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  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (1,826)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,300)
  • Aerodynamics
  • EOS
  • 1980-1984  (2,878)
  • 1940-1944  (275)
  • 1910-1914
  • 1984  (1,491)
  • 1981  (1,387)
  • 1943  (123)
  • 1940  (152)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1980-1984  (2,878)
  • 1940-1944  (275)
  • 1910-1914
Year
  • 1
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    Variations in physical properties within the earth's crustal layers (1943)
    In:  Trans., Am. Geophys. Union, Milano, Gustav Fischer, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 281-282, pp. L24306, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1943
    Keywords: CRUST ; Elasticity ; Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks ; EOS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Recent results of earthquake study in Southern California (1943)
    In:  Trans., Am. Geophys. Union, Milano, Gustav Fischer, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 95-96, pp. L24306, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1943
    Keywords: Seismology ; Seismicity ; EOS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Report of the Panel on Aerodynamics (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Progress in aerodynamics over the past 50 years has been evidenced by the development of increasingly sophisticated and efficient flight vehicles throughout the flight spectrum. Advances have generally arisen in an evolutionary manner from experience gained in wind tunnel testing, flight testing, and improvements in analytical and computational capabilities. As a result of this evolutionary development, both military and commercial vehicles operate at a relatively high efficiency level. This observation plus the fact that airplanes have not changed appreciably in outward appearance over recent years has led some skeptics to conclude incorrectly that aerodynamics is a mature technology, with little to be gained from further developments in the field. It is of interest to note that progress in aerodynamics has occurred without a thorough understanding of the fundamental physics of flow, turbulence, vortex dynamics, and separated flow, for example. The present understanding of transition, turbulence, and boundary layer separation is actually very limited. However, these fundamental flow phenomena provide the key to reducing the viscous drag of aircraft. Drag reduction provides the greatest potential for increased flight efficiency from the standpoint of both saving energy and maximizing performance. Recent advances have led to innovative concepts for reducing turbulent friction drag by modifying the turbulent structure within the boundary layer. Further advances in this basic area should lead to methods for reducing skin friction drag significantly. The current challenges for military aircraft open entirely new fields of investigation for the aerodynamicist. The ability through very high speed information processing technology to totally integrate the flight and propulsion controls can permit an aircraft to fly with "complete abandon," avoiding departure, buffet, and other undesirable characteristics. To utilize these new control concepts, complex aerodynamic phenomena will have to be understood, predicted, and controlled. Current requirements for military aircraft include configuration optimization through a widened envelope from subsonic to supersonic and from low to high angles of attack. This task is further complicated by requirements for control of observables. These challenging new designs do not have the luxury of a large experimental data base from which to optimize for various parameter combinations. Consequently, there exists a strong need for better techniques, both experimental and computational, to permit design optimization in a complete sense.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: Aeronautics Technology Possibilities for 2000: Report of a Workshop; 15-46; NASA-CR-205283
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Effect of Normal Pressure on the Critical Shear Stress of Curved Sheet (1943)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In order to determine the critical stresses caused by an outward acting pressure on the upper surface of a wing due to the difference in internal and external pressures, torsional tests were made on two curved-sheet specimens subjected to an outward acting normal pressure. Results show that an outward acting normal pressure appreciable raises the critical shear stress for an unstiffened curved sheet; the absolute increase in critical shear stress is slightly greater for a 30 in. rib spacing than for a 10 in. rib spacing.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-WR-L-416
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Wind-Tunnel Investigation of a Revised Horizontal Tail Surface for the Grumman TBF-1 Airplane (1943)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: No abstract available
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-WR-L-702
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Drag Measurements of a Protruding .50-caliber Machine Gun with Barrel Jacket Removed (1943)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Tests were made in 8-ft high-speed wind tunnel to determine the drag reduction possible by eliminating the barrel jacket of a protruding 50-caliber aircraft gun. It was found that the drag of a standard aircraft gun protruding into the air stream at right angles to the flow can be reduced by 23% by discarding the barrel jacket. At 300 mph and sea-level conditions, this amounts to a decrease in drag of from 83 to 64 pounds. A rough surface finish on the barrel was found to have no adverse effects on the drag of the barrel, the drag being actually less at high Mach Numbers.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-WR-L-581
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Flight Tests of Various Tail Modifications on the Brewster XSBA-1 Airplane II : Measurements of Flying Qualities with Tail Configuration Number Two (1943)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Several tail modifications of the Brewster XSBA-1 scout-bomber were investigated and results compared. Modifications consisted of variation of the chord of the elevator and rudder while the total area of the surfaces is kept constant and variations of the total area of the vertical tail surface. Configuration number 2 reduced trim changes by 50 percent and reduced average elevator control force gradient from 30 to 27 pounds/g. Stick travel required to stall in maneuver was 4.6 inches.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-WR-L-598
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Wind Tunnel Tests of Ailerons at Various Speeds I : Ailerons of 0.20 Airfoil Chord and True Contour with 0.35 Aileron-chord Extreme Blunt Nose Balance on the NACA 66,2-216 Airfoil (1943)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Hinge-moment, lift, and pressure-distribution measurements were made in the two-dimensional test section of the NACA stability tunnel on a blunt-nose balance-type aileron on an NACA 66,2-216 airfoil at speeds up to 360 miles per hour corresponding to a Mach number of 0.475. The tests were made primarily to determine the effect of speed on the action of this type of aileron. The balance-nose radii of the aileron were varied from 0 to 0.02 of the airfoil chord and the gap width was varied from 0.0005 to 0.0107 of the airfoil chord. Tests were also made with the gap sealed.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-WR-L-431 , NACA-ACR-3F11
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Wind-Tunnel Investigation of a Plain Aileron with Various Trailing-Edge Modifications on a Tapered Wing III : Ailerons with Simple and Spring-Linked Balancing Tabs (1943)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Aerodynamics data are obtained for the design of linked balancing tabs and effect of varied tab span and location to produce suitable lateral control characteristics with reasonable stick pressures for high-speed aircraft. Simple and spring-linked balancing tabs may considerably reduce control pressures if aileron system is designed for low maximum aileron deflection. Spring-linked tabs also decrease variation of stick pressure with speed and impart better controlllability at low speeds.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-WR-L-470
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Wind-Tunnel Investigation of a Low-Drag Airfoil Section with a Double Slotted Flap (1943)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Tests were made of an 0.309-chord double-slotted flap on an NACA 65, 3-118, a equals 1.0 airfoil section to determine drag, lift, and pitching-moment characteristics for a range of flap deflections. Results indicate that combination of a low-drag airfoil and a double-slotted flap, of which the two parts moved as a single unit, gave higher maximum lift coefficients than have been obtained with plain, split, or slotted flaps on low-drag airfoils. Pitching moments were comparable to those obtained with other high-lift devices on conventional airfoils for similar lift coefficients.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-WR-L-697 , NACA-ACR-3I20
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 11
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    Wind-Tunnel Investigation of the Characteristics of Blunt-Nose Ailerons on a Tapered Wing (1943)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Characteristics are determined for various modifications of 0.155-chord blunt-nose aileron on semispan model of tapered fighter plane wing. Ailerons with 40 percent nose balance reduced high-speed stick forces. Increased balance chord increases effectiveness and reduces high-speed stick forces. Increased balance chord increases effectiveness and reduces adverse effects of gap at aileron hose. Increase of nose radii increased negative slope of curve hinge-movement coefficient plotted against deflection. Extended deflection range decreased aileron effectiveness for small deflections but increased it at large deflections. Peak pressures at noses of ailerons are relatively high at moderate deflections.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-WR-L-262
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 12
