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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,420)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (533)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
  • Seismicity
  • 1985-1989  (1,373)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1950-1954
  • 1940-1944  (761)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1989  (1,373)
  • 1943  (328)
  • 1941  (433)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1985-1989  (1,373)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1950-1954
  • 1940-1944  (761)
  • 1935-1939
Year
  • 1
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    A reinterpretation of the precursory seismic b-value anomaly from fracture mechanics (1989)
    In:  Geophys. J. RAS, DGG and EGS, San Francisco, Pergamon, vol. 96, no. B3, pp. 131-138, pp. 1447, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Fracture ; Seismicity
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    A comparison of the spatio-temporal distribution of moment release for the 1986 Andreanof Islands earthquake with relocated seismicity (1989)
    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., Berlin, Ges. f. Geowissenschaften e.V., vol. 16, no. 5454, pp. 1421-1424, pp. L02309, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Seismicity ; seismic Moment ; GRL
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Application of catastrophe theory in earthquake hazard assessment and earthquake prediction research (1989)
    In:  Tectonophys., L'wiw, Inst. f. Theoret. Geodäsie, vol. 167, no. 2-4, pp. 179-186, pp. B01408, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake hazard ; Seismicity ; time ; fluctuations ; Earthquake precursor: statistical anal. of seismicity ; Thom ; 1972 ; FROTH ; (abstract)
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Theoretical calculations of the seismicity in Oaxaca, Mexico (1989)
    In:  Tectonophys., Kunming, China, 4, vol. 167, no. 4, pp. 81-91, pp. L13613, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: statistical anal. of seismicity ; Statistical investigations
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    Seismotectonics and the earthquake frequency-magnitude distribution in the Aegean area (1989)
    In:  Geophys. J., San Francisco, Pergamon, vol. 98, no. B3, pp. 575-586, pp. 1447, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Tectonics ; Seismicity ; Earthquake risk
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
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    Central Washington seismicity: Evidence for a reactivated buried continental rift and northwest-trending structural zones (1989)
    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., San Francisco, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 1325-1328, pp. B10404, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Geol. aspects ; Fault zone ; GRL
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 7
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    Seismicity of the territory of Vietnam (1989)
    In:  Acta Geophys. Polonica, Basel, Elsevier Science Publishers, vol. XXXVII, no. 3, pp. 249-261, pp. L15S20, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; China ; FROTH, ; GMG-Bibl. ; BO
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 8
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    Premonitory seismicity patterns near Vancouver Island, Canada (1989)
    In:  Tectonophys., Leipzig, 3-4, vol. 167, no. B6, pp. 299-312, pp. L15313, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: statistical anal. of seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Subduction zone ; Pattern recognition
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 9
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    The 1960 Chilean Earthquakes (1989)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., London, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 665-680, pp. 1869, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Seismicity ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Fore-shocks ; Aftershocks ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 10
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    Active faulting and deformation of the Coalinga anticline as interpreted from three-dimensional velocity structure and seismicity (1989)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., London, Amer. Sc., vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 15565-15586, pp. 1001, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Geol. aspects ; Aftershocks ; Seismicity ; Fault zone ; Travel time ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 11
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    Seismic strain rates in regions of distributed continental deformation (1989)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Münster, Amer. Sc., vol. 94, no. 4A, pp. 10231-10257, pp. L11609, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Tectonics ; Seismicity ; Fault zone ; Moment tensor ; JGR ; Ekstroem ; Ekstrom
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 12
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    Seismicity and tectonics of the Red Sea and western Arabia (1989)
    In:  Geophys. J., Münster, Amer. Sc., vol. 97, no. 11, pp. 449-457, pp. L11609, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Geol. aspects ; Tectonics ; Plate tectonics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 13
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    Seismicity and tectonics of the Red Sea and western Arabia (1989)
    In:  Geophys. J. RAS, DGG and EGS, Münster, Amer. Sc., vol. 97, no. 11, pp. 449-457, pp. L11609, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Tectonics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 14
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    Earthquake swarms precursory to moderate to great earthquakes in the northeast India region (1989)
    In:  Tectonophys., New York, Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., vol. 167, no. 14, pp. 285-298, pp. L24306, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: statistical anal. of seismicity ; Fore-shocks ; Aftershocks
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 15
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    Influence of fault plane heterogeneity on the seismic behavior in the southern Kurile Islands Arc (1989)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 94, no. B10, pp. 5637-5649, pp. 1006, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Earthquake asperities ; Earthquake barriers ; Fault zone ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 16
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    Seismotectonics at the Trench-Trench-Trench triple junction off central Honshu (1989)
    In:  Pure and Applied Geophysics, Luxembourg, Deutsche Geophys. Gesellschaft, vol. 129, no. 24, pp. 27-40, pp. 8045, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Geol. aspects ; Tectonics ; Plate tectonics ; Subduction zone ; Japan ; PAG
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 17
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    Brittle ductile transition, instability models of crustal rocks and the estimation of shallow source great earthquake depth (1989)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Taipei, AGU, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 398-412, pp. L06307, 2 pp., (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: CRUST ; Tectonics ; Geol. aspects ; Plate tectonics ; Rheology ; Hypocentral depth ; Seismicity ; Rock mechanics ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 18
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    Long-term seismicity of North Armenia (1989)
    In:  Eos, Trans., Am. Geophys. Un., Luxembourg, EGS-Gauthier-Villars, vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 145, pp. 2214
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: paleo ; Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 19
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    Temporary seismic quiescence: SE Turkey (1989)
    In:  Geophys. J. RAS, DGG and EGS, Luxembourg, EGS-Gauthier-Villars, vol. 96, no. 5, pp. 311-331, pp. 2214
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: statistical anal. of seismicity ; paleo ; Seismicity
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 20
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    Probabilistic assessment of earthquake hazard in Israel (1989)
    In:  Tectonophys., Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 167, no. B4, pp. 223-233, pp. B04401
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Earthquake hazard ; Statistical investigations ; Seismicity
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 21
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    Great earthquakes and subduction along the Peru trench (1989)
    In:  Phys. Earth Plan. Int., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 199-224, pp. 1892
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Subduction zone ; Fault zone ; South ; America ; Earthquake
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 22
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    Some statistical aspects of earthquake occurrence in Iraq (1989)
    In:  Earthquake Spectra, Luxembourg, Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 735-765, pp. 2099, (ISBN 0-471-26610-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Statistical investigations ; Seismicity ; Fault zone ; Earthquake hazard ; EQS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 23
