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  • 1
    ISSN: 1436-6304
    Keywords: Assignment problem ; computer models ; distribution sampling ; estimation ; integer programming ; large-scale modelling ; Latin hypercube ; optimization ; sampling ; sensitivity analysis ; Stichprobenverfahren ; Permutationsmatrizen ; implizite Funktionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lateinische Hyperwürfel Stichprobenverfahren (LHS) dienen dazu, in geeigneter Weise die Verteilungsfunktion (zumindest angenähert) der Funktionswerte einer komplexen (impliziten) Funktion, in Abhängigkeit ihrer Variablen werte, zu schätzen. Anwendungen finden sich in Modellen, in denen erforderliche Variablenumformungen nicht möglich sind und in denen die Zahl der Simulationsläufe aus zeitlichen Gründen gering zu halten oder fixiert ist. Es stellt sich die Frage, welche Werte in jedem Lauf den Variablen zuzuordnen sind. Herkömmliche Vorgehensweisen benutzen ausgefeilte, geschichtete Stichprobenverfahren, die jedoch Fehler bei der Bestimmung von Varianz und Kovarianz, aufgrund der Korrelation der Stichprobenpaare, beinhalten können. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Methode beschrieben, den absoluten Fehler zwischen dem tatsächlichen und dem korrelierenden Stichprobenpaar so klein wie möglich zu halten. Selbst für kleine Stichprobenumfänge können dabei schon optimale Pläne erzielt werden. Permutationsmatrizen haben die Eigenschaft, die Summe der Korrelationen zwischen Spaltenpaaren zu minimieren. Die vorgestellte Heuristik ist in der Lage, in allen getesteten Fällen das Optimum zu finden.
    Notes: Abstract The objective of Latin Hypercube Sampling is to determine an effective procedure for sampling from a (possibly correlated) multivariate population to estimate the distribution function (or at least a significant number of moments) of a complicated function of its variables. The typical application involves a computer-based model in which it is largely impossible to find a way (closed form or numerical) to do the necessary transformation of variables and where it is expensive to run in terms of computing resources and time. Classical approaches to hypercube sampling have used sophisticated stratified sampling techniques; but such sampling may provide incorrect measures of the output parameters' variances or covariances due to correlation between the sampling pairs. In this work, we offer a strategy which provides a sampling specification minimizing the sum of the absolute values of the pairwise differences between the true and sampled correlation pairs. We show that optimal plans can be obtained for even small sample sizes. We consider the characteristics of permutation matrices which minimize the sum of correlations between column pairs and then present an effective heuristic for solution. This heuristic generally finds plans which match the correlation structure exactly. When it does not, we provide a hybrid lagrangian/heuristic method, which empirically has found the optimal solution for all cases tested.
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  • 2
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    Positivity 1 (1997), S. 319-330 
    ISSN: 1572-9281
    Keywords: delay equations ; stability ; positive solutions ; spectral growth condition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We prove stability for a semilinear delay equation, whose nonlinearity is majorized by a linear positive operator. The key ingredients are a spectral condition, positivity of solutions to the linear problem, and lattice properties of the Banach space.
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  • 3
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    Set-valued analysis 5 (1997), S. 73-88 
    ISSN: 1572-932X
    Keywords: differential inclusion ; invariance ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The properties of invariance, stability, asymptotic stability and attainability of a given compact set $$K \subset \mathbb{R}^n $$ with respect to a differential inclusion, have weak and strong versions: the weak version requires existence of a trajectory with the corresponding property, while the strong one requires this property for all trajectories. The following statement is proven in the paper (under slight restrictions) for each of the above-mentioned properties: if K has the weak property with respect to $$\dot x \in F(x) $$ , then there is a (regulation) mapping G such that G(x) ⊂ F(x) ∀ x and G has the strong property with respect to $${\dot x}$$ ε G(x). In addition, certain regularity of the set of solutions of the last inclusion is claimed.
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  • 4
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    Set-valued analysis 5 (1997), S. 365-375 
    ISSN: 1572-932X
    Keywords: set-valued mappings ; vector optimization ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We establish optimization results for set-valued mappings, with the image space given by a topological vector space partially ordered by a cone. Moreover, we obtain stability results relative to parametrized optimization problems. We use a weak semicontinuity concept related to the order structure of the image space and show how compactness assumptions used in previous papers can be lightened.
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  • 5
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    Annals of operations research 58 (1995), S. 379-402 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Optimal control ; stochastic control ; dynamic systems ; economics ; public-sector applications ; optimization ; budgetary policies ; monetary policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we determine optimal budgetary and monetary policies for Austria using a small macroeconometric model. We use a Keynesian model of the Austrian economy, called FINPOL1, estimated by ordinary least squares, which relates the main objective variables of Austrian economic policies, such as the growth rate of real gross domestic product, the rate of unemployment, the rate of inflation, the balance of payments, and the ratio of the federal budget deficit to GDP, to fiscal and monetary policy instruments, namely expenditures and revenues of the federal budget and money supply. Optimal fiscal and monetary policies are calculated for the model under a quadratic objective function using the algorithm OPTCON for the optimum control of nonlinear stochastic dynamic systems. Several control experiments are performed in order to assess the influence of different kinds of uncertainty on optimal budgetary and monetary policies. Apart from deterministic optimization runs, different assumptions about parameter uncertainties are introduced; the results of these different stochastic optimum control experiments are compared and interpreted.
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    Annals of operations research 56 (1995), S. 79-93 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Multistage stochastic programs ; optimization in Banach spaces ; stability ; approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Multistage stochastic programs are regarded as mathematical programs in a Banach spaceX of summable functions. Relying on a result for parametric programs in Banach spaces, the paper presents conditions under which linearly constrained convex multistage problems behave stably when the (input) data process is subjected to (small) perturbations. In particular, we show the persistence of optimal solutions, the local Lipschitz continuity of the optimal value and the upper semicontinuity of optimal sets with respect to the weak topology inX. The linear case with deterministic first-stage decisions is studied in more detail.
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  • 7
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    Annals of operations research 56 (1995), S. 287-311 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Probability functions ; gradient of integral ; sensitivity analysis ; optimization ; discrete event dynamic systems ; shut-down problem ; probabilistic risk analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Probability functions depending upon parameters are represented as integrals over sets given by inequalities. New derivative formulas for the intergrals over a volume are considered. Derivatives are presented as sums of integrals over a volume and over a surface. Two examples are discussed: probability functions with linear constraints (random right-hand sides), and a dynamical shut-down problem with sensors.
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  • 8
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    Journal of heuristics 3 (1997), S. 63-81 
    ISSN: 1572-9397
    Keywords: Large-step Markov chain ; optimization ; simulated annealing ; traveling salesman problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The large-step Markov chain (LSMC) approach is the most effective known heuristic for large symmetric TSP instances; cf. recent results of [Martin, Otto and Felten, 1991] and [Johnson, 1990]. In this paper, we examine relationships among (i) the underlying local optimization engine within the LSMC approach, (ii) the “kick move” perturbation that is applied between successive local search descents, and (iii) the resulting LSMC solution quality. We find that the traditional “double-bridge” kick move is not necessarily optimum: stronger local optimization engines (e.g., Lin-Kernighan) are best matched with stronger kick moves. We also propose use of an adaptive temperature schedule to allow escape from deep basins of attraction; the resulting hierarchical LSMC variant outperforms traditional LSMC implementations that use uniformly zero temperatures. Finally, a population-based LSMC variant is studied, wherein multiple solution paths can interact to achieve improved solution quality.
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  • 9
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    Journal of dynamics and differential equations 9 (1997), S. 463-505 
    ISSN: 1572-9222
    Keywords: Difference equations ; random perturbation ; averaging ; diffusion approximation ; randomly perturbed iterations ; stability ; 3SR60 ; 60H15 ; 60J99
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Let (X, ℬ) and (Y,C) be two measurable spaces withX being a linear space. A system is determined by two functionsf(X): X→ X andϕ:X×Y→X, a (small) positive parameterε and a homogeneous Markov chain {y n } in (Y,C) which describes random perturbations. States of the system, say {x n ɛ ∈X, n=0, 1,⋯}, are determined by the iteration relations:x n+1 ɛ =f(x n ɛ )+ɛϕ(x n ɛ ,Yn+1) forn≥0, wherex 0 ɛ =x 0 is given. Here we study the asymptotic behavior of the solutionx n ɛ asε → 0 andn → ∞ under various assumptions on the data. General results are applied to some problems in epidemics, genetics and demographics.
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  • 10
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    Set-valued analysis 5 (1997), S. 377-390 
    ISSN: 1572-932X
    Keywords: differential inclusions ; stability ; boundedness of solutions ; Lyapunov functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For Lipschitzian differential inclusions, we prove that the existence of suitable Lyapunov functions is necessary for uniform stability and uniform boundedness of solutions.
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  • 11
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    Annals of operations research 57 (1995), S. 217-232 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Scheduling ; robotic cell ; tandem machines ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with the scheduling of a robotic cell in which jobs are processed on two tandem machines. The job transportation between the machines is done by a transportation robot. The robotic cell has limitations on the intermediate space between the machines for storing the work-in-process. What complicates the scheduling problem is that the loading/unloading operation times are non-negligible. Given the total number of operationsn, an optimalO(n logn)-time algorithm is proposed together with the proof of optimality.
