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  • Cambridge University Press
  • 2020-2024  (25)
  • 1935-1939  (281)
  • 2023  (25)
  • 1936  (281)
  • 1
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    The Lund Model (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The Lund model, inspired by quantum chromodynamics, has provided a promising approach to the dynamics of quark and gluon interactions. Starting with a brief reprise of basic concepts in relativity, quantum mechanics of fields and particle physics, this book discusses: the dynamics of the massless relativistic string; confinement; causality and relativistic covariance; Lund fragmentation processes; QED and QCD Bremsstrahlung; multiplicities and particle-parton distributions. Throughout the book, theory is confronted with current experimental data, and implications for future experiments are also considered. The book also explores the relationships between the Lund model and other models based on field theory (the Schwinger model, S-matrix models, light-cone algebra physics and variations of the parton model), and models based on statistical mechanics (the Feynman-Wilson gas, scaling, iterative cascade models).
    Keywords: Relativistic kinematics ; electromagnetic fields ; virtual quanta ; renormalisation ; deep inelastic scattering ; parton model ; massless relativistic string ; string decay ; Lund model ; fragmentation formulae ; Regge theory ; flavour ; transverse momentum generation ; meson ratio ; heavy quark fragmentation ; baryon production ; Hanbury–Brown–Twiss-effect ; Lund gluon model ; gluon emission ; multigluon emission ; lambda measure ; perturbative QCD ; inelastic lepto-production ; heretical structure functions ; hadronic interaction models ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Non-Perturbative Field Theory (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Providing a new perspective on quantum field theory, this book gives a pedagogical exposition of non-perturbative methods in relativistic quantum field theory and introduces the reader to modern research in theoretical physics. After describing non-perturbative methods in detail, it uses these methods to explore two-dimensional and four-dimensional gauge dynamics. The book concludes with a summary emphasizing the interplay between two- and four-dimensional gauge theories. Aimed at graduate students and researchers, this book covers topics from two-dimensional conformal symmetry, affine Lie algebras, solitons, integrable models, bosonization, and 't Hooft model, to four-dimensional conformal invariance, integrability, large N expansion, Skyrme model, monopoles and instantons. Applications, first to simple field theories and gauge dynamics in two dimensions, and then to gauge theories in four dimensions and quantum chromodynamics in particular, are thoroughly described.
    Keywords: non-perturbative methods ; 2D field theory ; massless free scalar field ; conformal field theory ; invariant ; affine current algebras ; Wess-Zumino-Witten model ; Coset model ; solitons ; 2D integrable models ; bosonization ; large N limit of 2D models ; 2D non-perturbative gauge dynamics ; bosonized gauge theories ; t'Hooft solution ; mesonic spectrum ; baryonic spectrum ; multiflavour QCD2 ; strong coupling limit ; confinement ; screening ; coset models and BRST quantization ; generalized Yang Mills theory ; conformal invariance in 4D field theories ; 4D gauge dynamics ; large N methods in QCD4 ; skyrmions ; magnetic monopoles ; instantons of QCD ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Spin in Particle Physics (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Motivated by dramatic developments in the field, this book provides a thorough introduction to spin and its role in elementary particle physics. Starting with a simple pedagogical introduction to spin and its relativistic generalisation, the author avoids the obscurity and impenetrability of traditional treatments of the subject. The book surveys the main theoretical and experimental developments, as well as discussing exciting plans for the future. Emphasis is placed on the importance of spin-dependent measurements in testing QCD and the Standard Model. This book will be of value to graduate students and researchers working in all areas of quantum physics and particularly in elementary particle and high energy physics. It is suitable as a supplementary text for graduate courses in theoretical and experimental particle physics.
    Keywords: spin and helicity ; Lorentz transformations ; discrete transformations ; helicity states ; fields and wave-functions ; spin density matrix ; transition amplitudes ; polarized hadrons ; polarized e± ; polarized states: polarimetry ; electroweak interactions ; quantum chromodynamics ; massless partons ; polarized deep inelastic scattering ; two-spin ; parity-violation ; single spin asymmetries ; elastic scattering at high energies ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Dynamics of Charged Particles and their Radiation Field (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book provides a self-contained and systematic introduction to classical electron theory and its quantization, non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics. The first half of the book covers the classical theory. It discusses the well-defined Abraham model of extended charges in interaction with the electromagnetic field, and gives a study of the effective dynamics of charges under the condition that, on the scale given by the size of the charge distribution, they are far apart and the applied potentials vary slowly. The second half covers the quantum theory, leading to a coherent presentation of non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics. Topics discussed include non-perturbative properties of the basic Hamiltonian, the structure of resonances, the relaxation to the ground state through emission of photons, the non-perturbative derivation of the g-factor of the electron and the stability of matter.
    Keywords: coupled charge ; electromagnetic field ; energy-momentum relation ; long-time asymptotics ; adiabatic limit ; self-force ; comparison dynamics ; Lorentz-Dirac equation ; spinning charges ; many charges ; quantum theory ; Abraham model ; statistical mechanics ; energy states ; radiation ; relaxation at finite temperatures ; g-factor of the electron ; stability of matter ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Particle Detectors, Second Edition (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Elementary particles can be identified through various techniques, depending on the purpose of the measurement and which relevant quantities, such as time, energy, and spatial coordinates, have to be measured. Detectors cover the measurement of energies spanning from the very low to the highest energies observed in cosmic rays. Describing the instrumentation for experiments in high energy physics and astroparticle physics, this edition describes track detectors, calorimeters, particle identification, neutrino detectors, momentum measurement, electronics, and data analysis. It also discusses applications of these detectors in other fields, such as nuclear medicine, radiation protection, and environmental science. Problem sets have been added to each chapter and additional instructive material has been provided, making this an excellent reference for graduate students and researchers in particle physics.
    Keywords: particle-matter interactions ; radiation-matter interactions ; detector properties ; units of radiation measurements ; radiation sources ; accelerators ; physical phenomena ; counter types ; historical track detectors ; track detectors ; calorimetry ; particle identification ; neutrino detectors ; momentum measurement ; muon detection ; ageing and radiation effects ; Belle ; detector electronics ; data analysis ; applications betond particle physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Quantized Detector Networks (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Scientists have been debating the meaning of quantum mechanics for more than a century. This book for graduate students and researchers gets to the root of the problem: how the contextual nature of empirical truth and the laws of observation impact on our understanding of quantum physics. Bridging the gap between non-relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, this novel approach to quantum mechanics extends the standard formalism to cover the observer and their apparatus. The author demystifies some of the aspects of quantum mechanics that have traditionally been regarded as extraordinary, such as wave-particle duality and quantum superposition, emphasizing the scientific principles rather than the mathematical modelling. Including key experiments and worked examples throughout, the author encourages the reader to focus on empirically sound concepts and avoid metaphysical speculation.
    Keywords: classical bits ; quantum bits ; classical and quantum registers ; classical register mechanics ; quantum register dynamics ; partial observations ; mixed states ; POVMs ; double-slit experiments ; modules ; computer algebra ; interferometers ; quantum eraser experiments ; particle decays ; non-locality ; Bell inequalities ; temporal correlations ; Franson experiment ; self-intervening networks ; separability and entanglement ; causal sets ; oscillators ; dynamical theory of observation ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Nuclear Superfluidity (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Nuclear Superfluidity is a monograph devoted exclusively to pair correlations in nuclei. It begins by exploring pair correlations in a variety of systems including superconductivity in metals at low temperatures and superfluidity in liquid 3He and in neutron stars. The book goes on to introduce basic theoretical methods, symmetry breaking and symmetry restoration in finite many-body systems. The last few chapters are devoted to introducing results on the role of induced interactions in the structure of both normal and exotic nuclei. The most important of these is the renormalization of the pairing interaction due to the coupling of pairs of nucleons to low energy nuclear collective excitations. This book will be essential reading for researchers and students in experimental and theoretical nuclear physics, and related research fields such as metal clusters, fullerenes and quantum dots.