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    Determination of fault planes at Coalinga, California, by analysis of patterns in aftershock locations (1989)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., London, Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., vol. 94, no. B9, pp. 7496-7506, pp. B09401, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Fault zone ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 24
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    An evaluation of thermoluminescence dating of paleoearthquakes on the American Fork segment, Wasatch fault zone, Utah (1989)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Tokyo, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 94, no. 5, pp. 1622-1630, pp. B03312, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Geol. aspects ; Seismicity ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 25
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    Earthquakes as a self-organized critical phenomenon (1989)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Washington D.C., Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 15635-15637, pp. 2122
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Chaotic behaviour ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 26
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    Microearthquake activity associated with underground coal-mining in Buchanan County, Virginia, USA (1989)
    In:  Pageoph, Warszawa, Elsevier, vol. 128, no. 1, pp. 407-421, pp. 2091, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Seismology ; Micro seismicity
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 27
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    Regional extent of the S wave reflector beneath the Kanto district, Japan (1989)
    In:  Geophys. Res. Lett., New York, California Division of Mines San Francisco, vol. 16, no. 31, pp. 639-842, pp. L03601, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Deep seismic sounding (espec. cont. crust) ; Subduction zone ; Seismicity ; GRL
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 28
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    A more precise chronology of earthquakes produced by the San Andreas fault in southern California (1989)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Dordrecht, 89, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 603-623, pp. TC5003, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Geol. aspects ; Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 29
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    Microearthquake activity in the Dead Sea region (1989)
    In:  Geophys. J. Int., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 99, no. 5, pp. 605-620, pp. L05608, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; seismic Moment ; Corner frequency ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; GJI
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 30
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    Active tectonics of the Algerian Atlas Mountains- evidence from aftershocks of the 1980 El Asnam earthquake (1989)
    In:  Geophys. J. Int., Corvallis, x + 406 pp., Oregon State University Press, vol. 99, no. 8, pp. 761-788, pp. L13610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Aftershocks ; Earthquake ; Tectonics ; Seismicity ; Fault zone ; GJI
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 31
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    Earthquake Hazards and the Design of Constructed Facilities in the Eastern United States (1989)
    Academy of Sciences
    In:  New York, Academy of Sciences, vol. 558, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 3-9808493-1-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismicity ; Earthquake hazard
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 32
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    Tectonic geomorphology and paleoseismology of the Septentrional fault system, Dominican Republic (1989)
    Geol. Soc. Am.
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Active Strike-slip and Collisional Tectonics of the Northern Caribbean Plate Boundary Zone, Washington, D. C., Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 326, no. 4, pp. 63-123, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Tectonics ; paleo ; Seismicity ; Fault zone ; Pena
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 33
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    International Symposium on the Analysis of Seismicity and Seismic Hazard and Seismic Risk, 4.-9. Sept. 1989 (1989)
    Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
    In:  Proceedings, 1., Prag, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, vol. 10, no. WS-693 7-83, pp. 235-239, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake risk ; Earthquake hazard ; Proceedings of a conference
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 34
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    Precursory change of aftershock activity before large aftershock: A case study for recent earthquakes in China (1989)
    In:  J. Phys. Earth, Kunming, China, 3-4, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 155-178, pp. B05301, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Aftershocks ; Seismicity ; JPE
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 35
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    Monitoring and Analysis of the Earthquake Swarm 1985/86 in the Region Vogtland/Western Bohemia (1989)
    Zentralinstitut für Physik der Erde
    In:  Potsdam, Zentralinstitut für Physik der Erde, vol. 70, pp. 158, (ISBN: 1-4020-0821-X)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Earthquake hazard ; Seismicity ; Project report/description
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 36
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    The Earthquakes of Greece (1989)
    Ziti Publish. Co.
    In:  Thessaloniki, Ziti Publish. Co., vol. 15, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 585, (ISBN 0080424309)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Review article ; Earthquake catalog ; Seismicity
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 37
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    On features of spatial and temporal variation of seismicity before and after moderate earthquakes (1989)
    In:  J. Phys. Earth, Washington, D.C., AGU, vol. 37, no. 9, pp. 179-200, pp. 1489, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Statistical investigations ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; JPE
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 38
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    Mining-related and tectonic seismicity in the east mountain area Wasatch Plateau, Utah, USA (1989)
    In:  Pageoph, Hannover, Dt. Geophys. Ges. e. V., vol. 128, no. 51, pp. 344-368, pp. L15S14, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismology ; Tectonics ; Seismicity ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG)
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 39
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    Observations of mine seismicity in the Eastern Wasatch Plateau, Utah, USA: A possible case of implosional failure (1989)
    In:  Pageoph, Köln, Elsevier, vol. 128, no. 16, pp. 369-405, pp. 1015, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismicity ; Source ; Rock bursts (see also ERDSTOSS and GEBIRGSSCHLAG)
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 40
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    Catalogue of Focal Mechanisms of European Earthquakes (1989)
    Dept. of Geophysics, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 274 pp.
    In:  Wokingham, Dept. of Geophysics, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, 274 pp., vol. 26, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 329, (ISBN: 0-08-043649-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Earthquake catalog ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism ; Seismicity ; Europe ; Middle ; East ; NAF ; Greece ; Turkey ; Aegean ; GFZ ; 15054, ; 000242798
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 41
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    International Symposium on the Analysis of Seismicity and Seismic Hazard and Seismic Risk, 4.-9. Sept. 1989 (1989)
    Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
    In:  Proceedings, 2., Prag, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, vol. 10, no. WS-693 7-83, pp. 235-239, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismicity ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake risk ; Earthquake hazard ; Proceedings of a conference
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 42
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    Multidisciplinary Research on Fault Activity in the western Part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (2) (1989)
    Dep. of Appl. Phys., Tokyo Inst. of Technology, Tokyo, Japan and Dep. of Geophys., Kandilli Observ., Bogaziçi Univ., Istanbul, Turkey
    In:  report of, Hannover, Dep. of Appl. Phys., Tokyo Inst. of Technology, Tokyo, Japan and Dep. of Geophys., Kandilli Observ., Bogaziçi Univ., Istanbul, Turkey, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. 23, pp. 595-596, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Earthquake precursor: chemical (Rn, water(-level,...) ; Earthquake precursor: el. magn. ; Earthquake precursor: magnetic ; Geol. aspects ; Seismicity ; BIBTEX?
