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  • 1999  (20,843)
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  • Articles  (22,761)
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  • 1995-1999  (20,843)
  • 1945-1949  (1,918)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress wave propagation when the elastic coefficients vary with depth (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 27-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Of concern is the propagation of distortionless surface waves in a medium that may be nonuniform relative to depth. Distortionless wave propagation in inhomogeneous media was discussed by V. Burke, R. J. Duffin and D. Hazony, inQuart. Appl. Math., 183–194 (1976). Accordingly, the media could be modeled by a distributed electrical ladder network, nonuniform along the axis. We give a two-dimensional development based on Hooke's law and Newton's law which leads to the well-known case of Rayleigh waves in homogeneous media. It will be seen that the available pool of propagation modes greatly increases when high-pass propagation is included. The emphasis is on media where the elastic coefficients track one another as a function of depth. Special cases are studied in detail showing that as a disturbance travels along the surface, it may assume a broadband phase change, which translates into a shape distortion in the time domain, which is periodic with distance. Applications may be found in acousto-optics, in situ monitoring of elongated bodies, high-frequency SAW filters, microstrips, and any situations where surface waves are used in an environment of high precision or relatively large distances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206543
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linear stabilizing controllers for electrically driven flexible-joint robots with uncertain parameters (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 131-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This study presents a linear output-based controller for stabilizing a rigid-link flexible-joint electrically driven (RLFJED) robot manipulator. The proposed controller ensures local exponential stability under some uncertainty conditions. It is assumed that the velocity signals from the link side are not measurable. The controller is analyzed by using tools for pole placement by an output-feedback in the framework of the linear system theory. Some useful structural properties of the systems under consideration have been studied. Applications of the results to the set-point regulation control problem are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206679
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Optimality of a direct adaptive controller in the presence of model mismatch and bounded disturbances (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 205-223 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider an adaptive controller with vanishing gain and excitation of the reference signal. We use the burst recovery concept to show that all signals in the adaptive loop remain uniformly bounded. We also show that the mean-square performance converges so that the adaptive system is optimal in the sense that the parameter estimation error and the one-step ahead prediction error are uncorrelated in the mean despite the presence of the unmodeled dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01225695
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Cycloid decompositions of finite Markov chains (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 191-204 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Finite homogeneous Markov chains ξ, which admit invariant probability distributions, can be defined by the cycloids { $$\bar C_k $$ } (closed polygonal lines whose consecutive edges have various orientations that do not necessarily determine a common direction for $$\bar C_k $$ ) occurring in their graphs. These Markov chains are called cycloid chains, and the corresponding finite-dimensional distributions are linear expressions on the cycloids { $$\bar C_k $$ } with the real coefficients αk. Then the collection {{ $$\bar C_k $$ }, {αk}}, called the cycloid decomposition of ξ, gives a minimal description of the finite-dimensional distributions that, except for a choice of the maximal tree, uniquely determines the chain ξ. Furthermore, the cycloid decompositions have an interpretation in terms of the transition probability functions expressing the same essence as the known Chapman-Kolmogorov equations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01225694
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  • 5
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    Linear systems in a saturated mode and convergence as gain becomes large of asymptotically stable equilibrium points of neural nets (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 241-267 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We study solutions of the “linear system in a saturated mode” $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {(M)} & {x' \in Tx + c - \partial I_{D^n } x.} \\ \end{array} $$ We show that a trajectory is in a constant face of the cubeD n on some interval (0,d]. We answer a question about comparing the two systems: (M) and $$\begin{array}{*{20}c} {(H)} & {\begin{array}{*{20}c} {Cu' = T\upsilon + c - R^{ - 1} u,} & {\upsilon = G(\lambda } \\ \end{array} u)} \\ \end{array} $$ . As λ→∞, limits ofv corresponding to asymptotically stable equilibrium points of (H) are asymptotically stable equilibrium points of (M), and the converse is also true. We study the assumptions to see which are required and which may be weakened.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01225697
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  • 6
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    A numerical algorithm for the diffusion equation using 3D FEM and the Arnoldi method (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 291-314 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we introduce a new computational method for solving the diffusion equation. In particular, we construct a “generalized” state-space system and compute the impulse response of an equivalent truncated state-space system. In this effort, we use a 3D finite element method (FEM) to obtain the state-space system. We then use the Arnoldi iteration to approximate the state impulse response by projecting on the dominant controllable subspace. The idea exploited here is the approximation of the impulse response of the linear system. We study the homogeneous and heterogeneous cases and discuss the approximation error. Finally, we compare our computational results to our experimental setup.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01225699
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  • 7
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    On singular nonlinearH ∞ control: A state-space approach (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 351-364 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A simple state-space approach for the four-block singular nonlinearH ∞ control problem is proposed in this paper. This approach combines a (J, J′)-lossless and a class of conjugate (J, J′)-expansive systems to yield a family of nonlinearH ∞ output feedback controllers. The singular nonlinearH ∞ control problem is thus transformed into a simple lossless network problem that is easy to deal with in a network-theory context.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200787
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  • 8
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    Stabilization of Subba Rao-Liporace models (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 395-406 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The stability of time-varying autoregressive (TVAR) models is an important issue in many applications such as time-varying spectral estimation, EEG simulation and analysis, and time-varying linear prediction coding (TVLPC). For stationary AR models there are methods that guarantee stability, but the for nonadaptive time-varying approaches there are no such methods. On the other hand, in some situations, such as in EEG analysis, the models that temporarily exhibit roots with almost unit moduli are difficult to use. Thus we may need a tighter stability condition such as stability with margin 1−ϱ. In this paper we propose a method for the estimation of TVAR models that guarantees stability with margin 1−ϱ, that is, the moduli of the roots of the time-varying characteristic polynomial are less than or equal to some arbitrary positive number ϱ for every time instant. The model class is the Subba Rao-Liporace class, in which the time-varying coefficients are constrained to a subspace of the coefficient time evolutions. The method is based on sequential linearization of the associated nonlinear constraints and the subsequent use of a Gauss-Newton-type algorithm. The method is also applied to a simulated autoregressive process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200790
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  • 9
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    Call for papers (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 443-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200793
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  • 10
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    Minimax controller design using rate feedback (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 17-25 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A complete analytic characterization and solution construction (done either explicitly or by recursion) for the minimax control problem using optimal rate feedback is given for the case when the plant consists of a known fixed set of coupled oscillators of cardinality not exceeding three. When this is not the case, the problem appears to be analytically intractable, and suboptimal solutions based on numerical techniques are currently the only recourse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206542
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  • 11
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    Constructing analytical energy functions for lossless network-reduction power system models: Framework and new developments (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The task of constructing an energy function is essential for direct stability analysis of electric power systems. This paper presents a general procedure for constructing analytical energy functions for detailed lossless network-reduction power system stability models. This paper primarily (i) develops canonical representations for lossless networkreduction power system models and shows that such canonical representations cover existing stability models, (ii) derives theoretical results regarding the existence of analytical energy functions for the canonical representations, and (iii) presents a systematic procedure to construct corresponding energy functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206541
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  • 12
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    Finding all the DC solutions of a certain class of piecewise-linear circuits (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 89-110 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The problem of finding all the DC solutions of a certain class of piecewise-linear electronic circuits containing locally passive and locally active one-ports is considered in this paper. An effective method enabling us to locate the solutions is developed. The method constitutes the crucial point of an algorithm based on the idea of successive contraction, division, and elimination that is capable of determining all the solutions. Several numerical examples are given, and some comparison analyses are performed confirming the usefulness of the proposed approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206677
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  • 13
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    On Kalman's controllability and observability criteria for singular systems (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 269-290 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The controllability and observability properties of a singular system are extensively studied. The definitions of controllability,R-controllability, and impulse controllability are introduced via characteristics of the original state vector. Analogous definitions are presented for the case of observability. The criteria established for controllability and observability are simple rank criteria related to the Markov parameters from the inputs to the states and from the initial conditions to the outputs, respectively. The present results can be considered as the direct extension of Kalman's controllability and observability criteria to the case of singular systems. Finally, the controllability and observability subspaces are derived from the image and the kernel of the controllability and the observability matrices, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01225698
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  • 14