    Keywords: pairing force ; BCS theory ; spontaneous symmetry breaking ; pairing vibrations ; phase transitions ; plastic behaviour ; pairing in nuclei ; beyond mean field ; induced interaction ; pairing in exotic nuclei ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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  • 8
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    Renormalization (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Many numerical predictions of experimental phenomena in particle physics are made possible by exploiting the discovery that simplifications can happen when phenomena are investigated on short distance and time scales. This book provides a coherent exposition of the renormalization techniques underlying these calculations. After reminding the reader of some basic properties of field theories, examples are used to explain the problems to be treated. The technique of dimensional regularization and the renormalization group is then shown. Finally a number of key applications are demonstrated, culminating in the treatment of deeply inelastic scattering.
    Keywords: quantum field theory ; dimensional regularization ; renormalization ; composite operators ; renormalization group ; large-mass expansion ; global symmetries ; operator-product expansion ; coordinate space ; gauge theories ; anomalies ; deep-inelastic scattering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Electroweak Theory (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The electroweak theory unifies two basic forces of nature: the weak force and electromagnetism. This is a concise introduction to the structure of the electroweak theory and its applications. It describes the structure and properties of field theories with global and local symmetries, leading to the standard model. It describes the particles and processes predicted by the theory, and compares them with experimental results. It also covers neutral currents, the properties of W and Z bosons, the properties of quarks and mesons containing heavy quarks, neutrino oscillations, CP-asymmetries in K, D, and B meson decays, and the search for Higgs particles. Each chapter contains problems to supplement the text, stemming from the author's long teaching experience. This will be of great interest to graduate students and researchers in elementary particle physics.
    Keywords: electromagnetic current properties ; weak currents ; quark model ; global and local Symmetries ; Yang–Mills theories ; spontaneous symmetry breaking ; Higgs mechanism ; Glashow–Salam–Weinberg model ; leptons ; hadrons ; deep inelastic scattering ; charged current reactions ; neutral currents in semileptonic reactions ; neutrinos ; heavy quarks ; CP violation ; K mesons ; D mesons ; B mesons ; Higgs particles ; spinors ; cross sections and traces ; quark bilinear identities ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    D-Branes (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: D-branes represent a key theoretical tool in the understanding of strongly coupled superstring theory and M-theory. They have led to many striking discoveries, including the precise microphysics underlying the thermodynamic behaviour of certain black holes, and remarkable holographic dualities between large-N gauge theories and gravity. This book provides a self-contained introduction to the technology of D-branes, presenting their development in a pedagogical manner. The introductory material is developed by first starting with the main features of string theory needed to get rapidly to grips with D-branes. Many advanced applications are covered, with discussions of open problems which could form the basis for other avenues of research. Suitable as a textbook in graduate courses on modern string theory and theoretical particle physics, it will also be an indispensable reference for seasoned practitioners.
    Keywords: relativistic strings ; world-sheet ; strings on circles ; T-duality ; world-volume actions ; D-branes ; tension and boundary states ; supersymmetric strings ; world-volume curvature couplings ; geometry of D-branes ; strong coupling ; string duality ; K3 orientifolds ; compactification ; M-theory ; F-theory ; black holes ; gravity and gauge theory ; holographic renormalisation group ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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  • 11
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    Finite-Temperature Field Theory (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book develops the basic formalism and theoretical techniques for studying relativistic quantum field theory at high temperature and density. Specific physical theories treated include QED, QCD, electroweak theory, and effective nuclear field theories of hadronic and nuclear matter. Topics covered include: functional integral representation of the partition function, diagrammatic expansions, linear response theory, screening and plasma oscillations, spontaneous symmetry breaking, Goldstone theorem, resummation and hard thermal loops, lattice gauge theory, phase transitions, nucleation theory, quark-gluon plasma, and color superconductivity. Applications to astrophysics and cosmology cover white dwarf and neutron stars, neutrino emissivity, baryon number violation in the early universe, and cosmological phase transitions. Applications to relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions are also included. The book is written for theorists in elementary particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, and cosmology.
    Keywords: quantum statistical mechanics ; functional integral representation ; the partition function ; interactions ; diagrammatic techniques ; renormalisation ; quantum electrodynamics ; linear response theory ; spontaneous symmetry breaking ; quantum chromodynamics ; resummation ; hard thermal loops ; lattice gauge theory ; dense nuclear matter ; hot hadronic matter ; nucleation theory ; heavy ion collisions ; weak interactions ; astrophysics and cosmology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    An Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The second edition of this introductory graduate textbook provides a concise yet accessible introduction to the Standard Model. It has been updated to account for the successes of the theory of strong interactions and the observations on matter–antimatter asymmetry. It gives a coherent presentation of the phenomena and theory that describe neutrino mass as well as an account of progress in the theory of strong interactions. The book develops clearly the theoretical concepts from the electromagnetic and weak interactions of leptons and quarks to the strong interactions of quarks. Each chapter ends with problems, with hints to selected problems provided at the end of the book. The mathematical treatments are suitable for graduates in physics, while more sophisticated mathematical ideas are developed in the text and appendices.
    Keywords: Lorentz transformations ; Lagrangian mechanics ; classical electromagnetism ; Dirac equation ; Dirac field ; Free space solutions ; electrodynamics ; quantising fields ; QED ; weak interaction ; low energy phenomenology ; symmetry breaking ; massive gauge fields ; Weinberg-Salam electroweak theory ; leptons ; weak interactions of quarks ; hadronic decays of Z and W bosons ; strong interactions ; quantum chromodynamics ; Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix ; neutrino masses and mixing ; Majorana neutrinos ; Standard Model ; annihilation and creation operators ; parton model ; mass matrices and mixing ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    An Introduction to Regge Theory and High Energy Physics (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book presents an extended introduction to the theory of hadrons, the elementary particles that occur in the atomic nucleus. The main emphasis is on the theory of the complex angular momentum plane 'Regge theory'. In 1959 Tullio Regge demonstrated that it is useful to regard angular momentum as a complex variable when discussing solutions of the Schrödinger equation for non-relativistic potential scattering. This theory helps to classify the many different particles we know of, to explain the forces between them and to predict the results of high-energy scattering experiments. Regge theory thus serves as a unifying concept drawing together many different features of high-energy physics. This monograph is intended primarily for research students just beginning in particle physics, but experienced practitioners will also find much of interest.
    Keywords: scattering matrix ; complex angular-momentum plane ; Regge poles ; spin ; Regge trajectories ; Regge resonances ; duality ; Regge cuts ; multi-Regge theory ; inclusive processes ; Regge models for many-particle cross-sections ; elementary particles ; weak interactions ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Gauge/String Duality, Hot QCD and Heavy Ion Collisions (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Heavy ion collision experiments recreating the quark-gluon plasma that filled the nascent universe have established that it is a nearly perfect liquid that flows with such minimal dissipation that it cannot be seen as made of particles. String theory provides a powerful toolbox for studying matter with such properties. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to gauge/string duality and its applications to the study of the thermal and transport properties of quark-gluon plasma, the dynamics of how it forms, how it flows, and its response to probes including jets and quarkonium mesons. Calculations are discussed in the context of data from RHIC and LHC and results from finite temperature lattice QCD. This is an ideal reference for students and researchers in string theory, quantum field theory, quantum many-body physics, heavy ion physics and lattice QCD.
    Keywords: heavy ions ; lattice QCD ; gauge/string duality ; strongly coupled plasma ; hydrodynamics ; far-from-equilibrium dynamics ; quarkonium mesons ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 15
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    Heavy Quark Physics (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Understanding the physics of heavy quarks gives physicists a unique opportunity to test the predictions of quantum chromodynamics and the Standard Model. This introductory text begins with a review of the Standard Model, followed by the basics of heavy quark spin-flavor symmetry and its application to the classification of states, decays and fragmentation. Heavy quark effective theory is then developed and applied to the study of hadron masses, form factors, and inclusive decay rates. The authors also discuss the application of chiral perturbation theory to heavy hadrons. Written by two world leading experts, the presentation is clear and original, with problems provided at the end of each chapter. This lucid volume is an ideal introduction to the physics of heavy quarks for graduate students and an authoritative reference for more experienced researchers.