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 43
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    A correlation between the b value and the fractal dimension of earthquakes (1989)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Hannover, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 94, no. 8, pp. 7507-7514, pp. 1211, (ISSN 0343-5164)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; FractureT ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 44
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    Suche nach lokaler Seismizität mit dem kurzperiodischen Seismographennetz um die Georg-von-Neumayer-Station, Antarktis (1989)
    Alfred-Wegener-Institut
    In:  Diplomarbeit, Bremerhaven, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, vol. 10, no. No. 31, pp. 1431-1434, (ISBN 0 08 042822 3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Seismology ; Antarctica ; Seismic networks ; Wuster
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 45
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    Heat flow, electrical conductivity and seismicity in the Black Forest crust, SW Germany (1989)
    Am. Geophys. Union
    In:  Professional Paper, Open-File Rept., Properties and Processes of Earth's Lower Crust, San Diego, Am. Geophys. Union, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 215-232, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismicity ; Geothermics ; Geoelectrics ; Muller
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 46
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    Mechanical properties of lunar regolith and lunar soil simulant (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-10
    Description: Through the Surveyor 3 and 7, and Apollo 11-17 missions a knowledge of the mechanical properties of Lunar regolith were gained. These properties, including material cohesion, friction, in-situ density, grain-size distribution and shape, and porosity, were determined by indirect means of trenching, penetration, and vane shear testing. Several of these properties were shown to be significantly different from those of terrestrial soils, such as an interlocking cohesion and tensile strength formed in the absence of moisture and particle cementation. To characterize the strength and deformation properties of Lunar regolith experiments have been conducted on a lunar soil simulant at various initial densities, fabric arrangements, and composition. These experiments included conventional triaxial compression and extension, direct tension, and combined tension-shear. Experiments have been conducted at low levels of effective confining stress. External conditions such as membrane induced confining stresses, end platten friction and material self weight have been shown to have a dramatic effect on the strength properties at low levels of confining stress. The solution has been to treat these external conditions and the specimen as a full-fledged boundary value problem rather than the idealized elemental cube of mechanics. Centrifuge modeling allows for the study of Lunar soil-structure interaction problems. In recent years centrifuge modeling has become an important tool for modeling processes that are dominated by gravity and for verifying analysis procedures and studying deformation and failure modes. Centrifuge modeling is well established for terrestrial enginering and applies equally as well to Lunar engineering. A brief review of the experiments is presented in graphic and outline form.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: First Annual Symposium. Volume 1: Plenary Session; 14 p
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  • 47
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    Observations of non-thermal radiation from planets (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nonthermal radio emissions from earth, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus are reviewed. The dominant source of emission at each planet appears to be AKR-like auroral emission in the X-mode. O-mode emissions are substantially responsible. There is a remarkably constant scaling factor relating the total solar wind input power into each planetary system and the AKR-like auroral emissions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    The orbits of the satellites of Mars from spacecraft and earthbased observations (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This article presents the results of a fit of a model of the Martian satellite orbits to earthbased and spacecraft-based observations. An assessment of the orbit accuracies is given and the orbits are compared with those obtained by previous investigators.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics (ISSN 0004-6361); 225; 2, No
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  • 49
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    Chronology and complexity of early lunar crust (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The petrology and chronology of early lunar crust is examined using the least equivocal of the available petrographic and age data on lunar rock samples, and the possible processes which produced the lunar crust are discussed. The results suggest that the lunar anorthositic crust was formed by about 120 Ma after the primary accretion of the moon at 4.56 Ga. At least some members of the diverse Mg-suites of rocks, such as norites, troctolites, and dunites, crystallized within a very few 100s of Ma after 4.56 Ga. A trace-element-rich material (KREEP) was formed by about 4.3 Ga ago, and this residue was subsequently reworked in melting and impact processes such that most samples which contain it have ages around 3.9-4.0 Ga. The findings also suggest that the onset of ferrous mare basalt volcanism began about 4.33 Ga, much earlier than was once assumed, and was still in process before the end of the most intense period of bombardment (3.9-4.0 Ga ago).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Tectonophysics (ISSN 0040-1951); 161; 157-164
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  • 50
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    The Voyager 2 Neptune encounter (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The findings made by the Voyager 2 Neptune encounter are reviewed. Data on the bowshock, magnetic field, magnetosphere, rings, plasma sheet, aurora, moons, and dust of Neptune are discussed. Findings made concerning Triton are summarized.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 70; 915-921
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  • 51
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    Mineralogical and chemical properties of the lunar regolith (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The composition of lunar regolith and its attendant properties are discussed. Tables are provided listing lunar minerals, the abundance of plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, olivine, and ilmenite in lunar materials, typical compositions of common lunar minerals, and cumulative grain-size distribution for a large number of lunar soils. Also provided are charts on the chemistry of breccias, the chemistry of lunar glass, and the comparative chemistry of surface soils for the Apollo sites. Lunar agglutinates, constructional particles made of lithic, mineral, and glass fragments welded together by a glassy matrix containing extremely fine-grained metallic iron and formed by micrometeoric impacts at the lunar surface, are discussed. Crystalline, igneous rock fragments, breccias, and lunar glass are examined. Volatiles implanted in lunar materials and regolith maturity are also addressed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    Ring dynamics (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Theoretical models of planetary-ring dynamics are discussed in a detailed analytical review and illustrated with graphs and diagrams. The streamline concept is introduced, and the phenomena associated with the transport of angular momentum are described. Particular attention is then given to (1) broad rings like those of Saturn (shepherding, density-wave excitation, gaps, bending-wave excitation, multiringlet structures, inner-edge shepherding, and the possibility of polar rings around Neptune), (2) narrow rings like those of Uranus (shepherding, ring shapes, and a self-gravity model of rigid precession), and (3) ring arcs like those seen in stellar-occultation observations of Neptune.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy (ISSN 0923-2958); 46; 3, 19
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  • 53
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    Report of the IAU/IAG/COSPAR working group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements of the planets and satellites - 1988 (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy (ISSN 0923-2958); 46; 2, 19
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  • 54
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    Neptune's wind speeds obtained by tracking clouds in Voyager images (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Images of Neptune obtained by the narrow-angle camera of the Voyager 2 spacecraft reveal large-scale cloud features that persist for several months or longer. The features' periods of rotation about the planetary axis range from 15.8 to 18.4 hours. The atmosphere equatorward of -53 deg rotates with periods longer than the 16.05-hour period deduced from Voyager's planetary radio astronomy experiment (presumably the planet's internal rotation period). The wind speeds computed with respect to this radio period range from 20 meters per second eastward to 325 meters per second westward. Thus, the cloud-top wind speeds are roughly the same for all the planets ranging from Venus to Neptune, even though the solar energy inputs to the atmospheres vary by a factor of 1000.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 245; 1367-136