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    Spectral mimicry: A method of synthesizing matching time series with different Fourier spectra (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 431-442 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Given a stationary time seriesX and another stationary time seriesY (with a different power spectral density), we describe an algorithm for constructing a stationary time series Z that contains exactly the same values asX permuted in an order such that the power spectral density ofZ closely resembles that ofY. We call this methodspectral mimicry. We prove (under certain restrictions) that, if the univariate cumulative distribution function (CDF) ofX is identical to the CDF ofY, then the power spectral density ofZ equals the power spectral density ofY. We also show, for a class of examples, that when the CDFs ofX andY differ modestly, the power spectral density ofZ closely approximates the power spectral density ofY. The algorithm, developed to design an experiment in microbial population dynamics, has a variety of other applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200792
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  • 15
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    On the direction estimation Cramér-Rao bounds in the presence of uncorrelated unknown noise (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 479-487 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Keywords: Cramér-Rao bounds ; direction-of-arrival estimation ; unknown noise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The deterministic and stochastic direction estimation Cramér-Rao bounds (CRBs) are studied in the presence of one signal and spatially uncorrelated sensor noise with unknown nonequal variances in array sensors. The explicit CRB expressions are obtained, and their relationship is studied showing some typical properties inherent in the nonidentical noise case.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01387467
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  • 16
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    A method for defining analog circuits for the minimization of discrete functionals: An image processing application (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 457-477 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Keywords: Nonlinear circuit theory ; co-content ; functional minimization ; image processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The solutions of many physical-mathematical problems can be obtained by minimizing proper functionals. In the literature, some methods for the synthesis of analog circuits (mainly cellular neural networks) are presented that find the solution of some of these problems by implementing the discretized Euler-Lagrange equations associated with the pertinent functionals. In this paper, we propose a method for defining analog circuits that directly minimize (in a parallel way) a class of discretized functionals in the frequently occurring case where the solution depends on two spatial variables. The method is a generalization of the one presented in Parodi et al.,Internat. J. Circuit Theory Appl., 26, 477–498, 1998. The analog circuits consist of both a (nonlinear) resistive part and a set of linear capacitors, whose steady-state voltages represent the discrete solution to the problem. The method is based on the potential (co-content) functions associated with voltage-controlled resistive elements. es an example, we describe an application in the field of image processing: the restoration of color images corrupted by additive noise.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01387466
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  • 17
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    Editorial announcement (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. i 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206540
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  • 18
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    A concurrent system for the computation of higher-order moments (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 111-130 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The cumulants defined in terms of moments are basic to the study of higher-order statistics (HOS) of a stationary stochastic process. This paper presents a concurrent systolic array system for the computation of higher-order moments. The system allows for the simultaneous computation of the second-, third-, and fourth-order moments. The architecture achieves good speedup through its excellent exploitation of parallelism, pipelining, and reusability of some intermediate results. The computational complexity and system performance issues related to the architecture are discussed. The concurrent system is designed with the CMOS VLSI technology and is capable of operating at 3.9 MHz.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206678
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  • 19
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    The invertibility of operators and contraction mappings (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 183-187 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Necessary and sufficient conditions for the invertibility of a (not necessarily linear) operatorN between normed linear spaces are given. It is shown thatN is invertible precisely if a certain operator associated withN is a contraction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206682
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  • 20
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    Function emulation using MVQ neural networks (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 315-329 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In earlier studies a multiclass vector quantization (MVQ)-based neural network design was explored for pattern classification. We reconsider that design here in the context of function emulation. With proper adjustment, the MVQ design demonstrates excellent performance. Moreover, the design algorithms sense discontinuities in the data and replicate them in the network.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200785
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  • 21
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    The approximating capability of fast forms (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 365-376 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In earlier studies the concept of a fast form was generalized to a format that unified such discrete transform examples as the FFT, the FCT, the FST, and the FHT. In this study we consider the approximation of arbitrary linear maps by fast forms. Using simulation we evaluate the approximation capabilities of the generalized fast form.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200788
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  • 22
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    Real-time FFT algorithm applied to on-line spectral analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 377-393 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract On-line running spectral analysis is of considerable interest in many electrophysiological signals, such as the EEG (electroencephalograph). This paper presents a new method of implementing the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. Our “real-time FFT algorithm” efficiently utilizes computer time to perform the FFT computation while data acquisition proceeds so that local butterfly modules are built using the data points that are already available. The real-time FFT algorithm is developed using the decimation-in-time split-radix FFT (DIT sr-FFT) butterfly structure. In order to demonstate the synchronization ability of the proposed algorithm, the authors develop a method of evaluating the number of arithmetic operations that it requires. Both the derivation and the experimental result show that the real-time FFT algorithm is superior to the conventional whole-block FFT algorithm in synchronizing with the data acquisition process. Given that the FFT sizeN=2 r , real-time implementation of the FFT algorithm requires only 2/r the computational time required by the whole-block FFT algorithm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200789
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  • 23
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    Special issue on Advanced Signal/Image Reconstruction (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 523-523 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01387470
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  • 24
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    Envelope-constrained H2 FIR filter design (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 539-551 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Keywords: H 2 deconvolution filter ; envelope-constrained filter ; finite impulse response filter ; linear matrix inequality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we consider an envelope-constrained (EC)H 2 optimal finite impulse response (FIR) filtering problem. Our aim is to design a filter such that theH 2 norm of the filtering error transfer function is minimized subject to the constraint that the filter output with a given input to the signal system is contained or bounded by a prescribed envelope. The filter design problem is formulated as a standard optimization problem with linear matrix inequality (LMI) constraints. Furthermore, by relaxing theH 2 norm constraint, we propose a robust ECFIR filter design algorithm based on the LMI approach.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01269915
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    Two-dimensional discrete-continuous model conversion (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 565-585 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Keywords: Two-dimensional system ; model conversion ; Roesser's model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a geometric-series method for finding two-dimensional (2D) discrete-time (continuous-time) state-space models from 2D continuous-time (discretetime) systems. This method allows the use of well-developed theorems and algorithms in the 2D discrete-time (continuous-time) domain to indirectly carry out analysis and design of hybrid 2D composite systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01269917
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    Optimal design of nonuniform multirate filter banks (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 505-521 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Keywords: Multirate systems ; multirate signal processing ; filter banks ; optimal design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The design of general nonuniform filter banks is studied. Contrary to uniform filter banks, in nonuniform filter banks, it may not be possible to achieve perfect reconstruction, but in some cases by using optimization techniques, we can design acceptable filter banks. Here, the initial finite impulse response (FIR) analysis filters are designed according to the characteristics of the input. By the design procedure, the FIR synthesis filters are found so that theH-norm of an error system is minimized over all synthesis filters that have a prespecified order. Then, the synthesis filters obtained in the previous step are fixed, and the analysis filters are found similarly. By iteration, theH-norm of the error system decreases until it converges to its final value. At each iteration, the coefficients of the analysis or synthesis filters are obtained by finding the least squares solution of a system of linear equations. If necessary, the frequency characteristics of the filters can be altered by adding penalty terms to the objective function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01387469
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  • 27
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    Call for papers (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 617-617 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01269919
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  • 28
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    Stability analysis of a class of nonlinear multirate digital control systems (1999)
    Springer
    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 43-57 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider multirate digital control systems that consist of an interconnection of a continuous-time nonlinear plant (described by ordinary differential equations) and a digital lifted controller (described by ordinary difference equations). The input to the digital controller consists of the multirate sampled output of the plant, and the input to the continuous-time plant consists of the multirate hold output of the digital controller. In this paper we show that when quantizer nonlinearities are neglected, then under reasonable conditions (which exclude the critical cases), the stability properties (in the Lyapunov sense) of the trivial solution of the nonlinear multirate digital control system can be deduced from the stability properties of the trivial solution of its linearization. We also point out that certain results involving quantization effects and stabilizing controllers can be established which are in the spirit of some existing results.
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    Spread-spectrum signals and the chaotic logistic map (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 59-73 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Chaotic systems provide a simple means of generating deterministic signals that resemble white noise. It is this noise-like property that provides the potential for applying chaotic systems in communications. In this work, we report a detailed study of the logistic map for use as direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) codes. The advantages of the chaotic DS/SS codes are the almost unlimited number of distinct sequences of arbitrary lengths, the ease of generating these sequences, and the increased privacy afforded by the noise-like appearance of these sequences. Some design criteria are provided from the correlation properties of these sequences, and bit-error rate (BER) results are generated by Monte Carlo simulations.