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  • 12
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    Annals of operations research 58 (1995), S. 243-260 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Assignment problem ; computer models ; distribution sampling ; estimation ; integer programming ; large-scale modelling ; latin hypercube ; optimization ; sampling ; sensitivity analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Latin hypercube sampling is often used to estimate the distribution function of a complicated function of many random variables. In so doing, it is typically necessary to choose a permutation matrix which minimizes the correlation among the cells in the hypercube layout. This problem can be formulated as a generalized, multi-dimensional assignment problem. For the two-dimensional case, we provide a polynomial algorithm. For higher dimensions, we offer effective heuristic and bounding procedures.
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  • 13
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    Applications of mathematics 42 (1997), S. 147-159 
    ISSN: 1572-9109
    Keywords: magnetic field ; variational formulation ; two-sided existence and uniqueness condition ; finite element method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A special two-sided condition for the incremental magnetic reluctivity is introduced which guarantees the unique existence of both the weak and the approximate solutions of the nonlinear stationary magnetic field distributed on a region composed of different media, as well as a certain estimate of the error between the two solutions. The condition, being discussed from the physical as well as the mathematical point of view, can be easily verified and is fulfilled for various magnetic reluctivity models used in electrotechnical practice.
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  • 14
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    BIT 17 (1977), S. 321-328 
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: 5.15 ; nonlinear equation ; root finding ; multiple root ; secant method ; Steffensen procedure ; order of convergence ; efficiency ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A superlinear procedure for finding a multiple root is presented. In it the secant method is applied to the given function divided by a divided difference whose increment shrinks toward zero as the root is approached. Two function evaluations per step are required, but no derivatives need be calculated.
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  • 15
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    Advances in computational mathematics 4 (1995), S. 1-26 
    ISSN: 1572-9044
    Keywords: Wavelets ; biorthogonal wavelets ; stability ; primary 15A12 ; 65F35 ; secondary 42C15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract For orthogonal wavelets, the discrete wavelet and wave packet transforms and their inverses are orthogonal operators with perfect numerical stability. For biorthogonal wavelets, numerical instabilities can occur. We derive bounds for the 2-norm and average 2-norm of these transforms, including efficient numerical estimates if the numberL of decomposition levels is small, as well as growth estimates forL → ∞. These estimates allow easy determination of numerical stability directly from the wavelet coefficients. Examples show that many biorthogonal wavelets are in fact numerically well behaved.
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  • 16
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    Applications of mathematics 42 (1997), S. 259-277 
    ISSN: 1572-9109
    Keywords: Parameter identification ; parabolic problem ; finite element method ; Crank-Nicolson scheme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The identification problem of a functional coefficient in a parabolic equation is considered. For this purpose an output least squares method is introduced, and estimates of the rate of convergence for the Crank-Nicolson time discretization scheme are proved, the equation being approximated with the finite element Galerkin method with respect to space variables.
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  • 17
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    Annals of global analysis and geometry 13 (1995), S. 141-148 
    ISSN: 1572-9060
    Keywords: Gauss curvature ; stability ; 53
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We prove that a domain on a surface of constant curvature is stable provided the integral of the mean curvature is small enough.
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  • 18
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    Annals of global analysis and geometry 15 (1997), S. 277-297 
    ISSN: 1572-9060
    Keywords: mean curvature ; $$r$$ -mean curvature ; sphere ; stability ; stable
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We deal with compact hypersurfaces immersed in space forms with constant $$r$$ -mean curvature. They are critical points for a variational problem. We show they are stable if and only if they are geodesic spheres, generalizing results on constant curvature hypersurfaces.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: finite difference methods ; wave equation ; accuracy ; stability ; Padé approximants ; order stars ; Riemann surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider three time-level difference schemes, symmetric in time and space, for the solution of the wave equation,u tt =c 2 u xx , given by $$\sum\limits_{j = - S}^S {b_j U_{n + 1,m + j} + } \sum\limits_{j = - S}^S {a_j U_{n,m + j} + } \sum\limits_{j = - S}^S {b_j U_{n - 1,m + j} } = 0.$$ It has already been proved that the maximal order of accuracyp of such schemes is given byp ≤ 2(s + S). In this paper we show that the requirement of stability does not reduce this maximal order for any choice of the pair (s, S). The result is proved by introducing an order star on the Riemann surface of the algebraic function associated with the scheme. Furthermore, Padé schemes, withS = 0,s 〉 0, ands = 0,S 〉 0, are proved to be stable for 0 〈 μ 〈 1, where μ is the Courant number. These schemes can be implemented with high-order absorbing boundary conditions without reducing the range of μ for which stable solutions are obtained.
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  • 20
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 48 (1997), S. 13-32 
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: limit cycles ; vector fields ; oscillation theory ; second-order dynamic systems ; qualitative theory of dynamic systems ; phase portrait ; optimization ; 16th Hilbert Problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a solution to the problem to find isolated closed trajectories of two-dimensional dynamic systems. In contrast to the method of Bendixson’s ring regions, the new method is constructive. It allows the determination of the location of closed trajectories and therefore gives an upper bound for their number. The method is based on the idea to use inherent geometrical and physical extremal properties of these trajectories to transform the problem into an optimization task (isoperimetric problem of variational calculus) that can be solved by numerical algorithms, e.g., by hillclimbing.
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    Acta applicandae mathematicae 49 (1997), S. 35-54 
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: dynamical systems ; stability ; pseudo orbit tracing property ; nonstandard analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is known that it is not possible to introduce C0 -structural stability for whole systems in topological dynamics. Using the methods of Nonstandard Analysis, we suggest four different purely topological stability concepts for dynamical systems on compact subsets of Rn. Classically these amount to considering the space of all systems on a given subset of Rn as the fundamental entity when deforming a continuous system (instead of the space of all continuous systems as is normally done in topological dynamics). For two of the introduced stability concepts, we will show that all minimal flows are stable in this sense. Besides this, we will show that one of our stability concepts is related to what is called the pseudo orbit tracing property in a recently published book by Aoki and Hiraide and compare some of our results to the theory of dynamical systems as presented there.
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  • 22
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    BIT 35 (1995), S. 210-232 
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: Unstructured meshes ; finite element method ; Delaunay triangulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Advancing front techniques are a family of methods for finite element mesh generation that are particularly effective in dealing with complicated boundary geometries. In the first part of this paper, conditions are presented which ensure that any planar aft algorithm that meets these conditions terminates in a finite number of steps with a valid triangulation of the input domain. These conditions are described by specifying a framework of subtasks that can accommodate many aft methods and by prescribing the minimal requirements on each subtask that ensure correctness of an algorithm that conforms to the framework. An important efficiency factor in implementing an aft is the data structure used to represent the unmeshed regions during the execution of the algorithm. In the second part of the paper, we discuss the use of the constrained Delaunay triangulation as an efficient abstract data structure for the unmeshed regions. We indicate how the correctness conditions of the first part of the paper can be met using this representation. In this case, we also discuss the additional requirements on the framework which ensure that the generated mesh is a constrained Delaunay triangulation for the original boundary.
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    Journal of nonlinear science 5 (1995), S. 373-418 
    ISSN: 1432-1467
    Keywords: Hamiltonian system with symmetry ; relative equilibria ; perturbation ; linearization ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A relative equilibrium of a Hamiltonian system with symmetry is a point of phase space giving an evolution which is a one-parameter orbit of the action of the symmetry group of the system. The evolutions of sufficiently small perturbations of a formally stable relative equilibrium are arbitrarily confined to that relative equilibrium's orbit under the isotropy subgroup of its momentum. However, interesting evolution along that orbit, here called drift, does occur. In this article, linearizations of relative equilibria are used to construct a first order perturbation theory explaining drift, and also to determine when the set of relative equilibria near a given relative equilibrium is a smooth symplectic submanifold of phase space.
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    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 14 (1995), S. 127-136 
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Nondestructive evaluation ; corrosion monitoring ; electrical impedance tomography ; stability ; numerical methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We investigate the problem of detecting and assessing, by means of static electrical measurements, damage due to corrosion in a structure. Corrosion damage, which is assumed to occur in an inaccessible part of a specimen, is modelled as material loss. The detection device consists of electrodes which inject DC current and measure voltage potentials in the accessible part of the specimen. The topography of the damaged surface is estimated from the measured data. This research is meant to evaluate if a method based on static electrical measurements has the potential to be developed into a useful nondestructive evaluation tool. We propose computational methods that take the measured data and estimate the unknown damaged surface. The methods are studied in order to understand their properties. Several example calculations from synthetic data are presented. Our findings indicate that such a device has limited resolution. However, it offers several advantages that make it worthwhile to pursue further research.