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  • 55
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    Turbulent atmospheric plumes above line sources with an application to volcanic fissure eruptions on the terrestrial planets (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The theory of turbulent plumes maintained above steady line sources of buoyancy is worked out in detail within the limitations of Taylor's entrainment assumption. It is applied to the structure of a pure plume injected into a stably stratified atmosphere. Volcanic basalt eruptions that develop from long, narrow vents create line source plumes, which rise well above the magmatic fire fountains playing near the ground level. The eruption of Laki in 1783 may provide an example of this style of eruption. Flood basalts are more ancient examples. Evidence of enormous fissure eruptions that occurred in the past on Mars and Venus also exists. Owing to the different properties of the atmospheres on these two planets from those on the earth, heights of line source plumes are expected to vary in the ratios 1:6:0.6 (earth:Mars:Venus). It is very unlikely that the observed increase of sulfur dioxide above the Venusian cloud deck in 1978 could have been due to a line source volcanic eruption, even if it had been a flood basalt eruption.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 46; 2662-267
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  • 56
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    Stability of polar rings around Neptune (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analytical and numerical study of the stability of polar rings around Neptune is presented. The stability proofs are based on various methods used to study gas disks in galaxies. It is shown that stable polar rings can exist despite energy dissipation by collisions between particles. Also, four equilibrium orientations which pass nearly over the pole of Neptune are found, two of which are stable in the presence of dissipation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 81; 132-144
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  • 57
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    Lunar observatories (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Issues related to the establishment of lunar observatories are briefly addressed. The advantages of placing an observatory in a crater at one of the poles, where permanent darkness exists, are pointed out, and the methods required to emplace and operate such an observatory are considered. Planning for the installation of the first set of observatory instruments is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Spaceflight (ISSN 0038-6340); 31; 308
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  • 58
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    Space solar cell research (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A brief overview is given of the scope of the NASA space solar cell research and development program. Silicon cells, gallium arsenide cells, indium phosphide cells, and superlattice solar cells are addressed, indicating the state of the art of each type in outer space and their advantages and drawbacks for use in outer space. Contrasts between efficiency in space and on earth are pointed out.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Chemical Engineering Progress (ISSN 0360-7275); 62-67
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  • 59
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    Saturn - Jewel of the solar system (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The phenomena of the Saturn system discovered by the Voyager missions are addressed. The characteristics of the rings, including grooves, spikes, and warps, are described, and the discovery of bombarded rings and young rings is discussed. The unique and unexplained properties of Enceladus are summarized, and the possibility that some moons of Saturn have been reassembled is addressed. The interaction of moons with the rings is examined, and the possibility that Titan's atmosphere may contain complex molecules that are the precursors of life is considered.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Report (ISSN 0736-3680); 9; 12-15
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  • 60
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    The thermal structure of Triton's atmosphere - Pre-Voyager models (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spectral data from earth observations have indicated the presence of N2 and CH4 on Triton. This paper outlines the use of the 1-D radiative-convective model developed for Titan to calculate the current pressure of N2 and CH4 on Triton. The production of haze material is obtained by scaling down from the Titan value. Results and predictions for the Voyager Triton encounter are as follows: A N2-CH4 atmosphere on Triton is thermodynamically self consistent and would have a surface pressure of approximately 50 millibar; due to the chemically produced haze, Triton has a hot atmosphere with a temperature of approximately 130 K; Triton's troposphere is a region of saturation of the major constituent of the atmosphere, N2.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 16; 973-976
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  • 61
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    Shock-implanted noble gases. II - Additional experimental studies and recognition in naturally shocked terrestrial materials (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The process by which ambient gases can be implanted into silicates by shocks was investigated by analyzing the noble-gas content of several experimentally and naturally shocked silicate samples. The retentivity of shock-implanted gas during stepwise heating in the laboratory was defined in terms of two parameters, namely, the activation energy for diffusion and the extraction temperature at which 50 percent of the gas is released, both of which correlate with the shock pressure. The experiments indicate that, with increasing shock pressure, gas implantation occurs through an increasing production of microcracks/defects in the silicate lattice. The degree of annealing of these defects control the degree of diffusive loss of implanted gas.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 24; 113-123
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  • 62
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    External control of the Saturn kilometric radiation by the solar wind - Comparison between Voyager 1 and 2 observations (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The long-term modulation of Saturn's nonthermal radio emission in the kilometric wavelength range has been studied based upon data obtained by Voyagers 1 and 2. A comparison of the ballistic and hydrodynamic propagation of solar wind features from the spacecraft to Saturn allows the uncertainty inherent in the projection to be determined. The results confirm the previous suggestion that momentum, ram pressure, and kinetic energy flux are the primary solar wind parameters that drive the nonthermal radio emission. It is suggested that, under certain conditions and for limited periods of time, the magnetic properties and time derivatives of the solar wind have increased importance.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Annales Geophysicae (ISSN 0980-8752); 7; 341-353
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  • 63
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    On the lower altitude limit of the Venusian ionopause (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It has been observed from the plasma experiments on the Pioneer Venus Orbiter that the altitude of the upper boundary of the ionosphere decreases in response to increasing solar wind dynamic pressure. However, at pressures above about 2.5 x 10 to the -8th dynes/sq cm, the further decrease in the ionopause height is rather small. Following the model of Cloutier et al. (1969), it is suggested that during high solar wind conditions, when the ionopause is formed at lower altitudes, the solar wind induces vertical and horizontal flows which sweep away the ionospheric plasma that is produced locally by photoionization. As a result, a disturbed photodynamical ionosphere is formed which has the scale height of the ionizable neutral constituent. It is shown that such a photodynamical ionosphere is observed at the subsolar ionopause under these conditions. As a consequence of this interaction, the ionopause altitude is observed to follow the small-scale height of the ionizable species, atomic oxygen, showing only small changes with solar wind pressure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 16; 759-762
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  • 64
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    Asteroid volatiles inventory (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Asteroids appear in light of telescopic and meteority studies to be the most accessible repositories of early solar system history available. In the cooler regions of the outer asteroid belt, apparently unaffected by severe heating, the C, P, and D populations appear to harbor significant inventories of volatiles; the larger primordial belt population may have had an even greater percentage of volatile-rich, low-albedo asteroids, constituting a potent asteroid for veneering early terrestrial planet atmospheres. The volatile-rich asteroids contain carbon, structurally bound and adsorbed water, as well as remnants of interstellar material predating the solar system.