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    Asymptotic behavior of block floating-point digital filters (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 75-84 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The asymptotic behavior of block floating-point and floating-point digital filters is analyzed. As a result, mantissa wordlength conditions are derived guaranteeing the absence of limit cycles in the regular dynamic range. Explicitly, the requirements are given for block floating-point state space filters with different quantization formats. Although these conditions are only sufficient, examples are given in which they are also necessary. In most cases the conditions are easily satisfied.
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    Comments on “Invariance property of Gaussian signals: A new interpretation, extension and applications” (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 85-85 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Author's reply (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 87-88 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Errata (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 189-190 
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206683
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    On nonparametric spectral estimation (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 169-181 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) for a general nonparametric spectral estimation problem is derived under a local smoothness condition (more exactly, the spectrum is assumed to be well approximated by a piecewise constant function). Further-more, it is shown that under the aforementioned condition the Thomson method (TM) and Daniell method (DM) for power spectral density (PSD) estimation can be interpreted as approximations of the maximum likelihood PSD estimator. Finally the statistical efficiency of the TM and DM as nonparametric PSD estimators is examined and also compared to the CRB for autoregressive moving-average (ARMA)-based PSD estimation. In particular for broadband signals, the TM and DM almost achieve the derived nonparametric performance bound and can therefore be considered to be nearly optimal.
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    Stabilization of third-order, single-stage Sigma-Delta modulators (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 149-168 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The issue of stability of higher-order, single-stage Sigma-Delta (ΣΔ) modulators is addressed using a method from nonlinear system theory. As a result, theoretical bounds for the quantizer input of the modulators are derived. A new method for stabilizing the ΣΔ modulators is then presented. It uses the quantizer input bound for possible instability detection. Upon detection of such a state, the highest-order integrator is cut off, effectively reducing the order of the modulator, and thus resulting in a stable system. The method is easily implemented and results in a very good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and fast return to normal operation compared to other stabilization methods.
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    Uncorrelated component analysis for blind source separation (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 225-239 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The uncorrelated component analysis (UCA) of a stationary random vector process consists of searching for a linear transformation that minimizes the temporal correlation between its components. Through a general analysis we show that under practically reasonable and mild conditions UCA is a solution for blind source separation. The theorems proposed in this paper for UCA provide useful insights for developing practical algorithms. UCA explores the temporal information of the signals, whereas independent component analysis (ICA) explores the spatial information; thus UCA can be applied for source separation in some cases where ICA cannot. For blind source separation, combining ICA and UCA may give improved performance because more information can be utilized. The concept of single UCA (SUCA) is also proposed, which leads to sequential source separation.
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    Call for papers (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. i 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Stability analysis for rotating stall dynamics in axial flow compressors (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 331-350 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyzes the nonlinear phenomenon of rotating stall via the methods of projection [Elementary Stability and Bifurcation Theory, G. Iooss and D. D. Joseph, Springer-Verlag, 1980] and Lyapunov [J.-H. Fu,Math. Control Signal Systems, 7, 255–278, 1994]. A compressor model of Moore and Greitzer is adopted in which rotating stall dynamics are associated with Hopf bifurcations. Local stability for each pair of the critical modes is studied and characterized. It is shown that local stability of individual pairs of the critical modes determines collectively local stability of the compressor model. Explicit conditions are obtained for local stability of rotating stall which offer new insight into the design, and active control of axial flow compressors.
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    An adaptive Gauss-Newton algorithm for training multilayer nonlinear filters that have embedded memory (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 407-429 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe herein a new means of training dynamic multilayer nonlinear adaptive filters, orneural networks. We restrict our discussion to multilayer dynamic Volterra networks, which are structured so as to restrict their degrees of computational freedom, based on a priori knowledge about the dynamic operation to be emulated. The networks consist of linear dynamic filters together with nonlinear generalized single-layer subnets. We describe how a Newton-like optimization strategy can be applied to these dynamic architectures and detail a newmodified Gauss-Newton optimization technique. The new training algorithm converges faster and to a smaller value of cost than backpropagation-through-time for a wide range of adaptive filtering applications. We apply the algorithm to modeling the inverse of a nonlinear dynamic tracking system. The superior performance of the algorithm over standard techniques is demonstrated.
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    Linear phase FIR approximation of magnitude response |1/ω| for maximal flatness at an arbitrary frequency ω0, 0〈ω0〈π* (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 445-455 
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    Keywords: Linear-phase digital filters ; FIR integrators
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In many signal processing situations, the desired (ideal) magnitude response of the filter is a rational function: $$\tilde H(\omega ) = |1/\omega |$$ (a digital integrator). The requirements of a linear phase response and guaranteed stable performance limit the design to a finite impulse response (FIR) structure. In many applications we require the FIR filter to yield a highly accurate magnitude response for a narrow band of frequencies with maximal flatness at an arbitrary frequencyω 0 in the spectrum (0, π). No techniques for meeting such requirements with respect to approximation of $$\tilde H(\omega )$$ are known in the literature. This paper suggests a design by which the linear phase magnitude response $$|\tilde H(\omega )|$$ can be approximated by an FIR configuration giving a maximally flat (in the Butterworth sense) response at an arbitrary frequency ω0, 0〈ω0〈π*. A technique to compute exact weights for the design has also been given.
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    Special issue on Multimedia Communication Services (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 524-524 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01387471
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    A novel algorithm for computing autocorrelation of randomly sampled sequences (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 525-537 
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    Keywords: Random sampling, digital signal processing ; spectral estimation ; computational algorithm
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Random sampling is one of the methods used to achieve sub-Nyquist sampling. This paper proposes a novel algorithm to evaluate the circular autocorrelation of a randomly sampled sequence, from which its power density spectrum can be obtained. With uniform sampling, the size of each lag (the step size) for computing an autocorrelation of a sequence is the same as the sampling period. When random sampling is adopted, the step size should be chosen such that the highest-frequency component of interest contained in a sequence can be accommodated. To find overlaps between a time sequence and its shifted version, an appropriate window is opened in one of the time sequences. To speed up the process, a marker is set to limit the range of searching for overlaps. The proposed method of estimating the power spectrum via autocorrelation is comparable in terms of accuracy and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to the conventional point rule. The techniques introduced can also apply to other operations for randomly sampled sequences.
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    Permissively structured transfinite electrical networks (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 587-609 
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    Keywords: Transfinite graphs ; infinite electrical networks ; current flows through infinity
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Transfinite electrical networks of ranks larger than 1 have previously been defined by arbitrarily joining together various infinite extremities through transfinite nodes that are independent of the networks' resistance values. Thus, some or all of those transfinite nodes may remain ineffective in transmitting current “through infinity.” In this paper, transfinite nodes are defined in terms of the paths that permit currents to ”reach infinity.” This is accomplished by defining a suitable metricd v on the node setN S v of eachv-sectionS v, av-section being a maximal subnetwork whose nodes are connected by two-ended paths of ranks no larger thanv. Upon taking the completion ofN S v under that metricd v, we identify those extremities (now calledv-terminals) that are accessible to current flows. These are used to define transfinite nodes that combine such extremities. The construction is recursive and is carried out through all the natural number ranks, and then through the first arrow rank ω and the first limit-ordinal rank ω. The recursion can be carried still further. All this provides a more natural development of transfinite networks and indeed simplifies the theory of electrical behavior for such networks.
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    A new algorithm on multiple unknown source signals estimation and separation in a reverberant space (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 489-504 
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    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Keywords: Source separation ; system identification ; pseudo-white noise ; FIR equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In many voice-related applications, the presence of echoes and overlapping speech signals can degrade the quality or intelligibility of a desired speech signal to be processed. It is, therefore, important to cancel the echoes and to separate overlapping speech signals from a mixture of these components, so that a specific function of the system, for instance, transmission, speech identification, or recognition, can be accomplished with better performance. However, in many cases we do not know the properties of the communication channel, and sometimes even the number of speech sources is unknown. In this paper, we propose to use a reference signal to determine the channel characteristics. When the estimated channel parameter matrices are obtained, a recurrence formula can then be used to separate various speech signals including their reverberant counterparts. As a finite impulse response (FIR) model is used to describe the observation model of the sources in the reverberant environment, it is not necessary for the processing speech signals to be uncorrelated. Because it involves only simple computation, our approach can be used in online applications. In this paper, we will investigate the validity of our algorithm and compare it with extended fourth-order blind identification (EFOBI). It is found that our method preserves both signal waveforms and their amplitudes even in a noisy environment, whereas EFOBI has not been able to achieve similar performance.