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    The Effect of Mass Distribution on the Lateral Stability and Control Characteristics of an Airplane as Determined by Tests of a Model in the Free-Flight Tunnel (1943)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of mass distribution on lateral stability and control characteristics of an airplane have been determined by flight tests of a model in the NACA free-flight tunnel. In the investigation, the rolling and yawing movements of inertia were increased from normal values to values up to five times normal. For each moment-of-inertia condition, combinations of dihedral and vertical-tail area representing a variety of airplane configurations were tested. The results of the flight tests of the model were correlated with calculated stability and control characteristics and, in general, good agreement was obtained. The tests showed the following effects of increased rolling and yawing moments of inertia: no appreciable change in spiral stability; reductions in oscillatory stability that were serious at high values of dihedral; a reduction in the sensitivity of the model to gust disturbances; and a reduction in rolling acceleration provided by the ailerons, which caused a marked increase in time to reach a given angle of bank. The general flight behavior of the model became worse with increasing moments of inertia but, with combinations of small effective dihedral and large vertical-tail area, satisfactory flight characteristics were obtained at all moment-of-inertia conditions.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-WR-L-388 , NACA-ARR-3H31
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 13
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    Methods of Measurement of High Air Velocities by the Hot-wire Method (1943)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Investigations of strengths of hot wires at high velocities were conducted with platinum, nickel, and tungsten at approximately 200 Degrees Celcius hot-wire temperature. The results appear to disqualify platinum for velocities approaching the sonic range; whereas nickel withstands sound velocity, and tungsten may be used for supersonic velocities under standard atmospheric conditions. Hot wires must be supported by rigid prolongs at high velocities to avoid wire breakage. Resting current measurements for constant temperature show agreement with King's relation.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-TN-880
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 14
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    The Prediction of Transonic Flows on an Advancing Rotor (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The object of this investigation was to find and demonstrate a means of performing efficient finite-difference computations of rotor loading for a trimmed rotor in high-speed, forward flight. The essence of the scheme that was developed is a loose-coupled iteration procedure between a finite difference and a comprehensive integral rotor code. The coupling involves a transfer of appropriate load and inflow data on the advancing side between the two codes such that consistency maintained. Sample computations, including a limited comparison with model rotor data, are presented. The scheme converges rapidly. However, even one iteration with this scheme can provide sufficient accuracy for many purposes.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: May 01, 1984; Arlington, VA; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 15
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    Wind-tunnel Tests of the NACA 45-125 Airfoil: A Thick Airfoil for High-Speed Airplanes (1940)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Investigations of the pressure distribution, the profile drag, and the location of transition for a 30-inch-chord 25-percent-thick N.A,C.A. 45-125 airfoil were made in the N.A.C.A 8-foot high-speed wind tunnel for the purpose of aiding in the development of a thick wing for high-speed airplanes. The tests were made at a lift coefficient of 0.1 for Reynolds Numbers from 1,750,000 to 8,690,000, corresponding to speeds from 80 to 440 miles per hour at 59 F. The effect on the profile drag of fixing the transition point was also investigated. The effect of compressibility on the rate of increase of pressure coefficients was found to be greater than that predicted by a simplified theoretical expression for thin wings. The results indicated that, for a lift coefficient of 0.1, the critical speed of the N.A.C,A. 45-125 airfoil was about 460 miles per hour at 59 F,. The value of the profile-drag coefficient at a Reynolds Number of 4,500,000 was 0.0058, or about half as large as the value for the N.A,C,A. 0025 airfoil. The increase in the profile-drag coefficient for a given movement of the transition point was about three times as large as the corresponding increase for the N.A.C,A. 0012 airfoil. Transition determinations indicated that, for Reynolds Numbers up to ?,000,000, laminar boundary 1ayers were maintained over approximately 40 percent of the upper and the lower surfaces of the airfoil.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-SR-138
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 16
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    Calculation of Unsteady Transonic Flow Over an Airfoil (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An implicit finite-difference solver for either the Euler equations or the "thin-layer" Navier-Stokes equations was used to calculate a transonic flow over the NACA 64A010 airfoil pitching about its one-quarter chord. An unsteady automatic grid-generation procedure that will improve significantly the computational efficiency of various unsteady flow problems is described. The calculated results for both inviscid and viscous flows at Mach number 0.8 over the airfoil oscillating with reduced frequency referenced to one-half chord, 0.2, are compared with experimental data measured in the Ames 11 x 11 ft Transonic Wind Tunnel. Nonlinear, unsteady effects of the flow on the surface pressure variations, shock-wave excursions, and overall airloads are examined. Good agreements between the results of computations and experiments were obtained. In the shock-wave region, however, the results of the viscous-flow computations showed closer agreement with the experimental data.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: AIAA Paper 79-1554 , AIAA Journal; 19; 6; 684-690|Fluid and Plasma Dynamics; Jul 23, 1979 - Jul 25, 1979; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 17
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    Selection of Slow and Fast Variables in the Three-Dimensional Flight Dynamics (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A transformation from the altitude and velocity state variables of three-dimensional flight mechanics to a new set of more desirable variables is found. The new variables provide a greater time-scale separation, decrease system coupling, and give better estimates of the fast-variable values along the reduced solution. One of the new variables is the often-used specific energy, whereas the other variable changes along a given trajectory, depending on the nature of the local reduced solution. Numerical examples are included.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: American Control Conference; Jun 06, 1984 - Jun 08, 1984; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 18
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    Alleviation of Spin-Entry Tendencies through Localization of Wing-Flow Separation (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Studies have been made on several wing leading-edge modifications applicable at present to single-engine light aircraft, which produce stabilizing vortices at stall and beyond. These vortices have the effect of fixing the stall pattern of the wing such that the various portions of the wing upper surface stall nearly symmetrically. The lift coefficient produced is maintained at a high level to angles of attack significantly above the stall angle of the unmodified wing, and the divergence in roll usually is reduced to a controllable level. It is hypothesized that these characteristics will help prevent inadvertent spin entry after a stall. Results are presented from recent large-scale wind-tunnel tests of a typical light aircraft, both with and without the modifications. The data indicate (hot the static stall and poststall characteristics of this aircraft, in a typical landing-approach condition, are noticeably improved when it suitable leading-edge modification is employed; and also that no appreciable aerodynamic penalties are evident in the normal flight envelope.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-81-207529 , NAS 1.15:207529 , AIAA Paper 78-1476R , Journal of Aircraft; 18; 2; 69-75|Aircraft Systems and Technology Conference; Aug 21, 1978 - Aug 23, 1978; Los Angeles, CA; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 19
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    Lift Enhancing Surfaces on Several Advanced V/STOL Fighter/Attack Aircraft Concepts (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: An analysis of the relative influences of for-ward lift-enhancing surfaces on the overall lift and drag characteristics of three wind-tunnel models representative of V/STOL fighter/attack aircraft is presented. Two of the models are canard-wing configurations and one has a wing leading-edge extension (LEX) as the forward lifting surface. Data are taken from wind-tunnel tests of each model covering Mach numbers from 0.4 to 1.4. Overall lift and drag characteristics of these models and the generally favorable interactions of the forward surfaces with the wings are highlighted. Results indicate surface that larger LFX's and canards generally give greater lift and drag improvements than ones that are smaller relative to the wings.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-81-207514 , NAS 1.15:207514 , AIAA Paper 81-1675 , Aircraft Systems and Technology Conference; Aug 11, 1981 - Aug 13, 1981; Dayton, OH; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 20
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    Full-Scale Wind-Tunnel Study of the Effect of Nacelle Shape on Cooling Drag (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Tests were made in the Ames 40 by 80 ft Wind Tunnel of a semispan wing with a nacelle (no propeller) from a typical, general aviation twin-engine aircraft. Measurements were made of the effect on drag of the flow of cooling air through the nacelle. Internal and external nacelle pressures were measured. It was found that the cooling airflow accounts for about 13% of the total estimated airplane drag during both cruise and climb. The now of cooling air through the nacelle accounts for 30% of the airflow drag component during cruise and 42% during climb; the balance, in both cruise and climb, is attributed to [he external shape of the nacelle. It was suggested that improvements could possibly be made by relocating both the inlet and the outlet for the cooling air.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-81-207547 , NAS 1.15:207547 , AIAA Paper 79-1820R , Aircraft Systems and Technology Meeting; Aug 20, 1979 - Aug 22, 1979; New York, NY; United States|Journal of Aircraft; 18; 2; 82-88
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 21