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    Voyager's decade of wonder (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The development and implementation of the Voyager missions are reviewed. The interplanetary missions preceding Voyager are discussed, focusing on the technological development leading up to the Voyager spacecraft. The main results from Voyager observations of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus are outlined. Also, consideration is given to the prospects for observations of Neptune.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Sky and Telescope (ISSN 0037-6604); 78; 16-20
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  • 66
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    The formation of weathering products on the LEW 85320 ordinary chondrite - Evidence from carbon and oxygen stable isotope compositions and implications for carbonates in SNC meteorites (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Isotopic analysis of nesquehonite recovered from the surface of the LEW 85320 H5 ordinary chondrite shows that the delta C-13 and delta O-18 values of the two generations of bicarbonate (Antarctic and Texas) are different: delta C-13 = + 7.9 per mil and + 4.2 per mil; delta O-18 = + 17.9 per mil and + 12.1 per mil, respectively. Carbon isotopic compositions are consistent with equilibrium formation from atmospheric carbon dioxide at - 2 + or - 4 C (Antarctic) and + 16 + or - 4 C (Texas). Oxygen isotopic data imply that the water required for nesquehonite precipitation was derived from atmospheric water vapor or glacial meltwater which had locally exchanged with silicates, either in the meteorite or in underlying bedrock. Although carbonates with similar delta C-13 values have been identified in the SNC meteorites EETA 79001 and Nakhla, petrographic and temperature constraints argue against their simply being terrestrial weathering products.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 24; 1-7
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    Multinational Mars exploration (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A primary concern in the formation of a multinational Mars-exploration program is that of technology transfer, which would be most acute in the U.S./U.S.S.R. case but would exist in lesser degree among other nations. Another concern is that of management-complexity, which could inflate total costs and substantially counteract the anticipated benefits of spreading program costs among a number of nations. It is presently suggested that these problems can be substantially reduced by having each nation become responsible for one (or more) complete flight system. Each nation's role in mission operations must be clear, and the cleanliness of interfaces among flight systems must carry over into mission operations.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Aerospace America (ISSN 0740-722X); 27; 18-21
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    New features in Saturn's atmosphere revealed by high-resolution thermal infrared images (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Observations of the stratospheric IR emission structure on Saturn are presented. The high-spatial-resolution global images show a variety of new features, including a narrow equatorial belt of enhanced emission at 7.8 micron, a prominent symmetrical north polar hotspot at all three wavelengths, and a midlatitude structure which is asymmetrically brightened at the east limb. The results confirm the polar brightening and reversal in position predicted by recent models for seasonal thermal variations of Saturn's stratosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 342; 777-780
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    The Voyager 2 encounter with the Neptunian system (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An overview of the Voyager 2 encounter with Neptune is presented, including a brief discussion of the trajectory, the planned observations, and highlights of the results described in the 11 companion papers. Neptune's blue atmosphere has storm systems reminiscent of those in Jupiter's atmosphere. An optically thin methane ice cloud exists near the 1.5-bar pressure level, and an optically thick cloud exists below 3 bars. Neptune's magnetic field is highly tilted and offset from the planet's center; it rotates with a period of 16.11 hours. Two narrow and two broad rings circle the planet; the outermost of these rings has three optically thicker arc segments. Six new moons were discovered in circular prograde orbits, all well inside Triton's retrograde orbit. Triton has a highly reflective and geologically young surface, a thin nitrogen atmosphere, and at least two active geyser-like plumes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 246; 1417-142
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    The interiors of Pluto and Charon - Structure, composition, and implications (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Recent models of the internal structure of Pluto and Charon, made possible by analysis of the Pluto/Charon mutual events are reviewed. At a mean density of just over 2 g/cu cm and a predicted rock mass fraction of roughly 0.7, the Pluto/Charon system is significantly rockier than the icy satellites of the giant planets, a contrast which may reflect its formation in a CO-rich outer solar nebula rather than a circumplanetary nebula. Pluto and Charon may in fact be so rocky that they lost volatiles early in their history (possibly during a Charon-forming impact event), although this is still an open issue.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 16; 1209-121
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    First measurements of plasma waves near Mars (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Preliminary results from electric field measurements in the environment of Mars using the plasma-wave system on board Phobos 2 are reported. Electron-plasma oscillations observed upstream of the bow shock correspond to a solar-wind density of 2/cu cm. The shock-foot boundary was crossed up to three times on each orbit. The shock ramp was detected at altitudes between 0.45 and 0.75 Mars radii R(M) above the planetary surface. The density increased by about a factor of two at the ramp. The shock position, although variable, seems to be consistent with previous measurements. The downstream magnetosheath contained broadband electric-field noise below the plasma frequency. The boundary of th obstacle, or plasmapause, was crossed at altitudes of the order of 0.28 R(M); the cold plasma density was highly variable within the planetopause and reached the unexpected value of 700/cu cm on the third orbit, at 0.25 R(M) altitude. Bursts of waves with frequencies below the electron cyclotron frequency occur within the planetopause.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 341; 607-609
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    Magnetic fields near Mars - First results (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The magnetic fields of Mars have been measured from Phobos 2 with high temporal resolution in the tail and down to an 850-km altitude. During four successive highly elliptical orbits, the position of the bow shock as well as that of a transition layer, the 'planetopause', were identified. Subsequent circular orbits at 6000-km altitude provided the first high-resolution data in the planetary tail and indicate that the interplanetary magnetic field mainly controls the magnetic tail. Magnetic turbulence was also detected when the spacecraft crossed the orbit of Phobos, indicating the possible existence of a torus near the orbit of this moon.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 341; 604-607
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    On the rapid formation of giant planet cores (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The formation of the ice-rock cores of the giant planets by density wave-assisted accretion is outlined. The process could be rapid (100,000-1,000,000 yr) and completed within the probable lifetime of the solar nebula. The mechanism works for both Jupiter and Saturn and does not require a large excess of mass over that believed present in their cores.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 345; L99-L102
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    Strike-slip faulting of ridged plains near Valles Marineris, Mars (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper identifies and documents several well-preserved examples of Martian strike-slip faults and examines their relationships to wrinkle-ridges. The strike-slip faulting predates or overlaps periods of wrinkle-ridge growth southeast of Valles Marineris, and some wrinkle ridges may have nucleated and grown as a result of strike-slip displacements along the echelon fault arrays. Lateral displacements of several km inferred along these arrays may be related to tectonism in Tharsis.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 341; 424-426
