the sectors lost domestic market share to imports, but on balance international trade contributed to positive output change through increased exports. Technology changes became increasingly important in sectors of the economy experiencing either rapid growth or decline. Conversely, final demand, exports, and import substitution generally appeared to be most important in the slowly changing sectors. These findings confirm and expand on earlier work that indicated a dominant role for technology changes in explaining output changes in emerging and declining industries.

Notes: Many rural hierarchies are becoming increasingly dominated by a few regional growth centers while the retail sector in adjacent smaller communities either stagnates or declines. This study tests the hypothesis that the rate of adjustment of the retail sector to changing consumer spending patterns is uniform across different ordered communities in a rural hierarchy. Neoclassical investment theory is combined with central place theory to develop a conceptual model of the relationship between the retail sector and investment in a community. A three tiered 49 community hierarchy is constructed using data from the Minnesota Department of Revenue and the Report of Condition and Income of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. A crosssectional time series ordinary least squares regression model is employed to estimate retail coefficients of adjustment for the hypothesis testing. Regional estimates indicate only partial adjustment in the retail sector across the whole hierarchy to shifts in consumer spending patterns. Community estimates, which decompose the regional estimate, indicate retail businesses in the largest and mid-sized communities adjust totally in one period, but that retail businesses in the smallest communities do not. The faster rates of adjustment by retail businesses in the larger communities to changing consumer spending patterns may augment the development of regional growth centers in rural areas.

Notes: This paper develops a conceptual model of the process of community change in response to elderly immigration. Analysis of intra-regional variation in elderly migration patterns in Appalachia, and synthesis of an emergent literature on the benefits and costs of attracting elderly migrants, serve as a backdrop for case studies, based on field observations and interviews, of three contrasting Appalachian communities at different stages of development as retirement destinations. The analyses suggest a temporal model of community development involving overlapping phases of emergence, recognition, restructuring, saturation, and the development of new concerns, as the process of demographic change evolves and its economic, environmental, infrastructural, social, and political correlates become manifest. It is concluded that communities considering attraction of elderly migrants as a development option should carefully consider both the diverse characteristics and needs of potential migrants and the long-term implications and desirability of the community transformation that results from adopting such a strategy.

Notes: This paper provides a profile of regional income inequality using a distributional criterion whereby a state's share of total income equals its share of total population. The results for 1929 to 1990 show that inequality persisted among regions with a substantial declining trend up to 1979 and a slight rise thereafter. On the other hand, equality among states within their regions is found to have been the condition since 1929.

Notes: The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) implemented beginning in 1989 by the United States aid Canada will have significant impacts on bilateral trading patterns. In addition to its long-term, investment-related repercussions, the FTA will affect the volume, commodity composition, and spatial distribution of trade and, consequently, the transportation services required to move commodities between the two nations. This paper examines the changing spatial structure of U.S.-Canadian trade under the FTA. It employs commodity-specific analyses of tariffs and non-tariff barriers, as well as price and income elasticities of demand, to estimate sectoral and special changes among U.S. states in total, land, water, and airborne commodity flows since 1988 attributable to the FTA. The analysis details the assumptions and methodology used, elaborates upon the likely consequences for me nation's ten largest customs districts, particularly New York, and concludes with some comments on other forces that may alter the expected results.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Saving The Planet: How To Shape An Environmentally Sustainable Global Economy. Lester R. Brown, Christopher Flavin and Sandra Postel.International Trade And Global Development: Essays In Honour Of Jagdish Bhagwati. Edited by Ad Koekkoek and L.B.M Mennes.The State Offshore: Petroleum, Politics And State Intervention On The British And Norwegian Continental Shelves. Brent F. Nelson.The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration And how IT Changed America. Nicholas Lemann.The Burden Of Dependency: Colonial Themes in Southern Economic Thought. Joseph J. Persky.Credrr Where It's Due: Development Banking for Communities. Julie Ann Parzen and Michael Hall Kieschnick.Challenging Uneven Development: An Urban Agenda For The 1990s. Edited by Philip W. Nyden and Wim Wiewel.Sources Of Metropolean Growth. Edited by Edwin S. Mills and John F. McDonaldSoft Coal, Hard Choices: The Economic Welfare Of Bituminous Coal Miners, 1890–1930. Price V. Fishback.South Africa's Labor Empire: A History Of Black Migrancy To The Gold Mines. Jonathon Crush, Alan Jeeves, and David Yudelman.Politics Or Markets? Essays On Haitian Underdevelopment. Mats Lundahl.The Illusion Of Choice: How The Market Economy Shapes Our Destiny. Andrew Bard Schmookler.Wilderness Areas, Regional Planning, and the Quality of Life