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    Transonic Flow Past a Symmetrical Airfoil at High Angle of Attack (1981)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The results of an experimental investigation of shock-induced stall and leading-edge stall on a 64A010 airfoil section are presented. Advanced nonintrusive techniques - laser velocimetry and holographic interferometry - were used in characterizing the inviscid and viscous flow regions. The measurements include Mach contours of the inviscid now regions, and mean velocity, flow direction, and Reynolds shear stress profiles in the separated regions. The experimental observations of this study are relevant to efforts to improve surface-pressure prediction methods for airfoils at or near stall.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NASA/TM-81-207541 , NAS 1.15:207541 , AIAA Paper 79-1500R , Journal of Aircraft; 18; 1; 7-14|Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Conference; Jul 23, 1979 - Jul 24, 1979; Williamsburg, VA; United States
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 22
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    Preliminary Investigation of the Effect of Compressibility on the Maximum Lift Coefficient, Special Report (1943)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Preliminary data are presented on the variation of the maximum lift coefficient with Mach number. The data were obtained from tests in the 8-foot high-speed tunnel of three NACA 16-series airfoils of 1-foot chord. Measurements consisted primarily of pressure-distribution measurements in order to illustrate the nature of the phenomena. It was found that the maximum lift coefficient of airfoils is markedly affected by compressibility even at Mach numbers as low as 0.2. At high Mach numbers pronounced decrease of the maximum lift coefficient was found. The magnitude of the effects of compressibility on the maximum lift coefficient and the low speeds at which these effects first appear indicate clearly that consideration of the take-off thrust for propellers will give results seriously in error if these considerations are based on the usual low-speed maximum-lift-coefficient data generally used.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-ACR-246 , NACA-SR-246
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 23
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    The Effect of Compressibility on the Growth of the Laminar Boundary Layer on Low-Drag Wings and Bodies (1943)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: The development of the laminar boundary layer in a compressible fluid is considered. Formulas are given for determining the boundary-layer thickness and the ratio of the boundary-layer Reynolds number to the body Reynolds number for airfoils and bodies of revolution. It i s shown that the effect of compressibility will profoundly alter the Reynolds number corresponding to the upper limit of the range of the low-drag coefficients . The available data indicate that for low-drag and high critical compressibility speed airfoils and bodies of revolution, this effect is favorable.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-ACR-252 , NACA-SR-252
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 24
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    Wind-Tunnel Investigation of the Lift Characteristics of an NACA 27-212 Airfoil Equipped with Two Types of Flap, Special Report (1940)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: An investigation has been made in the NACA 7- by 10-foot wind tunnel of a large chord NACA 27-212 airfoil with a 20% chord split flap and with two arrangements of a 25.66% chord slotted flap to determine the section lift characteristics as affected by flap deflection for the split flap and as affected by flap deflection, flap position, and slot shape for the slotted flap. For the two arrangements of the slotted flap, the flap positions for maximum section lift are given. Comparable data on the NACA 23012 airfoil equipped with similar flaps are also given. On the basis of maximum section lift coefficient, the slotted flap with an easy slot entry was slightly better than either the split flap or the slotted flap with a sharp slot entry. With both types of flap the decrease in the angle of attack, for maximum section lift coefficient, with flap deflection is large for the NACA 27-212 airfoil as compared with the NACA 23012 airfoil. Also with both flaps, the maximum section lift coefficient obtained with flaps is much lower for the NACA 27-212 airfoil than for the NACA 23012 airfoil.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-SR-159
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 25
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    Full-Scale Tests of Several Propellers Equipped with Spinners, Cuffs, Airfoil and Round Shanks, and NACA 16-Series Sections, Special Report (1940)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Wind-tunnel tests of several propeller, cuff, and spinner combinations were conducted in the 20 foot propeller-research tunnel. Three propellers, which ranged in diameter from 8.4 to 11.25 feet, were tested at the front end of a streamline body incorporating spinners of two diameters. The tests covered a blade angle range from 20 deg to 65 deg. The effect of spinner diameter and propeller cuffs on the characteristics of one propeller was determined. Test were also conducted using a propeller which incorporated aerodynamically good shank sections and using one which incorporated the NACA 16 series sections for the outer 20 percent of the blades. Compressibility effects were not measured, owing to the low testing speeds. The results indicated that a conventional propeller was slightly more efficient when tested in conjunction with a 28 inch diameter spinner than with a 23 inch spinner, and that cuffs increased the efficiency as well as the power absorption characteristics. A propeller having good aerodynamic shanks was found to be definitely superior from the efficiency standpoint to a conventional round-shank propeller with or without cuffs; this propeller would probably be considered structurally impracticable, however. The propeller incorporating the NACA 16 series sections at the tims were found to have a slightly higher efficiency than a conventional propeller; the take-off characteristics appeared to be equally good. The effects noted above probably would be accentuated at helical speeds at which compressibility effects would enter.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-SR-168
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 26
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    Boundary-Layer Transition on the N.A.C.A. 0012 and 23012 Airfoils in the 8-Foot High-Speed Wind Tunnel, Special Report (1940)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Determinations of boundary-layer transition on the NACA 0012 and 2301 airfoils were made in the 8-foot high-speed wind tunnel over a range of Reynolds Numbers from 1,600,000 to 16,800,000. The results are of particular significance as compared with flight tests and tests in wind tunnels of appreciable turbulence because of the extremely low turbulence in the high-speed tunnel. A comparison of the results obtained on NACA 0012 airfoils of 2-foot and 5-foot chord at the same Reynolds Number permitted an evaluation of the effect of compressibility on transition. The local skin friction along the surface of the NACA 0012 airfoil was measured at a Reynolds Number of 10,000,000. For all the lift coefficient at which tests were made, transition occurred in the region of estimated laminar separation at the low Reynolds Numbers and approach the point of minimum static pressure as a forward limit at the high Reynolds Numbers. The effect of compressibility on transition was slight. None of the usual parameters describing the local conditions in the boundary layer near the transition point served as an index for locating the transition point. As a consequence of the lower turbulence in the 8-foot high-speed tunnel, the transition points occurred consistently farther back along the chord than those measured in the NACA full-scale tunnel. An empirical relation for estimating the location of the transition point for conventional airfoils on the basis of static-pressure distribution and Reynolds Number is presented.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: NACA-SR-137
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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    Limitations of Lifting-Line Theory for Estimation of Aileron Hinge-Moment Characteristics (1943)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-12
    Description: Hinge-moment parameters for several typical ailerons were calculated from section data with the aspect-ratio correction as usually determined from lifting-line theory. The calculations showed that the agreement between experimental and calculated results was unsatisfactory. An additional aspect-ratio correction, calculated by the method of lifting-surface theory, was applied to the slope of the curve of hinge-moment coefficient against angle of attack at small angles of attack. This so-called streamline-curvature correction brought the calculated and experimental results into satisfactory agreement.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: AD-A801563 , NACA-WR-L-281 , NACA-CB-3L02
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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    Masthead (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050660101
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    Dedication (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050660102
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    To Dr. C. E. McClung on reaching the age of seventy (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 5-9 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Immediate effects of 250 R of X-rays on the different stages of mitosis in neuroblasts of the grasshopper, Chortophaga viridifasciata (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 11-23 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Fossil bird remains from tertiary deposits in the United States (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 25-37 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The significance for the theory of heredity of the reduction in the number of body segments in Drosophila melanogaster through rigorous selection (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 67-97 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The life cycle and morphology of Nematopsis ostrearum, sp. Nov. a gregarine parasite of the mud crab and oysterPublished by permission of the U.S. Commissioner of Fisheries. (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 39-65 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The anatomy of Succinea chrysis Westerlund (Mollusca, Gastropoda) (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 115-129 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The fertilizability of nucleated and non-nucleated fragments of centrifuged Nereis eggsAided, in part, by a grant from the Smith Research Fund of the University of North Carolina. I am indebted to Helen M. Costello for the drawings which illustrate this paper, and for assistance in the experiments. The experiments were performed at the Marine Biological Laboratory during the summers of 1938 and 1939, and have been reported in abstract (Costello, 1938 a, b, c). (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 99-114 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    The development and fate of the urinogenital sinus in the opossum, Didelphys virginiana (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 131-154 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The chimpanzee ovum in the early stages of implantation (about 10 1½ days) (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 155-173 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The internal genitalia of female Thrinchinae, Batrachotetriginae, Pamphaginae and Pyrgomorphinae (Orthoptera, Acrididae) (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 175-195 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050660112