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    A canonical form for discrete-time systems defined overZ + * (1999)
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 18 (1999), S. 553-564 
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    Keywords: Canonical forms ; discrete-time systems ; nonlinear systems
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that for each memberG of a large class of causal time invariant nonlinear input-output maps, with inputs and outputs defined on the nonnegative integers, there is a functionalA on the input set such that (Gs)(k) has the representationA(F k s) for allk and each inputs, in whichF k is a simple linear map that does not depend onG. More specifically, this holds—with anA that is unique in a certain important sense—for anyG that has approximately finite memory and meets a certain often-satisfied additional condition. Similar results are given for a corresponding continuous-time case in which inputs and outputs are defined on ℝ+. An example shows that the members of a large family of feedback systems have these “A-map” representations.
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    GTP cyclohydrolase II and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase are rate-limiting enzymes in riboflavin synthesis of an industrial Bacillus subtilis strain used for riboflavin production (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 1-7 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Bacillus subtilis; riboflavin; 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase; GTP cyclohydrolase II
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One of the proteins encoded by the riboflavin operon of Bacillus subtilis, RibA, was identified as the rate limiting enzyme in an industrial riboflavin producing strain. An additional single copy of the ribA gene was introduced into the sacB locus of the riboflavin production strain and was expressed constitutively from the medium strength vegI promoter. This led to improved riboflavin titers and yields of riboflavin on glucose of up to 25%. Both enzymatic activities of RibA, the 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase activity located in the N-terminal half of the protein and the GTP cyclohydrolase II activity of the C-terminal domain, are necessary for the improved riboflavin productivity.
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    Thymol-triggered lysis of Escherichia coli expressing Lactobacillus phage LL-H muramidase (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 39-43 
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    Keywords: Keywords: murein; cell wall hydrolase; phage lysin; thymol-triggered lysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Effective disruption of Escherichia coli cells is achieved by the intracellularly accumulated recombinant murein hydrolase (Lactobacillus bacteriophage LL-H muramidase) after the addition of 5 mM thymol. Thymol destroys the integrity and electric potential of the cytoplasmic membrane, and as a consequence the muramidase can access and hydrolyze the cell wall murein leading to cell lysis. Lysis occurred within 5 min after the addition of thymol and seemed to be efficient at high culture densities. This lysis method does not require cell harvesting or addition of other cell wall weakening substances or exogenous enzymes. As a cell disruption method, thymol-triggered lysis is as efficient as sonication in the presence of 1% Triton. Furthermore, thymol did not interfere with the purification steps of Mur by expanded bed adsorption chromatography (EBA), suggesting that the lysis method presented here is well suited for large-scale production and purification of intracellular proteins of E. coli.
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    Biotransformation of 1-nitrobenzo[e]pyrene by the fungus Cunninghamella elegans (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 52-57 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: nitro-PAHs; metabolism; Cunninghamella elegans; biotransformation
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    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Biotransformation of 1-nitrobenzo[e]pyrene (1-nitro-BeP), an environmental pollutant derived from the nitration of a non-carcinogen, benzo[e]pyrene, was studied using the fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 36112. After 72 h incubation, 89% of 1-nitro-[3H]BeP added had been metabolized to two major metabolites. These metabolites were separated by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and identified by 1H NMR, UV-visible, and mass spectral techniques as 1-nitro-6-benzo[e]pyrenylsulfate and 1-nitrobenzo[e]pyrene 6-O-β-glucopyranoside. Comparison of the fungal metabolism patterns of 1-nitro-BeP and BeP indicates that the nitro group at the C-1 position of BeP altered the regioselectivity of metabolism.
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    Commercial riboflavin production by recombinant Bacillus subtilis: down-stream processing and comparison of the composition of riboflavin produced by fermentation or chemical synthesis (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 19-26 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: recombinant Bacillus subtilis; riboflavin produced by fermentation; down-stream processing; analytics; registration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel process for riboflavin production using a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain has been developed. Here we describe a down-stream processing procedure to obtain riboflavin qualities having a minimal content of 96% (‘feed-grade’) and 98% (‘food/pharma-grade’) riboflavin, respectively. Compared to riboflavin produced by chemical synthesis, products with improved chemical purity were obtained. All compounds representing more than 0.1% of the final products were identified. Feed-grade riboflavin material ex fermentation contained small amounts of amino acids and amino sugars and the biosynthetic riboflavin precursor dimethyl-ribityl-lumazine. All other side products found were derived from riboflavin, resulted from the purification procedure and were also found in riboflavin obtained by chemical synthesis. The Bacillus-produced riboflavin does not contain DNA. The data presented here were used to obtain product approval for the commercial application in the USA, Japan and the UK.
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    Quantitative sampling of indoor air biomass by signature lipid biomarker analysis (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 80-87 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: airborne bacteria; phospholipid fatty acids; human health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Exposure to airborne biocontaminants may result in a multitude of health effects and is related to a pronounced increase in adult-onset asthma. Established culture-based procedures for quantifying microbial biomass from airborne environments have severe limitations. Assay of the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) components of airborne microorganisms provides a quantitative method to define biomass, community composition and nutritional/physiological activity of the microbial community. By collecting airborne particulate matter from a high volume via filtration, we collected sufficient biomass for quantitative PLFA analysis. Comparing high (filtration) and low (impaction) volume air sampling techniques at 26 locations within the Eastern United States, we determined that PLFA analysis provided a viable alternative to the established but flawed culture-based techniques for measuring airborne microbial biomass and community composition. Compared to the PLFA analysis, the culture techniques underestimated the actual viable airborne biomass present by between one to three orders of magnitude. A case study of a manufacturing plant at which there had been complaints regarding the indoor air quality is presented. Phospholipid fatty acid characterization of the biomass enabled contamination point source determination. In comparison with samples taken outdoors, increases in the relative proportion of trans PLFA, reflecting shifts in the physiological status of viable airborne Gram-negative bacteria, were detected in the indoor air samples at a majority of sampling sites.
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    Thermostability of three α-amylases of Streptomyces sp IMD 2679 (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 96-99 
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    Keywords: Keywords: Streptomyces sp; α-amylase; thermostability; structure-function; dimerisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The amylolytic system of Streptomyces sp IMD 2679 is composed of three α-amylases, amylase I, II and III, with temperature maxima of 60, 60–65 and 65°C, respectively. Although each α-amylase displayed higher stability in the pH range 6.0–8.5 than at pH 5.0–5.5, differences in their thermostabilities were more evident as the pH increased from pH 6.0 to 8.5. There was a 14-min difference in half-lives between amylase III, the most thermostable enzyme and amylase II at pH 6.0, and a 46-min difference in the half-lives of amylase III and the least thermostable enzyme, amylase I at pH 6.5. In addition, the α-amylases underwent a pH-dependent monomer-dimer transformation. Increased thermostability of the α-amylases was reflected in the variable contents of amino acids (Arg, His, Ser) responsible for electrostatic interactions, and in the levels of aliphatic and bulky hydrophobic amino acids. There was a two-fold reduction in Cys levels in amylase III relative to amylase I and II.
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    Aerobic batch degradation of phenol using immobilized Pseudomonas putida (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 121-126 
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    Keywords: Keywords: biodegradation; phenol; Pseudomonas putida; immobilized
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alginate concentrations between 2 and 4% had little effect on the degradation rate of phenol by alginate-immobilized Pseudomonas putida. Ten-degree shifts from 25°C resulted in approximately 30% slower degradation. Maximal degradation rates were favored at pH 5.5–6.0. The response of degradation rate to increased air flow in the bubble column used was almost linear and an optimal higher than 16 vol vol−1 was indicated, although free cells appeared in the reaction medium above 12 vol vol−1. When the initial phenol concentration was raised, degradation rate was not significantly affected until levels higher than 1200 mg ml−1 where performance was markedly reduced. Increasing the ratio of total bead volume to medium volume gave progressively smaller increases in degradation rate. At a medium volume to total bead volume ratio of 5:1, the maximum degradation rate was 250 mg L−1 h−1.
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    Purification and characterization of the intracellular β-glucosidase from Aureobasidium sp ATCC 20524 (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 160-163 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: β-glucosidase; cellobiase; cellobiose-hydrolysis; Aureobasidium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: β-Glucosidase hydrolyzing cellobiose was extracted from Aureobasidium sp ATCC 20524 and purified to homogeneity. The molecular mass was estimated to be about 331 kDa. The enzyme contained 26.5% (w/w) carbohydrate. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme reaction were pH 4 and 80°C, respectively. The enzyme was stable at a wide range of pH, 2.2–9.8, after 3 h and at 75°C for 15 min. The kinetic parameters were determined. The enzyme was relatively stable against typical organic enzyme inhibitors. The enzyme also hydrolyzed gentiobiose, p-nitrophenyl-β-glucoside and salicin.