    Keywords: Standard Model ; heavy quarks ; spin-flavor symmetry ; decays ; fragmentation ; heavy quark effective theory ; radiative corrections ; nonperturbative corrections ; chiral perturbation theory ; inclusive weak decay ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Foundations of Perturbative QCD (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The most non-trivial of the established microscopic theories of physics is quantum chromodynamics, QCD, the theory of the strong interaction. A critical link between theory and experiment is provided by the methods of perturbative QCD, notably the well-known factorization theorems. Giving an accurate account of the concepts, theorems and their justification, this book is a systematic treatment of perturbative QCD. As well as giving a mathematical treatment, the book relates the concepts to experimental data, giving strong motivations for the methods. It also examines in detail transverse-momentum-dependent parton densities, an increasingly important subject not normally treated in other books. Ideal for graduate students starting their work in high-energy physics, it will also interest experienced researchers wanting a clear account of the subject.
    Keywords: QCD ; Libby–Sterman analysis ; power counting ; parton model ; parton theory ; factorization ; subtractions ; DIS in QCD ; fragmentation ; TMD factorization ; hadron-hadron collisions ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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  • 17
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    The Pinch Technique and its Applications to Non-Abelian Gauge Theories (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Non-Abelian gauge theories, such as quantum chromodynamics (QCD) or electroweak theory, are best studied with the aid of Green's functions that are gauge-invariant off-shell, but unlike for the photon in quantum electrodynamics, conventional graphical constructions fail. The pinch technique provides a systematic framework for constructing such Green's functions, and has many useful applications. Beginning with elementary one-loop examples, this book goes on to extend the method to all orders, showing that the pinch technique is equivalent to calculations in the background field Feynman gauge. The Schwinger–Dyson equations are derived within the pinch technique framework, and are used to show how a dynamical gluon mass arises in QCD. Finally the volume turns to its many applications. This book is ideal for elementary particle theorists and graduate students.
    Keywords: pinch technique ; one loop ; Batalin–Vilkovisky framework ; gauge technique ; Schwinger–Dyson equations ; non-perturbative gluon mass ; quantum solitons ; nexuses ; sphalerons ; fractional topological charge ; electroweak theory ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    Methods of Contemporary Gauge Theory (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book introduces the quantum theory of gauge fields, emphasising four non-perturbative methods which have important applications: path integrals, lattice gauge theories, the 1/N expansion, and reduced matrix models. Written as a textbook, it assumes a knowledge of quantum mechanics and elements of perturbation theory, while many relevant concepts are introduced at a basic level in the first half of the book. The second half comprehensively covers large-N Yang–Mills theory. The book uses an approach to gauge theories based on path-dependent phase factors known as Wilson loops, and contains problems with detailed solutions to aid understanding. Suitable for advanced graduate courses in quantum field theory, the book will also be of interest to researchers in high energy theory and condensed matter physics as a survey of recent developments in gauge theory.
    Keywords: path Integrals ; operator calculus ; second quantization ; quantum anomalies ; instantons ; lattice gauge theories ; gauge fields on a lattice ; lattice methods ; fermions on a lattice ; finite temperatures ; 1/N expansion ; O(N) vector models ; multicolor QCD ; QCD in loop space ; matrix models ; reduced models ; Eguchi–Kawai model ; twisted reduced models ; non-commutative gauge theories ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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  • 19
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    Moonshine beyond the Monster (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Moonshine forms a way of explaining the mysterious connection between the monster finite group and modular functions from classical number theory. The theory has evolved to describe the relationship between finite groups, modular forms and vertex operator algebras. Moonshine beyond the Monster describes the general theory of Moonshine and its underlying concepts, emphasising the interconnections between mathematics and mathematical physics. Written in a clear and pedagogical style, this book is ideal for graduate students and researchers working in areas such as conformal field theory, string theory, algebra, number theory, geometry and functional analysis. Containing more than 100 exercises, it is also a suitable textbook for graduate courses on Moonshine and as supplementary reading for courses on conformal field theory and string theory.
    Keywords: monstrous Moonshine ; classical algebra ; modular stuff ; affine algebras ; conformal field theory ; the physics of Moonshine ; vertex operator algebras ; modular group representations ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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  • 20
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    Introduction to Quantum Fields on a Lattice (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book provides a concise introduction to quantum fields on a lattice: a precise and non-perturbative definition of quantum field theory obtained by replacing continuous space-time by a discrete set of points on a lattice. The path integral on the lattice is explained in concrete examples using weak and strong coupling expansions. Fundamental concepts such as 'triviality' of Higgs fields and confinement of quarks and gluons into hadrons are described and illustrated with the results of numerical simulations. The book also provides an introduction to chiral symmetry and chiral gauge theory, as well as quantized non-Abelian gauge fields, scaling and universality. Based on the lecture notes of a course given by the author, this book contains many explanatory examples and exercises, and is suitable as a textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses.
    Keywords: non-perturbative quantum field theory ; path integrals ; lattice regularisation ; weak and strong coupling expansions ; O(n) models ; gauge field on the lattice ; Higgs field ; quark confinement ; non-Abelian gauge fields ; U(1) gauge theory ; SU(n) gauge theory ; fermions on the lattice ; low mass hadrons in QCD ; chiral symmetry ; temporal gauge quantization ; fermionic coherent states ; spinor fields ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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  • 21
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    Supersymmetric Solitons (2023)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: In the last decade methods and techniques based on supersymmetry have provided deep insights in quantum chromodynamics and other non-supersymmetric gauge theories at strong coupling. This book summarizes major advances in critical solitons in supersymmetric theories, and their implications for understanding basic dynamical regularities of non-supersymmetric theories. After an extended introduction on the theory of critical solitons, including a historical introduction, the authors focus on three topics: non-Abelian strings and confined monopoles; reducing the level of supersymmetry; and domain walls as D-brane prototypes. They also provide a thorough review of issues at the cutting edge, such as non-Abelian flux tubes. The book presents an extensive summary of the current literature so researchers in this field can understand the background and related issues.
    Keywords: quantum chromodynamics ; critical solitons ; central charges in superalgebras ; non-Abelian strings ; supersymmetry ; non-supersymmetric theories ; non-BPS non-Abelian strings ; confined monopoles ; Higgs branches ; domain walls ; D-brane prototypes ; non-Abelian flux tubes ; wall-string junctions ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The International Institute for Social History Amsterdam (1936)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    International review for social history 1 (1936), S. 371-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1873-0841
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1873084100000094
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Schreckensherrschaften und ihre Presse Eine zeitungs-geschichtliche Studie (1936)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    International review for social history 1 (1936), S. 273-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1873-0841
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This essay, as a section out of the history of the Newspaper-Press, deals with the collaboration between agitational papers and street-terrorism on the basis of characteristic examples. The author draws a distinction between partial and absolute terrorism. In the case of the former, a minority by means of intimidation with violence, presses the majority and their prominent leaders to political actions which in all human probability they would never have decided upon on their own initiative.The American War of Independence is quoted as an example, or rather the deeds of violence which, as practised by a radical minority, influenced the course of event.A sketch is then given of the importance of the American Press, at that time in its infancy, with regard to the political successes of the young government, both at home and abroad.As an instance of absolute terrorism, the reign of terror of the French Revolution is taken. There the terrorists themselves seized the power. A survey is given of the various agitational papers and their methods, Their development is described up to the institution of a press-dictatorship by Napoleon Bonaparte. Finally the attention is drawn to the causes of the intimidating effect of the War-Press in times of political tension, all of which is based on historical instances taken from the latter half of the 19th century.The essay endeavours to prove that in social-psychological descriptions it frequently occurs that insufficient attention is paid to the part played by coercion and intimidation.The periodical press offers adequate information to permit of ascertaining the leading ideas and their modifications during agitated times. At the same time, its pages reveal the modifications in the views of the leading men and their influence on the masses.Accurate and specialized research on the basis of similar material taken from the history of the Newspaper-Pres, will complete and justify many a theory on mass-passions and mass-disturbances of reason in the field of social psychology.