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    Masthead (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050660201
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    Nuclear structure and nuclear division in the trophic stages of Entamoeba muris (Protozoa, Sarcodina) (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 215-239 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    The nature of hybrid sterility - abnormal development in eggs of hybrids between Drosophila miranda and Drosophila pseudoobscura (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 197-213 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    The differentiation of isolated gills of the amphibian embryo (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 261-275 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Chromomere vesicles in orthopteran cells (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 299-321 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    The effect of testosterone propionate on the early development of the reproductive ducts in the female sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius sparverius) (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 277-297 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Chromosome numbers in Rana fusca parthenogenetically developed from eggs with known polar body and cleavage historiesThe early part of this work was done at the laboratory of Prof. A. M. Dalcq at the University of Brussels to whom I am deeply grateful for generous hospitality and counsel. The remainder has been done at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and the University of Pennsylvania. To the National Research Council, the National Academy of Sciences and the Research Committee at the University of Pennsylvania I am indebted for grants-in-aid. Finally, for invaluable assistance in the experimental phases of this work I have to thank my wife, Hazeltene S. Parmenter. (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 241-260 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Multiple alleles in sex determination of HabrobraconThe author is indebted to the American Philosophical Society for grants from the Penrose Fund under which many of the more recent data reviewed in this paper have been collected. (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 323-355 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cryptochilidium (Cryptochilum) bermudense, a ciliate from Bermuda sea urchinsContributions from the Bermuda Biological Station for Research No. 168. Funds for study at Bermuda Biological Station were furnished by Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis. Manuscript prepared at Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 369-390 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Mitosis in hair follicle cells of mice following x-radiation (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 409-422 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Cytogamy: A sexual process occurring in living joined pairs of Paramecium caudatum and its relation to other sexual phenomena (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 423-451 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Histology of the gonad wall of Arbacia punctulata (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 463-479 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    The chromosomes and extranuclear material in the maturing germ cells of a frog lung fluke, Pneumonoeces similiplexus Stafford (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 481-495 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Variations in the accessory chromosomes in metaphase and anaphase of the first spermatocytes of the albino rat (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 453-462 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Some characteristic otoliths of American ostariophysiContributions from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Illinois, no. 544. (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 497-527 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    The anatomy and histology of the alimentary tract of Radenotatum carinatum var. peninsulare Rehn and Hebard (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 581-603 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Further studies on Nematocystis elmassiani (Protozoa; Sporozoa) from Oligochaete annelids (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 561-579 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Clarence Erwin McClung (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 66 (1940), S. 635-688 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Masthead (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 67 (1940) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    The early development of the swim bladder and certain adjacent parts in hemichromis bimaculata (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 67 (1940), S. 1-57 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Effects of x-rays upon the regeneration of feathers in the common fowl (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 67 (1940), S. 299-319 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Intersexual gonads of turtle embryos following injection of male sex hormoneAided by grants from the National Research Council, Committee for Research in Problems of Sex, as administered by Prof. Emil Witschi. (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 67 (1940), S. 439-453 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    A study of the cytoplasmic structures in the male germinal cells of several species of notonecta, with special reference to the golgi system (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 67 (1940), S. 489-521 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    The adult musculature of the anisopterous dragonfly thorax (odonata, anisoptera) (1940)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 67 (1940), S. 523-565 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Further observations on the protozoan, Myxidium serotinum, inhabiting the gall bladder of north American SalientiaA contribution from the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Illinois. (1943)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 72 (1943), S. 263-277 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050720205
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    Hair direction in mammals; embryogenesis of hair follicles in the guinea pigThe writer gratefully records his indebtedness to Prof. Sewall Wright, who furnished the animals used in the present study and made valuable suggestions, and to the Department of Zoology of The University of Chicago for facilities provided in connection with the histological work. (1943)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 72 (1943), S. 191-223 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050720202
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    Changes in the whole vagina of the mouse during estrus and pregnancy (1943)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 72 (1943), S. 305-329 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050720207
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    Observations on the morphology of Histomonas (protozoa, mastigophora) from pheasants and chickens (1943)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 72 (1943), S. 279-303 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    The normal seasonal reproductive cycle in the male Eumeces fasciatus together with some observations on the effects of castration and hormone administrationThis investigation has been aided by a grant from the Dr. Wallace C. and Clara A. Abbott Memorial Fund of The University of Chicago. (1943)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 72 (1943), S. 331-377 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Vasculogenesis of the bursa cloacalis (bursa of Fabricius) of the chick embryo (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 35-42 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Vasculogenesis of the bursa cloacalis (bursa of Fabricius) was examined in 10- to 21-day chick embryos and in chicks during the first 5 days post-hatching. The entire circulatory system was injected with India ink, and the bursae were then removed and either cleared for examination in toto or sectioned serially. The bursa was supplied by three pairs of extrinsic blood vessels. At 10 and 11 days of incubation, most intrinsic vessels were arranged in a superficial, hexagonal network. In regions of developing plicae, the hexagonal plexus extended into the core of each plica, forming middle plical vessels. The latter were interconnected across interplical areas by cross-connecting vessels. The middle plical vessels gave rise to small capillary offshoots, which soon increased in complexity, forming delicate loops. Branches extended from these loops through the subepithelial lamina propria to incipient epithelial buds by 12 days of incubation. All epithelial buds were supplied by at least one such branch, and similar branches extended to the basal aspect of the epithelium in areas where epithelial buds had not yet formed. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that blood vessels induce formation of epithelial buds. At about 15 days of incubation, the cortex and medulla of each developing lymphatic follicle were defined clearly, and an intricate, web-like, capillary network coursed throughout the follicular cortex. The medulla appeared to be devoid of capillaries. The diameters of all intrinsic and extrinsic bursal blood vessels gradually increased throughout development. During post-hatching stages, the diameters of the extrinsic vessels continued to increase, whereas those of the intrinsic vessels were markedly decreased from late pre-hatching stages.