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    Cryptococcus nodaensis sp nov, a yeast isolated from soil in Japan that produces a salt-tolerant and thermostable glutaminase (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 127-132 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: umami; L-glutamic acid, glutaminase; Cryptococcus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast, which produced a salt-tolerant and thermostable glutaminase, was isolated from soil in Japan and classified in the genus Cryptococcus. Its substrate specificity suggests that this enzyme is an L-glutaminase asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.38). The strain, G60, resembles Cryptococcus laurentii in the taxonomic criteria traditionally employed for yeasts, however it can be distinguished as a separate species based on DNA–DNA reassociation experiments and sequence analysis of the large sub-unit rDNA. Phenotypically, the isolate can be differentiated from C. laurentii by the inability to utilize arbutin as a sole source of carbon. Based on sequence analysis, the strain is related to a group of hymenomycetous yeasts including Bulleromyces albus, Bullera unica, C. laurentii and C. skinneri. The strain, which is formally described as Cryptococcus nodaensis, is industrially important for the formation of the umami taste during production of proteolytic seasonings.
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    Closed ecological systems for space travel and extraterrestrial habitation, (Volume 3) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 216-224 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900634
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    Inhibiting sulfate-reducing bacteria in biofilms by expressing the antimicrobial peptides indolicidin and bactenecin (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 167-175 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: engineered biofilms; biocorrosion; sulfate-reducing bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To identify novel, less-toxic compounds capable of inhibiting sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfovibrio gigas in suspension cultures were exposed to several antimicrobial peptides. The bacterial peptide antimicrobials gramicidin S, gramicidin D, and polymyxin B as well as the cationic peptides indolicidin and bactenecin from bovine neutrophils decreased the viability of both SRB by 90% after a 1-h exposure at concentrations of 25–100 μg ml−1. To reduce corrosion by inhibiting SRB in biofilms, the genes for indolicidin and bactenecin were expressed in Bacillus subtilisBE1500 and B. subtilis WB600 under the control of the constitutive alkaline protease (apr) promoter, and the antimicrobials were secreted into the culture medium using the apr signal sequence. Bactenecin was also synthesized and expressed as a fusion to the pro-region of barnase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Concentrated culture supernatants of B. subtilis BE1500 expressing bactenecin at 3 μg ml−1 decreased the viability of Escherichia coli BK6 by 90% and the reference SRB D. vulgaris by 83% in suspension cultures. B. subtilis BE1500 and B. subtilis WB600 expressing bactenecin in biofilms also inhibited the SRB-induced corrosion of 304 stainless steel six to 12-fold in continuous reactors as evidenced by the lack of change in the impedance spectra (resistance polarization) upon addition of SRB and by the reduction in hydrogen sulfide and iron sulfide in batch fermentations with mild steel. A 36-fold decrease in the population of D. vulgaris in a B. subtilis BE1500 biofilm expressing bactenecin was also observed. This is the first report of an antimicrobial produced in a biofilm for in vivo applications and represents the first application of a beneficial, genetically-engineered biofilm for combating corrosion.
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    Fungal cellulases and the microbial decomposition of cellulosic fabric, (Volume 5) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 225-240 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Microbial protein from hydrocarbons, (Volume 12) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 259-269 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900638
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    Anaerobic corrosion; metals and microbes in two worlds, (Volume 16) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 288-297 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900641
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    True short stories in microbiology with surprise endings, (Volume 18) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 315-322 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900645
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    Thermophilic microorganisms in extraction of metals from ores, (Volume 18) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 349-360 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Bacterial structure in today’s research, (Volume 19) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 394-399 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900652
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    Plasmid mediation of mercury volatilization and methylation by Estuarine bacteria, (Volume 20) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 418-427 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Molecular biology is finally being exploited—let us count some ways, (Volume 21) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 449-459 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Actinomycetes in the family, (Volume 24) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 518-525 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Feast or famine in the deep sea, (Volume 25) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 540-550 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    The role of bacterial exopolysaccharides in nature and disease, (Volume 26) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 551-563 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    David Perlman obituary, (Volume 21) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 428-429 
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    Preface (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 187-187 
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    Microbial oxidation of n-paraffinic hydrocarbons, (Volume 2) (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 206-215 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900633
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    Engineering endoglucanase-secreting strains of ethanologenic Klebsiella oxytoca P2 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 600-607 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: endoglucanase; ethanol; Klebsiella; Erwinia; lignocellulose; biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Klebsiella oxytoca P2 was developed as a biocatalyst for the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cellulose by chromosomally integrating Zymomonas mobilis genes (pdc, adhB) encoding the ethanol pathway. This strain contains the native ability to transport and metabolize cellobiose, eliminating the need to supplement with β-glucosidase during SSF. To increase the utility of this biocatalyst, we have now chromosomally integrated the celZ gene encoding the primary endoglucanase from Erwinia chrysanthemi. This gene was expressed at high levels by replacing the native promoter with a surrogate promoter derived from Z. mobilis DNA. With the addition of out genes encoding the type II protein secretion system from E. chrysanthemi, over half of the active endoglucanase (EGZ) was secreted into the extracellular environment. The two most active strains, SZ2(pCPP2006) and SZ6(pCPP2006), produced approximately 24 000 IU L−1 of CMCase activity, equivalent to 5% of total cellular protein. Recombinant EGZ partially depolymerized acid-swollen cellulose and allowed the production of small amounts of ethanol by SZ6(pCPP2006) without the addition of fungal cellulase. However, additional endoglucanase activities will be required to complete the depolymerization of cellulose into small soluble products which can be efficiently metabolized to ethanol.
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    Biotin production under limiting growth conditions by Agrobacterium/Rhizobium HK4 transformed with a modified Escherichia coli bio operon (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 590-599 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biotin production; E. coli bio operon; Agrobacterium/Rhizobium HK4; limiting growth conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: E. coli biotin (bio) operon was modified to improve biotin production by host cells: (a) the divergently transcribed wild-type bio operon was re-organized into one transcriptional unit; (b) the wild-type bio promoter was replaced with a strong artificial (tac) promoter; (c) a potential stem loop structure between bioD and bioA was removed; and (d) the wild-type bioB ribosomal binding site (RBS) was replaced with an artificial RBS that resulted in improved bioB expression. The effects of the modifications on the bio operon were studied in E. coli by measuring biotin and dethiobiotin production, and bio gene expression with mini-cells and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The modified E. coli bio operon was introduced into a broad host-range plasmid and used to transform Agrobacterium/Rhizobium HK4, which then produced 110 mg L−1 of biotin in a 2-L fermenter, growing on a defined medium with diaminononanoic acid as the starting material. Biotin production was not growth-phase dependent in this strain, and the rate of production remained high under limiting (maintenance) and zero growth conditions.
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    Enhancement of maltose utilisation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in medium containing fermentable hexoses (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 627-632 
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    Keywords: Keywords: fermentation; maltose metabolism; yeast; baking; distilling; brewing; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Saccharomyces cerevisiae are unable to maintain high rates of fermentation during transition from catabolism of hexoses to maltose. This phenomenon, termed ‘maltose lag’, presents problems for the baking, brewing and distilling industries, which rely on yeast catabolism of mixtures of hexoses and maltose. Maltose utilisation requires the presence of maltose permease and α-glucosidase (maltase), encoded by MAL genes. Synthesis of these is induced by maltose and repressed by glucose. One strain of baker’s yeast used in this work exhibited a marked maltose lag, whereas a second strain exhibited a shorter lag during conversion from hexose to maltose metabolism. The extent of the lag was linked to the levels of maltose permease and maltase in cells at the time of inoculation into mixed sugar medium. This view is supported by results showing that pulsing yeast with maltose to induce expression of MAL genes prior to inoculation into mixed sugar medium, enhanced sugar fermentation. Maltose pulsing of yeasts could therefore be useful for enhancing some fermentations relevant to baking and other yeast industries.