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    Les Archives Historiques Russes à Prague (1936)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    International review for social history 1 (1936), S. 374-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1873-0841
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1873084100000100
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    IRS volume 1 Cover, Front matter and Errata (1936)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    International review for social history 1 (1936), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1873-0841
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    William Benbow's Grand National Holiday and Congress of the Productive Classes with an Introduction (1936)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    International review for social history 1 (1936), S. 217-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1873-0841
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The exceptional interest of Benbow's pamphlet Grand National Holiday and Congress of the Productive Classes has already been stressed by Beer1), Crook2) and Dolléans3) who quote extensive passages.What they communicate, however, does not seem to make a complete reprint of this pamphlet superfluous. Benbow's writings derive their importance not only from their showing us one of the most striking facets of the so many-sided social thinking in the England of the beginning of the nineteenth century, but also, and not least, from their being the first written theory about the general strike. These two considerations justify a reproduction of a pamphlet which is difficult of access to those interested, and certainly so outside England4).
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    Karl Friedrich Köppen der Intimste Berliner Freund Marxens (1936)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    International review for social history 1 (1936), S. 311-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1873-0841
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Karl Friedrich Köppen was born on the 28th of April, 1808, at Niedergörne, the son of a clergyman. After having attended the Latin School (“Gymnasium”) at Stendal and the Latin Convent school (“Klostergymnasium”) of Magdeburg, he took up the study of divinity in Berlin in the year 1827, but eventually became a teacher. In 1833 he was appointed at a Berlin school. Four years later he wrote a “Literary Introduction into Nordic Mythology” which has retained its value to the present day and the anti-clerical tendency of which revealed him as one of those radical diciples of Hegel who grouped themelves around A Ruge's “Hallische Jahrbücher” Their aim was: “Away from the Christian state and from State-Christendom'” In the “Doktorklub”, the Berlin center of these Young-Hegelians, Köppen mixed with Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx. Under the influence of Marx, the pen of this most prolific of contributors, to the “Jahrbücher” quickly increaed in sharpness. A jubilant publication of 1840, dedicated to his “friend K. H. Marx of Trier”, entitled “Frederick the Great and his adversaries”, proved a publicistic masterpiece which supplied Marx with suggestionss and gained Köppen the recognition of Engels. This publication focussed its secret hopes in the ascent to the throne by Frederick William IV; the Reaction, however, which set in soon after the change of government, crushed the buds of Young-Hegelian idealism.
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    Revue Sommaire des ouvrages les plus recents sur l'histoire sociale de l'italie moderne (1936)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    International review for social history 1 (1936), S. 384-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1873-0841
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
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    Pauperismus und Assoziation (1936)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    International review for social history 1 (1936), S. 1-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1873-0841
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The present study with pauperism, its causes, its prevention and its significance for the social evolution on the West-European continent, endeavours to provide for one of the gaps which social history, seen as a science of the social dynamics prevailing in history, brings to light. The Rhine-territory here is presented as an exceptionally suggestive illustration.This investigation shows that both the social associations which the age of pauperism called up in defence against the distress of the masses, and the revolutionary tendencies are a determinant factor in the birth of the modem type of workman, as well as in the origin of the great West-European labour-organisations of the second half of the nineteenth century (trade-unions, cooperations and parties). The shaping of the Farmers'- and the Artisans'-Movement, particularly in Germany, is decisively influenced by them. This evolution of social associations means for the ruling classes the first attempt at neutralising the inner social tensions of the system of industrial capitalism.Thus the age of pauperism and associations is a period of preparation, of great social-historical importance, without insight into which the later social evolution — upon which our times are based — can be understood and explained in but a very imperfect manner. The investigation of this period again shows the necessity of regarding social history as in independant part of the discipline of the discipline of the social sciences.
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    M. A. Bakunin in der „Dresdner Zeitung” (1936)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    International review for social history 1 (1936), S. 121-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1873-0841
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: On going deeper into the life-history of Bakunin, it becomes evident that his first stay abroad (1840—1851) had been decisive for the whole of his spiritual development. Of quite special importance are his activities during the revolutionary epoch of 1848/49; this period of his life has hitherto not been considered with the attention it deserves. Bakunin's contributions to the “Dresdner Zeitung” in the months of March to May 1849 have not been explored at all up to the present.The “Dresdner Zeitung was the organ of the Dresden Democrats. It appeared regularly from the 1st Oktober 1848 until the 6th August 1850. From being a fairly moderate paper, it gradually became more radical in 1848/49.Decisive for the volte-face of the paper was the action of Bakunin who was staying in Dresden during the months March/May 1849 and who influenced Ludwig Wittig, one of the editors, to a considerable extent. A radical democrat with socialistic tendencies, already in early March, Wittig developed further and further to the left in the course of the stormy year of 1848. His impressions when in Vienna, where he had been sent by the Saxon democrats in 1848 in order to try arid effectuate the connections with the Vienna movement made him specially receptive for the final conclusions, which Bakunin drew from the events.
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    Introduction (1936)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    International review for social history 1 (1936), S. 11-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1873-0841
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
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    Leon N. Tolstoï et A. I. Hertzen (1936)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    International review for social history 1 (1936), S. 257-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1873-0841
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: On his second journey abroad Leo N. Tolstoi took the opportunity of making the acquaintance of Alexander Hertzen. He spent two or three weeks in London and saw him very much.Literature, however, has very few data about their meeting, and thus the letters published here, more or less fill this gap. They had been preserved in that part of Hertzen' archives which his children in the beginning of the year 1880 gave to Professor M. Dragomanow for publication. Together with the latter's other papers, they are now to be found in the Russian Historical Archives in Prague.The letters are of the greatest importance to Tolstoi's biographers, and definitely allow of the exact time being fixed when Tolstoi decided to write a novel entitled; Die Dekabristen, which however, has remained unfinished.This happened in the late autumn of the year 1860 in Florence, where Tolstoi met Prince S. G. Volkonksy who may be regarded as the prototype of Peter Labasov out of the first version of “Die Dekabristen”.Although Hertzen was very keen on Tolstoi's writing this book, he himself unintentionally side-tracked him from the Dekabrists by introducing him to Proudhon. The latter at this time was engaged on his book Der Krieg und der Frieden. Immediately after meeting Proudhon, Tolstoi put aside “Die Dekabristen” and-started his War and Peace.The published letters, moreover, give an explanation of Tolstoi's standpoint towards the mainfesto of 19th February 1861, announcing the liberation of the peasants.