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    The long-term behavior of the main peak of the dayside ionosphere of Venus during solar cycle 21 and its implications on the effect of the solar cycle upon the electron temperature in the main peak region (1989)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results are presented on the long-term behavior of the main peak electron density in the Venus ionosphere during the solar cycle 21, based on 104 radio occultation measurements of the vertical electron density profile in the dayside ionosphere of Venus carried out aboard the Pioneer Venus Orbiter spacecraft (along with published data on 11 Venera 9-10 measurements). The equation representing the electron temperature at h = 140 km is presented. The results imply that the electron temperature at h = 140 km decreased by about 25 percent from solar maximum to solar minimum, compared to a decrease of 50-75 percent above 200 km found by Kliore and Mullen (1989).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 13339-13
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    Fluvial valleys and Martian palaeoclimates (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Theoretical models of early Martian atmospheric evolution describe the maintenance of a dense CO2 atmosphere and a warm, wet climate until the end of the heavy-bombardment phase of impacting. However, the presence of very young, earthlike fluvial valleys on the northern flank of Alba Patera conflicts with this scenario. Whereas the widespread ancient Martian valleys generally have morphologies indicative of sapping erosion by the slow outflow of subsurface water, the local Alba valleys were probably formed by surface-runoff processes. Because subsurface water flow might be maintained by hydrothermal energy inputs and because surface-runoff valleys developed late in Martian history, it is not necessary to invoke drastically different planet-wide climatic conditions to explain valley development on Mars. The Alba fluvial valleys can be explained by hydrothermal activity or outflow-channel discharges that locally modified the atmosphere, including precipitation and local overland flow on low-permeability volcanic ash.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 341; 514-516
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  • 77
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    Possible use of pattern recognition for the analysis of Mars rover X-ray fluorescence spectra (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: On the Mars rover sample-return mission, the rover vehicle will collect and select samples from different locations on the Martian surface to be brought back to earth for laboratory studies. It is anticipated that an in situ energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer will be on board the rover. On such a mission, sample selection is of higher priority than in situ quantitative chemical anlaysis. With this in mind, a pattern recognition technique is proposed as a simple, direct, and speedy alternative to detailed chemical analysis of the XRF spectra. The validity and efficacy of the pattern recognition technique are demonstrated by the analyses of laboratory XRF spectra obtained from a series of geological samples, in the form both of standardized pressed pellets and as unprepared rocks. It is found that pattern recognition techniques applied to the raw XRF spectra can provide for the same discrimination among samples as a knowledge of their actual chemical composition.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 94; 13611-13
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    Phase relations of high albedo asteroids - The unusual opposition brightening of 44 Nysa and 64 Angelina (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present photoelectric lightcurve observations of 44 Nysa at one aspect, and 64 Angelina at both polar aspects, indicate the presence of an opposition spike or brightening of approximately 0.25 mag within several deg of zero-phase angle. Since the three curves are identical within the bounds of observational scatter, the opposition spike cannot be judged anomalous within the asteroid taxonomic class E. The general similarity of the observed phase curves to those of the Uranian satellites and the rings of Saturn supports the status of the spike as an ordinary property of moderate-to-high albedo atmosphereless surfaces.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 81; 365-374
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  • 79
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    Production of organic compounds in plasmas - A comparison among electric sparks, laser-induced plasmas, and UV light (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In order to ascertain the features of organic compound-production in planetary atmospheres under the effects of plasmas and shocks, various mixtures of N2, CH4, and H2 modeling the atmosphere of Titan were subjected to discrete sparks, laser-induced plasmas, and UV radiation. The experimental results obtained suggest that UV photolysis from the plasma is an important organic compound synthesis process, as confirmed by the photolysis of gas samples that were exposed to the light but not to the shock waves emitted by the sparks. The thermodynamic equilibrium theory is therefore incomplete in the absence of photolysis.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 81; 413-428
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  • 80
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    Asteroid lightcurve observations from 1979-1981 (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An account is given of the results of photometric light curve observations in the V band for asteroids, yielding estimates of the mean and maximum reduced magnitudes for each object. On the basis of fits of the H-G magnitude relation for 33 objects, the mean values of the slope parameter are examined for different taxonomic classes; these values are then applied to the analysis of less complete data sets. While in the case of the moderate albedo S and M class asteroids the H-G relation appears to fit the available data, the relation for dark asteroids appears to predict more of an opposition than is characteristically present.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 81; 314-364
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  • 81
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    Regular structure in the inner Cassini Division of Saturn's rings (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Voyager imaging, radio occultation, and stellar occultation data for the regular structure of Saturn's inner Cassini Division are presently analyzed. The regular optical depth variation observed by the radio occultation experiment scan and the feature noted in Voyager images is the same structure, namely the gravitational wakes of two 10-km radius satellites orbiting within the division. The structure is azimuthally symmetric, and is judged to rule out the possibility that large moonlets may be responsible for the observed structure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 82; 180-199
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  • 82
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    Interplanetary dust particles collected in the stratosphere - Observations of atmospheric heating and constraints on their interrelationships and sources (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: TEM and IR spectroscopy investigations of the interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) collected in the stratosphere have shown the majority of IDPs in the layer-lattice silicate and pyroxene classes to not have been heated to temperatures above 600 C during atmospheric entry. This implies that they arrive at the upper atmosphere with low geocentric encounter velocities, and limits the possible encounter trajectories for these particles to relatively circular prograde orbits. On this basis, it is judged unlikely that these IDPs are from earth-crossing comets or asteroids; collected IDPs dominated by olivine include a larger portion of above-600 C-heated particles, suggesting their capture from more eccentric orbits.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 82; 146-166
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  • 83
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    Transitional morphology in west Deuteronilus Mensae, Mars - Implications for modification of the lowland/upland boundary (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present examination of the west Deuteronilus Mensae region of Mars notes the changes in fretted terrain across the gradational boundary from uplands to lowlands to include a reduction of canyon wall slopes and depths, so that the fretted terrain north of the gradational boundary appears matted, but not obscured. The two process-classes that may account for the lateral overlap are the erosion of stratified upland terrain, and the deposition of plains materials onto the sloping upland margin and fretted terrain. A variety of plains-emplacement mechanisms is considered.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 82; 111-145