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    Production of raw-starch digesting amyloglucosidase by Aspergillussp GP-21 in solid state fermentation (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 622-626 
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    Keywords: Keywords: amyloglucosidase; glucoamylase; raw starch hydrolysis; Aspergillus; solid state fermentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspergillus sp GP-21 produced a raw-starch digesting amyloglucosidase which showed optimum activity at 65°C and pH 5.0–5.5. At 50°C the enzyme converted about 40% of raw corn starch to glucose within 48 h. Enzyme production was studied in solid state fermentation using wheat bran. Productivity was affected by the level of moisture, incubation temperature and the presence or absence of supplements. Maximum enzyme production was observed at a moisture level of 75% and at 30°C. Enzyme production was stimulated by supplementing wheat bran with 0.25% proteose peptone, 1% trace mineral solution, 0.01% CaCl2 and 0.01% MgSO4.
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    In vitro and in vivo antagonism of pathogenic turfgrass fungi by Streptomyces hygroscopicus strains YCED9 and WYE53 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 641-646 
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    Keywords: Keywords: Streptomyces hygroscopicus; biocontrol; fungi; turf; thatch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Disease prevention is a current practice used to minimize fungal diseases of turfgrasses in lawns and golf greens. Prevention is accomplished through fungicide applications, and by periodic thatch removal. During the development of a microbial biodethatch product utilizing the lignocellulose-degrading Streptomyces hygroscopicus strains YCED9 and WYE53, we demonstrated using in vitro plate antagonism bioassays that both strains are antagonists of various turfgrass fungal pathogens. These activities were present when the cultures were growing on thatch, as demonstrated by antifungal antagonism bioassays with culture filtrates. Experiments conducted using a growth chamber demonstrated that a bio-dethatch formulation containing spores of strains YCED9 and WYE53 in a zeolite carrier, provided protection for Kentucky bluegrass seedlings against turfgrass pathogens, including Pythium ultimum, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia homeocarpa, Gaeumannomyces graminis and Microdochium nivale. Results showed that by integrating the use of the S. hygroscopicus YCED9/WYE53 bio-dethatch formulation into routine turf management practices, it should be possible to both minimize thatch build-up while also controlling fungal turfgrass diseases by way of the antifungal biocontrol activity of these strains. This in turn would help control fungal pathogens in turfgrass while minimizing the need for routine chemical fungicide applications.
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    A new xylanase from a Trichoderma harzianum strain (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 682-685 
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    Keywords: Keywords: Trichoderma; xylan; xylanase; characterization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new xylanase (XYL2) was purified from solid-state cultures of Trichoderma harzianum strain C by ultrafiltration and gel filtration. SDS-PAGE of the xylanase showed an apparent homogeneity and molecular weight of 18 kDa. It had the highest activity at pH 5.0 and 45°C and was stable at 50°C and pH 5.0 up to 4 h xylanase. XYL2 had a low K m with insoluble oat spelt xylan as substrate. Compared to the amino acid composition of xylanases from Trichoderma spp, xylanase XYL2 presented a high content of glutamate/glutamine, phenylalanine and cysteine, and a low content of serine. Xylanase XYL2 improved the delignification and selectivity of unbleached hardwood kraft pulp.
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    Kinetic models for astaxanthin production by high cell density mixotrophic culture of the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 691-696 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Haematococcus pluvialis; mixotrophic culture; light irradiance; astaxanthin production; kinetic model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: High cell density cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis for astaxanthin production was carried out in batch and fed-batch modes in 3.7-L bioreactors with stepwise increased light intensity control mode. A high cell density of 2.65 g L−1 (batch culture) or 2.74 g L−1 (fed-batch culture) was obtained, and total astaxanthin production in the fed-batch culture (64.36 mg L−1) was about 20.5% higher than in the batch culture (53.43 mg L−1). An unstructured kinetic model to describe the microalga culture system including cell growth, astaxanthin formation, as well as sodium acetate consumption was proposed. Good agreement was found between the model predictions and experimental data. The models demonstrated that the optimal light intensity for mixotrophic growth of H. pluvialis in batch or fed-batch cultures in a 3.7-L bioreactor was 90–360 μmol m−2 s−1, and that the stepwise increased light intensity mode could be replaced by a constant light intensity mode.
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    Extracellular deoxyribonuclease production by a thermophile, Streptomyces thermonitrificans (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 709-712 
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    Keywords: Keywords: Streptomyces thermonitrificans; thermophilic Streptomyces sp; extracellular DNase; enzyme production; metal ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A thermophilic bacterial strain, Streptomyces thermonitrificans, produced high levels of extracellular deoxyribonuclease (DNase) when grown on NBG medium (containing 1% peptone, 0.3% beef extract, 1% glucose and 0.5% NaCl). Maximum DNase activity (140 U ml−1) was obtained, in 24 h, when the culture was grown on modified NBG medium (containing 1.3% beef extract, 1% glucose, 0.5% NaCl and 50 μM Mn2+ at 45°C. The crude enzyme showed higher activity on native DNA than on sonicated and heat denatured DNA. Moreover, addition of Mn2+ in the assay mixture resulted in a significant stimulation (10–15 fold) of the enzyme activity.
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    Comparative stability of ethanol production by Escherichia coliKO11 in batch and chemostat culture (1999)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 701-708 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: ethanol; recombinant; E. coli KO11; lignocellulosic; chemostat; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Differing claims regarding the stability of the recombinant ethanologen E. coli KO11 are addressed here in batch and chemostat culture. In repeat batch culture, the organism was stable on glucose, mannose, xylose and galactose for at least three serial transfers, even in the absence of a selective antibiotic. Chemostat cultures on glucose were remarkably stable, but on mannose, xylose and a xylose/glucose mixture, they progressively lost their hyperethanologenicity. On xylose, the loss was irreversible, indicating genetic instability. The loss of hyperethanologenicity was accompanied by the production of high concentrations of acetic acid and by increasing biomass yields, suggesting that the higher ATP yield associated with acetate production may foster the growth of acetate-producing revertant strains. Plate counts on high chloramphenicol-containing medium, whether directly, or following preliminary growth on non-selective medium, were not a reliable indicator of high ethanologenicity during chemostat culture. In batch culture, the organism appeared to retain its promise for ethanol production from lignocellulosics and concerns that antibiotics may need to be included in all media appear unfounded.