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    An investigation of the prolactin-thyroxine synergism in newt limb regeneration (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 103-108 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The use of hormone replacement to support limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts has been the subject of many investigations. Growth hormone, as well as prolactin (PL) in combination with exogenously supplied thyroxine, have all been shown to he effective. However, the bovine growth hormone used to support limb regeneration was contaminated by prolactin and thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH). The present investigation evaluates the significance of (1) prolactin contamination and (2) endogenous thyroxine synthesis resulting from TSH contamination on limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts. The effect of supplying exogenous thyroxine was also evaluated. Our studies showed that when hypophysectomized newts were injected with contamination levels of PL and TSH, regeneration occurred, suggesting that the newt's thyroid synthesized sufficient thyroxine to support a prolactin-thyroxine synergism. The endogenous thyroxine was synthesized by thyroid glands that were indistinguishable from those of saline-injected, hypophysectomized controls.
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    The effects of androgens on the β-glands of the tokay (Gekko gecko): Modification of an hypothesis (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 109-118 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of the posterior abdominal epidermis in hypophysectomized/thyroidectomized male and female tokays following surgery, and subsequent androgen therapy, indicates that, contrary to a previous model, all aspects of β-gland differentiation are under direct androgenic control. On the other hand, another epidermal specialization, the digital foot-pad, shows a pattern of histogenesis directly comparable to that of β-glands, but is unaffected by androgens. These data are discussed with respect to the evolution of glandular epidermal specializations in gekkonid lizards and the possible role of androgens in modifying the control of cell differentiation in lizard epidermis.
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    Ontogeny and phylogeny of tooth attachment modes in actinopterygian fishes (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 167-184 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are four major tooth attachment modes in actinopterygians. Type 1 mode is characterized by complete ankylosis of the tooth to the attachment bone; it is the primitive attachment mode for actinopterygians. In Type 2 mode there is a ring of collagen between the tooth base and the bone. In Type 3 mode mineralization extends near or to the bone at the anterior tooth border, and there is a relatively large collagen area on the posterior surface of the tooth; Type 3 teeth are hinged with an anterior axis of rotation. Type 4 teeth also have a relatively large posterior collagen area, but there is no collagenous connection between the anterior basal tooth border and the attachment bone; Type 4 teeth are hinged, with a posterior axis of rotation. Types 2, 3, and 4 attachment modes appear to result from retardation of mineralization and resemble, with some modifications, ontogenetic stages in the development of Type 1 mode; they are considered to be paedomorphic features. Attachment modes 2, 3, and 4 are each associated with a major evolutionary lineage within the Teleostei. The degree to which paedomorphosis has been a factor in teleostean evolution is discussed.
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    Heterochronic mechanisms of morphological diversification and evolutionary change in the neotropical salamander, Bolitoglossa occidentalis (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 249-264 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Bolitoglossa occidentalis, a lowland salamander of Mexico and Guatemala, has a highly derived morphology. The features that are derived with respect to the condition in generalized members of the genus include the following: (1) small body size; (2) short tail; (3) fully webbed hands and feet; (4) reduction and loss of certain phalangeal elements; (5) fusion of carpals and tarsals; (6) absence of prefrontal bones; and (7) reduced skull ossification. The ontogeny of this species was analyzed quantitatively and compared with the patterns of growth and differentiation encountered in two morphologically generalized members of the genus, B. rostrata and B. subpalmata. Most of the derived features can be explained by invoking a single heterochronic process: truncation of development at a small size (most likely the product of early maturation). Therefore, B. occidentalis is a paedomorphic species whose morphology has been attained through the process of progenesis. This result supports Alberch's ('80a) prediction, based on functional analysis, that the principle adaptation to arboreality in B. occidentalis is small size; other derived morphological features are associated with the organism's truncated development and may have no adaptive significance. However, patterns of dissociation are found within this overall progenetic process. Some of these include the following: (1) accelerated growth rates of the metatarsals and first phalanges, and retarded growth rates of the second and third phalangeal elements; (2) dissociation between rates of ossification of the skull and the autopodial elements; and (3) dissociation between the timing of termination of the process of shape change during the ontogeny of the foot (the product of differential growth between digital and interdigital areas) and termination of growth in overall foot size (foot surface area). This later result illustrates the independence of morphogenetic phenomena (shape change) from processes of growth (size increase).
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    Embryonic stages of Gastrotheca riobambae (fowler) during maternal incubation and comparison of development with that of other egg-brooding hylid frogs (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 277-295 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A table of development (25 stages) for the period of incubation in the pouch was constructed for Gastrotheca riobambae; it can be used to stage embryos of other egg-brooding hylids. Analysis of embryonic weights during incubation shows that the mother does not contribute nutrients, but gases and other factors are probably exchanged between mother and embryos.According to species, incubation on the back of the mother is carried to the froglet or to the tadpole stages. Development in these hylids is characterized by specialized gills, the bell gills derived from the branchial arches. In some species, the bell gills derive from the first branchial arch and cover less than 50% of the embryo, while in others, the bell gills come from both branchial arches I and II and cover from less than 50% to 100% of the embryo. The most complex bell gills derive from the fusion of the two branchial arches.The majority of egg-brooding hylids live in tropical forests and carry development to the froglet stage. Tadpoles are produced by species of Flectonotus, Fritziana, and Gastrotheca. Tadpole-producing species of Gastrotheca have the most complex reproductive adaptations among egg-brooding hylids Acceleration and retardation in development seem to have played important roles in the evolution of these frogs. The evolutionary trend has been toward direct development, i.e., disappearance of the free-living larval stages through maternal incubation, and later to a recovery of the free-living tadpole stages in species of Gastrotheca with the most complex reproductive adaptations.
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    Structure, histochemistry, ontogenetic development, and regeneration of the ocellus of Cladonema radiatum dujardin (cnidaria, hydrozoa, anthomedusae) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 313-331 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ectodermal eyes, 45-55 μm in diameter, of the cnidarian hydrozoan Cladonema radiatum Dujardin possess a lens approximately 15 μm in diameter enveloped by an eyecup (retina). An overlying layer of intensely vacuolated distal process of the adjoining epithelial cells forms a transparent cornea. The eyecup is composed of three cell types: basal cells, melanin-containing pigment cells, and photoreceptor cells. The last two cell types occur in the ratio of approximately 2:1. Histogenesis of the eye both during ontogeny and regeneration is described from light and electron microscopic investigations. During ontogeny the cell types forming the retina are derived from a compact group of morphologically undifferentiated cells, but during regeneration a primordium is formed by regeneration cells. In both cases the lens is built from distal nonnucleated cytoplasmic portions pinched off from the pigment cells. The cornea is formed by distal lamellar processes of the ocellus adjoining the epithelial cells. Through EM-histochemical methods (silver impregnation and DOPA-oxidase reaction) the pigment of the chromatophores of the retina was identified as melanin.