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    Journal of mathematical biology 20 (1984), S. 259-276 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Age-structured population dynamics ; equilibria ; stability ; bifurcation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The existence of positive equilibrium solutions of the McKendrick equations for the dynamics of an age-structured population is studied as a bifurcation phenomenon using the inherent net reproductive rate n as a bifurcation parameter. The local existence and uniqueness of a branch of positive equilibria which bifurcates from the trivial (identically zero) solution at the critical value n=1 are proved by implicit function techniques under very mild smoothness conditions on the death and fertility rates as functional of age and population density. This first requires the development of a suitable linear theory. The lowest order terms in the Liapunov-Schmidt expansions are also calculated. This local analysis supplements earlier global bifurcation results of the author. The stability of both the trivial and the positive branch equilibria is studied by means of the principle of linearized stability. It is shown that in general the trivial solution losses stability as n increases through one while the stability of the branch solution is stable if and only if the bifurcation is supercritical. Thus the McKendrick equations exhibit, in the latter case, a standard exchange of stability with regard to equilibrium states as they depend on the inherent net reproductive rate. The derived lower order terms in the Liapunov-Schmidt expansions yield formulas which explicitly relate the direction of bifurcation to properties of the age-specific death and fertility rates as functionals of population density. Analytical and numerical results for some examples are given which illustrate these results.
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    Journal of mathematical biology 21 (1984), S. 25-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Predator-prey ; density dependence ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The Gurtin and Levine model5 is studied in this paper under the assumption that the fecundity of prey depends on age as well as on the total population sizes of prey and predators. The purpose of this study is to see the effect of this density dependence on the stability criteria for the equilibria of the model equations. It is shown that there are cases when, due to density dependence, the model which is originally neutrally stable becomes stable.
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    Acta mathematicae applicatae sinica 13 (1997), S. 176-187 
    ISSN: 1618-3932
    Keywords: Spherical surface ; pseudospectral method ; vorticity equations ; stability ; convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The pseudospectral method for solving vorticity equations on spherical surface is discussed. An interpolation procedure, which is different from the usual ones, is proposed. Based on such an interpolation, the pseudospectral scheme is constructed. Its generalized stability and convergence are analyzed rigorously. The theoretical analysis and computational skills can also be applied to other nonlinear partial differential equations defined on spherical surface.
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    Numerical algorithms 14 (1997), S. 211-225 
    ISSN: 1572-9265
    Keywords: bifurcation function ; elliptic boundary value problem ; finite element method ; reduction to an alternative problem ; stability of steady-states ; 35J25 ; 65N35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Solutions $$u \in H_0^1 (\Omega ) \cap H^2 (\Omega )$$ of a semilinear elliptic boundary value problem, $$Au + f(x,u,\lambda ) = 0$$ (with $$f_u (x,u,\lambda )$$ bounded below) can be put into a one-to-one correspondence with zeros $$c \in \mathbb{R}^d $$ of a function $$c \to B(c,\lambda ) \in \mathbb{R}^d $$ . Often d is small. The function $$B(c,\lambda )$$ is called the bifurcation function. It can also be shown that the eigenvalues of the matrix $$B_c (c,\lambda )$$ characterize the stability properties of the solutions of the elliptic problem as rest points of $$u_t + Au + f(x,u,\lambda ) = 0$$ . A finite element method that can be used for computing B and B c has recently been proposed. An overview of these results and the finite element method is given.
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    Numerical algorithms 10 (1995), S. 225-244 
    ISSN: 1572-9265
    Keywords: Cholesky factorization error analysis ; Hankel matrix ; least squares ; normal equations ; orthogonal factorization ; QR factorization ; semi-normal equations ; stability ; Toeplitz matrix ; weak stability ; Primary 65F25 ; Secondary 47B35 ; 65F05 ; 65F30 ; 65Y05 ; 65Y10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We show that a fast algorithm for theQR factorization of a Toeplitz or Hankel matrixA is weakly stable in the sense thatR T R is close toA T A. Thus, when the algorithm is used to solve the semi-normal equationsR TRx=AT b, we obtain a weakly stable method for the solution of a nonsingular Toeplitz or Hankel linear systemAx=b. The algorithm also applies to the solution of the full-rank Toeplitz or Hankel least squares problem min ||Ax-b||2.
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    Numerical algorithms 14 (1997), S. 343-359 
    ISSN: 1572-9265
    Keywords: progressive interpolation ; stability ; spline ; shape parameters ; geometric continuity ; 41A05 ; 41A15 ; 65D05 ; 65D07
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we study several interpolating and smoothing methods for data which are known “progressively”. The algorithms proposed are governed by recurrence relations and our principal goal is to study their stability. A recurrence relation will be said stable if the spectral radius of the associated matrix is less than one. The iteration matrices depend on shape parameters which come either from the connection at the knots, or from the nature of the interpolant between two knots. We obtain various stability domains. Moving the parameters inside these domains leads to interesting shape effects.
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    Numerical algorithms 10 (1995), S. 245-260 
    ISSN: 1572-9265
    Keywords: Multistep methods ; differential-algebraic equations ; stability ; existence and uniqueness ; convergence of iterative method ; 65L06 ; 65L20 ; 65N22
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Multistep methods for the differential/algebraic equations (DAEs) in the form of $$F_1 (x) = 0, F_2 (x,x',z) = 0$$ are presented, whereF 1 maps from ℝ n to ℝ ′ ,F 2 from ℝ n x ℝ n x ℝ m to ℝ s andr〈n≤r+s=n+m. By employing the deviations of the available existence theories, a new form of the multistep method for solutions of (1) is developed. Furthermore, it is shown that this method has no typical instabilities such as those that may occur in the application of multistep method to DAEs in the traditional manner. A proof of the solvability of the multistep system is provided, and an iterative method is developed for solving these nonlinear algebraic equations. Moreover, a proof of the convergence of this iterative method is presented.
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    Acta mathematicae applicatae sinica 13 (1997), S. 33-44 
    ISSN: 1618-3932
    Keywords: Inverse problem ; hyperbolic equations ; eigenvalue problem ; spectral function ; integral kernel ; stability
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the inverse boundary value problem of the hyperbolic system of first-order differential equations is discussed. The estimate of the solution and the quantitative analysis about its stability are obtained, and some stability criteria are established.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 16 (1995), S. 195-202 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: nonlinear ; stability ; Lyapunov function
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In the paper Lyapumov function for a fourth order linear system is given and stability of the trivial solutions to a class of fourth order nonlinear systems is studied.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 16 (1995), S. 635-642 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: analytic mechanics ; nonholonomic system ; stability
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The stability for the equilibrium states of Chaplygin's systems is considered. The equations of motion of Chaplygin's systems and the existence conditions of their equilibrium states are given. Some criteria of stability for the equilibrium. states of Chaplygin's systems are obtained. Two examples are finally given.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 18 (1997), S. 61-68 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: viscoplastic dynamics ; optimal control ; variational principle ; finite element method
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the optimal control variational principle for Perzyna model which is one of the main constitutive relation of viscoplasticity in dynamics. And it could also be transformed to solve the parametric quadratic programming problem. The FEM form of this problem and its implementation have also been discussed in the paper.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 18 (1997), S. 663-670 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: variational principle ; shallow shell ; large displacement ; finite element method
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The variational functional of the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle for the large displacement problem of a thin shallow shell with an arbitrary shape is first established. Then the functional of the modified principle suitable for the finite element method is derived. In the functional only two independent variables, the deflection ω and the stress function F are included. The displacement expressions in the middle surface on the boundary of the shell is also derived by means of the previous two variables.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 16 (1995), S. 437-442 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: artificial mechanical value ; fluid-solid interaction ; transient dynamic analysis ; finite element method
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using finite element method, this paper has analyzed the blood-mechanical heart valve interaction system subjected to a step pressure when the value is, at closing position. As demonstrated in the present study, in, such conditions mechanical values made of pyrolytic carbon, Ti alloy, Co-Cr alloy and ceramics tend to be very stiff which result in high impinging pressure. The impinging pressure acted on the value of the blood-valve system can be reduced by decreasing the elastic modulus of the mechanical value.
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    Discrete event dynamic systems 5 (1995), S. 383-403 
    ISSN: 1573-7594
    Keywords: Discrete event systems ; stability ; boundedness ; Petri nets ; manufacturing systems
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Recently it has been shown that the conventional notions of stability in the sense of Lyapunov and asymptotic stability can be used to characterize the stability properties of a class of “logical” discrete event systems (DES). Moreover, it has been shown that stability analysis via the choice of appropriate Lyapunov functions can be used for DES and can be applied to several DES applications including manufacturing systems and computer networks (Passino et al. 1994, Burgess and Passino 1994). In this paper we extend the conventional notions and analysis of uniform boundedness, uniform ultimate boundedness, practical stability, finite time stability, and Lagrange stability so that they apply to the class of logical DES that can be defined on a metric space. Within this stability-theoretic framework we show that the standard Petri net-theoretic notions of boundedness are special cases of Lagrange stability and uniform boundedness. In addition we show that the Petri ent-theoretic approach to boundedness analysis is actually a Lyapunov approach in that the net-theoretic analysis actually produces an appropriate Lyapunov function. Moreover, via the Lyapunov approach we provide a sufficient condition for the uniform ultimate boundedness of General Petri nets. To illustrate the Petri net results, we study the boundedness properties of a rate synchronization network for manufacturing systems. In addition, we provide a detailed analysis of the Lagrange stability of a single-machine manufacturing system that uses a priority-based part servicing policy.