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    Bruqger, OttoFeuz, ErnstHuber, HansKeller, Hans Gustav: Geschichte der deutschen Handwerkervereine in der Schweiz 1836–1843. Die Wirksamkeit Weitlings (1841–1843).Julius Fröbel. Seine politische Entwicklung bis 1849. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Vormärz.”„Karl Heinzen (1809–1880). Seine politische Entwicklung und publizistische Wirksamkeit.Die politischen Verlagsanstalten und Druckereien in der Schweiz 1840–1848. lhre Bedeutung für die Vorgeschichte der Deutschen Revolution von 1848.” : Bern und Leipzig, 1932Bern und Leipzig, 1932Bern und Leipzig, 1932Bern und Leipzig, 1935 (1936)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    International review for social history 1 (1936), S. 397-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1873-0841
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Economics
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    Annual Report of the Committee of Management of the Scott Polar Research Institute (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Some Patrols Made By Members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in the Canadian Arctic, 1935 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
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    Mr Bentham's Investigations in Southern Ellesmere Land, 1936–38 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
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    Norwegian Bio-Chemical Research at Angmagssalik, East Greenland, 1936–37 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Mr Ansell Wells' Investigation of Fresh Water Fisheries, 1935 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
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    Oxford University Expeditions to Greenland, 1936 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
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    Norwegian Fisheries Expedition to Svalbard, 1936 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
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    Hunting and Trapping Conditions in Svalbard, 1935–36 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
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    Mr Solberg's Flight over Southern Greenland, 1935 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    Danish Oceanographical Work in the Greenland Seas, 1935 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Notes on Books De Østgrønlandske Eskimoers Historie. By Ejnar Mikkelsen. - Sledge. By Martin Lindsay. With 5 maps and 48 half-tone plates. (Cassell. 21s.) - The Voyage of the Chelyuskin. By members of the expedition. Translated by Brown Alec. With numerous plates and maps. (Chatto & Windus. 18s.) (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    The Work of R.R.S. William Scoresby, 1934–35 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    British Graham Land Expedition, 1934–37 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    Motor Transport in the Arctic (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
    Description: The use of mechanical transport, and the replacing of the old-fashioned methods of travel by plane or tractor, is a new feature of polar exploration. As will be seen in the following articles, each one by a specialist, the use of tractors is still, in most cases, at the experimental stage; but great advances have been made since Captain Scott took motor-sledges to the Antarctic in 1910.
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    Canadian Hydrographic Service Hudson Strait Survey, 1933–34 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    National Geographic Society, Washington, Yukon Expedition, 1935 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    American Expedition to the Yukon, 1935 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    Icelandic Expedition to Langjökull, 1936 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
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    Cambridge Expeditions to Iceland, 1936 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
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    Danish Work in Greenland (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
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    Mr Ellsworth and the Discovery II (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
    Description: Leaving Dunedin at 06.00 on January 2 the voyage to the southward was mainly favoured by good weather. This assisted the preparations for those possible emergencies which had to be provided for. Sledges were overhauled and rebound, sledge harnesses were made and rations weighed and packed. The oil fuel which was stowed in drums was gradually pumped below. On an average about 30 drums per day were emptied. The airmen too were constantly busy with their own preparations.
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    French Trans-Greenland Expedition, 1936 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
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    Arctic Air Route Observations in Greenland, 1935–36 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
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    Hydrographic Surveys Along the Northern Shores of the Soviet Union (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
    Description: The first Russian voyages from the White Sea to the Kara Sea, and round the Yamal Peninsula to the Gulf of Ob were probably made as early as the eleventh and twelfth centuries, but these ventures were of a commercial rather than a scientific nature.
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    Mr Tryggvi Magnússon's Expedition to Vatnajökull, 1935 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    Other work in Greenland, 1935 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    Other Icelandic News (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    Dedication of the New Church at Umanak, North-west Greenland, 1935 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    Norwegian Astronomical Expedition to Spitsbergen, 1935 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    Antarctic Whaling, 1935–36 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    Ellsworth Antarctic Expedition, 1935–36 (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
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    The base status of Scottish soils. I. The effects of lime on five typical soils from north-east Scotland (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1936-10-01
    Description: The effects of lime on five soils representative of types from northeast Scotland have been studied and different lime requirement methods compared.Laboratory analyses including mechanical and ultimate chemical analyses, pH, exchangeable cation and lime-requirement determinations were carried out on samples taken before and at two intervals of 6 months after the application of lime.In some cases the maximum effect of the lime applied occurs within 6 months, in others neutralization is continued during the second 6 months.The change in pH value varies, according to the soil type, from 0·5 to 1·0 pH units per ton of calcium oxide applied per acre.
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    Cotton-seed treatment with sulphuric acid (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-10-01
    Description: 1. Several authors have previously reported that the sulphuric acid treatment of the cotton seed resulted in: (a) earlier germination, (b) higher percentage of seeds germinating, (c) higher yield of seed cotton per acre, and (d) better and more uniform planting (this paper is not concerned with the disinfecting effect of this process).2. A series of experiments, both in the laboratory and under field conditions have been carried out to determine whether the above statements are in agreement with actual experimental data.3. In so far as the rate of germination is concerned, it was found that: (a) untreated seeds often show a smaller percentage of germination than seeds treated with sulphuric acid for various time-intervals, particularly when tested in the laboratory; (b) cotton seed treated with the reagent for from 5 min. to 2 hr. or even 5 hr. in some cases, does not show any decrease in its germinative value as determined by laboratory tests. In field trials seeds treated for 5 or 12 hr. practically do not germinate at all, whereas the 2 hr. treatment often shows a small decline in germination; (c) an enormous difference in the rate of germination has been revealed between the laboratory determinations on the one hand and the field determinations on the other.
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    The influence of temperature and available nitrogen supply on the growth of pasture in the spring (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-10-01
    Description: In recent years a number of workers have investigated the influence of nitrogenous fertilizers on the growth of pastures. In some cases they have claimed that such fertilizers lengthen the grazing season by producing grass earlier than normal in the spring, but no research has been carried out on the factors controlling this spring growth. Watson et al. (15) in a study of the influence of nitrogenous fertilizers on the seasons’ yield of rotationally grazed pasture at Jealott's Hill, showed that in 1 year ammonium sulphate applied at the rate of 23·2 lb. nitrogen per acre in March enabled the treated plots to be grazed some 14 days earlier than the control. Richardson(13) found that 44·8 lb. nitrogen per acre gave marked increases in yield. Woodman & Underwood(16), however, claimed that ammonium sulphate (14·5 lb. nitrogen per acre) produced no strikingly higher yields.
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  • 68
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    The nutrition of the bacon pig. I. The influence of high levels of protein intake on growth, conformation and quality in the bacon pig (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-10-01
    Description: The present practice of basing payment for bacon pigs not merely on carcass weight, but also on carcass quality as expressed in the factory grading results, has led necessarily to an enlargement of outook on the part of the investigator in the domain of swine nutrition. The interest of the experimenter in the past has tended to be restricted to such questions as the influence of nutritional factors on the rate of live-weight increase and the efficiency of food conversion, the problem of how feeding may influence carcass quality and conformation not having received the attention its importance merited.While the questions of the rate of growth and the efficiency, in terms of meal consumption, with which such growth is achieved are still matters of primary economic importance, it is realized that much more attention must be devoted than heretofore to the study of carcass quality and conformation in relation to feeding. In present circumstances, a nutritional investigation can scarcely be considered complete unless a substantial part of the research is carried out in the bacon factory following the slaughter of the experimental animals.
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  • 69
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    The transport of water through heavy clay soils. III (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-10-01
    Description: It is shown that the theory of diffusion of water through soil accomplishes three things:(a) It accounts qualitatively for the water movement from wet to dry soil observed by the American workers quoted.(b) It fits the best experiments numerically.(c) It is at present alone in doing this.
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  • 70
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    The fertilizer value of some concentrated materials, particularly urea and guanidine and their nitrates and phosphates (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-10-01
    Description: A survey of the fertilizer value of certain highly concentrated N and NP materials, particularly salts of urea and of guanidine, which might be used as fertilizers, has been made. The evidence in the literature indicates that whilst guanidine carbonate and nitrate, especially the latter, may under certain conditions be toxic to the growth of certainc plants, under other conditions these guanidine salts have considerable fertilizer value which is, however, less than that of ammonium sulphate. Urea nitrate appears to have about the same value as guanidine nitrate. No reference to experiments with guanidine or urea phosphates could be found. Pot culture experiments were conducted with barley and mustard in acid and neutral soils to study the effects of ammonium, urea and guanidine salts, including their nitrates and phosphates, and of two extremely concentrated materials, phospham (PN2H) and phosphorus nitride (P3N5). The rate of nitrification of ammonium, urea and guanidine nitrogen were also studied in the laboratory.