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    The carbon budget in the outer solar nebula (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The compositional contrast between the giant-planet satellites and the significantly rockier Pluto/Charon system is indicative of different formation mechanisms; cosmic abundance calculations, in conjunction with an assumption of the Pluto/Charon system's direct formation from solar nebula condensates, strongly suggest that most of the carbon in the outer solar nebula was in CO form, in keeping with both the inheritance from the dense molecular clouds in the interstellar medium, and/or the Lewis and Prinn (1980) kinetic-inhibition model of solar nebula chemistry. Laboratory studies of carbonaceous chondrites and Comet Halley flyby studies suggest that condensed organic material, rather than elemental carbon, is the most likely candidate for the small percentage of the carbon-bearing solid in the outer solar nebula.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 82; 1-35
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  • 85
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    Orbits and masses of Saturn's co-orbiting satellites, Janus and Epimetheus (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An attempt is made to provide a constraint on the combined mass of Janus and Epimetheus from an analysis of Voyager I and Voyager 2 data and ground-based observations obtained during the 1966 and 1980 ring plane crossings. The results of the analysis presented here suggest that the total mass is 2.59 + or - 0.26 x 10 to the 21st g, the mass ratio is 3.61 + or - 0.01, and Janus' density is 0.67 + or - 0.10 g/cu cm. The low density of Janus is attributed to its porosity rather than composition.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 98; 1875-188
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  • 86
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    The case for a multinational Mars Surveyor Program (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A coordinated multinational Mars Surveyor Program involving a series of robotic missions is proposed in order to select worthwhile human landing sites for discoveries, for safe operations, and for testing and proving technologies for making human flight to Mars possible. Some characteristics motivating exploration of the planet are briefly discussed, including the possibility of life, geological features, and meteorological conditions. The necessity for preliminary exploration of Mars by robots prior to human exploration is discussed, and the rationale behind a multinational approach for a Mars Surveyor Program is presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Report (ISSN 0736-3680); 9; 12-15
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  • 87
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    Styles of volcanism on Venus - New Arecibo high resolution radar data (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Arecibo high-resolution (1.5 to 2 km) radar data of Venus for the area extending from Beta Regio to western Eisila Regio provide strong evidence that the mountains in Beta and Eisila Regiones and plains in and adjacent to Guinevere Planitia are of volcanic origin. Recognized styles of volcanism include large volcanic edifices on the Beta and Eisila rises related to regional structural trends, plains with multiple source vents and a mottled appearance due to the ponding of volcanic flows, and plains with bright features surrounded by extensive quasi-circular radar-dark halos. The high density of volcanic vents in the plains suggests that heat loss by abundant and widely distributed plains volcanism may be more significant than previously recognized. The low density of impact craters greater than 15 km in diameter in this region compared to the average density for the higher northern latitudes suggests that the plains have a younger age.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 246; 373-377
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  • 88
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    Television observations of Phobos (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In February and March 1989 the Phobos 2 spacecraft took 37 television images of Phobos from a distance of 190-1100 km. The data are being used to update the three-dimensional model of Phobos, to provide improved determinations of its density and orbital dynamics, and to study its surface color, composition, and texture. Preliminary findings are presented here which include different integrated photometric behavior in visible and near-infrared bands, observation of a region immediately west of Stickney which is relatively free of large grooves, the prevalence of bright rims on grooves and younger craters, and low bulk density.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 341; 585-587
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  • 89
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    Test results on parabolic dish concentrators for solar thermal power systems (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper presents results of development testing of various solar thermal parabolic dish concentrators. The concentrators were mostly designed for the production of electric power using dish-mounted Rankine, Brayton or Stirling cycle engines, intended to be produced at low cost. Measured performance for various dishes included optical efficiencies ranging from 0.32 to 0.86 at a geometric concentration ratio of 500, and from about 0.09 to 0.85 at a geometric concentration ratio of 3000. Some malfunctions were observed. The tests should provide operating information of value in developing concentrators with improved performance and reduced maintenance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy (ISSN 0038-092X); 42; 2, 19; 173-187
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  • 90
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    Is plagioclase removal responsible for the negative Eu anomaly in the source regions of mare basalts? (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The nearly ubiquitous presence of a negative Eu anomaly in the mare basalts has been suggested to indicate prior separation and flotation of plagioclase from the basalt source region during its crystallization from a lunar magma ocean (LMO). Are there any mare basalts derived from a mantle source which did not experience prior plagioclase separation? Crystal chemical rationale for REE substitution in pyroxene suggests that the combination of REE size and charge, M2 site characteristics of pyroxene, fO2, magma chemistry, and temperature may account for the negative Eu anomaly in the source region of some types of primitive, low TiO2 mare basalts. This origin for the negative Eu anomaly does not preclude the possibility of the LMO as many mare basalts still require prior plagioclase crystallization and separation and/or hybridization involving a KREEP component.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (ISSN 0016-7037); 53; 3331-333
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  • 91
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    Venus ionopause during solar minimum (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Pioneer Venus ion composition measurements are used to study the Venus ionosphere during solar minimum. It is suggested that the topside electron density profile at Venus during solar minimum has two distinct regimes. One beween 140 and 180 km is dominated by O2(+) ions which are in photochemical equilibrium. The other regime is above 180 km and is dominated by O(+) ions which are disturbed by the solar wind induced plasma transport. For Pioneer Venus, Mariner 10, and Venera 9 and 10 data, it is found that Venus exhibits a photodynamical type of ionopause during solar minimum.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 16; 1477-148
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  • 92
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    Infrared observations of the Neptunian system (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Voyager 2's IR observations of Neptune encompass thermal emissions and broadband radiometer measurements of reflected solar radiation. Temperature maps were obtained for the planet between 80 deg S and 30 deg N for two atmospheric layers, one in the lower stratosphere and the other in the troposphere. The relatively warm pole and equator, with cooler midlatitudes, are qualitatively similar to Uranus, despite the two planets' very different obliquities and internal heat fluxes. Powerful wavelike longitudinal thermal structure is noted, of which some appears to be associated with the Great Dark Spot; a localized cold region uncorrelated with any visible feature is found in the lower stratosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 246; 1454-145
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    Voyager planetary radio astronomy at Neptune (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Detection of very intense short radio bursts from Neptune was possible as early as 30 days before closest approach and at least 22 days after closest approach. The bursts lay at frequencies in the range 100 to 1300 kilohertz, were narrowband and strongly polarized, and presumably originated in southern polar regions of the planet. Episodes of smooth emissions in the frequency range from 20 to 865 kilohertz were detected during an interval of at least 10 days around closest approach. The bursts and the smooth emissions can be described in terms of rotation in a period of 16.11 + or - 0.05 hours. The bursts came at regular intervals throughout the encounter, including episodes both before and after closest approach. The smooth emissions showed a half-cycle phase shift between the five episodes before and after closest approach. This experiment detected the foreshock of Neptune's magnetosphere and the impacts of dust at the times of ring-plane crossings and also near the time of closest approach. Finally, there is no evidence for Neptunian electrostatic discharges.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 246; 1498-150
