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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,496)
  • ddc:330
  • 1990-1994  (1,389)
  • 1935-1939  (112)
  • 1992  (1,389)
  • 1936  (112)
  • 1
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    Klima und Strukturwandel : Dokumentation des Symposiums zur Eröffnung des Wuppertal Instituts am 19./20. September 1991 (1992)
    Bonn : Economica-Verl. | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: book , doc-type:book
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  • 2
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    Wiederaufbereitung bleibt ohne Einfluß auf Uranpreise (1992)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 3
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    Prices should tell the truth (1992)
    Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: contributiontoperiodical , doc-type:contributionToPeriodical
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  • 4
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    Auswirkungen der EG-CO2/Energiesteuer auf die Energiepreise und Energiepreisrelationen in den Ländern der Europäischen Gemeinschaften : vorläufiger Endbericht (1992)
    Essen : Rheinisch-Westfälisches Inst. für Wirtschaftsforschung | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
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  • 5
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    Vortrag Prof. Dr. Ernst Ulrich Frhr. von Weizsäcker (1992)
    Bremen : Bremer Tabak-Collegium | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-08-15
    Keywords: ddc:330
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: German
    Type: bookpart , doc-type:bookPart
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050590101
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The histology of the paraphysis of Amblystoma (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paraphysis of adult Amblystoma is made up of low columnar ependymal epithelit m which forms the paraphyseal tubules which end blindly and which communicate with one another by a common mouth with the third ventricle. Between the paraphyseal tubules venous sinusoids anastomose freely with one another forming a complicated rete. The sinusoids are made up entirely of endothelium. The blood supply to the paraphysis is entirely venous.Mitochondria were found in great abundance in the paraphysis of one female just previous to laying. Other specimens showed very few present. No conclusions can be drawn from these few observations as to the relationship between physiological activity and cellular structures.The Golgi apparatus was observed definitely localized between the nucleus and the ventricular end of the cell.Many large crystalloids were also observed to be localized between the nucleus and the ventricular end of the cell.Intercellular spaces are readily observed in sections stained with Mallory's connective tissue stain. Nassonow's osmic acid technique for the Golgi apparatus and Benda's crystal violet and alizarin stain clearly bring out the intercellular canals. Acid fuchsin stained particles within the intercellular spaces are more abundant toward the sinusoids than the cavities of the paraphyseal tubules. The intercellular canals have not been seen to communicate with either the sinusoids or the cavities of the paraphyseal tubules in any of the preparations observed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050590102
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on cell number and the progression factor in the growth of Japanese beetle larvae (Popillia japonica Newman) (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 91-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Increases in weight, total body length, and width and length of the head capsule of Japanese beetle larvae were studied. Since the progression factors decreased with succeeding molts and exhibited considerable variation it was concluded that Przibram's principle is inapplicable. Cells were counted in the mid-intestine and brain. Columnar cells of the mid-intestine were measured. The data show: (a) No increase in cell number occurs at the time of molting. (b) The progression in weight and length cannot be correlated with an increase in cell number. In the first instar the progression for increase in weight was 5.73; while for increase in cell number, it was 1.67 for the mid-intestine, and 1.19 for the brain. In the second instar, the corresponding figures were 5.24, 1.98 and 1.69. In the third instar average weight increased 3.18 times, but there was practically no increase in cell number. Thus, molting does not represent a definite increase in number of cells of the insect's body as suggested by Przibram and Megusar, and Bodenheimer's method of calculating cell divisions seems to have no factual basis. Increase in size of the larva is largely due to an increase in cell size. The ratio of increase in total cell volume of the columnar cells of the mid-intestine is approximately equal to the ratio of weight increase.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050590105
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    The intergeneric homology of an atypical euchromosome in several closely related Acridinae (order orthoptera) (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 123-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An atypical euchromosome, characterized by the large size and deep stainability of its chromomeres during the meiotic prophase, occurs in representatives of seven genera of Acridinae, viz., Chorthippus curtipennis, Euchorthippus pulvinatus, Stenobothrus lineatus, Omocestus ventralis, Stauroderus biguttulus, Gomphocerus rufus, and Aeropedellus clavatus. This element, which is termed the ‘megameric chromosome,’ stains more deeply than the other euchromosomes also during interkinesis and early spermiogenesis. The megameric chromosomes of the individual exhibit striking similarity in the number, size, and arrangement of their chromomeres through successive stages of the meiotic prophase. All the evidence from cytological study indicates that these chromosomes are intergenerically homologous. This is chiefly significant in the support it gives to the theory of chromosome individuality. The heteromorphic megameric tetrad of one individual of S. biguttulus - unequal because of a deficiency - usually undergoes segregation in the second division. The megameric chromosomes display splits previous to synapsis. Pairing begins at their proximal ends and proceeds distally. All the euchromosomes of the spermatid nucleus show splits in preparation for the first cleavage division of the zygote.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050590107
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Branchial glands in fishes (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a comparative study of the branchial epithelium of fishes we find the occurrence of three distinct types and seven subtypes of intra-epithelial glands which are in intimate association with the branchial epithelium of fishes.These glands have been classified according to their morphological patterns, cytoplasmic content and other features dealing with structural complexity.Although these structures arrange themselves in a graded series which become increasingly more and more complex, there does not appear to be any definite correlation between the structural complexity of the glands, and the apparent evolutionary history of the fishes.We conclude from the characteristic arrangement, relationships, and specific staining reactions that these structures are intra-epithelial mucous glands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050590202
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Spermatophores of the snail Neritina reclivata (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Differing from hitherto known spermatophores, these are found to have the form of a loop with a thick body and the slender ends twisted together.Also one end bears a spiral row of triradiate spicules, unique in being chitinoid secretions. Each is formed within a vacuole of a cell of a small gland found in the males. The ends of the spermatophores hold sperms, but the main mass consists of granules of problematical value. Spermatophores after discharge are stored up within the female, where remnants of them remain indefinitely.For the first time stages in the formation of spermatophores were found within the males. The head organ in the male is found to be more complex than hitherto known in this genus. A special head organ in the female is described for the first time in this family. An hypothesis is advanced as to the possible use of these male and female head organs in transfer of spermatophores. The suggestion is made that in this family the spermatophores and their organs of transfer and of storage may serve as generic characters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600110
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Cell division and differentiation in the growth of specialized vertebrate tissues (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 243-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The post-embryonic growth of the notochord, sensory retinal cells, cartilage and gut epithelium in frog tadpoles, trout and lamprey is described. Increase in the number of notochord and sensory retinal cells results only from the mitotic division of cells which have not yet undergone the structural modifications characteristic for these cells. The specialized and functional cell does not divide. In the frog tadpole the cartilage cells increase by mitotic division of the fully-formed and functional cell: in addition there are centers of proliferation consisting of small, rapidly-dividing cells. The trout is similar except that there are no centers of proliferation, in addition amitotic division occurs. The gut epithelium grows by mitotic division of the functional constituent cells. During division the cell assumes a spherical shape and its functional activities are suspended.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600113
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Erratum (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600109
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  • 14
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    The development and metamorphosis of the mid-intestinal epithelium of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) (Coleoptera)The author is indebted to Prof. Wm. S. Marshall, University of Wisconsin, for helpful criticisms and suggestions throughout the course of this investigation. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 221-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two sizes of cells are found in the mid-gut epithelium of late embryos. The larger cells contain nuclei having twice the number of prochromosomes and nearly twice the volume as compared with the nuclei of the smaller cells. During each larval instar, the nuclei of the functional mid-gut epithelium nearly double their volume and there is a corresponding increase in the amount of chromatin. It is suggested that chromosome division without nuclear division occurs in these epithelial cells during the pre-ecdysial periods of each instar. The mid-intestinal epithelial cells and their nuclei undergo characteristic changes during the feeding and pre-ecdysial periods of each instar. Prochromosomes as well as cytoplasmic globules, which represent a cytoplasmic diminution process, are visible in the latter period. The regeneration cells which give rise to the pupal and mid-gut epithelia have origin from the small embryonic mid-gut cells and from nuclei and cytoplasm derived from the larval epithelium by means of an apparent ‘pseudoreduction’ of the large larval nuclei during the late third and fourth instars.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600112
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  • 15
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    The bodies of Eberth as a source of connective tissue ground substance in Rana catesbiana, ShawThis study was aided by a grant from the National Research Council, Committee on Radiation. Grant administered by W. C. Curtis. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The bodies of Eberth in the skins of tadpoles appear in young stages as fine threads and develop into heavy, amorphous masses in close contact with the basal membranes of the epidermal cells. They possess extensions which pass from the epidermal cells through their membranes into the corium. During metamorphosis, when the amount of dermal connective tissue is greatly increased, the bodies disappear the more distal first and the most proximal latest. The processes which pass into the dermis are the last parts to remain visible. Examination of a series of stages suggests that they pass through the cell membranes of the epidermis and into the corium. The bodies then, may be regarded as reserve accumulations of secreted material which are used up in the formation of dermal connective tissue. This explanation accounts for three otherwise unexplained peculiarities of the skin of the developing frog: (1) the presence and growth of the bodies of Eberth; (2) their disappearance during metamorphosis; (3) the sudden large increase in connective tissue fibers of the dermis at metamorphosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050600115