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    Keywords: optimization ; standard clock ; ordinal optimization ; communication network ; voice/data integration ; simulation
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we apply the ideas of ordinal optimization and the technique of Standard Clock (SC) simulation to the voice-call admission-control problem in integrated voice/data multihop radio networks. This is an important problem in networking that is not amenable to exact analysis by means of the usual network modeling techniques. We first describe the use of the SC approach on sequential machines, and quantify the speedup in simulation time that is achieved by its use in a number of queueing examples. We then develop an efficient simulation model for wireless integrated networks based on the use of the SC approach, which permits the parallel simulation of a large number of admission-control policies, thereby reducing computation time significantly. This model is an extension of the basic SC approach in that it incorporates fixed-length data packets, whereas SC simulation is normally limited to systems with exponentially distributed interevent times. Using this model, we demonstrate the effectiveness of ordinal-optimization techniques, which provide a remarkably good ranking of admission-control policies after relatively short simulation runs, thereby facilitating the rapid determination of good policies. Moreover, we demonstrate that the use of crude, inaccurate analytical and simulation models can provide highly accurate policy rankings that can be used in conjunction with ordinal-optimization methods, provided that they incorporate the key aspects of system operation.
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    Discrete event dynamic systems 7 (1997), S. 209-232 
    ISSN: 1573-7594
    Keywords: Stochastic recurrence equations ; performance evaluation ; ergodicity ; stability ; subadditive ergodic theory
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the asymptotic behavior of the stochastic dynamics of discrete event systems. In this paper we focus on a wide class of models arising in several fields and particularly in computer science. This class of models may be characterized by stochastic recurrence equations in ℝK of the form T(n+1) = φ n+1(T(n)) where φ n is a random operator monotone and 1—linear. We establish that the behaviour of the extremas of the process T(n) are linear. The results are an application of the sub-additive ergodic theorem of Kingman. We also give some stability properties of such sequences and a simple method of estimating the limit points.
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    Journal of mathematical imaging and vision 7 (1997), S. 309-323 
    ISSN: 1573-7683
    Keywords: relaxation labeling processes ; consistency ; growth transformations ; Liapunov functions ; stability
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We present some new results which definitively explain thebehavior of the classical, heuristic nonlinear relaxation labelingalgorithm of Rosenfeld, Hummel, and Zucker in terms of theHummel-Zucker consistency theory and dynamical systems theory. Inparticular, it is shown that, when a certain symmetry condition is met,the algorithm possesses a Liapunov function which turns out to be (thenegative of) a well-known consistency measure. This follows almostimmediately from a powerful result of Baum and Eagon developed in thecontext of Markov chain theory. Moreover, it is seen that most of theessential dynamical properties of the algorithm are retained when thesymmetry restriction is relaxed. These properties are also shown tonaturally generalize to higher-order relaxation schemes. Someapplications and implications of the presented results are finallyoutlined.
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    ISSN: 1573-7594
    Keywords: Decentralized scheduling ; manufacturing systems ; corridor policies ; stability
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    Notes: Abstract Sharifnia, Caramanis, and Gershwin [1991] introduced a class of policies for manufacturing systems, called by themlinear corridor policies. They proved that their stability can be discussed by the study of a simpler subset of such policies (cone policies). This paper revisits their work presenting a different description of the dynamics of the systems under study and explores it to device a necessary and sufficient condition for stability, obtained by the strengthening of the assumptions in Sharifnia et al. (1991). This condition is shown to be simply tested (M −1≥0) and valid for various realizations.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 26 (1978), S. 253-264 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Geometric programs ; optimization ; generalized reduced gradient method ; nonlinear programming
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the performance of a general-purpose GRG code for nonlinear programming in solving geometric programs. The main conclusions drawn from the experiments reported are: (i) GRG competes well with special-purpose geometric programming codes in solving geometric programs; and (ii) standard time, as defined by Colville, is an inadequate means of compensating for different computing environments while comparing optimization algorithms.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 39 (1983), S. 143-149 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Laguerre polynomials ; variational problems ; Ritz direct method ; optimization
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    Notes: Abstract A direct method for solving variational problems via Laguerre series is presented. First, an operational matrix for the integration of Laguerre polynomials is introduced. The variational problems are reduced to the solution of algebraic equations. An illustrative example is given.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 40 (1983), S. 349-378 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Convexity ; subdifferentials ; cones of directions of constancy ; equality set of constraints ; stability
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    Notes: Abstract We present an algorithm which solves a convex program with faithfully convex (not necessarily differentiable) constraints. While finding a feasible starting point, the algorithm reduces the program to an equivalent program for which Slater's condition is satisfied. Included are algorithms for calculating various objects which have recently appeared in the literature. Stability of the algorithm is discussed.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 40 (1983), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Parameterized decision-making problems ; utopia point ; compromise solutions ; Hausdorff distance ; stability
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    Notes: Abstract Stability is a desirable attribute of the nondominated solution in the decision-making problem with multiple noncommensurable objectives. It is assumed that the decision space is given by a system of inequalitiesG(x)≤b, b ∈ R N . In this paper, sufficient conditions are determined for a compromise solution to be stable with respect to the changes ofb.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 549-574 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Boundary control ; wave and plate equations ; optimization ; nonstandard Riccati equations ; input dynamics
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    Notes: Abstract An optimization problem for a control system governed by an analytic generator with unbounded control actions is considered. The solution to this problem is synthesized in terms of the Riccati operator, arising from a nonstandard Riccati equation. Solvability and uniqueness of the solutions to this Riccati equation are established. This theory is applied to a boundary control problem governed by damped wave and plate equations.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 415-431 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Kalman filtering ; Karhunen-Loève expansion ; stability ; observability ; controllability
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Several state-space models for estimating a second-order stochastic process are proposed in this paper on the basis of the approximate Karhunen-Loève expansion. Properties of these models are studied and then the Kalman filtering method is applied. The accuracy of the models on the basis of two different situations, deterministic or random inputs, is studied by means of a simulation of a Brownian motion.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 86 (1995), S. 199-222 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Routing ; optimization ; queueing systems ; robustness ; distributed algorithms
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    Notes: Abstract We study the effect of arrival model uncertainties on the optimal routing in a system of parallel queues. For exponential service time distributions and Bernoulli routing, the optimal mean system delay generally depends on the interarrival time distribution. Any error in modeling the arriving process will cause a model-based optimal routing algorithm to produce a mean system delay higher than the true optimum. In this paper, we present an asymptotic analysis of the behavior of this error under heavy traffic conditions for a general renewal arrival process. An asymptotic analysis of the error in optimal mean delay due to uncertainties in the service time distribution for Poisson arrivals was reported in Ref. 6, where it was shown that, when the first moment of the service time distribution is known, this error in performance vanishes asymptotically as the traffic load approaches the system capacity. In contrast, this paper establishes the somewhat surprising result that, when only the first moment of the arrival distribution is known, the error in optimal mean delay due to uncertainties in the arrival model is unbounded as the traffic approaches the system capacity. However, when both first and second moments are known, the error vanishes asymptotically. Numerical examples corroborating the theoretical results are also presented.
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    Journal of global optimization 10 (1997), S. 17-35 
    ISSN: 1573-2916
    Keywords: vector-valued hemivariational inequality ; finite element method ; nonconvex energy function
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we develop a finite element approximationfor vector-valuedhemivariational inequalities.This class of hemivariational problems wasintroducedin [12],[13]. We study two differentproblems: unconstrained oneand constrained one witha nonempty, closed, convex constraint set K. We shall show firstly that the discrete problemsare solvable by usingconsequences of Kakutanifixed point theorem and secondly that the solutionsof the discrete problemsare close on subsequences to the continuous ones.
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    Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 20 (1997), S. 1531-1549 
    ISSN: 0170-4214
    Keywords: gratings ; Helmholtz equation ; high frequencies ; geometric theory of diffraction ; transition regions ; finite element method ; error estimates ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: A new numerical method is derived for the calculation of high-frequency asymptotic expansions of the scalar wave scattered by curved periodic structures. Optimal error estimates for this method are established. © 1997 B. G. Teubner Stuttgart-John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Mathematical methods of operations research 28 (1984), S. 193-260 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Keywords: Analytic behaviour of strategies ; continuous strategies ; ES strategies ; MES strategies ; machine idleness ; monotonicity behaviour ; optimal strategies ; preselectivity ; regular measure of performance ; scheduling problems ; stability ; stochastic dynamic optimization ; stochastically ordered distributions ; stochastic scheduling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper contains an introduction to recent developments in the theory of non-preemptive stochastic scheduling problems. The topics covered are: arbitrary joint distributions of activity durations, arbitrary regular measures of performance and arbitrary precedence and resource constraints. The possible instability of the problem is demonstrated and hints are given on stable classes of strategies available, including the combinatorial vs. analytical characterization of such classes. Given this background, the main emphasis of the paper is on the monotonicity behaviour of the model and on the existence of optimal strategies. Existing results are presented and generalized, in particular w.r.t. the cases of lower semicontinuous performance measures or joint duration distributions having a Lebesgue density.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 16 (1995), S. 1161-1169 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: shell ; stability ; critical load
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives the resultant forces and moments, strain energy and work of external forces on the basis of the deformation theory of flexible body. Therefore, in accordance with the principle of virtual displacement, the energy criterion of critical load is obtained and the equilibrium equation and boundary conditions of stability problem are derived.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 23 (1977), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Operations research ; optimization ; allocation ; location-allocation ; existence ; uniqueness
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Some mathematical aspects are studied for a wide class of problems called continuous allocation problems: Find a mapping, from one given continuous set onto another, to minimize a given function on these sets. Many problems of assortments, catalogs, scheduling, location-allocation, search, etc., fall in this class. Theorems on existence, uniqueness, and continuity of solution are given. A solution technique is given for then-dimensional generalized location-allocation problem, and it is shown to converge on a solution. Finally, an expression is found for the facility density in multiple-facility location-allocation problems when the range of the mapping is continuous (as the number of facilities tends to infinity).