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    Three-dimensional linear instability modeling of the cloud level Venus atmosphere (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Based on the success of several two-dimensional (latitude, longitude) linear barotropic instability models at matching some of the observed characteristics of the cloud level, polar region of the Venus atmosphere, a more realistic, linear, three-dimensional (height, latitude and longitude) model has been developed to further test the hypothesis that the observed features can be described by linear instability theory. The approach taken is to vary the model input parameters to see whether it is possible to produce modes that resemble the observations of wave activity and to compare those input parameters with other observations of the mean state. Sensitivity studies show that in addition to a well-documented dependence on the mean zonal wind, the growth and propagation of unstable modes depends on the latitude variation of the mean temperature (and hence static stability). These studies have led to the specification of a model basic state wind and temperature field that produces modes which are matched to observations of spatial structure, preferred wavenumber and phase speed of the polar disturbances. Wavenumber 2 is found to have the shortest growth time and unlike the two-dimensional results, wavenumbers 1-3 share a nearly common period of about 3 days. The derived basic state has a temperature field that is quite similar to Pioneer Venus observations; however, in some regions the model basic state wind field departs from cyclostrophic values based on temperature observations.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 46; 3559-356
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  • 95
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    Overview of battery usage in NASA/GSFC LEO and GEOspacecrafts (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A survey of the batteries used in the low earth orbit (LEO) and geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) missions at the Goddard Space Flight Center is described. For each spacecraft, tentative launch date is given, along with relevant battery parameters including battery size and description, depth-of-discharge, predicted mission temperature, and life requirement.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology (SERT), 1989; p 1-3
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    The importance of batteries in unmanned missions (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The planetary program has historically used batteries to supply peak power needs for mission specific applications. Any time that additional power has been required in order to meet peak power demands or those applications where only limited amounts of power were required, batteries have always been used. Up until the mid to late 70's they have performed their task admirably. Recently, however, we have all become aware of the growing problem of developing reliable NiCd batteries for long mission and high cycle life applications. Here, the role rechargeable batteries will play for future planetary and earth observing spacecraft is discussed. In conclusion, NiCds have been and will continue to be the mainstay of the power system engineers tools for peak power production. Recent experience has tarnished its once sterling reputation. However, the industry has stood up to this challenge and implemented wide ranging plans to rectify the situation. These efforts should be applauded and supported as new designs and materials become available. In addition, project managers must become aware of their responsibility to test their batteries and insure quality and mission operating characteristics. Without this teamwork, the role of NiCds in the future will diminish, and other batteries, not as optimum for high performance applications (low mass and volume) will take their place.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Electrochemical Research and Technology (SERT), 1989; p 5-8
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    The experiments of LIPS 3 (1989)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: LIPS 3 is a member of the Living Plume Shield series of spacecraft. In each LIPS project, the plume shield, a simple sheet metal cone, was structurally stiffened, and an active satellite was then built around it. The original purpose of the plume shield was to prevent the plume from solid propellent engines, which are fired outside the atmosphere after the aerodynamic shroud is jettisoned, from reaching the primary payload. The surface of LIPS 3 facing the plume also functioned in this manner, but the anterior surfaces were unaffected, and it was there that all solar arrays, sensors, and experiments were mounted. The purpose of LIPS 3 was to provide a test bed for new space power sources. With the long delays projected for schedules of the STS and other major launch systems, it appeared that a decade might pass before long term flight data could be obtained on many new and innovative power sources. The fact that a launch scheduled for early in 1987 required a plume shield was seen as a unique opportunity to obtain some of this data in a timely manner. The LIPS 3 system, the experiments placed aboard, and the experiment data acquisition subsystem are described. Various problems were encountered during integration and after launch; those which appear to effect the accuracy of experimental results are discussed. A preliminary description is given of the accuracy of the flight experiment data.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology, 1988. High Efficiency, Space Environment, and Array Technology; p 306-322
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    Directions for further development of GaAs/CuInSe2 thin film tandem cells (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Multijunction thin film solar cells utilizing GaAs and CuInSe2 as semiconductor absorbers are rapidly developing, becoming a viable technology for space power systems with an unparalleled combination of high efficiency, low mass, and high radiation tolerance. The prospect for evolutionary improvement of this type of cell towards efficiency of approximately equals 30 percent and specific power greater than 1 kW/kg while retaining the attribute of high radiation tolerance are good. Limitations of the present configuration and possible avenues for circumventing these problems are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology, 1988. High Efficiency, Space Environment, and Array Technology; p 146-150
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  • 99
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    Advanced photovoltaic solar array development (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Phase 2 of the Advanced Photovoltaic Solar Array (APSA) program, started in mid-1987, is currently in progress to fabricate prototype wing hardware that will lead to wing integration and testing in 1989. The design configuration and key details are reviewed. A status of prototype hardware fabricated to date is provided. Results from key component-level tests are discussed. Revised estimates of array-level performance as a function of solar cell device technology for geosynchronous missions are given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology, 1988. High Efficiency, Space Environment, and Array Technology; p 122-137
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    Modelling and design of high performance indium phosphide solar cells (1989)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: A first principles pn junction device model has predicted new designs for high voltage, high efficiency InP solar cells. Measured InP material properties were applied and device parameters (thicknesses and doping) were adjusted to obtain optimal performance designs. Results indicate that p/n InP designs will provide higher voltages and higher energy conversion efficiencies than n/p structures. Improvements to n/p structures for increased efficiency are predicted. These new designs exploit the high absorption capabilities, relatively long diffusion lengths, and modest surface recombination velocities characteristic of InP. Predictions of performance indicate achievable open-circuit voltage values as high as 943 mV for InP and a practical maximum AM0 efficiency of 22.5 percent at 1 sun and 27 C. The details of the model, the optimal InP structure and the effect of individual parameter variations on device performance are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA, Lewis Research Center, Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology, 1988. High Efficiency, Space Environment, and Array Technology; p 79-89
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