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Abnormal craniofacial development in cyclopic salmonid fishes (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Different types and degrees of “spontaneous” and artificially induced cyclopic malformation in fishes are defined. Symmetrical cyclopia ranges from approximation of the eyes, to partial merger of the eyes in the midline, to complete cyclopia with a single median eye. It is always associated with dorsal displacement of the rostral-nasal apparatus to the top of the head. Skeletal reorganization associated with symmetrical cyclopia is described for the first time, using hatchery material of Salmo gairdneri and S. trutta. Development of the nasal capsule is essentially normal, except for position; the trabeculae cranii remain in the normal position but show modified shape corresponding to the degree of cyclopia. The jaw apparatus is modified through anterior foreshortening, especially the upper jaws. The branchial apparatus is unaffected. The condition demonstrates that later morphogenesis of the nasal capsule and trabeculae cranii are independent of each other. Cyclopia appears to result from alteration of relative position and timing in developmental events in the head, especially the prosencephalon.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110104
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Interrenal of a female gymnophione amphibian, Ichthyophis beddomei, during the annual reproductive cycle (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The interrenal (adrenal) of Ichthyophis beddomei lies on the ventral side of the kidney, distributed in four zones. It is separated from the renal tissue by a thin layer of connective tissue and contains both adrenocortical and chromaffin cells. Adrenocortical tissue constitutes a major portion of the interrenal islets; the chromaffin tissue consists of a few cells located at the peripheries of the interrenal islets. Histochemical studies demonstrate the presence of Δ53β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, and sudanophilic lipids in the adrenocortical tissue, suggesting its steroidogenic potential. Annual histometric and histochemical studies show two peaks of interrenal activity: (1) during the breeding phase of the reproductive cycle (January and February) and (2) during the season of heavy monsoon rains (June and July) in the postbreeding phase.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110208
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110301
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  • 19
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    Functional osteology of the avian wrist and the evolution of flapping flight (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 259-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The avian wrist is extraordinarily adapted for flight. Its intricate osteology is constructed to perform four very different, but extremely important, flight-related functions. (1) Throughout the downstroke, the cuneiform transmits force from the carpometacarpus to the ulna and prevents the manus from hyperpronating. (2) While gliding or maneuvering, the scapholunar interlocks with the carpometacarpus and prevents the manus from supinating. By employing both carpal bones simultaneously birds can lock the manus into place during flight. (3) Throughout the downstroke-upstroke transition, the articular ridge on the distal extremity of the ulna, in conjuction with the cuneiform, guides the manus from the plane of the wing toward the body. (4) During take-off or landing, the upstroke of some heavy birds exhibits a pronounced flick of the manus. The backward component of this flick is produced by reversing the wrist mechanism that enables the manus to rotate toward the body during the early upstroke. The upward component of the flick is generated by mechanical interplay between the ventral ramus of the cuneiform, the ventral ridge of the carpometacarpus, and the ulnocarpo-metacarpal ligament.Without the highly specialized osteology of the wrist it is doubtful that birds would be able to carry out successfully the wing motions associated with flapping flight. Yet in Archaeopteryx, the wrist displays a very different morphology that lacks all the key features found in the modern avian wrist. Therefore, Archaeopteryx was probably incapable of executing the kinematics of modern avian powered flight.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110303
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  • 20
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    Histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of the harderian gland of the snake Coluber viridiflavus (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Analyses of the histology, histochemistry, and ultrastructre of the Harderian gland of Coluber viridiflavus prove the gland to be compound acinar and to produce a seromucous secretion. Acinar cells (type I) contain secretory granules that are composite, consisting ultrastructurally of three distinct parts that are sharply separated. They are similar to the “special secretory granules” described in the cells of the Harderian gland of the lizard Podarcis s. sicula. Some acini of the most anterior and posterior parts of the gland are mucous. Acinar cells (type II) of this type contain secretory granules that are Alcian blue/PAS positve. At the ultrastructural level, they appear homogeneous and of low density, characteristic of mucous secretions. These mucus-secreting anterior and posterior parts of the Harderian gland may by considered as regions of intial differentiation of the anterior and posterior lacrimal galnds.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110209
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  • 21
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    Development of the subdigital adhesive pads of Ptyodactylus guttatus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 243-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Subdigital adhesive pads play an important role in the locomotion of many species of gekkonid lizards. These pads consist of integrated components derived from the epidermis, dermis, vascular system, subcuticular tendons, and phalanges. These components become intimately associated with each other during the developmental differentiation of the digits and the sequence of this integration is outlined herein in Ptyodactylus guttatus. The pads initially appear as paired swellings at the distal tips of the digits. Subsequently, a fan-like array of naked scansors develops on the ventral surface of each digit, at about the same time that scales differentiate over the surface of the foot as a whole. At the time of appearance of the naked scansors, the vascular sinus system of the pad also differentiates, along with subcuticular connective tissue specializations. At this stage the digits, along with the rest of the body, are clad in an embryonic periderm. Only after hatching and as the periderm is shed, do the epidermal setae and spines appear. The developmental sequence described here is consistent with predictions previously advanced about the evolutionary origin and elaboration of subdigital pads in gekkonid lizards. The paucity of available staged embryonic material leaves many questions unresolved.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110302
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  • 22
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    Histological, histochemical, and biochemical changes in the annual oviduct cycle of the agamid, Calotes versicolor (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 295-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Histology, histochemistry, and biochemistry of the oviduct change seasonally in relationship to the annual ovarian cycle of Calotes versicolor. Histological changes show distinct changes in various components of the infundibulum, uterus and vagina of the oviduct. The active phase in the oviduct cycle of C. versicolor is relatively long, extending from April to October. Histochemical results of the oviduct during the breeding season show PAS-positive glycosaminoglycans in the mucosal epithelium as well as the presence of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, esterase, and intense acid phosphatase activity in the uterine glands. Biochemically alkaline and acid phosphatase show marked cyclic changes in the infundibulum and uterus respectively during the oviduct cycle. Greater activity was observed during the breeding season. β-Glucuronidase, on the other hand, shows an inverse relationship with the oviduct cycle being most active during the regressive phase and least at the time of reproductive phase.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052110307
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  • 23
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120101
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  • 24
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    Patterns of peripheral innervation of the tongue and hyobranchial apparatus in caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 37-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The innervation of the musculature of the tongue and the hyobranchial apparatus of caecilians has long been assumed to be simple and to exhibit little interspecific variation. A study of 14 genera representing all six families of caecilians demonstrates that general patterns of innervations by the trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves are similar across taxa but that the composition of the “hypoglossal” nerve is highly variable. Probably in all caecilians, spinal nerves 1 and 2 contribute to the hypoglossal. In addition, in certain taxa, an “occipital,” the vagus, and/or spinal 3 appear to contribute fibers to the composition of the hypoglossal nerve. These patterns, the lengths of fusion of the contributing elements, and the branching patterns of the hypoglossal are assessed according to the currently accepted hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships of caecilians, and of amphibians. An hypothesis is proposed that limblessness and a simple tongue, with concomitant reduced complexity of innervation of muscles associated with limbs and the tongue, has released a constraint on pattern of innervation. As a consequence, a greater diversity and, in several taxa, greater complexity of neuroanatomical associations of nerve roots to form the hypoglossal are expressed.
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    Functional stages in the interrenal cells of Rana perezi (Anura: Ranidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The electron density of the lipid droplets and mitochondrial matrix of the interrenal cells of Rana perezi differs during the year. This makes it possible to characterize the different stages of interrenal cell activity. A droplet/mitochondria index, based on their relative size, may provide an indicator of cellular activity.
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    Development and differentiation of the eye in Platynereis dumerilii (Annelida, Polychaeta) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 71-85 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nereid polychaete, Platynereis dumerilii, possess two pairs of post-trochophoral eyes with one vitreous body each. The development of these eyes has first been observed in 2-day-old larvae. Whether the eye anlagen arise from stem cells or from undifferentiated ectodermal tissue was not determined. At first, the anlagen of the anterior and the posterior eyes adjoin each other. They separate in late 3-day-old larvae. The first separated eye complexes consist each of two supporting and two sensory cells. The supporting cells synthesize two different kinds of granules, the pigment granules of the pigment cup and the prospective tubules of the vitreous body. These tubules accumulate in the distal process of the supporting cell. The vitreous body is formed by compartments of the supporting cells filled with the osmiophilic vitreous body tubules. The short, bulbar photosensory processes bear microvilli that emerge into the ocular cavity. At the apex of each sensory cell process, a single cilium (or occasionally two) arises. The sensory cells contain a different kind of pigment granule within their necks at the level of the pigment cup. The rate of eye development and differentiation varies. New supporting cells are added to the rim of the eye cup. They contribute to the periphery of the vitreous body like onion skins, and sensory cells move between supporting cells. The older the individual compartments of the vitreous body are, the more densely packed is their content of vitreous body tubules. Elongation of the sensory and supporting cell processes of the older cells increases the volume of the eye. The eyespots of the trochophore are briefly described as of the two-celled rhabdomeric type with a single basal body with ciliary rootlet.