Notes: Analysts faced with the challenge of constructing a regional input-output table from partial or nonsurvey-based data typically adapt a national input-output table to reflect the regional economic structure. Detailed benchmark input-output tables with more than 500 industry sectors are compiled for years at five-year intervals, but are many years out of date by the time they are released. Annual updates are compiled for intervening years, but detail only 85 industry sectors. Analysts therefore must choose between the currency of the data and its detail in the national table that serves as the reference. This paper presents a table disaggregation and adjustment (TDA) method for combining the information from the detailed benchmark tables with the more current but aggregated data. Empirical tests demonstrate that the TDA method generates base data that analytically outperform the aggregated annual update data.

Notes: This research examines key components of the broad national debate over the decline of the middle economic class of the United States at the regional level. Full-time and part-time workers’distributions of earnings among the low-, middle- and upper-earner groups are examined for the four major Census regions from 1967 to 1987. The premise is that the postwar boom era was a period in which the earnings of one full-time worker could purchase a middle standard of living (using home ownership as a proxy) for a household. Thus, change in the purchasing power of full-time earnings for home ownership is tracked between 1967 and 1987 at the regional level. In addition, regional changes in levels of fringe-benefit recipiency are examined.Full-time workers have seen a dramatic upwards shift in their earnings disiributions in all regions, accompanied by substantial erosion in their purchasing power. Earnings distributions across regions have converged, but the costs of home ownership have diverged. As a result, certain regions offer locational advantages for consuming the middle standard of living. Arising from these findings, this paper concludes with a set of questions for policymakers.

Notes: Book Reviews in This Article:THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE By Edward O. Wilson.THE CAR AND THE CITY: THE AUTOMOBILE, THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND DAILY LIFE. By Martin Wachs and Margaret Crawford, editors.WHO'S BASHING WHOM? TRADE CONFLICTS IN HIGH-TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIES By Laura D'Andrea Tyson.THE PENTAGON AND THE CITIES. By Andrew Kirby, ed.DEFENSE, WELFARE AND GROWTH: PERSPECTIVES AND EVIDENCE. By Steve Chan and Alex Mintz.SACRED COWS AND HOT POTATOES: AGRARIAN MYTHS IN AGRICULTURAL POLICY. By William P. Browne, Jerry R. Skees, Louis E. Swanson, Paul B. Thompson, and Laurian J. Unnevehr.RURAL POLICIES FOR THE 1990S. Edited by Cornelia B. Flora and James A.ELECTRONIC BYWAYS: STATE POLICES FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH TELECOMMUNICATIONS. By Edwin B. Parker and Heather E. Hudson with Don A. Dillman, Sharon Strover, and Frederick Williams.

Notes: Five versions of a regional economic forecasting and simulation model are implemented to evaluate the forecasting accuracy and significance for impact analysis of alternative regional labor market closures. The five versions correspond to the following specifications: downward-sloped labor demand and upward-sloped labor supply, vertical labor demand and upward-sloped labor supply, an input-output version, and two general equilibrium configurations of labor demand and supply. It is found that the estimated impacts of an exogenous employment stimulus differ greatly across the model versions. Also, post-sample forecasts for 1981-1988 are run for the fifty states plus Washington D.C. with each model version to test their relative forecast accuracy. The forecast comparison shows that the general equilibrium version that specifies inelastic supply is inferior to the other versions for short-term forecasts of wage rates and long-term employment forecasts. For both short- and long-run population forecasts, the versions with completely immobile labor are more accurate than those with completely mobile labor. However, versions that specify an upward-sloped labor supply (partial labor supply adjustment) are the most accurate.

Notes: The peace dividend typically is conceptualized as the transfer of dollars from defense to domestic, social needs. This Perspective redefines the peace dividend in terms of the conversion of talent, expertise, and technologies from the production of weaponry to commercial products and processes, which will have positive effects overall on the American economy. The dynamic of this conversion is specified in terms of corporate reorganization among American military industrial firms (MIFs) in existing and strategic industries such as electronics, as well as new growth sectors such as environmentally conscious industries.