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 23 (1977), S. 277-284 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: n-person games ; stability ; grand coalition ; taxation systems ; nondominated imputation ; multicriteria framework
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In formulating solutions forn-person cooperative games, the concept of stability has played a dominant role. Although the core concept has the strongest stability, the core of a game is often empty. In this paper, the taxation system is incorporated into our framework, so that a modified solution concept, which enjoys the stability of core, can be developed. Various formulations based on principles such astaxation proportional to income andequity after tax are given.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 25 (1978), S. 485-505 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Game theory ; stability ; contraction mappings
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with a class of noncooperative games ofn players that are defined byn reward functions which depend continuously on the action variables of the players. This framework provides a realistic model of many interactive situations, including many common models in economics, sociology, engineering, and political science. The concept of Nash equilibrium is a suitable companion to such models. A variety of different sufficient conditions for existence, uniqueness, and stability of a Nash equilibrium point have been previously proposed. By sharpening the noncooperative aspect of the framework (which is really only implicit in the original framework), this paper attempts to isolate one set of “natural” conditions that are sufficient for existence, uniqueness, and stability. It is argued thatl ∞ quasicontraction is such a natural condition. The concept of complete stability is introduced to reflect the full character of noncooperation. It is then shown that, in the linear case, the condition ofl ∞ quasicontraction is both necessary and sufficient for complete stability.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 39 (1983), S. 299-307 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Shifted Legendre polynomials ; operational matrix ; variational problems ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The shifted Legendre polynomial series is employed to solve variational problems. The solution is carried out by using an operational matrix for integrating the shifted Legendre polynomial vector. Variational problems are reduced to solving algebraic equations. Two illustrative examples are given, and the computational results obtained by Legendre series direct method are compared with the exact solutions.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 39 (1983), S. 187-214 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Self-interest maximization ; self-interest stable solutions ; self-interest cooperative games ; self-interest noncooperative games ; monotonic games ; decomposition theory ; reframing game payoffs ; full cooperation ; targeted solutions ; Pareto optimality ; collective group interest ; stability ; structural departure ; incentives for adopting a new game ; habitual domain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Human beings have a prevailing drive to achieve their self-interest goals or equilibrium states, which may subsume their social interests. An ideal working environment or cooperative game situation would be one in which each participant or player maximizes his/her own interest while maximizing his/her contribution to the collective group interest. This paper addresses the feasibility, methods, and bounds for reframing a generaln-person game into an ideal game in which full cooperation or a targeted solution can be induced and maintained by the players' self-interest maximization. Criteria for good reframing are introduced. Monotonic games, self-interest cooperative and noncooperative games, and a decomposition theory of general games are also introduced to facilitate the study. It is shown that everyn-person game can be written as the sum of a self-interest cooperative game and a self-interest noncooperative game. Everyn-person game can be reframed so that full cooperation can be achieved by the players' self-interest maximization. Everyn-person game can be reframed so that a targeted solution can be obtained and maintained through the players' self-interest maximization.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 145-169 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Stackelberg problem ; multifunctions ; Γ-limits ; existence ; stability ; ε-solutions ; strict ε-solutions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to study, in a topological framework, existence and stability for the solutions to a parametrized Stackelberg problem. To this end, approximate solutions are used, more precisely, ε-solutions and strict ε-solutions. The results given are of minimal character and the standard types of constraints are considered, that is, constant constraints, constraints defined by a finite number of inequalities, and more generally constraints defined by an arbitrary multifunction.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 84 (1995), S. 339-360 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Approximations ; algorithmic convergence ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In an earlier paper, the authors introduced epigraphical nesting of objective functions as a means to characterize the convergence of global optimization algorithms. Epigraphical nesting of objective functions may be looked upon as a relaxation of epigraphical convergence of objective functions, whereby one ensures that epigraphs of the approximations contain asymptotically the epigraph of the objective function of the original optimization problem. In this paper, we show that, for algorithms which seek only a stationary point, convergence can be assured by objective function approximations whose directional derivatives attain an epigraphical nesting property. We demonstrate that epigraphical nesting provides a unifying thread that ties together a number of different algorithms, including those for the solution of variational inequalities and smooth as well as nonsmooth optimization. We show that the Newton method and its variants for unconstrained optimization, successive quadratic programming methods for constrained optimization, and proximal point algorithms (deterministic and stochastic) all construct approximations in which the directional derivatives attain an epigraphical nesting property, even though the approximations themselves fail to attain such a property.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 85 (1995), S. 705-726 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Nonlinear allocation problems ; networks ; optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The problem considered is as follows:m resources are to be allocated ton activities, with resourcei contributing linearly to the potential for activityj according to the coefficientE(i,j). The objective is to minimize some nonlinear function of the potentials. If the objective function is sufficiently well behaved, the problem can be solved in finitely many steps using the method described in this paper.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 93 (1997), S. 635-638 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Polynomial theory ; robustness ; Kharitonov theorem ; stability ; Hurwitz polynomials ; inverse Kharitonov problem ; Rouché theorem
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    Notes: Abstract The problem of the robust stability of a Hurwitz polynomial which is the characteristic polynomial of a discrete-time linear time-invariant system is investigated. A new approach based on the Rouché theorem of classical complex analysis is adopted. An interesting sufficient condition for robust stability is derived. Three examples are included to support the theoretical result.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 93 (1997), S. 597-607 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Optimal control ; gradient flows ; optimization ; decentralized systems ; performance index
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the problem of computing the suboptimal output feedback gains of decentralized control systems is investigated. First, the problem is formulated. Then, the gradient matrices based on the index function are derived and a new algorithm is established based on some nice properties. This algorithm shows that a suboptimal gain can be computed by solving several ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In order to find an initial condition for the ODEs, an algorithm for finding a stabilizing output feedback gain is exploited, and the convergence of this algorithm is discussed. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the proposed algorithm.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 95 (1997), S. 467-499 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Flight mechanics ; astrodynamics ; celestial mechanics ; Earth-to-Mars missions ; departure window ; arrival window ; optimization ; sequential gradient-restoration algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the optimal transfer of a spacecraft from a low Earth orbit (LEO) to a low Mars orbit (LMO). The transfer problem is formulated via a restricted four-body model in that the spacecraft is considered subject to the gravitational fields of Earth, Mars, and Sun along the entire trajectory. This is done to achieve increased accuracy with respect to the method of patched conics. The optimal transfer problem is solved via the sequential gradient-restoration algorithm employed in conjunction with a variable-stepsize integration technique to overcome numerical difficulties due to large changes in the gravitational field near Earth and near Mars. The optimization criterion is the total characteristic velocity, namely, the sum of the velocity impulses at LEO and LMO. The major parameters are four: velocity impulse at launch, spacecraft vs. Earth phase angle at launch, planetary Mars/Earth phase angle difference at launch, and transfer time. These parameters must be determined so that ΔV is minimized subject to tangential departure from circular velocity at LEO and tangential arrival to circular velocity at LMO. For given LEO and LMO radii, a departure window can be generated by changing the planetary Mars/Earth phase angle difference at launch, hence changing the departure date, and then reoptimizing the transfer. This results in a one-parameter family of suboptimal transfers, characterized by large variations of the spacecraft vs. Earth phase angle at launch, but relatively small variations in transfer time and total characteristic velocity. For given LEO radius, an arrival window can be generated by changing the LMO radius and then recomputing the optimal transfer. This leads to a one-parameter family of optimal transfers, characterized by small variations of launch conditions, transfer time, and total characteristic velocity, a result which has important guidance implications. Among the members of the above one-parameter family, there is an optimum–optimorum trajectory with the smallest characteristic velocity. This occurs when the radius of the Mars orbit is such that the associated period is slightly less than one-half Mars day.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 39 (1983), S. 403-416 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Liapunov function ; reachability ; optimization ; quantitative control ; qualitative control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we find sufficient conditions that do not rely upon any Liapunov stability results for the reachability of the target set by an admissible control from ana priori specified set of states. The conditions found are less restrictive than those obtained by Sticht, Vincent, and Schultz in Ref. 1. For control problems with specific integral performance index, we also show that, if a quantitative Liapunov function for optimization exists, then it may also serve as a qualitative Liapunov function ensuring the reachability of the target. The results are illustrated by examples.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 85 (1995), S. 649-676 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Subdifferentials ; convex functions ; quasiconvex functions ; optimization ; minima ; maxima ; necessary conditions ; sufficient conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the γ-subdifferential ∂γ is introduced for investigating the global behavior of real-valued functions on a normed spaceX. Iff: D⊂X → ℝ attains its global minimum onD atx *, then 0∈∂γ f(x *). This necessary condition always holds, even iff is not continuous orx * is at the boundary of its domain. Nevertheless, it is useful because, by choosing a suitable γ∈ℝ+, many local minima cannot satisfy this necessary condition. For the sufficient conditions, the so-called γ-convex functions are defined. The class of these functions is rather large. For example, every periodic function on the real line is a γ-convex function. There are γ-convex functions which are not continuous everywhere. Every function of bounded variation can be represented as the difference of two γ-convex functions. For all that, γ-convex functions still have properties similar to those of convex functions. For instance, each γ-local minimizer off is at the same time a global one. Iff attains its global minimum onD, then it does so at least at one point of its γ-boundary.