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    Kinematics of the jaw and hyolingual apparatus during feeding in Caiman crocodilus (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 141-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Movements of the neck, jaws, and hyolingual apparatus during inertial feeding in Caiman crocodilus were studied by cineradiography. Analysis reveals two kinds of cycles: inertial bites (reposition, kill/crush, and transport) and swallowing cycles. They differ in their gape profile and in displacement of the neck, cranium, and hyolingual apparatus.Inertial bites are initiated by an elevation of the neck and cranium; the head is then retracted backward, the prey simultaneously being lifted by the hyolingual apparatus. Next the lower jaw is depressed, and the prey is rapidly pushed further upward by the hyolingual apparatus. Thereafter fast mouth-closure occurs with the neck and cranium being abruptly depressed, the lower jaw elevated, and the hyolingual apparatus rapidly retracted ventrally. Depression of the neck and cranium thrusts the head forward and impacts the backward moving prey more posteriorly in the oral cavity.Swallowing cycles initially involve movement of the hyoid in front of the prey followed by rapid posteroventrad retraction of the hyoid, forcing the prey into the esophagus during opening and closing of the mouth. After mouth-closure, the hyoid apparatus is again protracted.Jaws, neck, tongue, and hyoid apparatus play an active role during intertial feeding sequences. At the beginning of a feeding sequence, the hyolingual apparatus mainly moves dorsoventrally, whereas toward the end of a sequence anteroposterior displacements of the hyoid are prominent. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Morphology of the reproductive tract in a lizard exhibiting incipient viviparity (Sphenomorphus fragilis) and its implications for the evolution of the reptilian placenta (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 163-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the female reproductive tract and corpus luteum is examined in Sphenomorphus fragilis, a lizard from the lowland regions of New Guinea exhibiting incipient viviparity. Females oviposit eggs that hatch either immediately or within a few hours. Corpora lutea form from ovulated follicles and decrease in diameter as embryonic development progresses. The oviduct from vitellogenic females is sparsely populated with well developed uterine glands containing secretory granules. The eggs are covered with a relatively thin shell (10 μm thick) composed of an inner boundary layer and proteinacous fibers. The secreted shell is complete by early neurulation. Shell morphology does not change throughout the remainder of the in utero incubation period. A well vascularized uterus and chorioallantoic membrane provide simple placentation. These findings suggest that the reduction in shell thickness associated with the evolution of a placenta is due to a decrease in the number of shell glands in the uterus and is not a delay or inhibition of the shelling process per se. This hypothesis further suggests that the selective forces favoring shell gland loss act on the vitellogenic female during gland recruitment which occurs prior to ovulation and not on the pregnant female. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Histology of the esophagus of the adult frog Rana perezi (Anura: Ranidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 191-200 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of the esophageal microscopic morphology of adult Rana perezi by light and electron microscopy discloses some large folds throughout the esophagus that are in themselves ringed. Glandular ostia open in the furrows of the luminal surface. The esophageal wall is made up of a connective adventitia rich in melanocytes, a muscular tunica, a connective and glandular subepithelial layer, and a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. This epithelium basically consists of ciliated, goblet, basal, microvillous-apex, and migratory cells. Two types of goblet cells are distinguished with regard to the granular ultrastructure. The microvillous-apex cell has not been found in other amphibians. It shows a very differentiated morphology with a high number of mitochondria. The basal cells give the epithelium a pseudostratified morphology, and they have a proliferative function. Glands are branched and drain through an excretory duct that has a monolayered mucosecreting epithelium. The glandular units are formed by two principal types of cells: mucosecretory and serous. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Spermiophagy by the spermathecal epithelium of the salamander Eurycea cirrigera (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 281-290 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermathecae of Eurycea cirrigera are exocrine glands in the cloaca that secrete a substance that bathes sperm stored in the lumen after mating and prior to oviposition. Many sperm remain in the spermathecae after oviposition, and the spermathecal epithelium becomes spermiophagic. Pseudopodia enclose sperm into endocytic vacuoles. The vacuoles become associated with primary lysosomes in the cytoplasm. Following formation of secondary lysosomes and resulting condensation of the sperm fragments, residual bodies are exocytized into the surrounding connective tissue stroma. By the start of the next breeding cycle, most sperm remaining from the previous mating have been degraded, but some sperm remain in the lumen, and the viability of these sperm is unknown. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Basement membrane lectin binding sites are decreased in the esophageal endoderm during the arrival of presumptive muscle mesenchyme in the developing asteroid Pisaster ochraceus (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 291-303 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Basement membranes (BMs) of vertebrates and invertebrates have been shown to contain glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which include oligosaccharides and glycosaminoglycans. Lectin binding sites were characterized in the BM of gastrulating embryos of the starfish, Pisaster ochraceus. In early and mid-gastrulae, the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-lectin conjugates of concanavalin A (Con A) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) reveal the presence of mannose/glucose and glucosamine/sialic acid residues in the BM of all regions of the embryos. However, in the late gastrula embryo, an apparent reduction of these components is observed over the esophageal BM. Ultrastructural studies using the lectin-gold conjugates Con A, Limax flavus agglutinin (LFA), specific for sialic acid, and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), specific for galactosamine, demonstrate that most mannose/glucose and galactosamine containing residues lie in the lamina densa, whereas most sialic acid residues are located over the lamina lucida. In addition, a statistical analysis of lectin binding in the late gastrula embryo reveals that the amount of labelling with both Con A and LFA is significantly reduced in the esophageal region, suggesting that mannose/glucose and sialic acid residuces are reduced in this region. These results confirm the observations of the FITC-lectin studies described above. They also confirm earlier studies that demonstrated a difference in BM morphology of the esophageal region (Crawford, '88). Mesenchyme cells, some of which arise from the forming coeloms (Crawford, '90), and which may represent a distinct population, colonize exclusively on this esophageal BM, where they later differentiate into muscle. Quantitative differences in BM glycoconjugates may act to direct the presumptive muscle cells to the region of the esophagus. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Early development of the actinopterygian head. I. External development and staging of the paddlefish Polyodon spathula (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 47-83 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A large sample of embryological material of the North American paddlefish Polyodon spathula (Acipenseriformes: Polyodontidae) confirms that early development in Polyodon is very similar to that reported for the sister group of Polyodontidae, the sturgeons (Acipenseridae). Polyodon illustrates many basic aspects of acipenseriform (and actinopterygian) head development that have not been adequately described. In this paper, we provide an overview of external features of cranial development using scanning electron microscopy. The observations are correlated with staging schemes previously proposed for paddlefishes and other acipenseriforms. Events that occur after the start of neurulation (stage 19) to the start of feeding (stage 46) are emphasized. New information on the structure and folding of the mandibular and hyoid segments permits an understanding of the early development of the pharyngeal region. In addition, we offer new descriptions of the hatching gland, the olfactory organ, the sensory barbel, and the initiation of paddle outgrowth. We also comment on the mode of origin of the hypophysis, and refute the notion that it is derived from the lips of the anterior neuropore as suggested in older literature. This information sets the stage for future comparative and experimental studies of the embryology of basal actinopterygians. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Seminal receptacula in the female reproductive tract of Opisthopatus cinctipes purcell (onychophora, peripatopsidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 15-20 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The presence of seminal receptacula in the female reproductive tract of Opisthopatus cinctipes (Purcell, 1900) has been disputed (Choonoo, '47; Ruhberg, '85; Herzberg et al., '80). However, they do occur and are described here from observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). No spermatozoa are associated with the surface of the ovary; in contrast the ovary of Peripatopsis capensis is covered with spermatozoa and numerous small rounded cells. The seminal receptacula of O. cinctipes are formed from a loop in the proximal region of the uterus and contain remnants of spermatozoa in their lumens. The epithelial cells lining the seminal receptacula contain numerous vesicles and residual bodies. It is suggested that these cells absorb those spermatozoa not required for fertilization, and that the seminal receptacula in the Peripatopsidae act as short-term storage sites for spermatozoa. By contrast, the seminal receptacula of the Peripatidae are considered to act as long-term storage sites for spermatozoa. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Morphology of the antennae of two species of biting midge: Culicoides impunctatus (goetghebuer) and Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 85-103 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the antennae of Culicoides impunctatus and Culicoides nubeculosus show that males and females share five sensillum types. Sensilla chaetica resemble mechanoreceptors, each innervated by a single neurone whose dendrite terminates distally in a tubular body: the arrangement of sensilla on male antennae suggests that females are located by sound. The antennae have both sharp- and blunt-tipped sensilla trichodea, sharp-tipped sensilla on only the distal third and blunttipped sensilla on all subsegments. These sensilla are typical of olfactory receptors, having multiporous walls and being innervated by a number of neurones with bifurcating dendrites ascending the hair shafts. Sensilla basiconica occur on the distal five subsegments of the female antenna and the distal three subsegments of the male antenna. Sensilla coeloconica always occur on subsegment one and sometimes on a number of other subsegments, depending on sex and species. Both basiconic and coeloconic sensilla have double walls and unbranched dendrites and may be either olfactory or thermo- and/or hygroreceptors. All antennae except those of male C. impunctatus antennae have sensilla ampullacea, apparently deep-seated olfactory or thermoreceptors. Small peg sensilla fitting the description of contact chemoreceptors occur only at the tip of the male antenna. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Retinoic acid enhances monoclonal antibody WE3 reactivity in the regenerate epithelium of the adult newt (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 159-169 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Monoclonal antibody (mAb) WE3 recognizes an antigen that is developmentally expressed in the wound epithelium during adult newt limb regeneration. Experiments were designed to determine whether retinoic acid (RA), dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and administered by intraperitoneal injection, would enhance the temporal appearance of the WE3 antigen. RA given on days 1 or 4 after amputation, when the WE3 antigen is not yet detectable, resulted in moderate reactivity to mAb 2 days after injection and strong reactivity throughout the wound epithelium 4 days after injection. DMSO alone had no enhancing effect. RA also caused limb skin epidermis to exhibit reactivity to mAb WE3, initially near the amputation level, but then also more proximally. By 4 and 6 days after RA injection, epidermis of the flank, eye lid, and unamputated hind limbs also became strongly reactive to mAb WE3. Outer layers of skin epidermis were shed, resulting in an epidermis only one or two cells thick. Epidermis of newts given DMSO alone remained non-reactive to mAb WE3. When RA was given on days 7 and 10 after amputation, when a low level of mAb WE3 reactivity is already present in the wound epithelium, a considerable enhancement of mAb WE3 reactivity occurred through the next few days. No such enhancement was seen with DMSO alone. RA also greatly increased mAb WE3 reactivity in the wound epithelium of denervated limbs, in which case the wound epithelial reactivity to mAb WE3 is normally low. Retinol palmitate also increased mAb WE3 reactivity. The results raise the possibility that the WE3 antigen is a component of most if not all retinoid target tissues in newts. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Skull mechanics in the pigeon, Columba livia, a three-dimensional kinematic model (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 197-224 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mechanics of the skull of the pigeon are analyzed quantitatively, based on a three-dimensional kinematic computer model that considers the skull as a mechanism (Goodman, '60). The degrees of freedom at each cranial joint are defined and translated into geometric relations, using the method of Elshoud ('80). The model predicts the positions of cranial elements from three input variables: the positions of the upper and lower bills and the length of the M. protractor quadrati et pterygoidei. Simulations with the model suggest the presence of a locking mechanism for the lower bill, which prevents its depression. High speed films of feeding pigeons confirmed that locking can occur at different upper bill positions. The locking mechanism may permit feeding pigeons to use the elastic energy stored in the hinge of the upper bill during the grasp, producing simultaneous fast closing of the upper and lower bills. Simulation of jaw muscle activity suggests that these jaw muscles should not be divided into “openers” and “closers.” © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Neuronal maps of the frontal ganglion of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, prepared by heavy metal iontophoresis (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 287-294 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neurons in whole mount preparations of the frontal ganglion (FG) of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, were mapped with the aid of cobalt chloride staining and silver intensification techniques. Eighty-six neurons were counted in the FG after staining with reduced methylene blue. The cell size ranged between 20 to 35 μm in diameter. Of the somata located in the FG, 44 were found to contribute their fibers to the nervus recurrens, 26 to the right frontal commissure, 28 to the left frontal commissure, and 6 to the nervus connectivus. In addition, a few neurons presumably from the tritocerebral region also contribute their fibers in the formation of nervus connectivus. The present study has helped delineate the neuronal connections of the FG with the brain and neuroendocrine system (corpora cardiaca and corpora allata). This information will be useful in facilitating the positioning of microelectrodes in our future electrophysiological experiments. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Glomerular development and growth of the renal blood vascular system in Xenopus laevis (Amphibia: Anura: Pipidae) during metamorphic climax (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 335-340 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microcorrosion casts of the renal vascular system of tadpoles of the Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis, were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Glomerular differentiation was studied qualitatively and quantitatively during developmental stages 56-66 (metamorphic climax). The general structure of the renal vascular system corresponds to the pattern commonly found in anurans; however, the arterial supply has conspicuous connecting vessels that supply groups of glomeruli. In the dorsal part of the kidney, qualitative differentiation of glomerular structures precedes quantitative growth. The ventral part of the kidney has larger, well-developed renal corpuscles of nearly adult appearance. Four developmental stages of glomerulogenesis are distinguished morphologically and their glomerular and vascular growth is analyzed. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052140101
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    Skeletal development in Xenopus laevis (Anura: Pipidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 1-41 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Postembryonic skeletal development of the pipid frog Xenopus laevis is described from cleared-and-stained whole-mount specimens and sectioned material representing Nieuwkoop and Faber developmental Stages 46-65, plus postmetamorphic individuals up to 6 months old. An assessment of variation of skeletogenesis within a single population of larvae and comparison with earlier studies revealed that the timing, but not the sequence, of skeletal development in X. laevis is more variable than previously reported and poorly correlated with the development of external morphology. Examination of chondrocranial development indicates that the rostral cartilages of X. laevis are homologous with the suprarostral cartilages of non-pipoid anurans, and suggests that the peculiar chondrocranium of this taxon is derived from a more generalized pattern typical of non-pipoid frogs. Derived features of skeletal development not previously reported for X. laevis include (1) bipartite formation of the palatoquadrate; (2) precocious formation of the adult mandible; (3) origin of the angulosplenial from two centers of ossification; (4) complete erosion of the orbital cartilage during the later stages of metamorphosis; (5) development of the sphenethmoid as a membrane, rather than an endochondral bone; and (6) a pattern of timing of ossification that more closely coincides with that of the pelobatid frog Spea than that recorded for neobatrachian species. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Anatomy of synganglia, including their neurosecretory regions, in unfed, virgin female Ixodes scapularis say (Acari: Ixodidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 349-364 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The central nervous system of Ixodes scapularis is fused into a single compact synganglion. The esophagus runs through the synganglion and divides it into supraesophageal and subesophageal parts. The supraesophageal portion contains a single protocerebrum with four pairs of glomeruli, paired optic lobes and cheliceral ganglia, and a single stomodeal bridge. The subesophageal portion contains a centrally located network of commissures and connectives, a pair of palpal ganglia, paired olfactory lobes of the first pedal ganglia, four pairs of pedal ganglia, and a single opisthosomal ganglion. A retrocerebral organ complex (ROC) in close vicinity of the digestive tract, as described in some other tick species, apparently is lacking. Perhaps the function of the ROC is performed by the paired, large, ganglion-like bodies that lie anterolaterad to the cheliceral ganglia.The rind, which is formed from the neuronal somata and glial cells, surrounds the central fibrous core or neuropile. Neurosecretory cells (NSC) are distinct among rind cells due to their large size and concentration of cytoplasmic neurosecretions. NSC are present throughout the synganglion, although the subesophageal portion contains larger groups of these cells. Histological serial sections, stained with Meola's (Trans Am Microsc Soc 89:66-71, '70) paraldehyde fuchsin (PAF) procedure revealed 24 PAF-stained, putative neurosecretory regions in the synganglion of virgin, unfed females. All of these regions appear to be connected and associated with the nearest ganglion and are correspondingly named. Eighteen PAF-positive regions occur in the synganglion. In addition, PAF-negative (green-stained) cells occupy 6 distinct regions in the synganglion of unfed, unmated females. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of sex steroid implants on reproductive tissues of female garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 43-48 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Female Thamnophis sirtalis were administered intraperitoneal implants of either estradiol 17β (E2), testosterone (T), 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or empty silastic capsules for 3 weeks. Plasma levels of E2 and T, measured by specific radioimmunoassay, were significantly elevated in E2 and T-implanted females when compared to controls. T-implanted females did not have elevated circulating E2 levels, suggesting that E2 in the plasma normally is not derived from peripheral conversion of T to E2. Implantation of DHT did not significantly change circulating levels of E2, T, or DHT. All three sex steroid - treated groups of animals had increased oviductal mass compared to controls, while hepatic mass of only E2-treated animals was significantly greater. None of the steroid treatments influenced ovarian mass. Oviductal epithelial cell height and area were greater in the three steroid-treated groups. Testosterone increased myometrial area while DHT drastically altered oviductal morphology. Hepatic cell area and number increased significantly in E2-treated females. However, a small increase in both hepatic cell area and number was noted in T- and DHT-treated females as well. These results suggest that androgen in both an aromatizable and non-aromatizable form can affect the oviduct of females but that the liver primarily responds to estrogenic steroids. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Sensilla on the mouthparts and antennae of the elephant louse, Haematomyzus elephantis piaget (Phthiraptera: Haematomyzidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 333-340 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The labial palpus of the elephant louse Haematomyzus elephantis has six sensilla that represent three different types: trichoid, basiconic, and styloconic. Two rows of basiconic sensilla are situated on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the rostrum, and each row consists of three sensilla. Male and female antennae have 15-17 trichoid sensilla situated on the scape, pedicel, and three antennal annuli. Both sexes have two sensilla basiconica on the dorsal surface of the pedicel near the junction of the scape and pedicel. Two coeloconic (tuft) sensilla are situated on the antennae of both sexes, one sensillum on each of the last two annuli. There are three plate organs, two on the last annulus and one on the penultimate annulus of the male and female antennae. Sexual dimorphism is exhibited in the male and female antennae, in that the male has about twice as many sensilla basiconica on the apex of the last annulus as does the female. The total number of sensilla basiconica on the apex of the male antennae is at least two times the number that is known to be present in any other species of lice. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Morphology of the teeth of adult caudata and apoda: Fine structure and chemistry of enamel (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 341-350 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Representative functional teeth from Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis (Cryptobranchidae), Amphiuma means (Amphiumidae), Dicamptodon ensatus (Dicamptodontidae), Necturus maculosus (Proteidae), and Dermophis sp. (Costa Rica) (Caeciliidae) were prepared for transmission electron microscope and electron microprobe analysis of the trace elements of the enamel layer. The enamel layer of these species is very thin and the arrangement of enamel crystals variable. In particular, the outer part of the enamel layer in which hydroxyapatite elements (Ca, P) and trace elements (e.g., F, Fe, Mg) are concentrated, is most heavily mineralized. The concentrations and alignment of crystals in the outer and inner parts of the enamel layer differ among these species.The presence of collagen fibers in the inner part of the enamel layer of Cryptobranchus and Dermophis indicates that it is enameloid rather than true enamel. The presence of trace elements may be related to the pattern of mineralization of enamel or enameloid, as suggested for tetra-odontiform fishes by Suga et al. (J. Dent. Res. 68:1115-1123, 1989). © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Functional implications of neural canal anatomy in recent and fossil marine carnivores (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 357-374 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A statistical and functional relationship between neural canal anatomy and locomotor mode is demonstrated in living marine mammals of the Order Carnivora. This relationship is interpreted to be the result of differential innervation and territory of musculature involved in generating the six locomotor patterns analyzed. This osteological reflection of a behavioral trait allows prediction of locomotor pattern in extinct genera of closely related taxa. The robust data allow such predictions even when a considerable number of presacral vertebrae are missing in the fossil specimens. In some cases, these predictions conflict with interpretations based solely on limb osteology. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    The origin of new epidermal cells in the skin of normal and x-rayed frogsThis investigation has been supported in part through grants made to W. C. Curtis from the Committee on Radiation of the National Research Council. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 327-349 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The skins of normal and x-rayed tadpoles and frogs were compared. Almost no mitotic figures occurred after the tenth day of larval life. The number of mitoses and the length of the period during which mitosis occurred were reduced by x-rays in proportion to the exposure. Spindle-shaped cells were found on the vertical connective tissue fiber bundles which connect the lower layer of the dermis with the under side of the epidermis in adult frogs. After exposure to 4000 r the number of these cells, which are believed to be traveling up the vertical strands to join the epidermis, was doubled. New, uninjured cells appeared in the basal epidermal layer following this increase. Since no appreciable number of mitotic divisions and no amitotic divisions were found in the epidermis, either normally or during the regeneration following exposure to x-rays, these ‘traveling-cells’ are held to be an important source of replacement in correlation with normal desquamation as well as desquamation caused by the irradiation.
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    The osteology and relationships of the phallostethid fishes (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 453-483 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two genera of the Phallostethid fishes were anatomized using both the clearing and the dissection methods. While resembling Poecillids and agreeing with them in numerous anatomical features, these fish are true Acanthopterygians and apparently are correctly placed by Myers in the suborder Phallostethoidea erected for them in the order Percesoces. The two divergent types of priapia found in the group are readily derivable one from the other, corresponding bone for bone. The priapial bones can be homologized with the missing pelvic fins and girdle plus, perhaps, the post cleithrum and some of the pectoral pterygials. A comparison is made between the Phallostethid priapial skeleton and the highly modified girdle complex of the Polynemids.
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    Haploidy and aberrant spermatogenesis in a coleopteran, Micromalthus debilis LeConteSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Faculty of Pure Science, Columbia University. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 485-515 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The coleopteran Micromalthus debilis LeConte has two additional female reproductive forms besides the male and female adults. One of these is a paedogenetic viviparous female which produces female offspring by diploid parthenogenesis; the other is a paedogenetic ovoviviparous female which produces males by haploid parthenogenesis; The male has been shown to be somatically haploid in both early and late stages of development, while all three female types are diploid. The first spermatocyte division is completely abortive as regards division of chromosomes and cell. However, a very characteristic unipolar spindle is regularly formed. The chromosomes of the first spermatocyte anaphase move away from the single pole with their attachment regions hindermost. The spindle consists of ten fibers, each one connecting a chromosome with a single pole. They elongate during the anaphase. The second spermatocyte division is apparently normal in all respects and it ultimately results in two normal sperm. It has been shown that the theories of Belar, Bleier and Schaede concerning the problem of chromosome movement are deficient in view of the peculiarities of this monocentric mitosis.
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    On the structure and function of the ascidian test (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 589-601 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The test consists of a clear matrix in which cells, fibrils, spicules and vascular tubes are embedded. It is supplied with two main blood vessels which ramify in the test substance and end in a large number of vascular ampullae near the outer surface of the test. Three different kinds of spicules are present. The test cells are of five different kinds. Besides these cells, the author has, for the first time in the history of our knowledge of the Tunicata, demonstrated the presence of nerve cells, nerve fibers and receptor cells in the test. The nerve cells are found throughout the test (except the foot) but are more numerous in the test of the siphons. The epithelial cells of the vascular ampullae act as receptor organs being supplied with nerve fibers that connect them with the nerve cells of the test. Receptor cells are also present in the regions of the test devoid of ampullae (except the foot). Stimuli are received by the receptor cells and conducted by nerve fibrils to the nerve cells, which are in turn connected with the nerve ganglion. The test, therefore, not only serves for the protection and attachment of the animal but also acts as a respiratory and receptor organ.
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    The interkinetic migration of embryonic epithelial nuclei (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Nuclei of columnar epithelia of vertebrate embryos move to the free epithelial surface before a division, the movement of the nucleus accompanying a shortening of the columnar cell. After division at the free surface the daughter cells elongate, the nuclei passing away from the free surface. This is illustrated by drawings and measurements of cells of the fore-gut it of the garter snake embryo. The elongation of these cells after mitosis is associated with an elongation of the spindle fibers to produce a prominent cytoplasmic fiber which persists through the interkinetic stage and into the next mitosis. The appearance of nests of nuclei in mitosis is accounted for by the fact that descendants of an earlier cell have kept approximately in step in their divisions.
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    Germ cell origin and spermatogenesis in the Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendensAcknowledgment is made of the writer's indebtedness to Dr. C. L. Turner for advice and assistance, to Dr. C. L. Hubbs and Dr. G. S. Myers for classifying the fish used in this investigation, and to Virginia Bennington for the drawings. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 103-125 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Residual germ cells larger than primary spermatogonia but similar in other respects are found throughout the testis in the walls of the lobules and in the cysts of developing germ cells. There is no evidence for germ cell migration through the testis. Spermatogonia arise in situ from residual cells.Forty-two chromosomes are found in the spermatogonial cells. Two of these chromosomes are much larger than the others and possibly represent sex chromosomes. The haploid chromosome number as seen in primary spermatocyte cells is twenty-one. A large ovoid chromosome, considered to be a sex chromosome, lags during the formation of the primary spermatocyte spindle. It divides after the division of the other chromosomes into equal chromosomes which pass to opposite poles of the spindle.The evidence for sex chromosomes as presented here is meagre but is consistent with the evidence from chromosome studies in other teleosts. It has been proposed that sex chromosomes are in a nascent condition and hence are differentiated but little from autosomes and also that the members of the sex chromosome pair are morphologically alike.
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    The cytology of the hypophysis cerebri of the batA thesis submitted from the Department of Zoölogy for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Missouri. The work was supported in part by a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation administered by Prof. Mary J. Guthrie. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 127-157 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A cytological study of the hypophyses of more than 100 female bats, collected at fortnightly intervals from October to April, is reported. The bats were decapitated within 24 hours after collection. and then hypophyses fixed in Champy's fluid or Helly's fluid followed by staining by the acid fuchsin-thionin-aurantia method of Kull.The pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars nervosa lie adjacent to one another in the flattened gland. In some hypophyses the lumen of the original buccal evagination persists as a narrow residual cleft which may be expanded to form ciliated vesicles.Observations on cell size. nucleoplasmie ratio, degree of chromaticity in the nucleus, staining reactions of the cytoplasm and secretory granules, and the presence of chondriosomes, secretory granules, and vesicles in the cytosome are recorded. Secretory cells and histiocytes are idintified. Sceretoty cells are found in successive stages of growth, differentiation, secretion, and degeneration. Cells which have discharged their secretion apparently do not resynthesize secretory granules. Mitosis is not observed. The available evidence suggests utilization of a large supply of embryonic cells as the source of the fully differentiated cells. The cells of the pars intermedia are interpreted as potential secretory cells which do not differentiate under the inadequate nutrient conditions of that region.