Notes: This paper identifies short-term fluctuations in the interstate migration system using annual state-to-state migration flow data from Internal Revenue Service (IRS) records for the period, 1980 to 1988. Measures of migration efficiency are employed to indicate the net redistribution of population between states relative to the size of underlying gross interstate flows. Three findings stand out: (1) migration was more effective in redistributing the population in years of economic retrenchment than during periods of growth and expansion, (2) the dominant pattern of population redistribution shifted from a core-periphery configuration evident in the 1970s and early 1980s to a bi-coastal distribution by the mid-1980s, and (3) the most dramatic event of the 1980s was the oil glut and decline in oil prices and profits which ravaged the economies of energy states in the West South Central and Mountain regions. Rapid reversals from net in- to net out-migration among energy states sent ripples and shock waves through the system of interstate migration flows. Overall, results demonstrate the high degree of temporal and spatial volatility in the U.S. interstate migration system.

Notes: Does rapid growth in a metropolitan area amplify or reduce disparities among its differentiated communities? Theoretical economic and political arguments can support both tendencies but lean in the direction of greater differentiation and disparities following a period of rapid regional growth. This article examines uneven population, employment and tax base growth as both causes and consequences of economic and social disparities. The analysis posits that growth bypasses the built-up and lowest income communities in favor of the more distant middle-income suburbs with extensive land for development. The implications of these uneven growth patterns are widening inter-municipal disparities consistent with growth rates. The analysis is carried out for the 365 contiguous jurisdictions in northern New Jersey, a region that experienced modest growth in the 1970s and rapid growth in the 1980s. The findings confirm the uneven pattern of growth and widening disparities during the growth spurt of the 1980s.

Notes: This paper evaluates the hypothesis that the growth experiences of core parts of metropolitan areas tend to predict the growth of satellite, exurban, and even more distant non-metropolitan areas. Particular attention is paid to evidence of spillover of growth into adjacent smaller metropolises and smaller cities, and to the hypothesis that spillover is especially marked in areas of rapid growth, growth restrictions, and housing price inflation. The hypotheses are supported by 1980–1990 patterns of change, as is the continuing attractiveness of exurban and non-metropolitan environmental amenities.

Notes: An issue of heated debate in China is whether the current economic reforms would lead to greater regional inequalities. In this paper one aspect of the reforms, the open-door policy, is put into focus. Specifically, the analysis investigates how the effect of foreign trade on economic development differs across regions, and whether these regional variations have changed from 1984 to 1989. Based upon the expansion method, models that resolve both the spatial and temporal variations of a relationship are constructed and estimated. The results indicate that foreign trade benefits core provinces and major industrial regions more than other parts of China, but that these differences have diminished in 1989. These findings may be interpreted as evidence of some diffusion of growth from more developed to less developed regions. On the other hand, regional linkages and the mechanisms of diffusion are not well understood and they deserve more attention and research.

Notes: Book reviews in this article: Program Evaluation William R. Shadish, Jr., Thomas D. Cook, and Laura C. Leviton Third World Economics Peter Bauer Farm Families with Multiple Jobs M. C. Hallberg, Jill L. Findeis, and Daniel A. Lass, eds. Rural High Tech Amy K. Glasmeier Fixing the Federal Budget? Thomas D. Lynch. ed. Modelling Methods Luc Anselin and Moss Madden (eds.) Income Inequality Folke Dovring Remittances and Migration Sergio Diaz-Briquets and Sidney Weintraub (editors) Industry, Regulation, and Development Georges Benko and Mick Dunford, editors Public Choice: International Analysis Roland Vaubel and Thomas D. Willett, Editors International Industrial Change D. C. Rich & G. J. R. Linge, Editors LULU's and NIMBY Denis J. Brion

Notes: This paper quantifies for the first time the economic impacts of elderly in-migration on the output, earnings, and employment of a receiving state's economy. Data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey and estimates of the total redistribution of income to Florida resulting from elderly in-migration are used to calculate the direct effects by industry. A model for the state of Florida based on the Regional Input-Output Modeling System (RIMS II) is used to estimate the total impacts. The large migration flows and the considerable economic resources of the elderly lead to large, positive total impacts on the Florida economy.