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    Investigations in crop husbandry. IV. The preparation of the seed bed for wheat after potatoes (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
    Description: Experiments were carried out in four successive years to compare the plough and the cultivator as implements for preparing a seed bed for wheat after potatoes: in the last two years direct drilling was introduced as a third treatment. Very diverse conditions were experienced, and an attempt has been made to formulate practical recommendations.
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  • 72
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    The effect of applying a nitrogenous fertiliser to wheat at different stages of growth (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
    Description: The effect of applying a nitrogenous fertiliser to wheat at seven different times and three rates, was studied in pot culture. It was found that the later the time of application the smaller was the increase in the yield of total dry matter and of straw. The increase in the yield of grain, on the other hand, was constant for the first six times of application, the last of which was made on May 25, but a later application made after ear emergence produced no increase.Analysis of the grain yield showed that early application produced its effect by increasing the number of ears per plant. Later applications caused a smaller increase in ear number, but also increased the number of grains per ear and 1000-corn weight. There was no evidence of a critical time for tiller formation such as has been postulated by Doughty and Engledow.The increase in total nitrogen uptake was equal for all times of application, but the ratio of nitrogen in grain to nitrogen in straw and chaff was greater, the later the time of application.The writer wishes to thank Messrs A. M. S. Clarke, G. T. Detlefsen and S. A. W. French for much help with the experimental work, and Mr R. G. Warren for making the nitrogen determinations.
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  • 73
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    The value of artificially dried grass, silage made with added molasses and A.I.V. fodder in the diet of the dairy cow and their effect on the quality of the milk, with special reference to the value of the non-protein nitrogen (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
    Description: An experiment has been carried out with dairy cows to measure the value of artificially dried grass, silage made with added molasses and A.I.V. fodder (silage made with mineral acid in quantity sufficient to bring the pH of the mass to between 3·0 and 4·0) in the diet, on the yield and quality of the milk. A preliminary period of 3 weeks when all cows were on the control diet was followed by an experimental period of 17 weeks. There were four treatments: a control ration consisting of hay, roots and concentrates; one in which artificially dried grass replaced part of the concentrates; a third in which molassed silage was fed; and a fourth including A.I.V. fodder. There were originally five blocks of four cows each, the four treatments being randomised in each block, each block of cows standing together in the cowshed to eliminate any possible effect of position. One block went dry after 8 weeks, but the remaining four blocks completed the experiment.
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  • 74
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    The Determination of phosphorus in soils (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
    Description: 1. Phosphorus in hydrochloric acid extracts of soil may be conveniently determined by digestion with sulphuric and nitric acids.2. By boiling soil with hydrochloric acid (B.P. 110° C.) for 48 hours under reflux an end-point of extraction is reached.3. Digestion of soil with sulphuric and nitric acids gives results in agreement with results by 48 hours” hydrochloric acid extraction.4. It is suggested that the phosphorus thus extracted represents a definite category of soil phosphorus, which may be taken as the total phosphorus present in the soil.5. Details of the suggested method are given.
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  • 75
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    The eradication of weeds in cereal crops by sulphuric acid and other compounds (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
    Description: In continuation of earlier work (2) on the destruction of annual weeds in cereal crops some thirty-four replicated experiments have been carried out during 1934 and 1935 in widely different localities. Besides sulphuric acid, nitric acid, ammonium and sodium hydrogen sulphates and ammonium thiocyanate were tested, while the effect of a wetting agent was also studied.In every experiment the solution was applied by means of a knapsack sprayer at the rate of 100 gallons per acre. In general at the time of spraying the weeds were in the seedling stage, and the cereal crop not more than 6 in. high. Counts of the weed density were made in order to estimate the degree of control, while in the majority of the trials the yield of the cereal was determined.Sulphuric acid at a concentration of 9·2 per cent. (1 gm. H2SO4 per 100 c.c.) gave a 90 per cent. control of Brassica arvensis (average of nine experiments) and when a 13·8 per cent, strength was used it gave a 95 per cent, control of Raphanus raphanistrum (average of eight experiments). Nitric acid at equivalent concentrations was slightly but significantly more effective in three out of nine trials for the eradication of these two species. Ammonium hydrogen sulphate (21·6 per cent.), sodium hydrogen sulphate (23·6 per cent.) or ammonium thiocyanate (3–10 per cent.) did not, on the whole, compare favourably with sulphuric acid. Decreasing the concentrations of sulphuric acid by a third resulted in a less effective destruction of Brassica arvensis or Raphanus raphanistrum. This loss of efficiency at the lower concentrations was not corrected by the addition of a wetting agent (Agral 1 at 0·1 per cent.); similar results were obtained for nitric acid.
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    A new method of arranging variety trials involving a large number of varieties (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
    Description: A new method of arranging variety trials involving large numbers of varieties is described. This type of arrangement, for which the name pseudo-factorial arrangement is proposed, enables the block size to be kept small without the use of controls.Various possible types of pseudo-factorial arrangement are discussed in detail and the necessary formulae developed. The appropriate methods of computation are illustrated by numerical examples based on the results of a uniformity trial on orange trees. It is shown that pseudofactorial arrangements are likely to be more efficient than arrangements involving the use of controls. In cases where there is considerable soil heterogeneity they are also markedly more efficient than randomized blocks containing all the varieties. In the chosen example gains in efficiency ranging from 26 to 57 per cent, were obtained.
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  • 77
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    Serum phosphatase in the domestic fowl (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
    Description: 1. Some observations on the serum phosphatase of the domestic fowl are described. Laying hens, held to be normal birds, had higher and more variable serum phosphatase than cocks. No great difference in serum phosphatase could be found between laying hens and hens in a period of suspended egg production. Pullets from another source and which had never laid gave values comparable with the value for cocks.2. The serum phosphatase of chicks shows a rapid increase to a maximum at about 10–12 days after hatching, followed by an equally sharp fall to a lower level at 3 weeks. Thereafter, the values for male birds fall regularly until maturity. The values for female birds correspond closely with the values for male birds until the onset of laying, when they increase again, but to a varying degree in different individuals.3. An attempt to reduce the range of variation of serum phosphatase in laying birds by administration of 1 ml. per bird per diem radiostol B.D.H. (3000 international units vitamin D per ml.) was not successful.4. Serum phosphatase showed a much greater increase during laying in pullets receiving a low calcium ration (0·37 per cent. CaO) than in pullets receiving the same ration supplemented with calcium carbonate (3·10 per cent. CaO).5. Serum phosphatase is greatly increased in chicks suffering from rickets.
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  • 78
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    A note on the analysis of covariance (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
    Description: 1. In recent papers which refer to the use of covariance there has still appeared an occasional lack of understanding of this method of statistical analysis. There have, for example, been references in the literature to methods of analysis which the writer has used in certain problems as if they were in competition with the use of covariance as described by Fisher (1, 2). It would therefore seem to be of value to indicate briefly the different situations in which covariance may prove of use, in order that the distinction between some of these situations may be clearly realised.
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  • 79
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    An examination of the sampling observations on wheat of the crop-weather scheme (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-07-01
    Description: The paper gives an account of the results obtained from the data provided by the first three years of the Sampling Observations on Wheat of the Crop-Weather Scheme.Section I describes the Sampling Observations on Wheat of the Crop Weather Scheme which have been initiated in order that the effect of weather conditions may be studied at all stages of the wheat crop’s growth from germination to maturity.In Section II several curves are given which illustrate the progress of the wheat crop. The shoot-number curves bear a marked resemblance to one another subsequent to the period when the shoot number is a maximum in spite of the wide divergences which exist between the maximum shoot numbers themselves.Section III indicates the statistical processes involved in the analyses given in the succeeding sections.Sections IV-VIII are devoted primarily to discussions of the effects of various meteorological factors on specific stages of the crop’s growth. The following results have emerged:The length of the interval from sowing to appearance above ground is shown to be largely dependent on the mean soil temperature during this interval, the relation being well expressed by a quadratic regression. The growth rates of the plants at this time are shown to be in good agreement with those which would be obtained by applying Van ‘t Hoff’s law. Neither the rainfall nor the variation in temperature during the period appear to affect its length.Squarehead’s Master appears above ground consistently later than Yeoman, but the amount of this lag is apparently uninfluenced by variations in soil temperature.