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    The segmentation of the abdomen of Lipeurus heterographus Nitzsch (Mallophaga)Contribution from the Department of Entomology, New York State College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York and the Department of Zoology, Tulane University of Louisana, New Orleans, Louisana. (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 211-219 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eleven segments are recognized in a comparative study of the abdomens in immature and adult instars of Lipeurus heterographus Nitzsch.The abdomen of the first instar appears ten segmented but with the apparent first segment twice as long as any one of the others and with two transverse rows of hairs on the tergum while the other abdominal segments have but one. This indicates that the apparent first segment is the true first and second abdominal segments which have fused. The apparent tenth segment of the abdomen is the true eleventh segment. A fusion of the true ninth and tenth segments occurring in the third molt further reduces the number of segments to nine which is the apparent number of segments found in the adult.
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    Studies in teleostean reproduction. I. Embryonic hermaphroditism in Lebistes reticulatus (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 261-277 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study has been made of 155 Lebistes embryos, extending from fertilization until birth of the young. A period of embryonic hermaphroditism begins soon after the formation of the genital ridges (3.0 mm.) and continues until birth (6.5 to 7.0 mm.). Development is first ovarian; evidence is the universal occurrence, in all gonads, of many germ cells in typical ovarian synapsis. The gonads of one-half of the embryos soon become testicular while those of the other half continue to develop as ovaries. In testicular gonads, all synaptic germ cells undergo pycnotic dissolution as the gonad hilus organizes into a prospective medulla. In ovaries, germ cells in synapsis continue to enlarge as definitive ovocytes. This embryonic hermaphroditism supports Witschi's explanation of sex determination in Lebistes, based on his own work on frogs and on Winge's discovery of unusual XX males in Lebistes. The embryology of gonads in Lebistes also suggests that in teleosts, as in amphibians, birds, and mammals, gonads develop from two distinct portions, a male medulla and a female cortex.
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    Phylogeny of the distal musculature of the pectoral appendage (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 60 (1936), S. 287-315 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The musculature of forearm and manus basically is divisible into dorsal matrix and ventral matrix of elbow, and dorsal matrix and ventral matrix of the podium. The former contributes to the present musculature of brachium and antibrachium, and the latter to the musculature of antibrachium and podium. The forearm muscles of the former category are divisible into humero-radial (carpi radialis), humero-podial (digitorum communis et sublimis), and humero-ulnar (carpi ulnaris) components. The deep muscles of the forearm (mm. abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis proprius; flexores digitorum profundus et pollicis longus) have been derived from podial matrices that have migrated proximally along the ulna. The short flexors of the hand have been derived from a superficial and a deep basic series: From the former have come mm. palmaris brevis, abductor pollicis brevis, superficial head of the flexor pollicis brevis, abductor et flexor digiti 5, and lumbricales. From the deep series have been derived mm. contrahentes (including adductor pollicis), interossei, opponens pollicis, deep head of flexor pollicis brevis, and opponens digiti 5.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Ovary of the golden crab, Chaceon fenneri: I. Post-spawning and oosorption (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 1-6 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Oosorption has been considered an important strategy in many invertebrate species which occurs in response to behavioral, ecological, or physiological factors. In crustaceans, the early light microscopic studies of the ovary attributed a role in oosorption to follicle cells, hemocytes, or phagocytes. In this study, ovaries were collected from female golden crabs following spawning and processed for examination by electron microscopy.Following spawning, several unspawned oocytes which had become dissociated from their follicle cells were found in the ovaries. They appeared to be lodged within the lumen. Such oocytes were observed undergoing various stages of autolysis. At no time were hemocytes or recognizable phagocytes found in the lumen of the ovaries or in contact with the degenerating oocytes. Follicle cells which had surrounded the oocytes prior to the time of spawning exhibited disrupted membranes. Resorption of unspawned eggs appears to occur by autolysis of the individual oocytes.Several of the females who had recently spawned had numerous sperm in their ovaries. Such sperm may have been pressed into the lumen at the time of spawning or during the fixation process.
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    Liver ultrastructure of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 41-54 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and transmission electron microscopy of the liver of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reveals a tubular arrangement of parenchymal cells, with biliary passages typically located at the center of tubules. Hepatocytes generally contain a single nucleus surrounded by a cuff of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), with many round to elongate mitochondria associated with the perinuclear RER. Whereas glycogen deposits are common and usually lie at the cell periphery, parenchymal cells seldom contain lipid droplets. Golgi complexes and heterogeneous dense bodies also occur in many hepatocytes, often in close proximity to bile canaliculi. Numerous microvilli from hepatocytes extend into the subendothelial space of Disse, which is also the location of stellate fat-storing cells. Interhepatocytic macrophages, sometimes containing prominent phagolysosomes and residual bodies, are common in the liver. The intrahepatic biliary system consists of intercellular canaliculi, bile pre-ductules, ductules, and ducts. In contrast to some other teleosts, the liver of the Atlantic salmon contains no intracellular bile canaliculi or Kupffer cells. The hepatic endothelium, arterioles, and perivenous regions are also described.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Trunk movements during locomotion in the marsupial Monodelphis domestica (didelphidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 137-146 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The small didelphid cmarsupial, Monodelphis domestica, uses a lateral sequence walk during slow treadmill locomotion and gradually shifts to a trot as speed increases. At higher speeds it changes abruptly to a half-bound. Cinematographic records suggest significant lateral bending but no sagittal bending of the trunk during the slow walk and a reduced amount of lateral bending during the fast walk. There is slight lteral, but no sagittal, bending during the trot. Sagittal bending is obvious during the half-bound, but no lateral bending is evident. Cineradiography confirms that the vertebral column of the trunk bends laterally during the slow walk. Bending occurs throughout the trunk region, but seems to be most pronounced in the anterior lumbar region. Associated with this bending of the trunk is substantial rotation of the pelvic girdle in the plane of yaw. Pelvic rotation is synchronized with the locomotor cycle of hindlimbs. Each side of the pelvis rotates forward during the recovery phase of the ipsilateral hindlimb and backward during the contact phase of this limb. Information on locomotor trunk movements in other limbed tetrapods is limited. The pattern of trunk bending found in Monodelphis, however, is consistent with that reported in the placental mammal Felis catus and in some lepidosaurian reptiles. This suggests that sagittal bending did not replace lateral bending during the evolution of mammals, as is sometimes suggested. Rather, bending in the vertical plane seems to have been added to lateral bleeding when the ancestors of extant mammals acquired galloping and bounding capabilities.
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    Fine structure of the dorsal epithelium of the tongue of the freshwater turtle, Geoclemys reevesii (Chelonia, Emydinae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 125-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy shows that lingual papillae occur all over the dorsal surface of the tongue of the freshwater turtle, Geoclemys reevesii. The surface of each papilla is composed of compactly distributed hemispherical bulges, each composed of a single cell. Microvilli are widely distributed over the surface of cells. Histological examination reveals that the connective tissue penetrates deep into the center of papillae and that the epithelium is stratified columnar. Under the transmission electron microscope, the cells of the basal and the deep intermediate layers of the epithelium appear rounded. A large nucleus lies in the central area of each cell. The cytoplasm contains mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. The cell membrane form numerous processes. The shallow intermediate layer contains two types of cell. The cytoplasm of the first has numerous fine granules, in addition to mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. The other type of cell contains highly electron-dense granules. The surface layer shows two cell types. One type consists of typical mucous cells. The other type of cell contains fine, electron-lucent granules. The latter cells lie on the free-surface side, covering the mucous cells, and have microvilli on their free surfaces.
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    Morphology and glycoconjugate histochemistry of the palpebral glands of the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 165-178 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The eyelids of the newt were studied in 10 μm serial paraffin and 1-2 μm plastic sections using standard histological stains and special stains for glycconjugates. The eylids contain four different glands. Simple acinar serous and simple acinar mucous glands occur in the skin; unicellular mucous glands occur in the conjunctiva; and convoluted tubular seromucous glands are present in connective tissue beneath the conjunctiva. The first two are identical to cutaneous glands found elsewhere on the head and body. The simple acinar serous glands are surrounded by myoepithelial cells and release their sectetion, which is composed largely of proteins with minimal glycoconjugate content, by a holocrine mechansm. The secretory product of the simple acinar mucous glands is composed of neutral glycoconjugates with a minor content of acidic glycoconjugates; the mucin exhibits strong PAS and PAPD staining and weak staining by AB and PAPS methods. The unicellular conjunctival mucous glands secrete both neutral and acidic glycoconjugates as shown by positive reactions with PAS, PAPD, PAPS, and AB methods. Convoluted tubular seromucous glands in the ventral eyelid synthesize both proteins and neutral glycoconjugates. The mucous secretions of the conjunctival glands probably provide lubrication and protection for the cornea.