Notes: This paper applies a semi-logarithmic hedonic model to a sample of 1,115 households drawn from low-, moderate-, and upper-income regions in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in order to measure household valuations of a variety of dwelling attributes. The results: 1) allow an assessment of the predictive power of the hedonic function; 2) enable a determination of whether the data provide sufficient information on housing conditions in Rio to make hedonic estimations worthwhile; and 3) provide an important spatial dimension which is useful in evaluating the relative importance of a variety of housing attributes to households located across income sub-regions in Rio.The study demonstrates the need to strategically design housing projects that are consistent with the preference structures of intended beneficiaries. This, in turn, should facilitate the design of more efficient and equitable cost recovery affordable housing programs in developing countries.

Notes: This paper examines the Tsubame cutlery industry as an example of one of Japan's community-based industries (CBI's). CBI's are localized, closely inter-linked concentrations of small businesses which manufacture and export a distinctive product on the basis of a social division of labor. To demonstrate the dynamic nature of the social division of labor in CBI's we outline the origins and evolution of the cutlery industry in Tsubame and then we analyze in more detail how the industry has adjusted to deteriorating cost conditions since 1970, especially during the late 1980s. The discussion is based on published studies and on field work which investigated the strategies and operations of entrepreneurs as summarized in terms of employment, subcontracting and product trends. We find that the Tsubame cutlery industry has successfully adapted its social division of labor to changing circumstances and that it appears to be in another transition stage at the present time.

Notes: . Considerable effort has been devoted within the recent literature to the valuation of urban amenities and disamenities, as well as to econometric procedures required for the estimation of their implicit market “prices.” This study questions the equilibrium conditions invoked within this literature to derive estimates of marginal willingness to pay, conditions premised upon “perfect” labor mobility among cities. It is shown that such assumptions need not be invoked if one considers the amenity price-mobility relationship directly. This is accomplished by appending a binary migration model to a first-stage wage equation, a procrdure that provides estimates of willingness to pay that can diverge from market-determined implicit prices. Comparison of such values yields important information on the adequacy of market compensation for disamenities (amenities) throughout metropolitan areas.

Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:The Economics of Oligopolistic Competition: Price and Nonprice Rivalry, Collected Papers of Robert E. Kuenne, by Robert E. Kuenne.Urban Transportation Economics, by Kenneth A. Small.Infrastructure and the Space-Economy: Essays in Honor of Rolf Funck, edited by Karin Peschel.Spatial Statistics: Past, Present, and Future, edited by Daniel A. Griffith.Wage Flexibility and Unemployment Dynamics in Regional Labor Markets, by Thomas Hyclak and Geraint Johnes. Review by Lori G. KletzerPut Up or Give Way: States, Economic Competitiveness, and Poverty, by John Sidor.The Production of Space, by Henri Lefebvre.River Towns in the Great West: The Structure of Provincial Urbanization in the American Midwest, 182CL1870, by Timothy R. Mahoney.China's Coastal Cities: Catalysts for Modernization, edited by Yue-manYeung andXu-wei Hu.Technology and Economic Development: The Dynamics of Local, Regional, and National Change, by Edward J. Malecki.The Rise of the Gunbelt: The Military Remapping of Industrial America, by Ann Markusen, Peter Hall, Scott Campbell, and Sabina

Notes: . This paper is concerned with the impacts of academic knowledge production (human capital, research, and consultancy) on the investment behavior of the manufacturing industry. Beginning with the neoclassical theory of capital accumulation, a multiregional investment model for non-residential structures and equipment is developed. Within this model, the knowledge impacts of universities are represented by a diffusion function, which takes into account the possibilities of contagious and hierarchical diffusion of knowledge. Special attention has been given to the development of a theoretically sound and empirically operational investment model, and to the identification of spatio-temporal correlation. The latter has been approached by means of the use of an EGLS estimator, based on a stationary spatio-temporal Markov scheme for the residual. The main result of the case study relating to the Netherlands is that academic knowledge production has a significant positive impact on investments in equipment which is strongest in the neighborhood of central places (i.e., following a hierarchical diffusion pattern).

Notes: . Weber's problem consists of locating a facility in the plane in such a way that the weighted sum of Euclidean distances to n given points be minimum. The case where some weights are positive and some are negative is shown to be a d.-c. program (i.e., a global optimization problem with both the objective function and constraint functions written as differences of convex functions), reducible to a problem of concave minimization over a convex set. The reduced problem is then solved by outer-approximation and vertex enumeration. Moreover, locational constraints can be taken into account by combining the previous algorithm with an enumerative procedure on the set of feasible regions. Finally, the algorithm is extended to solve the case where obnoxiousness of the facility is assumed to have exponential decay. Computational experience with n up to 1000 is described.