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    Announcement (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 247-247 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051680301
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    Patterns of olfactory projections in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 189-227 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The neural organization of the olfactory system in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis, has been investigated by using the Fink-Heimer technique to trace the efferents of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and Golgi preparations to determine the spatial relations between olfactory afferents and neurons in the primary olfactory centers.The accessory olfactory bulb projects to the ipsilateral nucleus sphericus via the accessory olfactory tract. The main olfactory bulb projects to the ipsilateral telen-cephalon via four tracts. The medial olfactory tract projects to the rostral continuation of medial cortex and to the septum. The intermediate olfactory tract projects to the olfactory tubercle and retrobulbar formation. The lateral olfactory tract projects to the rostral part of lateral cortex. The intermediate and lateral olfactory tracts also merge caudally to form the stria medullaris, which crosses the midline in the habenular commissure and distributes fibers to the contralateral hemisphere via two tracts. The lateral corticohabenular tract terminates in the contralateral lateral cortex. The anterior olfactohabenular tract terminates in the contralateral olfactory tubercle, retrobulbar formation and septum.The relation of olfactory afferents to neurons in the medial cortex, lateral cortex, nucleus sphericus, and septum corresponds to a pattern of organization that is typical of many olfactorecipient structures. Such structures are trilaminar, with neurons whose somata are situated in the intermediate layer (layer 2) sending spine-laden dendrites into an outer, molecular layer (layer 1). Olfactory afferents intersect the distal segments of these dendrites. By contrast, other olfactorecipient structures in Dipsoaurus deviate from the familiar pattern. Olfactory afferents intersect somata lying in layer 2 of the retrobulbar formation. Olfactory afferents include some fibers which course perpendicularly to the surface of the olfactory tubercle and extend deep to layer 2.
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    Observations on preadipocytes and their distribution patterns in rat adipose tissue (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 281-288 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microscopic examination of adipocytes isolated from adult rat epididymal adipose tissue revealed numerous small cells (〈 10 μm) morphologically similar to larger adipocytes. These small adipocytes appear identical to a new classification of adipose cells termed preadipocytes. Electron micrographs of these preadipocytes revealed examples of cells 〈 10 μm in diameter in various stages of maturation and lipid accumulation. The percent distribution pattern of these small adipocytes was not significantly altered by exercise although exercise shifted the distribution patterns of the larger cells (〉 30 μm) toward a smaller mean cell size. The quantitative significance of preadipocytes is not established but these preliminary observations indicate that adipocytes 〈 10 μm in diameter may account for a numerically greater proportion of the total adipocytes observed in collagenase isolated preparations than heretofore recognized, although their contribution to total adipose mass is probably negligible.
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    Hormone dependent changes in the apical connective tissue during early stages of forelimb regeneration in the hypophysectomized newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 297-308 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When a newt is hypophysectomized prior to or at the time of forelimb amputation a dermal barrier eventually forms between the apical cap of epithelium and the underlying mesenchymal tissues, and the typical regeneration response is transformed to a wound-healing morphology. When hypophysectomized newts are injected on continuous alternate days beginning either at the time of amputation or following a fifteen-day delay, with either growth hormone (GH) or prolactin in combination with thyroxine (PLT4), normal regeneration occurs. Our experiment was designed to examine critically the early changes occurring in apical connective tissue that had been allowed to form as a consequence of hypophysectomy prior to forelimb amputation. Adult newts were hypophysectomized and five days later both forelimbs were amputated distal to the elbow. Following a delay of eight days, to permit the formation of connective tissue beneath the apical epithelium, they were injected intraperitoneally on successive alternate days with GH or with PL in combination with T4 in the aquarium water. The apical connective tissue of the limb stumps underwent a progressive erosion and became discontinuous by day 4. The limb morphology of hypophysectomized newts receiving ACTH or PL or maintained in thyroxine was virtually identical to sham-injected hypophysectomized controls. It appears that an initial effect of GH or PLT4 therapy is to establish the epithelial-mesenchymal interface that previously has been suggested to be a requisite for the regenerative event.
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    External features of embryonic development of a jumping bristletail, Pedetontus unimaculatus Machida (Insecta, Thysanura, Machilidae)Contributions from Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University Of Tsukuba, no. 56. (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 339-355 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The external features of the embryo and the first instar larva of Pedetontus unimaculatus are described. Blastokinesis of P. unimaculatus is very similar to that of Petrobius brevistylis (Larink, '69), but differs from that of Machilis alternata (Heymons and Heymons, '05). The superficial structures of three pairs of protocerebral lobes are present. The terga of the mandibular, maxillary, and labial segments take part in the formation of the head capsule. In the maxilla and labium, the palpi are homologous with the telopodites of the legs; the other parts proximal to the palpi are homologous with the coxopodites. No sternal element contributes to the postmentum. Both glossa and paraglossa consist of two lobes. The pleuropodium, stylus and ventral sac are derived from distal parts of appendage anlagen. The pleuropodium of the first abdominal segment is homologous with the styli of the successive abdominal segments; the ventral sacs of succeeding segments are serially homologous. The basal parts of appendage anlagen cover each sternum in the first to ninth abdominal segments to form coxites, which are therefore appendicular in origin. The basal part of the cercus also covers the ventral and lateral surfaces of the eleventh abdominal segment.
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    The embryonic development of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki (lepidoptera, micropterygidae): Morphogenesis of the embryo by external observation (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 49-59 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The micropterygid moth Neomicropteryx nipponensis belongs to the most primitive suborder Zeugloptera of the Lepidoptera. During embryogenesis the small circular germ disk formed on the ventral egg surface invaginates deeply into the yolk. It finally separates from the egg periphery or rudimentary serosa, and becomes a sac-shaped germ rudiment. Its anterior part later develops into the germ band, while its posterior part is the future amnion. Just before revolution of the embryo, the embryo assumes a completely superficial position beneath the yolk. Neither amnion nor serosa rupture during revolution; by completion of dorsal closure they have been incorporated into the yolk to form the secondary dorsal organ.The formation of the germ rudiment and embryonic membranes in N. nipponensis resembles those of swift moths, Endoclyta (suborder Monotrysia) and of the caddisflies, Stenopsyche (Trichoptera), but differs from those of ditrysian Lepidoptera. The secondary dorsal organ has never been found in any other lepidopteran embryos; however, it is formed in N. nipponensis and in the Trichoptera. The results of the present study strongly support the general phylogenetic views that the Zeugloptera have a close affinity to the Trichoptera.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690101
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    Ultrastructure of the lung of the rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis oreganus (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 29-47 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations were made on the rattlesnake lung, which has the form of a cigar-shaped bag enclosing a large axial air chamber. The lungs were fixed by tracheal instillation of fixative to preserve the structural features of inflated lungs. An open tracheal groove along the ventral aspect of the lung is the only structural “airway” present. The wall of the lung has two histologically distinct regions: anteriorly, a respiratory portion, where up to three generations of septa subdivide the wall into cup-shaped gas-exchange chambers, termed faveoli; and posteriorly, a simple, thin-walled saccular portion. The epithelium lining the internal surface of the lung is composed of several cell types: (1) ciliated cells; (2) type I pneumonocytes; (3) type II pneumonocytes, secretory cells characterized by the presence of lamellar bodies; and (4) serous epithelial cells, secretory cells characterized by the presence of homogeneous, densely staining secretory granules. However, the distinctiveness of the secretory cell types in the snake lung is blurred because intermediate-appearing cells have both the lamellar body and homogenous type of secretory granule. The nonepithelial components of the pulmonary wall and septa consist of blood vessels and lymphatics, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, embedded in a matrix of extracellular connective tissue fibers. Tubular myelin figures were observed in the faveolar lining layer.