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  • 80
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    The relative importance of plot variation and of field and laboratory sampling errors in small plot pasture productivity experiments (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-04-01
    Description: An investigation of the relative importance in small plot pasture productivity experiments, of plot variations and of field and laboratory errors in sampling and subsampling for percentage dry matter and percentage nitrogen figures, revealed little advantage from duplicate sampling or subsampling in reducing the experimental error, which was due mainly to plot variation.The effect of sampling errors was of even less importance in the estimation of the actual yields of dry matter or of nitrogen.
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  • 81
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    Investigations on the root nodule bacteria of leguminous plants. XVII. Continued investigations on the effect of air content of the medium on the development and function of the nodule (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-04-01
    Description: The effect of the air content of the medium on the development and function of the nodule was studied with sterile cultures of peas inoculated with their appropriate strain of nodule bacteria.In water cultures the plant grows well without added nitrogen, even though all nodules are submerged, if air is bubbled through the medium during the period of growth. Abundant nodulation occurs also in nonaerated liquid cultures; the nodules, however, are much smaller than in aerated cultures, and the plant grows poorly. Subsequent aeration of such cultures results in a distinct increase in the size of the nodules and improvement in the growth of the plant.Nodulation is completely prevented by passing a stream of gaseous N through the medium. That oxygen is indispensable for the function of the nodules is shown also by the fact that the peas grow excellently on added nitrogen in non-aerated cultures.
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  • 82
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    The growth of clover in the presence of ammonium sulphate (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-04-01
    Description: It has long been held that the treatment of grassland with nitrogenous fertilizers, and especially with ammonium salts, reduces the clover content. This method has been applied also to the treatment of lawns and sports fields with a view to reducing the clover content of the turf. It has been suggested that the effect of the ammonium salts is to encourage the growth of the grass in competition with the clover, and also that the ammonium ions are specifically toxic to the clover plant. Since there is a growing volume of evidence that ammonium ions are, in fact, available to many plants and may be used by them directly, without nitrate-formation, it was thought desirable to examine the effect of the application of ammonium sulphate to clover plants grown in pots, where competition from grasses was not a factor in the consideration of the effect of manurial treatment.
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  • 83
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    Studies on the winter hardiness of clover. I. Effect of cutting on the carbohydrate reserves in red clover roots (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-04-01
    Description: The effect of different cutting practices on the carbohydrate root reserves of Finnish red clover was studied. Cutting causes a rapid decrease in the insoluble sugars. The minimum is reached in about 12–15 days, independently of the time of cutting. However, the initial carbohydrate level is reached much more quickly in autumn than in June-July. The carbohydrate content of the roots in autumn is higher the later the second cut.Cutting does not significantly affect the content of sucrose and other soluble sugars, the values for which are very low during June-August, but rise towards autumn.
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    The effects of different methods of castration and docking on the growth of lambs (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-04-01
    Description: 1. Two methods of castrating male lambs have been compared—the Burdizzo and knife methods. No difference was found in subsequent growth rate.2. Two methods of docking male and female lambs have also been compared—searing and crushing with the Burdizzo. No difference was found in subsequent growth rate.3. There was a tendency for ram lambs to have a higher initial weight than ewe lambs, and their rate of growth between the ages of 2 and 10 weeks was definitely greater than that of ewe lambs.
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  • 85
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    Investigations in crop husbandry. III. Effect of time of application of sulphate of ammonia to wheat (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-04-01
    Description: 1. Over a period of six years seven field experiments were carried out to study the effect of the time of application of sulphate of ammonia to autumn-sown wheat.2. Three experiments were located on light gravelly soil which had been farmed highly for some years, and in those three cases sulphate of ammonia decreased yield, irrespective of time of application; the reduction in yield was of the order of 10 per cent. and is ascribed to more lodging and greater incidence of “foot-rot”.3. Three experiments were located on heavy clay soil in poor condition; in these sulphate of ammonia gave percentage increases in yield of 18, 20 and 7.4. Evidence is produced that early dressings of sulphate of ammonia do not affect germination or plant establishment, but that they tend to increase tiller formation by the end of February.
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    Notes on the osmotic pressure of the contents of the stomach compartments of the sheep (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-04-01
    Description: 1. A comparison is made of Δ for the blood of sheep with Δ for the contents of the stomach compartments. It is suggested that the approximate identity of the two sets of values is best explained by the view that absorption takes place from the compartments.2. A variation of 0·570–0·630 is recorded for Δ for the blood of sheep.
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  • 87
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    The composition and nutritive value of marrow stem kale and thousand head kale (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-04-01
    Description: The paper records the results of an investigation into the composition, digestibility and nutritive value of marrow stem kale (both unthinned and singled-out) and thousand head kale. A number of the main findings are recorded below.The average dry-matter content of unthinned marrow stem kale during September and October was 13·3 per cent. During the following January it had reached a slightly higher level, namely, 14·2 per cent. Singling out of the marrow stem kale appeared to exercise little effect on the dry-matter content of the crop. Thousand head kale, with an average dry-matter content of 15·8 per cent., is significantly richer in dry matter than the marrow stem kale, although this advantage was offset by the lower yield, in terms of green matter, given per acre by the thousand head kale.
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  • 88
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    Reduction of nodule numbers and growth, produced by the addition of sodium nitrate to lucerne in sand culture (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-04-01
    Description: A sand-culture experiment with inoculated lucerne was made to test the effect of increasing doses of sodium nitrate upon the yield and nitrogen content of tops and roots, and upon the number and development of nodules. The pots were divided into six series receiving from 0 to 10 gm. of sodium nitrate per pot containing 12 kg. of sand.There was no correlation between yield or nitrogen content of the lucerne, and the dose of nitrate.The number of nodules, though unaffected by 1 gm. of sodium nitrate, was progressively decreased by the stronger doses.The length of nodules was reduced about 30 per cent, by 1 gm. of sodium nitrate, and decreased progressively with stronger doses.Nodules were found to show a definite relationship between their overall length and the volume of contained bacterial tissue. Using this relation, the mean volumes of bacterial tissue per nodule and per pot for each series were calculated. The reduction effected by nitrate was far greater when measured in this way, owing to the small contribution of bacterial tissue derived from nodules less than 1·5 mm. in length.
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  • 89
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    Selenium as a catalyst in the Kjeldahl method as applied to soil and grass analysis (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-04-01
    Description: (a) A comparison was made between the catalytic efficiency of selenium and of copper sulphate in the Kjeldahl method as applied to the analysis of grass. The same value for total nitrogen was eventually obtained by both methods, but with selenium it was reached some 90 min. earlier than with copper sulphate.(b) The clearing of the digested matter was no criterion for deciding whether all the nitrogen in grass had been converted to ammonium sulphate, maximum values not being obtained with selenium until between 2 and 3 hours afterwards.(c) The catalysts were compared for three samples of soil with digestion periods ranging from when the digested material first cleared to 32 hours afterwards. The selenium figures showed an increase for the first 3 hours, and then remained constant up to the 32-hour period. The copper sulphate figures, however, showed a steady increase for the first 24 hours, after which they became constant at the same values as those reached earlier by the selenium figures.
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  • 90
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    The effects of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen on the growth of perennial rye grass (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-04-01
    Description: The results show clearly a more rapid and greater uptake of ammonium than of nitrate nitrogen by perennial rye grass grown in a sand-bentonite medium of pH 7·61. The extent to which the extra uptake with added ammonia was reflected in increased yields was dependent upon the age of the grass.Except in the very early stages the percentage nitrogen content of the herbage was higher where nitrate nitrogen was applied than where ammonium nitrogen was applied. This indicates that any nitrate absorbed by the plant was less, efficient in increasing yields than was ammonium nitrogen.The percentage P205 content of the grass was higher where the nitrogen was applied in the ammoniacal form than where it was applied as nitrate, and it appears that this greater P205 uptake with ammonium nitrogen resulted in increased growth.