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    Survival of Lactobacillus helveticus entrapped in Ca-alginate in relation to water content, storage and rehydration (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Ca-alginate entrapped lactobacilli; dehydration; water content; protective solutes; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ 303 entrapped in Ca-alginate gel beads was investigated for improved survival and stability during fluidized-bed drying, storage and rehydration. Addition of protective solutes was very important. Studies of the conditions showed that inactivation of entrapped L. helveticus started when the water content exceeded 0.3–0.4 g H2O (g dry wt)−1 for adonitol, glycerol and reconstituted non fat milk solids (NFSM). With Ringer’s solution (control) and betaine, the fall in viability was evident above 1 g H2O (g dry wt)−1. Drying down to 0.2 g H2O (g dry wt)−1 required the removal of 98.5–98.9% of the water. The best survival rate with the least injured cells among survivors was experienced with adonitol and NFMS, respectively, 71% and 57% (compared to the initial) immediately after dehydration. Adonitol and NFMS were also best for survival during storage. The highest cell recovery was obtained by rehydrating the cells in cheese whey permeate between 20–30°C done at pH 6.0–7.0, satisfying the demands for cell survival, repair and slow swelling (adaptions).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900693
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    Expression of the fusion protein recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and leukemia inhibitory factor in a baculovirus vector system (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 103-105 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: GM-CSF; LIF; baculovirus system; transfer vector; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fusion gene coding human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) cDNAs was inserted into the transfer vector pSXIVVI+ X3 with the control of Syn and XIV promoters. The Sf9 cells (Spodoptera frugiperda) were co-transfected with the recombinant plasmid and TnNPV DNA (Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA). The fusion protein recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) could be synthesized in cells infected with recombinant virus at a level of about 23% of their total cellular protein. Activity analysis of the fusion protein in infected cells revealed that it exhibited the dual activities of GM-CSF and LIF. Western blot analysis of the expressed fusion protein in infected larvae showed that the virus-mediated fusion protein, with a molecular weight of ∼35 kDa, is confirmed with immunoreactivity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900699
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    Preparation of 2-aminomuconate from 2-aminophenol by coupled enzymatic dioxygenation and dehydrogenation reactions (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 138-142 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biocatalysis; 2-aminomuconate; 2-aminophenol; Pseudomonas; dioxygenase; dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: 2-Aminomuconate is an intermediate in the oxidative metabolism of tryptophan in mammals. The compound is not commercially available, and studies of its metabolism have been prevented by the lack of a chemical synthesis and the instability of the molecule. We report here the formation of 2-aminomuconate from 2-aminophenol by the coupled action of 2-aminophenol 1,6-dioxygenase and 2-aminomuconic semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes JS45, and isolation of the product by anion exchange chromatography. The overall procedure was completed within 3 h with a yield of 62%. The availability of the dicarboxyl α-amino acid provides the basis for investigation of the physiological function of 2-aminomuconate in the neuropathologically significant oxidative metabolism of tryptophan.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900705
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    Optimal pH control of batch processes for production of curdlan by Agrobacterium species (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 143-148 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: curdlan production; optimal pH profile; batch process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We sought an optimal pH profile to maximize curdlan production in a batch fermentation of Agrobacterium species. The optimal pH profile was calculated using a gradient iteration algorithm based on the minimum principle of Pontryagin. The model equations describing cell growth and curdlan production were developed as functions of pH, sucrose concentration, and ammonium concentration, since the specific rates of cell growth and curdlan production were highly influenced by those parameters. The pH profile provided the strategy to shift the culture pH from the optimal growth condition (pH 7.0) to the optimal production one (pH 5.5) at the time of ammonium exhaustion. By applying the optimal pH profile in the batch process, we obtained significant improvement in curdlan production (64 g L−1) compared to that of constant pH operation (36 g L−1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900714
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    Investigation of actinomycete diversity in the tropical rainforests of Singapore (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 178-187 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: actinomycete diversity; phylogeny; rRNA; tropical rainforest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Five thousand actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples collected from rainforests in Singapore and the generic identities of these isolates were determined by using a procedure that combined morphological, chemotaxonomic and 16S rDNA sequence-based phylogenetic analyses. Actinomycetes belonging to a total of 36 genera were identified. The most abundant isolates are members of Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Actinoplanes, Actinomadura, Nonomuria, Nocardia and Streptosporangium. By phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences of our isolates together with those of known actinomycete species, we also evaluated the species diversity of several genera including Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Nonomuria, and Actinomadura. We found that: first, the tropical isolates are present in most clades represented by known species; and second, many tropical isolates form new clades distant from the known species, indicating the presence of unidentified taxa at both species and genus levels. Based on these results, we conclude that actinomycete diversity in the tropical rainforest is very great and should represent an excellent source for discovery of novel bioactive compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900723
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    Influence of antagonist, host fruit and pathogen on the biological control of postharvest fungal diseases by yeasts (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 223-229 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biological control; postharvest diseases; yeasts; fruits; biofungicide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis (LS-11), Cryptococcus laurentii (LS-28), Candida famata (21-D) and Pichia guilliermondii (29-A) and the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium pullulans (LS-30), previously selected and characterized for mechanisms of action and antagonistic activity against postharvest pathogens in small and large-scale experiments, were used in this study in order to assess interrelationships among the main factors (antagonist, host fruit and fungal pathogen) involved in biological control of postharvest diseases. The antagonists were evaluated for their inhibitory activity (IA) against six common postharvest fungal pathogens on six different host fruits. Artificially wounded fruits were first inoculated with the antagonist and 2 h later with the pathogen; subsequently they were kept at 20°C for 4–6 days. The IA of each antagonist was evaluated and data were submitted to factorial analysis of variance. The populations of antagonists were also monitored on wounded and unwounded fruits kept at 20°C for 7 days. Each factor examined (antagonist, host fruit and fungal pathogen) as well as their interactions significantly affected the IA. However, among the antagonists, isolates LS-28 and LS-30 were only slightly affected by both host and pathogen, showing a wide range of activity, whereas isolate LS-11 had a variable IA. All the antagonists rapidly colonized the wounds, while their population remained substantially unchanged on unwounded fruits. These results suggest that in order to select yeasts with a broad spectrum of action, more suitable for commercial development, it would be advantageous to perform preliminary assays against several pathogens and in particular on different fruit species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900727
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    Evaluation of rheological properties of the exopolysaccharide of Sphingomonas paucimobilis GS-1 for application in oil exploration (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 23 (1999), S. 442-445 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Sphingomonas paucimobilis GS-1 exopolysaccharide; rheological properties; biopolymer; drilling fluid; oil exploration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analysis of an exopolysaccharide of Sphingomonas paucimobilis GS-1 (EPS/GS-1) with respect to its rheological properties, cross-linking ability with chrome alum and performance test at 75 ± 5°C revealed its strong suspending ability, shear thinning property, and thixotrophic nature which are required to impart desirable rheology to drilling mud. The organism fulfilled all the specified requirements and its properties were superior to those of currently-used XC polymer (a xanthan product) for oil drilling applications. However, EPS/GS-1 was unstable in the presence of bentonite at 100 ± 5°C during performance tests, in contrast to XC polymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900737
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    Antagonistic activity of Staphylococcus siderophores and chemical biocides against Bacillus subtilis in a paper-machine environment (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 27-32 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Bacillus; siderophores; antimicrobial; biocides; white water; paper- and boardmachine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The antagonistic potential of nonpathogenic Staphylococcus strains against Bacillus subtilis wild and type strains were studied under conditions simulating a paper- and board-machine environment. The antimicrobial activity was measured by growth inhibition in an automated turbidimeter. The antagonistic potential was compared with that of generally used chemical biocides in a paper- and board-machine environment. The siderophore-containing extracts of Staphylococcus strains significantly inhibited vegetative growth of B. subtilis and delayed the germination of spores both in synthetic and in white-water media. The mill strains were more resistant than type strain against Staphylococcus siderophores and against chemical biocides. The Staphylococcus siderophore-containing extracts did not interfere with the bacteriostatic effect of chemical biocides, but no synergy was detected. The results indicate the potential for application of Staphylococcus siderophore-containing extracts as biocontrol agents in paper- and boardmachine environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900596
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    Shear stress effects on plant cell suspension cultures in a rotating wall vessel bioreactor (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 44-47 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: RWV; shear; Taxol®; Taxus; secondary metabolite; plant cell culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rotating wall vessel, designed for growth of mammalian cells under microgravity, was used to study shear effects on Taxus cuspidata plant suspension cell cultures. Shear stress, as quantified by defined shear fields of Couette viscometers, improved specific cell growth rates and was detrimental to volumetric product formation rates.
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    A chemically-defined medium supporting growth and providing cells converting compactin to pravastatin (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 78-79 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Actinomadura; pravastatin; compactin; nutrition; vitamins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Actinomadura sp strain 2966, which converts compactin to pravastatin, requires vitamins to support its growth. Addition of folic acid, thiamine and cyanocobalamine allowed growth in chemically-defined medium. Cells grown in a chemically-defined medium were as capable of converting compactin to pravastatin as cells grown in a complex medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900602
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    Inactivation of polycaprolactone depolymerase (cutinase) in Fusarium cultures by an extracellular protease (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 71-77 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: Fusarium moniliforme; cutinase; polycaprolactone depolymerase; acid protease; biodegradable polymer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cultures of Fusarium moniliforme grown on polycaprolactone (PCL) or on cutin as a sole source of carbon and energy had low levels of detectable PCL depolymerase (cutinase) activity in the supernatant medium. A small peak of depolymerase activity was observed after hyphal accumulation had ceased, but this activity soon declined. The low level of the peak of activity and its decline were attributable to proteolytic inactivation of the depolymerase. A decrease in the pH of cultures coincided with the appearance of protease activity in the supernatant at about the same time as the appearance of the transient peak of depolymerase activity. Addition of protease substrates (bovine serum albumin, casein) to the culture at this time caused a dramatic although temporary increase in PCL depolymerase activity. The same effect was seen for cultures of F. solani pisi. Use of a different buffer system for the medium prevented a drop in pH and resulted in higher and stable levels of PCL depolymerase activity.