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    Olfactory bulb efferents in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 91-111 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Autoradiographic, HRP, and Fink-Heimer techniques define olfactory bulb efferents in the channel catfish. The olfactory bulb projects bilaterally to eight targets in the area ventralis telencephali including the preoptic area, five targets in area dorsalis telencephali, and the posterior tuber of the diencephalon. There is additional input to the peripheral margin of the internal cell layer of the contralateral olfactory bulb. Fibers cross in rostral (nervus terminalis and commissure of Goldstein) and caudal components of the anterior commissure and the habenular commissure. HRP techniques reveal the origin of bulb efferents from the internal and mitral cell layers of the olfactory bulb. The olfactory tract is divided into five major components, each with a unique subset of ipsilateral and commissural pathways.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690108
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    Establishment of the site of involution at novel locations on the amphibian embryo (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 149-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anuran (Rana) and urodele (Ambystoma) amphibian eggs were subjected to prolonged unnatural orientations in relation to gravity. In some cases eggs were rotated 90°, while in other instances eggs were rotated 180° (complete inversion). Alterations in the pigmentation pattern, cleavage pattern, and site of involution were observed. Despite these unnatural orientations to gravity, the morphogenesis of axial structures was frequently normal. Reorganization of the egg cytoplasm apparently takes place after the unnatural orientation. Rather than being localized in a fixed position in the egg (e.g., the egg cortex), the determinants for the pattern of early embryogenesis are probably located in that portion of the cytoplasm (e.g., “internal” cytoplasm) that orients to gravity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690203
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    The cytoarchitecture of the torus semicircularis in the red-eared turtle (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 207-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoarchitecture and neuronal morphology of the torus semicircularis in the red-eared turtle, Chrysemys scripta elegans, were examined in Nissl-stained and Golgi-impregnated material. The torus semicircularis begins in the caudodorsal mesencephalon and extends rostrally and laterally to end ventrally to the tectal ventricle. The torus semicircularis consists of a central nucleus and a laminar nucleus, which is interposed between the central nucleus and the ventricle.The central nucleus can be divided into two regions, a small, large-celled area, located dorsally, and a larger area of small spherical (6-17 μm), large spherical (18-25 μm), triangular (15-27 μm) and fusiform (10-26 μm) neurons. The small spherical cells have two dendritic patterns: “radiate” and “single.” The radiate pattern has a dorsoventral orientation, several secondary branches and few dendritic spines. These cells are usually located in the center of the central nucleus. The single pattern is oriented mediolaterally. This cell type is most often observed at the periphery of the central nucleus. These neurons have few secondary branches and dendritic spines. The large spherical neurons display two dendritic orientations: dorsoventral and mediolateral. All dendritic trees have numerous secondary branches and few dendritic spines. The triangular neurons exhibit primary dendrites projecting from the corners of the somata and have few secondary branches and dendritic spines.The fusiform neurons have a majority of their dendrites oriented mediolaterally, few secondary branches and a small number of dendritic spines.The laminar nucleus consists of several layers and three cell types: ovoid (9-15 μm), triangular (20-40 μm), and fusiform (20-40 μm). All neurons have few secondary dendritic branches and few dendritic spines. The dendrites of many neurons course perpendicularly to the long axis of the brainstem and encapsulate the central nucleus. Some ovoid and fusiform neurons display dendrites that enter the central nucleus.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690207
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    Observations on the morphology and histochemistry of the foregut muscles of spiders (Arachnida: Araneida) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 113-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the foregut muscles of five spider families (Theraphosidae, Agelenidae, Araneidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae) was described, and the individual fibre numbers and fibre cross diameters of the muscles were determined. The nomenclature of these muscles was reviewed and modified if necessary.Oxidative enzyme and myosin-ATPase histochemistry revealed eight dilatatory muscles of the foregut to consist of slow (type I) fibres, while fast fibres (type IIB), and intermediate fibres, were only to be found in the two other muscles of the foregut, and in the remaining prosomal muscles (type IIA fibres around the poison gland).The eight sucking muscles proper of the foregut also showed stronger activities of transmitter metabolizing enzymes [monoamine oxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase(NAD)], and comparatively distinct amounts of glycogen and lipids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700108
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    An electron microscopic study on the innervation of the gill filaments of a lamprey, Lampetra japonica (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 325-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper reports observations on the innervation of gill filaments of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Nerve fibers run on each side of the afferent filament artery (AFA nerve) and in the connective tissue compartment along the efferent filament artery (EFA nerve). The AFA nerve supplies vasomotor fibers to the afferent filament artery and arteriovenous anastomoses and special visceral motor fibers to branchial muscle fibers (musculus compressor branchialis circularis). Nerve endings of the vasomotor fibers contain large, cored vesicles (60-180 nm in diameter) with a variable number of small, clear vesicles (30-70 μm in diameter), whereas those of the visceral motor fibers have many small, clear vesicles with few large, cored vesicles. The EFA nerve supplies vasomotor fibers to the efferent filament artery. Their endings, containing mixtures of predominantly large, cored vesicles and small, clear vesicles make close synaptic contacts with reticular cells. The latter in turn are connected with each other or with smooth muscle cells in the wall of the efferent filament artery by nexuses. No nerves are found in the axial plate between the afferent and efferent filament arteries nor in the secondary lamellae of individual gill filaments. No afferent nerve supply to the gill filament has been found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690306
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    Morphology of soma and dendrites of the giant fiber system in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 351-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study, using the cobalt chloride technique, clarifies the origin of the giant axons in the cockroach, Periplaneta. Each giant axon in the ventral nerve cord arises from a single cell body located in the sixth abdominal ganglion. The position of the soma is always contralateral to the giant axon; it projects anteriorly. In six giant neurons, the axonic and dendritic branches are ipsilateral while the somata are contralateral. In two neurons, both the soma and the dendritic branches are ipsilateral while the axons are contralateral. The dendritic arborizations of the giant neurons form a dense and compact mass of neuropile in each half of the posterior and middorsal part of the ganglion where sensory fibers, primarily from the cercal nerves terminate. The relation of these findings to earlier electrophysiological studies is discussed.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700101
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    Limb regeneration following the discontinuation of growth hormone therapy in the hypophysectomized newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 309-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Untreated adult newts do not undergo normal limb regeneration following hypohysectomy. A fibrocellular dermal barrier (cicatrix) atypically forms between the apical epithelium and the underlying mesenchymal tissues. Historically, continuous administration of growth hormone or of prolactin in combination with thyroxine restored regenerative capacity to these newts. In a previous investigation, we demonstrated that the initial effect of these two hormone treatments, when administered on alternate days to hypophysectomized newts beginning eight days post-amputation, was to facilitate the erosion of the fibrocellular barrier and establish the epithelial mesenchymal interface that is observed in a regenerating limb.The present investigation was designed to evaluate the necessity of continuous hormone therapy to maintain limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts. One, two, or three injections of growth hormone or of prolactin in combination with thyroxine was administered on successive alternate days to hypophysectomized newts either immediately following limb amputation (ID) or beginning eight days post-amputation (DD). The ID and DD newts receiving one, two, or three injections of growth hormone showed evidence of regeneration to the digitiform stage by day 30 post-amputation, while those receiving prolactin and thyroxine underwent wound healing. While both hormone treatments initially promoted a dermis-free apical epithelium, only hypophysectomized newts that had received growth hormone were able to continue regenerating.We have, therefore, concluded that discontinuous growth hormone therapy is sufficient to initiate and maintain the conducive environment for limb regeneration to advanced stages in the hypophysectomized newt. While initiating this process, prolactin and thyroxine therapy on a discontinuous regime does not maintain regeneration. The direct and indirect role of growth hormone in supporting limb regeneration in normal and hypophysectomized newts is discussed.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700301
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    Organization of the telencephalon in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 71-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoarchitectonics of the telencephalon of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, are described as a basis for experimental analysis of telencephalic afferents and efferents. The olfactory bulb comprises: (1) an outer layer of olfactory nerve fibers, (2) a glomerular layer, (3) an external cell layer, (4) an inner fiber layer, and (5) an internal cell layer. The telencephalic hemispheres comprise the areas ventralis and dorsalis telencephali. The area ventralis consists of: (1) a precommissural, periventricular zone including nucleus 'nother (Vn), the ventral nucleus (Vv), and the dorsal nucleus (Vd); (2) a precommissural, migrated zone of central (Vc) and lateral (VI) nuclei; (3) a supracommissural nucleus (Vs); (4) a caudal commissural zone of postcommissural (Vp) and intermediate (Vi) nuclei; and (5) a preoptic area (PP). The area dorsalis comprises: (1) medial (DM), (2) dorsal (Dd), (3) lateral [DL, containing dorsal (DLd), ventral (DLv), and posterior (DLp) regions], (4) posterior (DP), and (5) central (DC-1, -2, -3) areas. Nucleus taeniae (NT) is transitional between areas dorsalis and ventralis.