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  • 91
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    Composition, digestibility and nutritive value of samples of grassland products (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
    Description: The composition, digestibility coefficients and digestible nutrients of a large number of samples of fresh grass, silage, hay and artificially dried grass are tabulated. Curves have been prepared from these figures which enable the starch equivalent and protein equivalent to be obtained, by interpolation, from the value for crude protein determined by analysis.The method of calculating the starch equivalent of artificially dried grass from the data for digestibility and composition is discussed with particular reference to the fibre correction factor. It is considered that this should be the same as that used for the fresh grass prior to drying.A number of miscellaneous samples—mostly of home-grown foods—are included in the tables.
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  • 92
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    Studies on Azotobacter in Malayan soils (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-04-01
    Description: These observations have shown that the strains of Azotobacter occurring in certain Malayan soils are unable to initiate growth on standard media, except after a lag phase of considerable duration. Evidence has been obtained which suggests that this inability is not necessarily an indication of a scarcity of the organisms in the soil used as an inoculum, but may be due to factors associated with the composition of the culture medium.In particular the strains of Azotobacter developing from these soils are checked by the presence of calcium carbonate in the medium. They will grow well in a medium in which calcium chloride replaces calcium carbonate, but equally well where the medium contains but traces of calcium.These strains can tolerate a wide range of hydrogen-ion concentration extending on the acid side to pH. 3·6. Their existence invalidates the use for these soils of all such microbiological tests of lime requirement as make use of Azotobacter as indicator.
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  • 93
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    The transport of water through heavy clay soils. I (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
    Description: Assuming a uniform heavy soil, without tilth, the water movement in which obeys diffusion laws, expressions have been deduced for four quantities, starting with a known moisture profile.(a) The moisture profile at any subsequent time in the absence of rainfall or irrigation (neglecting evaporation, transpiration, and any other source of loss of moisture).(b) The moisture profile at any subsequent time during such rainfall as causes flushing of the drains.(c) The minimum rainfall necessary to cause flushing of the drains (maximum acceptable rainfall).(d) The acceptable rainfall after a period of recovery following the previous drainage period.
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  • 94
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    The relation of production to mortality in the domestic fowl (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
    Description: 1. In both Barred Plymouth Rocks and White Leghorns, the birds which died in Canadian Egg-Laying Contests during the year 1929–30 were, on the average, poorer layers than pen mates which survived.2. The majority of deaths occurred in the lower producing pens.3. The rise which has occurred in the death-rate since the inception of egg-laying contests in Canada is not connected with the rise in production which has occurred during the same period.4. During the year 1929–30, although there is a tendency for the rate of production to parallel the rate of mortality throughout the year, a critical analysis of the data shows that the two rates are, in reality, independent.5. It would appear that practices which contribute towards increased production, in the aggregate at least, contribute also toward health and lowered mortality.
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  • 95
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    Experiments on vernalisation (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
    Description: 1. The effect of low-temperature treatment on some varieties of wheat, barley and oats has been found to be profoundly affected by the time of sowing of the treated grain.2. Winter sowing showed the least vernalisation effect, while in the spring the stimulative action became more pronounced as far as earing acceleration is concerned, as the sowing was made progressively later. This was particularly marked in winter varieties.3. Developmental studies of the control and vernalised plants showed the stimulative action on early growth and growing point development in the winter varieties.4. Tiller counts on control and vernalised plants of three winter wheat varieties demonstrated the fact that each variety was stimulated to earlier tiller production, but in two of the varieties this resulted in a reduction of surviving ears at harvest.
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  • 96
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    Incomplete Latin squares (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-04-01
    Description: A description is given of the statistical procedure appropriate for the analysis of a Latin square having missing the whole of one row, one column or one treatment, or one row and one column, or either and a treatment. These are the only types of incomplete Latin squares (except those which can be dealt with by the missing plot technique) for which a neat statistical analysis is possible.It is shown that incomplete Latin squares of these types give unbiased estimates of error and are therefore valid experimental arrangements. They are consequently likely to be of use when the experimental material is such as to preclude the use of a complete Latin square owing to the fact that the number in one or both of the natural groups is one less than the number of treatments to be tested.
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  • 97
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    Observations on the mineral metabolism of pullets. II (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
    Description: 1. Where heavy phosphorus excretion accompanies egg laying in the pullet the excretion of ammonia nitrogen is simultaneously increased. It is probable that this indicates an excretion of excess phosphate in the urine as ammonium phosphate.2. It is shown that heavy phosphorus excretion does not accompany egg laying provided the calcium carbonate intake is sufficiently high.3. The origin of the excess of phosphorus excretion is discussed in relation to calcium-phosphorus metabolism.4. Pullets on a ration containing 5 per cent, calcium carbonate laid eggs containing a higher percentage of P2O5 than pullets receiving a similar ration but from which the calcium carbonate supplement was omitted.5. Some evidence is put forward in support of the view that current standards pitch the requirements of digestible protein for egg production at too high a level.
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  • 98
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    The transport of water through heavy clay soils. II (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
    Description: In a preceding paper(1) were deduced some of the consequences of assuming that water movement in a heavy clay soil is a process akin to diffusion. The only idealisation of the medium was the assumption that the ratio of k, the diffusion coefficient, to σ, the apparent specific gravity of the dry matter in the soil, is constant, independent of depth, and we shall see that this is justified by the experimental evidence. As long ago as 1907, Buckingham(2) showed that the quantity of moisture moving in a given time from a block of wet soil to a drier block in contact with it was dependent mainly on the difference between the respective water contents, and that there was no definite dependence on the actual water contents themselves. Veihmeyer(3), in 1927, placed blocks of wet soil between blocks of drier soil, arranged in a vertical column. Subsequent moisture profiles were typical of a redistribution obeying diffusion laws, and were nearly the same both for upward and downward movement. He demonstrated furthermore that the movement of the water in these conditions was extremely slow, and that the rate of movement was related to the difference in moisture content between the dry and wet soil. Unfortunately insufficient numerical data were given to apply diffusion theory to Veihmeyer's experimental results.
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  • 99
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    Studies on the relation between cultivation implements, soil structure and the crop II. The effects of the Fowler “Gyrotiller” on the soil (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
    Description: A general account is given of four experiments in which the action on the soil of the Fowler “Gyrotiller” has been compared with that of the traditional cultivation implements. The gyrotiller has produced well-marked changes in the soil on both heavy and light land. These changes have been demonstrated and recorded by tests of the compactness, the resistance, the degree of comminution and the permeability of the soil.On the heavy land, the initial effect has been to produce a very loose and open soil. This has gradually settled down until, after the end of the first winter, no difference in compactness was demonstrable by means of the revolver test. But the resistance of the soil, measured by a special recorder and by plough drawbar tests, has remained demonstrably lower on the gyrotilled plots than on the controls for a considerable time after this, and a method of soil fixation has shown that small cavities persisted for more than a year. In one experiment, differences in resistance have been shown to exist up to 19 months after gyrotilling.
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  • 100
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    Studies on the relation between cultivation implements, soil structure and the crop I. Some preliminary observations on the measurement of soil structure, with a description of an instrument for the measurement of soil resistance (1936)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1936-01-01
    Description: The need for physical measurements of soil structure to assist in studies of the relation between cultivation implements and plant growth is pressing.The nature and measurement of soil compactness and consolidation are briefly discussed. Measurements of soil resistance give an indication of consolidation rather than of compactness.An instrument used for the measurement of soil resistance is described, with some notes upon its performance.A brief outline is given of studies on soil structure in relation to gyrotilling. It is shown that the soil-resistance apparatus described gives results similar to those obtained by the use of the drawbar dynamometer in ploughing. A relation between soil resistance and plant growth is demonstrated.
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