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    Ethanol fermentation of mixed-sugars using a two-phase, fed-batch process: method to minimize D-glucose repression of Candida shehatae D-xylose fermentations (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: D-xylose; mixed-sugars; fermentation; fed-batch; viability; Candida shehatae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Candida shehatae cells pre-grown on D-xylose simultaneously consumed mixtures of D-xylose and D-glucose, under both non-growing (anoxic) and actively growing conditions (aerobic), to produce ethanol. The rate of D-glucose consumption was independent of the D-xylose concentration for cells induced on D-xylose. However, the D-xylose consumption rate was approximately three times lower than the D-glucose consumption rate at a 50% D-glucose: 50% D-xylose mixture. Repression was not observed (substrate utilization rates were approximately equal) when the percentage of D-glucose and D-xylose was changed to 22% and 78%, respectively. In fermentations with actively growing cells (50% glucose and D-xylose), ethanol yields from D-xylose increased, the % D-xylose utilized increased, and the xylitol yield was significantly reduced in the presence of D-glucose, compared to anoxic fermentations (YETOH,xylose = 0.2–0.40 g g−1, 75–100%, and Yxylitol = 0–0.2 g g−1 compared to YETOH,xylose = 0.15 g g−1, 56%, Yxylitol = 0.51 g g−1, respectively). To increase ethanol levels and reduce process time, fed-batch fermentations were performed in a single stage reactor employing two phases: (1) rapid aerobic growth on D-xylose (μ = 0.32 h−1) to high cell densities; (2) D-glucose addition and anaerobic conditions to produce ethanol (YETOH,xylose = 0.23 g g−1). The process generated high cell densities, 2 × 109 cells ml−1, and produced 45–50 g L−1 ethanol within 50 h from a mixture of D-glucose and D-xylose (compared to 30 g L−1 in 80 h in the best batch process). The two-phase process minimized loss of cell viability, increased D-xylose utilization, reduced process time, and increased final ethanol levels compared to the batch process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900608
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    Effect of fermentation, aging and thermal storage on total glycosides, phenol-free glycosides and volatile compounds of White Riesling (Vitis vinifera L.) wines (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 100-107 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: glycosides; thermal processing; White Riesling; volatile compounds; glycosyl-glucose (GG)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There is growing recognition of the significance of the products of glycoside hydrolysis to varietal wine aroma. White Riesling wines were produced from four strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Wines underwent conventional aging or anaerobic thermal storage (20 days at 45°C) either 2 or 40 months post-fermentation to quantify influences on total glycosides, phenol-free glycosides and selected volatiles. Glycoside and free volatile concentrations were estimated by analysis of glycosyl-glucose and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, respectively. Thermal storage of wines 2 months post-fermentation reduced the total glycosides by an average of 33% for all yeasts and increased the concentration of free benzyl alcohol while decreasing the concentration of free linalool and geraniol. Conventional aging for 40 months reduced the total and phenol-free glycosides equally among yeasts by an average of 60%, with phenol-free glycosides averaging 80% of the total. Thermal storage of aged wines reduced the total glycoside concentration by an additional 29%. The effect of thermal storage on selected volatile phenols, higher alcohols, esters, acids, terpenes, carbonyl compounds, C-13 norisoprenoids and six-carbon alcohols was variable depending upon the component.
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    Comparative investigations of growth and solvent formation in ‘Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum’ DSM 2152 and Clostridium acetobutylicum DSM 792 (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 115-120 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: butanol-acetone fermentation; ‘Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum’; Clostridium acetobutylicum; chemostat; pH-auxostat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The butanol and acetone-producing strain DSM 2152, invalidly described as ‘Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum’ is compared with the type strain C. acetobutylicum, DSM 792, with respect to solvent and acid formation at varying pH values and growth rates. Batch cultures, product-limited chemostat and pH-auxostat cultures were used for characterization. Under all conditions strain DSM 2152 produced much lower amounts of butyric and acetic acids than the type strain. The pH optimum for solvent formation was higher, ie 5.5 instead of 4.5. Solvent formation occurred at higher dilution rates, but below 0.1 h−1 a lower solvent concentration was obtained, indicating that acid production was too low to provide a sufficient amount for acetone formation. The results are discussed in the light of recent publications on the taxonomy of butanol-acetone producing clostridia using 16S rRNA sequence analysis and other nucleic acid data. The presently suggested ‘phylogenetic’ classification of the collective species, C. acetobutylicum, is also reflected in the fermentation characteristics.
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    Whole cell immobilization as a means of enhancing ethanol tolerance (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 147-151 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: cell immobilization; ethanol tolerance; lipid composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell immobilization by covalent linkage to an epoxide derivative of hydroxyalkyl methacrylate gel via glutaraldehyde-diamine spacers improves the tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to ethanol. This was attributed to membrane compositional changes accompanying this mode of cell attachment. The stability of the membrane alterations was tested under salt stress, and the character of stimuli inducing the phenotype changes of attached cells is discussed.
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    The effect of turbulent flow and surface roughness on biofilm formation in drinking water (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 152-159 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: biofilms; potable water; flow rate; stainless steel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There is considerable interest in both Europe and the USA in the effects of microbiological fouling on stainless steels in potable water. However, little is known about the formation and effects of biofilms, on stainless steel in potable water environments, particularly in turbulent flow regimes. Results are presented on the development of biofilms on stainless steel grades 304 and 316 after exposure to potable water at velocities of 0.32, 0.96 and 1.75 m s−1. Cell counts on slides of stainless steel grades 304 and 316 with both 2B (smooth) and 2D (rough) finishes showed viable and total cell counts were higher at the higher flow rates of 0.96 and 1.75 m s−1, compared to a flow rate of 0.32 m s−1. Extracellular polysaccharide levels were not significantly different (P〈 0.05) between each flow rate on all stainless steel surfaces studied. higher levels were found at the higher water velocities. the biofilm attached to stainless steel was comprised of a mixed bacterial flora including Acinetobacter sp, Pseudomonas spp, Methylobacterium sp, and Corynebacterium/Arthrobacter spp. Epifluorescence microscopy provided evidence of rod-shaped bacteria and the formation of stands, possibly of extracellular material attached to stainless steel at high flow rates but not at low flow rates.
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    Analysis and optimization of a two-substrate fermentation for xylitol production using Candida tropicalis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 181-186 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: xylose; xylitol; Candida tropicalis; two-substrate fermentation; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Xylitol, a functional sweetener, was produced from xylose using Candida tropicalisATCC 13803. A two-substrate fermentation was designed in order to increase xylitol yield and volumetric productivity. Glucose was used initially for cell growth followed by conversion of xylose to xylitol without cell growth and by-product formation after complete depletion of glucose. High glucose concentrations increased volumetric productivity by reducing conversion time due to high cell mass, but also led to production of ethanol, which, in turn, inhibited cell growth and xylitol production. Computer simulation was undertaken to optimize an initial glucose concentration using kinetic equations describing rates of cell growth and xylose bioconversion as a function of ethanol concentration. Kinetic constants involved in the equations were estimated from the experimental results. Glucose at 32 g L−1 was estimated to be an optimum initial glucose concentration with a final xylose concentration of 86 g L−1 and a volumetric productivity of 5.15 g-xylitol L−1 h−1. The two-substrate fermentation was performed under optimum conditions to verify the computer simulation results. The experimental results were in good agreement with the predicted values of simulation with a xylitol yield of 0.81 g-xylitol g-xylose−1 and a volumetric productivity of 5.06 g-xylitol L−1 h−1.
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    Fate of pBR322 DNA in a wastewater matrix (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 164-166 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Keywords: sludge; wastewater; DNA; pBR322; genetically manipulated organisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recombinant organisms used in biopharmaceutical production processes are destroyed prior to environmental release into a private or municipal wastewater treatment system. However, concern over the fate of recombinant DNA used in these processes may adversely affect product regulatory approval. This study examined the fate of DNA from the plasmid pBR322 in an activated sludge-derived matrix. DNA suitable for PCR amplification was extracted from the activated sludge matrix and a 1042-bp fragment from pBR322 rapidly decreased in concentration from 0 to 2 h after it was spiked into the activated sludge matrix at an initial DNA concentration of 25 ng ml−1. While some evidence of the 1042-bp fragment was observed at 4 h, no evidence of amplified DNA was observed at 6 h. Plasmid DNA in buffer that served as a positive control exhibited no significant reduction in concentration over time. The intensity of each DNA band over the first 4 h was analyzed. A linear regression of the natural log transformation of these results yielded a mean first-order rate constant of 3.55 h−1 and half-life of 0.2 h. This study demonstrated that recombinant DNA released from industrial processes into wastewater treatment systems should be rapidly degraded.
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    Two decades of strain development in antibiotic-producing microorganisms, (Volume 7) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 241-253 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900636
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    A prejudiced look at fermentation by a microbial biochemist, (Volume 13) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 270-274 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900639
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The two faced microbiologist; contributions of pure and applied microbiology to good research, (Volume 16) (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 22 (1999), S. 298-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jim.2900642
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