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    Larval morphology of the Nemertean Carcinonemertes epialti (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 61-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the newly hatched larva of Carcinonemertes epialti Coe has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The newly hatched larva is covered with cilia and measures about 110 μm in length. Four types of epidermal cells are recognizable: (1) Multiciliated cells, (2) vacuolated cells, (3) mucous cells, and (4) “knob cells”. The knob cells protrude from the posterior end of the larva and contain granules and bundles of microfilaments. The gut is incomplete and is located ventral to the bipartite proboscis. A bilobed brain and two subepidermal ocelli are found in the anterior end of the larva. The anterior and posterior cirri are composed of long, tightly appressed cilia that arise from an invagination of the epidermis at each end of the larva. The anterior cirrus is surrounded by two types of glandular cells. It is proposed that the knob cells have a role in larval attachment, combining the functions of the adhesive cells and anchor cells described in the duo-gland system of turbellarians. The cirri are believed to be larval sensory structures that function in substrate selection. Histological and ultrastructural observations suggest that the larvae of Carcinonemertes are relatively long lived and develop into juveniles without a drastic metamorphosis.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690106
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    Carbohydrates in the webs of Argiope spiders (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Glycoproteins are present in the web of the orb-weaving spiders Argiope trifasciata and Argiope aurantia. Periodic acid-Schriff reactive glyco-proteins are confined in large part, to the sticky spiral and sticky spiral-radial junctions. Glycoproteins containing amino sugars appear associated with all fibers, especially the radial fibers. Enzymes may be used to remove glycoproteins selectively from the sticky spiral and stabilimentum.
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    Morphology of the pineal organ in the salamander Ensatina eschscholtzi (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 191-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pineal organ of Ensatina eschscholtzi, a terrestrial and secretive species of salamander of the family Plethodontidae, is a photoreceptive structure lying on the dorsal surface of the diencephalon. The pineal is flattened with a broad lumen and consists of three cell types: photoreceptors, supportive cells, and neurons. Pineal photoreceptors are typical vertebrate photoreceptors and possess outer segment formations which, however, are frequently contorted and disorganized. Sloughing of apical portions of outer segments and vesiculation along the lateral edges of outer segment membrane disks are consistently observed and presumed to represent mechanisms of outer segment membrane recycling. Photoreceptors have basal processes which synapse with neural dendrites. Synapses between photoreceptor basal processes are occasionally observed. All synapses are characterized by synaptic ribbon structures of variable number, size, and configuration. Dense-core vesicles are occasionally observed mingled with clear synaptic vesicles within photoreceptor basal processes. Supportive cells within the pineal function in phagocytosis and recycling of shed outer segment membrane material, and neurons are localized at the lateral margins of the organ. The latter send axons into the ipsilateral side of the dorsal diencephalon. The pineal organ of Ensatina shows marked variation in overall size (cell total), cell type proportions, absolute neuron number, and ratio of photoreceptor number to neuron number for individual pineals. None of these morphological parameters is correlated with body size, sex, or season, and it is assumed that such variability represents significant variation in photosensory capabilities. It is suggested that the pineal organ of Ensatina is a partially degenerate photoreceptive structure.
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690301
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    A Study of the influence of the ambient microflora on the structure of lung alveolar macrophages and an ultrastructural comparison of lung and peritoneal macrophages in germ-free and conventionally reared mice (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 283-291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In order to investigate quantitatively and objectively the influence of the normal microbial flora on the ultrastructure of the alveolar macrophage, three groups of mice were studied stereologically: germ-free (GF), conventionally reared under non sterile isolation conditions (IC), and conventionally reared in an open environment (OC). The alveolar macrophages of GF mice possess a smaller mitochondrial compartment, possibly with fewer organelles, than the macrophages of conventional mice. Other influences of the normal microflora on alveolar macrophage substructure are obscured by the effects of nonmicrobial stimuli such as droplets of lung surfactant.No previous comparison exists of alveolar and peritoneal macrophage ultrastructure. Lung macrophages are larger than the phagocytes of the peritoneum, but the difference in size is much less than is commonly believed. Alveolar macrophages are rounder than peritoneal macrophages, and exhibit much less rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) as well as differences in mitochondrial morphometry. No difference in mitochondrial volume fraction exists between the two types of macrophage even though alveolar macrophages represent the extreme of aerobic adaptation in the mononuclear phagocyte system. Phagosomes occupy a significant fraction of cellular volume only in the alveolar macrophages. Moreover alveolar phagocytes contain fewer but larger lysosome-like granules than are found in peritoneal macrophages. The results represent the first objective, quantitative structural evidence confirming the common belief that alveolar macrophages experience greater physiological stimulation than peritoneal macrophages. The normal microflora accounts for only a small proportion of the differing degree of stimulation exerted on the two types of macrophage.
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    Comparative analysis of the development of the lizard, Liolaemus tenuis tenuis. II. A series of normal postlaying stages in embryonic development (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 337-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this work, we have completed a study of the development of the ovoviviparous lizard Liolaemus tenuis tenuis. Ovoviviparity in this lizard is a condition in which eggs are retained within the reproductive duct for about 60 days. During this period the phases of segmentation, gastrulation, neurulation, presomitic, and somitic embryos transpire. During the months of December and January the eggs are laid, and at this time the embryos are comparable to stage 27 Liolaemus gravenhorsti lizard embryos, or to stage 29 Calotes versicolor lizard embryos. Differentiation of the facial region occurs between Days 12 and 42 after egg laying. Limbs develop rapidly between the 8th and 23rd days. By 53 days the appendicular skeleton is completely formed. After 36 days the mesonephros begins to degenerate, and its function is gradually taken over by the developing metanephros. Newborn lizards do not possess an egg caruncle. During the period up to hatching, there is a great increase of liquid within the egg, presumably amniotic fluid. Cracks develop in the leathery shell shortly before hatching and are, perhaps, the first sign of the onset of hatching. Increase of liquid in the egg during postlaying development accounts for its increase in weight and change in shape. Weight of the embryo at hatching does not exceed 32% of the total weight of the egg.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690307
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