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    Journal of optimization theory and applications 87 (1995), S. 403-417 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Lyapunov functions ; uncertain systems ; structured uncertainties ; optimization ; multidimensional systems
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The robust stability problem of a nominally linear system with nonlinear, time-varying structured perturbationsp j ,j=1,...,q, is considered. The system is of the form $$\dot x = A_N x + \sum\limits_{j = 1}^q {p_j A_j x} .$$ When the Lyapunov direct method is utilized to solve the problem, the most frequently chosen Lyapunov function is some quadratic form. The paper presents a procedure of optimization of Lyapunov functions. Under some simple conditions, the weak convergence of the procedure is ensured, making the procedure effective in solving the robust stability problem. The procedure is simple, requiring only numerical routines such as inverting positive-definite symmetric matrices and determining the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of symmetric matrices. It is expected that the optimal Lyapunov function may be used in a robust linear feedback controller design. The examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. As shown when considering a system of dimension 24, the method is effective for large-scale systems.
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    Journal of global optimization 6 (1995), S. 401-425 
    ISSN: 1573-2916
    Keywords: hemivariational inequalities ; finite element method ; substationary point ; nonsmooth optimization ; bundle methods ; nonmonotone contact problem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider numerical solution of hemivariational inequalities (HVI) by using nonsmooth, nonconvex optimization methods. First we introduce a finite element approximation of (HVI) and show that it can be transformed to a problem of finding a substationary point of the corresponding potential function. Then we introduce a proximal budle method for nonsmooth nonconvex and constrained optimization. Numerical results of a nonmonotone contact problem obtained by the developed methods are also presented.
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    Statistics and computing 5 (1995), S. 175-190 
    ISSN: 1573-1375
    Keywords: Image analysis ; MAP estimation ; optimization ; simulated annealing ; multi-resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We describe an image reconstruction problem and the computational difficulties arising in determining the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate. Two algorithms for tackling the problem, iterated conditional modes (ICM) and simulated annealing, are usually applied pixel by pixel. The performance of this strategy can be poor, particularly for heavily degraded images, and as a potential improvement Jubb and Jennison (1991) suggest the cascade algorithm in which ICM is initially applied to coarser images formed by blocking squares of pixels. In this paper we attempt to resolve certain criticisms of cascade and present a version of the algorithm extended in definition and implementation. As an illustration we apply our new method to a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image. We also carry out a study of simulated annealing, with and without cascade, applied to a more tractable minimization problem from which we gain insight into the properties of cascade algorithms.
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    Nonlinear dynamics 7 (1995), S. 11-35 
    ISSN: 1573-269X
    Keywords: Periodic solutions ; stability ; local bifurcations ; Fourier series
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the application of the method of variable-coefficient harmonic balance to nonautonomous nonlinear equations of the form XsF(X, t:λ), and in particular, a one-degree-of-freedom nonlinear oscillator equation describing escape from a cubic potential well. Each component of the solution, X(t), is expressed as a truncated Fourier series of superharmonics, subharmonics and ultrasubharmonics. Use is then made of symbolic manipulation in order to arrange the oscillator equation as a Fourier series and its coefficient are evaluated in the traditional way. The time-dependent coefficients permit the construction of a set of amplitude evolution equations with corresponding stability criteria. The technique enables detection of local bifurcations, such as saddle-node folds, period doubling flips, and parts of the Feigenbaum cascade. This representation of the periodic solution leads to local bifurcations being associated with a term in the Fourier series and, in particular, the onset of a period doubled solution can be detected by a series of superharmonics only. Its validity is such that control space bifurcation diagrams can be obtained with reasonable accuracy and large reductions in computational expense.
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    Nonlinear dynamics 14 (1997), S. 193-210 
    ISSN: 1573-269X
    Keywords: Perturbation methods ; stability ; bifurcation ; codimension two ; periodic and quasi-periodic solutions
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that the logical bases of the static perturbation method, which is currently used in static bifurcation analysis, can also be applied to dynamic bifurcations. A two-time version of the Lindstedt–Poincaré Method and the Multiple Scale Method are employed to analyze a bifurcation problem of codimension two. It is found that the Multiple Scale Method furnishes, in a straightforward way, amplitude modulation equations equal to normal form equations available in literature. With a remarkable computational improvement, the description of the central manifold is avoided. The Lindstedt–Poincaré Method can also be employed if only steady-state solutions have to be determined. An application is illustrated for a mechanical system subjected to aerodynamic excitation.
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    Nonlinear dynamics 7 (1995), S. 285-299 
    ISSN: 1573-269X
    Keywords: Strongly nonlinear oscillators ; nonlinear scales method ; limit cycle ; stability
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A non-linear seales method is presented for the analysis of strongly non-linear oseillators of the form % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaamXvP5wqonvsaeHbfv3ySLgzaGqbdiqb-Hha4zaadaGaey4kaSIa% am4zaiaacIcacqWF4baEcaGGPaGae8xpa0JaeqyTduMaamOzaiaacI% cacqWF4baEcqWFSaalcuWF4baEgaGaaiaabMcaaaa!4FEC!\[\ddot x + g(x) = \varepsilon f(x,\dot x{\text{)}}\], where g(x) is an arbitrary non-linear function of the displacement x. We assumed that % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaamXvP5wqonvsaeHbfv3ySLgzaGqbdiab-Hha4jaacIcacqWF0baD% cqWFSaalcqaH1oqzcaGGPaGaeyypa0Jae8hEaG3aaSbaaSqaaiaaic% daaeqaaOGaaiikaiabe67a4jaacYcacqaH3oaAcaGGPaGaey4kaSYa% aabmaeaacqaH1oqzdaahaaWcbeqaaiaad6gaaaaabaGaamOBaiabg2% da9iaaigdaaeaacaWGTbGaeyOeI0IaaGymaaqdcqGHris5aOGae8hE% aG3aaSbaaSqaaiab-5gaUbqabaGccaGGOaGaeqOVdGNaaiykaiabgU% caRiaad+eacaGGOaGaeqyTdu2aaWbaaSqabeaacaWGTbaaaOGaaiyk% aaaa!67B9!\[x(t,\varepsilon ) = x_0 (\xi ,\eta ) + \sum\nolimits_{n = 1}^{m - 1} {\varepsilon ^n } x_n (\xi ) + O(\varepsilon ^m )\], where % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaaiaabsgacqaH+oaEcaGGVaGaaeizaiaadshacqGH9aqpdaaeWaqa% aiabew7aLnaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaeaacaWGUbGaeyypa0JaaG% ymaaqaaiaad2gaa0GaeyyeIuoakiaadkfadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqa% baGccaGGOaGaeqOVdGNaaiykaaaa!4FFC!\[{\text{d}}\xi /{\text{d}}t = \sum\nolimits_{n = 1}^m {\varepsilon ^n } R_n (\xi )\], % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaaiaabsgacqaH3oaAcaGGVaGaaeizaiaadshacqGH9aqpdaaeWaqa% aiabew7aLnaaCaaaleqabaGaamOBaaaaaeaacaWGUbGaeyypa0JaaG% imaaqaaiaad2gaa0GaeyyeIuoakiaadofadaWgaaWcbaGaamOBaaqa% baGccaGGOaGaeqOVdGNaaiilaiabeE7aOjaacMcaaaa!5241!\[{\text{d}}\eta /{\text{d}}t = \sum\nolimits_{n = 0}^m {\varepsilon ^n } S_n (\xi ,\eta )\], and R n,S nare to be determined in the course of the analysis. This method is suitable for the systems with even non-linearities as well as with odd non-linearities. It can be viewed as a generalization of the two-variable expansion procedure. Using the present method we obtained a modified Krylov-Bogoliubov method. Four numerical examples are presented which served to demonstrate the effectiveness of the present method.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite element method ; thermoplasticity ; internal dissipation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the paper, a simple modification of the internal dissipation term in coupled thermoplastic finite element equations is presented. A modified form of the heat capacity and the thermomechanical coupling matrices are derived. These modifications are based on a decomposition of the internal dissipation term into two parts, which depend on the total strain rate and the rate of temperature change, respectively.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 403-407 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite element method ; residual bending flexibility ; convergence ; Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper I re-examine the mechanics of the residual bending flexibility correction and show that it is an extravariational trick.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 193-198 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite element method ; software engineering ; object-oriented programming ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
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    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Making a finite element code easier to maintain is achieved by further modularizing it. Due to its two levels of modularity (of procedures and data), object-oriented programming is the method of choice. Its potential is investigated in two bottlenecks of finite element programming where so far it has not proved significantly more successful than classical Fortran programming. The first of these is the lack of adequate data structures between the analysis specifications and the basic objects of the finite element method, like the element and the node. This is solved by defining two classes of objects, namely problem and domain, with clearly differentiated specifications. The second gap deals with solving linear equation systems. Introducing an intermediate class UnassembledMatrix allows alternative storage/solving schemes to be implemented in a very flexible manner. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 103-112 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: static reanalysis ; finite element method ; structural analysis ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
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    Notes: This paper presents an exact structural static reanalysis method for locally modified structures. Through the introduction of structural rigid body motion eigenvectors, the generalized structural compliance matrix can be obtained and the original stiffness equation is transformed into a linear system of much lower order. The general solution of displacements can be expressed prior to any assignment of boundary conditions. For a structure with given boundary and loading conditions, the displacements can be obtained by solving this linear system. For locally modified structures, the structural compliance matrix can be adjusted quickly. This static reanalysis method can be used for structures with modifications on structural elements, boundary and loading conditions, either independently or in combination. Two test examples are provided in the paper to prove the efficiency of the method. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 319-326 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: homogenization of periodic media ; masonry ; damage ; finite element method ; plane stress ; generalized plane strain ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Through the homogenization theory for periodic media, the macroscopic behaviour of masonry may be derived from the behaviour of its constitutive materials (brick and mortar). Such a procedure has been used by many authors but always in an approximate manner. In particular, masonry has been considered either as infinitely thin (two-dimensional media under plane stress), or as infinitely thick (two-dimensional media under generalized plane strain). In order to determine the range of validity of either assumption, the homogenization theory is here implemented in a rigorous way, i.e. taking into account the finite thickness of masonry. Both brick and mortar being assumed as subjected to isotropic damage, numerical computations show that the above-mentioned assumptions have little influence on the macroscopic elastic behaviour of masonry, but may significantly affect its non-linear response (ultimate load and mode of failure). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 343-353 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: plate element ; finite element method ; reduced integration ; penalty number ; Lagrange and serendipity elements ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The serendipity (eight nodes) and Lagrange (nine nodes) plate elements following the Reissner-Mindlin irreducible formulation for the bending of plates are among the most popular in the finite element method. However, reduced integration on the shearing part of the stiffness matrix has to be performed in order to avoid locking of the mesh in the limit of thin plates, where numerical constraints are taking some degrees of freedom in order to be satisfied. This paper explains the competition between those constraints and the degrees of freedom, giving a mean to predict whether a mesh will lock or not. It also shows why the Lagrange element performs better than the serendipity element. Numerical results confirm this analysis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 355-372 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: differential quadrature method ; finite element method ; porosity distribution ; powder metallurgy ; sintering ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Viscous sintering of a porous ball with various initial distributions of porosity versus radius is considered. For the solution of the corresponding boundary-value problems of the evolution of porosity and flow velocity fields during sintering, the numerical algorithms based on the differential quadrature method (DQM) and an arbitrary Eulerian-Lagrangian version of the finite element method (FEM) (the permeable element method) are elaborated. A comparative analysis of the calculation results is carried out. The question of the influence of non-uniformity of porosity distribution on the localization of densification is discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 775-795 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: computational mechanics ; finite element method ; a posteriori error estimation ; finite elasticity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Methods for a posteriori error estimation for finite element solutions are well established and widely used in engineering practice for linear boundary value problems. In contrast here we are concerned with finite elasticity and error estimation and adaptivity in this context. In the paper a brief outline of continuum theory of finite elasticity is first given. Using the residuals in the equilibrium conditions the discretization error of the finite element solution is estimated both locally and globally. The proposed error estimator is physically interpreted in the energy sense. We then present and discuss the convergence behaviour of the discretization error in uniformly and adaptively refined finite element sequences.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 4123-4155 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Petrov-Galerkin methods ; weighting parameters ; optimization ; spectral averaged phase errors ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Fourier analysis of the linear and quadratic N + 1 and N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin finite element methods applied to the one-dimensional transient convective-diffusion equation is performed. The results show that a priori optimization of the N + 1 method is not possible because dissipative errors are introduced as dispersive errors are reduced (any optimization is subjective). However, a priori optimization of the N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin method is possible because the reduction of dispersion errors can be accomplished without the addition of artificial dissipation.The Spectrally Weighted Average Phase Error Method (SWAPEM) for the optimization of the N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin method is introduced, in which the N + 2 weighting parameter is chosen at each time step to minimize the integral over wave number of the phase error of Fourier modes, weighted by the frequency content of the global solution at the previous time step (obtained via FFT). The method is dynamic, and general in that the dependence of the weighting parameter on the solution waveform is accounted for. Optimal values predicted by the method are in excellent agreement with those suggested by the numerical experimentation of others. Simulations of the pure convective transport of a Gaussian plume and a triangle wave are discussed to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3745-3774 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Helmholtz equation ; finite element method ; error analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When applying numerical methods for the computation of stationary waves from the Helmholtz equation, one obtains ‘numerical waves’ that are dispersive also in non-dispersive media. The numerical wave displays a phase velocity that depends on the parameter k of the Helmholtz equation. In dispersion analysis, the phase difference between the exact and the numerical solutions is investigated. In this paper, the authors' recent result on the phase difference for one-dimensional problems is numerically evaluated and discussed in the context of other work directed to this topic. It is then shown that previous error estimates in H1-norm are of nondispersive character but hold for medium or high wavenumber on extremely refined mesh only. On the other hand, recently proven error estimates for constant resolution contain a pollution term. With certain assumptions on the exact solution, this term is of the order of the phase difference. Thus a link is established between the results of dispersion analysis and the results of numerical analysis. Throughout the paper, the presentation and discussion of theoretical results is accompanied by numerical evaluation of several model problems. Special attention is given to the performance of the Galerkin method with a higher order of polynomial approximation p(h-p-version).
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 705-713 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: natural-modes ; finite element method ; model problem ; thermomechanical buckling ; computing statistics report ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We address here some computational aspects of the natural-mode finite element method (NM-FEM), a technique recently developed by the authors for the analysis of arbitrary composite shells. We consider in particular a model problem comprising a (45/-45/0/90)S cylindrical composite shell with 2398 degrees of freedom subjected to compressive load and temperature increase, and compute the first four critical loads and temperatures. For this problem a computational statistics report is obtained showing the breakdown of the CPU time in the various routines. It is observed that most of the computing time is spent on algebraic operations, suggesting computational efficiency and high potential for vectorization/parallelization. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 105-115 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite element method ; conceptual diagrams ; error estimation ; postprocessing ; teaching ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The success of the finite element method depends on the highly systematic way the analysis is built up, which means that the structure of the theoretical description and the code is transferable between different applications. It is advisable to teach the subject in such a way that this fact is fully exploited. It is a fact that most FE calculations today do not contain a check of the accuracy/quality of the solution. In the teaching of the FE method nothing is more important than the basic knowledge and understanding of the properties and behaviour of the obtained FE solution. The paper deals with the methodology in presenting the method, by use of conceptual diagrams. It also discusses the interpretation of the results from a classical FE analysis and the extraction of high quality information. Finally, error estimation and postprocessing are discussed. The detailed description of the boundary conditions is lost in the FE solution. In the postprocessing stage they should be taken into account once more.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 409-416 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: contact ; friction ; finite element method ; large deformation ; augmented Lagrangian method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper is devoted to the analysis of two- or three-dimensional contact problems with Coulomb friction and large deformation. The classical approach is based on two minimum principles or two variational inequalities: the first for unilateral contact and the second for friction. A coupled approach using only one principle or one inequality is presented. This new approach allows us to extend the notion of normality law to dissipative behaviours with a non-associated flow rule, such as surface friction. Non-differentiable contact potentials are regularized by means of the augmented Lagrangian method. Using the C++ language, an object-oriented finite element database is created, which allows us to implement the contact and friction in an existing code in a very simple and neat way. Numerical examples are carried out in many difficult cases such as shock absorber and three-dimensional contact. The numerical results prove that this approach is robust and efficient concerning numerical stability.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 899-909 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite element method ; non-linear shell elements ; assumed strain approach ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A quadrilateral degenerated C0 shell element is presented which relies on extensible director kinematics and which incorporates unmodified three-dimensional constitutive models. It is shown that the direct interpolation of the extensible director field causes severe locking behaviour in the case of thin shell structures. An assumed strain interpolation is proposed to overcome the thin-shell defect. Due to this modification the shell element is able to accommodate large rotations without a rotation tensor, even for very thin shells. Several large deformation examples confirm that the developed shell element is competitive with more elaborate formulations which use rotational degrees of freedom.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 977-986 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: sequential function approximation ; interpolation functions ; optimization ; parallel direct search ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computational method for the solution of differential equations is proposed. With this method an accurate approximation is built by incremental additions of optimal local basis functions. The parallel direct search software package (PDS), that supports parallel objective function evaluations, is used to solve the associated optimization problem efficiently. The advantage of the method is that, although it resembles adaptive methods in computational mechanics, an a priori grid is not necessary. Moreover, the traditional matrix construction and evaluations are avoided. Computational cost is reduced while efficiency is enhanced by the low-dimensional parallel-executed optimization and parallel function evaluations. In addition, the method should be applicable to a broad class of interpolation functions. Results and global convergence rates obtained for one- and two-dimensional boundary value problems are satisfactorily compared to those obtained by the conventional Galerkin finite element method. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1997), S. 999-1008 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: optimization ; sensitivity analysis ; constraint approximation ; non-linear analysis ; finite element method ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For the finite element non-linear analysis of engineering problems combined with an optimization method, two techniques - a semi-analytical sensitivity method and bi-point constraint approximation - have been proposed. To validate the proposed methods, a raft foundation on a soil medium has been analysed and the results have been compared. From the numerical results, it has been found that, for non-linear analysis, the semi-analytical sensitivity method is more efficient than the finite difference method and the bi-point approximation gives results which compare favourably with the finite element results. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 297-306 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: semi-analytic method ; dynamic response ; convolution ; variational principle ; series ; finite element method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the paper a semi-analytic approach for solving dynamic response problems is developed which is based on Gurtin's convolution-type variational principle. A finite element discretization in the space domain and a series representation in the time domain are considered. This approach overcomes the shortcomings of existing methods yet utilizes their advantages for solving dynamic response problems. The example of a beam shows that this new approach is a very effective method in obtaining solutions for dynamic response problems. The paper also concentrates on utilizing time domain series for various boundary conditions, so that solutions calculated by this approach have a very high accuracy and efficiency.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 727-733 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: eddy currents ; finite element method ; equivalence ; uniqueness ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new variational problem corresponding to a three-dimensional eddy-current boundary-value problem is treated in the paper. The equivalence between the variational problem and the boundary-value problem is proved, and so is the uniqueness of the solution. These form the foundation of the H - Ψ method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 727-758 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element method ; meshless finite element method ; finite element methods for highly oscillatory solutions ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new finite element method is presented that features the ability to include in the finite element space knowledge about the partial differential equation being solved. This new method can therefore be more efficient than the usual finite element methods. An additional feature of the partition-of-unity method is that finite element spaces of any desired regularity can be constructed very easily. This paper includes a convergence proof of this method and illustrates its efficiency by an application to the Helmholtz equation for high wave numbers. The basic estimates for a posteriori error estimation for this new method are also proved. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 777-796 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element method ; force method ; reanalysis ; eigenvalue ; structural variation ; optimization ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a force-based finite element method that involves eigen-space transformation of element stiffness matrices in the first analysis. In each subsequent analysis (‘reanalysis’) associated with structural variations, the solution obtained previously is modified making use of intrinsic properties of eigen solutions and avoiding the time-consuming task of solving a large system of equations. The structural variations may involve changes in material properties, birth or death of elements, or change in boundary conditions. Numerical examples are presented to compare the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed method with the displacement-based finite element method. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 2521-2577 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element method ; a posteriori error estimation ; asymptotic quality ; computer-based analysis ; effect of the boundary ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In References 1-3 we presented a computer-based theory for analysing the asymptotic accuracy (quality of robustness) of error estimators for mesh-patches in the interior of the domain. In this paper we review the approach employed in References 1-3 and extend it to analyse the asymptotic quality of error estimators for mesh-patches at or near a domain boundary. We analyse two error estimators which were found in References 1-3 to be robust in the interior of the mesh (the element residual with p-order equilibrated fluxes and (p+1)) degree bubble solution or (p+1) degree polynomial solution (ERpB or ERpPp+1; see References 1-3) and the Zienkiewicz-Zhu Superconvergent Patch Recovery (ZZ-SPR; see References 4-7) and we show that the robustness of these estimators for elements adjacent to the boundary can be significantly inferior to their robustness for interior elements. This deterioration is due to the difference in the definition of the estimators for the elements in the interior of the mesh and the elements adjacent to the boundary. In order to demonstrate how our approach can be employed to determine the most robust version of an estimator we analysed the versions of the ZZ estimator proposed in References 9-12. We found that the original ZZ-SPR proposed in References 4-7 is the most robust one, among the various versions tested, and some of the proposed ‘enhancements’ can lead to a significant deterioration of the asymptotic robustness of the estimator. From the analyses given in References 1-3 and in this paper, we found that the original ZZ estimator (given in References 4-7) is the most robust among all estimators analysed in References 1-3 and in this study. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 2717-2737 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: parallel computation ; algebraic partitioning ; domain decomposition ; structural analysis ; finite element method ; iterative solution ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An algebraically partitioned FETI method for the solution of structural engineering problems on parallel computers is presented. The present algorithm consists of three attributes: an explicit generation of the orthogonal null-space matrix associated with the interface nodal forces, the floating subdomain rigid-body modes computed from the subdomain static equilibrium equation of the classical force method and the identification of redundant interface force constraint operator that emanates when the interface force computations are localized. Comparisons of the present method with the previously developed differentially partitioned FETI method are offered in terms of the saddle-point formulations at the end of the paper. A companion paper reports implementation details and numerical performance of the proposed algorithm. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 551-563 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: sensitivity analysis ; simultaneous optimization ; mixed convection ; finite element method ; material derivative concept ; adjoint variable method ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Simultaneous optimization of shape and flow parameters is performed for a combined free and forced convection flow through vertical rectangular channels with moving walls. The laminar flow is assumed to be fully developed in the axial direction. The wall velocity, the axial pressure gradient and the channel height in the transverse plane are taken as the optimization parameters. The sensitivity expressions of both the objective function and the flow rate constraint of optimization are obtained in terms of the relevant physical variables, as well as adjoint variables which satisfy additional p.d.e.'s. All equations are discretized using the finite element method. Numerical results are provided for the present constrained optimization problem for various values of the problem parameters which include the moving wall segment size and the Rayleigh number. The results indicate that with increased Rayleigh number the optimal values of the wall velocity and the axial pressure gradient are increased, while the optimal value of the channel height is decreased. General sensitivity expressions are also presented in the appendix which might be utilized for arbitrary boundary variations along with arbitrary optimization objectives in other investigations. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 655-687 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: crashworthiness ; multibody dynamics ; flexible structures ; simulation ; design ; optimization ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Different formulations based on multibody dynamics are shown to be suitable for the development of a methodology for the impact simulation and crashworthiness design of railway vehicles. The proposed design methodology comprises different computer-aided tools of increasing complexity and accuracy which can be used with greater advantage and efficiency in the different design stages of railway stock. In general, the crashworthiness design methods and associated multibody dynamic tools which are presented in this paper require information to be obtained from numerical or experimental crush tests of specific structural components, subassemblies and critical energy absorption devices normally located in car extremities. This hybrid feature lends to the present design process various efficiency gains as a result of a better understanding of the crash and different collapse mechanisms and ease of use. To access the merits of the present methodologies some new designs are discussed and the application of the proposed numerical tools is illustrated for different structural configurations of car extremities. A formulation for the sensitivity analysis and optimization of planar constrained mechanical systems is also presented. An example of crashworthiness design of an end underframe model of a railway car is solved to demonstrate the use of the methodology. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 40 (1997), S. 3883-3900 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite element method ; Helmholtz equation ; a posteriori error estimation ; acoustic scattering ; Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In part I of this investigation, we proved that the standard a posteriori estimates, based only on local computations, may severely underestimate the exact error for the classes of wave-numbers and the types of meshes employed in engineering analyses. We showed that this is due to the fact that the local estimators do not measure the pollution effect inherent to the FE-solutions of Helmholtz' equation with large wavenumber. Here, we construct a posteriori estimates of the pollution error. We demonstrate that these estimates are reliable and can be used to correct the standard a posteriori error estimates in any patch of elements of interest. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 433-450 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: mesh partitioning ; finite elements ; parallel computing ; optimization ; heuristics ; frontal method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We address the problem of automatic partitioning of unstructured finite element meshes in the context of parallel numerical algorithms based on domain decomposition. A two-step approach is proposed, which combines a direct partitioning scheme with a non-deterministic procedure of combinatorial optimization. In contrast with previously published experiments with non-deterministic heuristics, the optimization step is shown to produce high-quality decompositions at a reasonable compute cost. We also show that the optimization approach can accommodate complex topological constraints and minimization objectives. This is illustrated by considering the particular case of topologically one-dimensional partitions, as well as load balancing of frontal subdomain solvers. Finally, the optimization procedure produces, in most cases, decompositions endowed with geometrically smooth interfaces. This contrasts with available partitioning schemes, and is crucial to some modern numerical techniques based on domain decomposition and a Lagrange multiplier treatment of the interface conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1021-1030 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: optimization ; finite element ; magnetostatic ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, we present an improvement of the optimization technique of the moving asymptotes applied to a class of magnetostatic design problem. Our approach includes, among other aspects, an active set strategy which turns possible to find feasible points during the iterative process. We present some numerical results obtained on real-life case studies where the functions are computed by a complex finite-element routine.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1721-1738 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: probabilistic analysis ; optimization ; safety index ; structural reliability ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this paper is to conduct reliability-based structural optimization in a multidisciplinary environment. An efficient reliability analysis is developed by expanding the limit functions in terms of intermediate design variables. The design constraints are approximated using multivariate splines in searching for the optimum. The reduction in computational cost realized in safety index calculation and optimization are demonstrated through several structural problems. This paper presents safety index computation, analytical sensitivity analysis of reliability constraints and optimization using truss, frame and plate examples.
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