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    The effects of silicate depletion and subsequent replenishment on the cytoplasmic fine structure of the silica-secreting testate amoeba Netzelia tuberculata in laboratory culture (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the absence of silicate in the growth medium, Netzelia tuberculata cells withdraw their feeding lobopodia, become quiescent, and cease to divide. Upon replenishment of silicate, growth resumes within 18-24 hours. Cytoplasmic changes produced by a low silicate medium result in a zonal arrangement, with siliceous particles at the outer periphery of the cytoplasm in a region rich in Golgi bodies (Region A), a more centrally located layer containing endoplasmic reticulum, lipid reserves, and finely granular cytoplasm (Region B), and a region of partially digested food and waste material fringed by fine rhizopodia extending into the central space of the test (Region C). The reserve siliceous particles in the outer peripheral cytoplasm are foreign particles that contain a fragile deposit of silica and appear to be incomplet. This may be a mechanism for conserving silica in the low-silicate medium by coating particles instead of making particles of solid silica de novo. Upon addition of silicate to the growth medium, new siliceous particles are synthesized within vacuoles in the region of the Golgi apparatus within 2-18 hours. Vacuoles containing fine silica deposits, characteristic of new particle production, are surrounded by Golgi-derived vesicles previously shown to be a source of membrane for the silica-secreting vacuoles. The newly synthesized particles are solid silica as is characteristic of de novo secreted test particles, in contrast to the numerous silica-coated foreign bodies found in quiescent cells produced in low-silicate medium.
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    An ultrastructural study of differentiatation of pyriform cells and their contribution to oocyte growth in representative squamata (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An electron microscopic study of the differentiation of pyriform cells and their contribution to oocyte growth in three lizards (Tarentola mauritanica, Cordylus wittifer, Platysaurus intermedius) and one colubrid snake (Coluber viridiflavus) revealed that pyriform cells differentiate from small follicle cells via intermediate cells after establishing an intercellular bridge with the oocyte (see also Hubert: Bull Soc Zool Fr 102:151-158, 1977; Filosa et al: J Embryol Exp Morphol 54:5-15 1979; Klosterman: J Morphol 192:125-144, 1987). Once differentiated, pyriform cells display ultrastructural features indicative of synthetic activity, including abundant ribosomes, Golgi membranes, vacuoles, mitochondria, and lipid droplets. These cellular components extend to the apex of the cell at the level of the intercellular bridge, suggesting that constituents of pyriform cells may be transferred to the oocyte. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that pyriform cells incorporate exogenous yolk. The yolk is segregated inside maturing yolk granules that form in the pyriform cell in the same manner as described for vitellogenic oocytes in non-mammalian vertebrates (see Wallace: Developmental Biology, A Comprehensive Synthesis 127-177, 1985). It is the first clear evidence that pyriform cells and the oocyte may fulfill similar vitellogenic functions. The establishment of an intercellular bridge may represent a crucial event in the development of an integrated system in which pyriform cells and oocyte cooperate.
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    Histology of the reproductive tract of hybrids between gonochoristic males and parthenogenetic females of Lepidodactylus lugubris in French Polynesia (Reptilia, Gekkonidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Parthenogenetic populations of the gecko Lepidodactylus lugubris are widespread throughout Polynesia. They often occur parapatrically, and occasionally syntopically, with the increasingly rare bisexual populations. In these instances, a small number of hybrid individuals occur and include both “female” and “male” external phenotypes, both with greatly reduced gonads.Histological examination demonstrates that these hybrids possess small ovotestes. The differentiation of the cortical tissue is identical in both “male” and “female” hybrids, but the medullary tissue is more developed in “males.” The remainder of the genital tract in “females” resembles that of fertile females in the parthenogenetic and bisexual populations. By contrast, the “male” hybrids are markedly intersexual. In one of the two specimens autopsied, the hemipenes are more or less the same size as those of bisexual males, and the sexual segment of the kidney is hypertrophied and serous. In the other hybrid “male,” the hemipenes have a structure similar to that seen in females, and the sexual segment of the kidney is poorly differentiated. In both hybrid “males,” the ductus deferens is extremely narrow and further reduced in its middle portion; oviducts are present and resemble those of normal or hybrid females.Thus, embryonic-like gonads are associated with complete and normal female reproductive ducts in hybrid “females.” Hybrid “males” also have embryonic-like gonads and feminized genital ducts but associated with secondary sexual characters that match those of sexually active or quiescent normal males.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120201
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    Relationship of saccular ultrastructure to otolith growth in the teleost Oreochromis niloticus (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 99-107 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sacculus of Oreochromis niloticus is anatomically separated from the utriculus and semicircular canals. The saccular wall is composed of the sensory epithelium, transitional epithelia, and squamous epithelium. Cellular granules are abundant in the sensory and transitional epithelia but scarce in the squamous epithelium. Over the dorsal side of the dorsal transitional epithelium there exists an oval patch of cells with distinctive microvilli. New finding is a shallow groove which extends from the anterior end of the sensory epithelium approximately halfway down along the ventral perimacular transitional epithelium. Small vesicles, which appear “empty” under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), are aggregated in the posterior region of the groove. These small vesicles are also present in both the sensory and transitional epithelia. A second kind of vesicle is comparatively large and appears filled with stainable contents. These vesicles are restricted to the sensory region. Both kinds of vesicles appear to be involved in apical secretion and possibly provide the otolithic membrane with fibers. The otolithic membrane is composed of a gelatinuous layer and subcupular meshwork. The meshwork appears to contribute to the formation of the otolith. The small empty vesicles appear to originate in sensory and transitional epithelial cells and may form the subcupular meshwork. The larger filled vesicles are derived predominantly from sensory cells in the sensory epithelium and appear to contribute to the gelatinuous layer of otoliths. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Announcement (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. A1 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120209
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    Ubiquitous perivenous smooth muscle cords in viscera of the teleost Rachycentron canadum, with special emphasis on liver (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 175-189 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The liver of the cobia, Rachycentron canadum, was examined by gross dissection, histological, and ultrastructural procedures. Other visceral organs were examined by histological techniques only. Unique perivenous smooth muscle cords are associated with veins in these systems, but they are particularly prominent in their association with the hepatic portal veins and their numerous intrahepatic branches. The perivenous smooth muscle cords accompany tributaries of the portal veins to the junction of the venules with the hepatic sinusoids. The reciprocal contraction and relaxation of various segments of the smooth muscle cords appear to result in pooling of blood in temporary reservoirs and in its transport to various regions of the organ. This process might apply to other organ systems as well. Possibly this unique relationship of the smooth muscle cords with veins functions in a diving reflex. Triads are occasionally encountered in the cobia liver. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Electron microscopic structure and innervation of the carotid baroreceptor region in the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 201-211 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Semi-thin plastic sections reveal that the carotid baroreceptor region in the rock hyrax comprising the origin of the internal carotid artery has a preponderantly elastic structure and a thick tunica adventitia. In contrast, the common carotid artery has a musculoelastic structure, whereas the cranial segment of the internal carotid artery (immediately distal to the baroreceptor areas) shows the features of a muscular artery. Electron microscopy discloses the presence of sensory nerve endings within the parts of the tunica adventitia adjoining the preponderantly elastic zone of the internal carotid artery. These nerve endings are characterized by varicose regions containing a large quantity of mitochondria. Bundles of collagen fibers in the tunica adventitia form convolutions or whorls around the nerve terminals and often terminate on the surface of the elastic fibers or into the basement membranes of the neuronal profiles. The large content of elastic tissue in the tunica media of the baroreceptor region may render the vessel wall highly distensible to intraluminal pressure changes. This, in turn, would facilitate the transmission of the stimulus intensity to the sensory nerve terminals located in the tunica adventitia. It is suggested that the stretching of elastic fibers may form the main mechanical event leading to the distortion of the associated nerve terminals. However, a change in the geometrical configuration of the bundles of collagen under the influence of the elastic fibers may provide a better insight into the mechanisms of distortion of the baroreceptors related to and/or in contact with collagen fibers. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Four forearm flexor muscles of the horse, Equus caballus: Anatomy and histochemistry (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 269-280 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two of the forearm flexors of the horse, the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles, are critical to support the digital and fetlock joints, exhibit differing insertions, and are passively supported by the proximal and distal check ligaments, respectively. These two muscles differ in histochemical composition and architecture. The differences are correlated with the different stress levels transmitted through their tendons, and the different frequencies of clinical breakdown that have been reported. Both muscles contain type I and type IIa fibers. A few type IIb fibers occurred in the deep digital flexor. The superficial digital flexor contained approximately 56% type I fibers, extremely short muscle fibers, and extensive connective tissue investment. In contrast, the deep digital flexor had three muscle heads: ulnar, radial, and “long” and “short” regions of the humeral head. The “long” and “short” regions of the humeral head contained 33% and 44% type I fibers, respectively, fiber lengths three to four times as long as those in the superficial digital flexor, and relatively less connective tissue investment. Flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris compared most closely with the humeral head of the deep digital flexor. These data suggest a correlation of the unique architecture of superficial digital flexor with its proposed elastic storage properties during locomotion in horses, and an explanation for the frequent breakdown of the superficial digital flexor in athletic horses. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Neuromuscular organization of feline anterior sartorius: II. Intramuscular length changes and complex length-tension relationships during stimulation of individual nerve branches (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 171-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The feline anterior sartorius is a long strap-like muscle composed of short muscle fibers. Nerve branches that enter this muscle contain the axons of motor units whose constituent muscle fibers are distributed asymmetrically within the muscle. In the present study, twitch and tetanic isometric contractions were evoked by stimulating individual nerve branches while muscle force was recorded and intramuscular length changes were monitored optically by the movement of reflective markers on the muscle. Contractions elicited by stimulating the parent nerve produced little change in the positions of the surface markers. Contractions elicited by stimulating the proximally or distally directed nerve branches caused the muscle to shorten at the end closest to the nerve branch and lengthen at the opposite end. Some muscles were supplied by a centrally directed nerve branch whose stimulation produced variable effects: in some cases a portion of the muscle shortened whereas the rest lengthened, but in other cases, the positions of the surface markers showed little change. The intramuscular length changes produced by stimulating single nerve branches were greater during isometric contractions at short whole-muscle lengths than at long whole-muscle lengths. The twitch and tetanic length-tension relationships obtained by stimulating the individual nerve branches were not congruent with the length-tension relationship produced when the parent nerve was stimulated. At short whole-muscle lengths, stimulation of a single nerve branch generated only a small fraction of the force that could be generated by the muscle when the parent nerve was stimulated. As whole-muscle length increased, an increased fraction of total muscle force could be generated by stimulating a single nerve branch. The results suggest that a complex relationship between passive and active elements contributes to the total muscle force and depends on the distribution of active and passive muscle units throughout the muscle. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Ultrastructural and cytochemical aspects of oogenesis in Castrada viridis (platyhelminthes, rhabdocoela) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 241-250 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The heterocellular female gonad of the typhloplanoid Castrada viridis consists of a single germarium and two rows of vitellaria. The germarium, composed of a germinative zone and a growth zone, is surrounded externally by a layer of accessory cells the function of which is hypothesized in this study. The main feature of oocyte differentiation is the synthesis of small electron-dense inclusions produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum (R.E.R.) and Golgi complex. The electron-dense content of the egg inclusions reacts positively to the cytochemical test used to detect polyphenols and is only partially extracted following incubation in protease. The genesis, composition, and peripheral location of egg inclusions in mature oocytes suggest that they could represent residual eggshell granules. The presumed function of eggshell granules is discussed and their fine morphology is compared with that observed in other neoophoran Platyhelminthes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    The development of Caretta caretta, at 25-34°C, in artificial nests (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 251-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy has been used to enhance the description of a single species, Caretta caretta (the loggerhead turtle), staged according to Miller's system for the development of marine turtles. Incubation over a temperature range of 25°-34°C confirms previous observations that, under artificial conditions and at a constant incubation temperature, normal development is confined to a limited temperature range. Premature pipping is a feature of incubation at the lower end of this range; abnormal development, generated during the first third of the incubation period, occurs just above the normal range. Details of the external morphology of embryos from Miller stage 14 through to 25 are given together with an account of the developmental abnormalities produced at a high temperature of incubation. The data obtained confirm that Miller's scheme is generally applicable to C. caretta, provided that due regard is paid to the incubation temperature. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Jaw-muscle activity in ferrets, Mustela putorius furo (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 275-286 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Electromyographical (EMG) activity was recorded bilaterally from the masseter and temporalis muscles of alert ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) during mastication and crushing. Electromyographic activity was also recorded during biting while a bite-force transducer placed between the carnassial teeth registered forces ranging from 1.5 to 48.8 N. Linear regression analysis demonstrates that temporalis and masseter EMG activity are linearly related to bite force. Electromyographic activity from the balancing-side muscles is nearly equal to EMG activity of the working-side muscles during bone crushing with the carnassial teeth. It is hypothesized that a high percentage of balancing-side muscle activity in ferrets can be recruited during carnassial biting because the postglenoid process prevents ventral displacement of the working-side mandibular condyle. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Ultrastructural qualitative and quantitative data on the sporogenesis of the protozoan Abelspora portucalensis (microspora, abelsporidae): A different approach to the study of microsporidia (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 295-303 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sporogenesis of the microsporidium Abelspora portucalensis was studied with electron microscopy. In qualitative terms, new aspects of the cytoplasmic ultrastructure of the schizont, sporont, and sporoblast are described: the presence of microtubules, of aggregates of small opaque vesicles, and of dispersed larger vesicles with clear matrix. The hypothesis that the opaque vesicles may represent the Golgi apparatus and the clear vesicles may correspond to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is discussed. The use of standard stereological and statistical techniques gives us a new perspective on the development of this microsporidium. The most relevant quantitative data display that the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (either in relative or absolute terms) presents significant differences among the three stages, with the sporont showing the highest values; that the absolute (but not the relative) volume of the large vesicles significantly changes during sporogenesis with the highest values presented by the sporont; that the surface-to-volume ratio of the schizont and sporont cells is similar and significantly greater than that of the sporoblast cell; that the surface density of the nucleus in relation to soma remains constant in the three stages (on the contrary, the surface-to-volume ratio of the nucleus increases and its volumetric density diminishes); and finally, that the nucleolus decreases its relative and absolute volumes. The functional significance of these results is analyzed and the application of similar methodology in quantifying the effects of drugs upon microsporidia is suggested. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Influence of web-monitoring tactics on the density of mitochondria in leg muscles of the spider family uloboridae (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 341-347 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From electron micrographs we determined the ratio of mitochondrial to myofibril cross sectional area in cells of the first leg anterior depressor muscles of adult females of four spider species, each from a different genus. Species with more active web-monitoring tactics and greater tracheal supplies to their first legs have muscle cells that are better supplied with mitochondria than those with less active tactics and less well-developed tracheal systems. These results demonstrate that, even in homologous tissues of closely related species, mitochondrial supply can change to accommodate changes in metabolic activity. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Three nephromixial patterns in polychaete species currently assigned to the genus Pista (Annelida, Terebellidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 365-393 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A comparative morphological study of nephromixial systems in three Californian terebellid polchaetes currently assigned to the genus Pista shows that P. fimbriata has all attributes of the generic type, but that P. pacifica and P. elongata differ markedly. The features of typical Pista include (among others): two pairs of usually unequal branchiae, long-handled anterior uncini (hooks) of crested avicular (bird-head-like) from, muddy, unornamented tubes, one pair of anterior excretory nephromixia (ENMX), and two pairs of separate thoracic reproductive nephromixia (RNMX) with genital papillae on segments VI and VII. A review indicates that P. fimbriata shares these typical features with practically all adequately described Pista species. However, P. pacifica and P. elongata possess three pairs of branchiae, long-handled uncini of distinctive crochet-like form, and membranous tubes with apertural hoods. Both have two pairs of ENMX, the first supplied by one pair of ciliated renal funnels, the second by two pairs of such funnels. But they differ in their RNMX: P. pacifica has three pairs of complex RNMX, those on each side united by a common duct. P. elongata has 11-13 pairs of simple RNMX united by common ducts. Although these species do not fit into Pista, no genus has been found to accommodate them. Generic placement is complicated by the fact that no instances of intra-generic nephromixial variation have been reported in the Terebellidae, although inter-generic variation is well known. If they are congeneric, this would be the first example of intrageneric RNMX variation in Terebellidae. But if assigned to separate genera or subgenera on the basis of their RNMX, their similarity of anterior uncini might be attributable to parallel or convergent adaptation to life in comparable tubes. More evidence, including molecular analysis, is needed for phylogenetic studies of Terebellidae. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    The ear in subterranean insectivora and rodentia in comparison with ground-dwelling representatives. I. Sound conducting system of the middle ear (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 49-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Compared to acoustically unspecialized mammals (soricids and murids), the middle ear of subterranean insectivores and rodents (twelve species of six families examined) was clearly distinguished and characterized by many common features: rather round and relatively larger eardrum without a pars flaccida; reduced gonial; loose or no connection between the malleus and the tympanic bone; reduced and straightened transversal part of the malleus; enlarged incus; increased and rather flat incudo-mallear joint; rather parallel position of the mallear manubrium and incudal crus longum in some species (and their fusion in abthyergids); reduced or even missing middle ear muscles. Convergent occurrence of these structural features in taxa of different origin and their generally derived character suggest that they cannot be categorized as degenerative. The form of the stapes can be considered as a non-adaptive trait; it was taxon specific yet remarkably polymorphous in some species and exhibited no convergent features among subterranean mammals. Structural retrogression resulting in a columella-like stapes was observed in some species lacking the stapedial artery. The stapedial base was relatively larger than in unspecialized mammals. The subterranean mammals did not exhibit conspicuously enlarged eardrums as would be required for sensitive tuning to low frequencies. It is, however, argued that while selective pressures in the subterranean ecotope promoted hearing of low frequencies, hearing sensitivity did not have to be enhanced. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052140201
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    Differences in morphological features of the sacculus of the inner ear of two hakes (Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus, gadiformes) inhabits from different depth of sea (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 97-107 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the sensory epithelia of the sacculus in two species of hake, Merluccius capensis and M. paradoxus, was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sensory epithelia have two morphological features that are very different from other gadiform species. These include the presence of two large areas which are only linked by a narrow neck, and the larger proportion of hair cells oriented in the rostrocaudal axis than in other species. The deeper-dwelling species, M. paradoxus, has a larger proportion of hair cell with short ciliary bundles than does the shallower-dwelling species, M. capensis. These morphological specializations could improve the acoustic diserimination and localization capabilities of these species, possibly related to an increase in sensitivity to higher frequency sounds in the deeper-dwelling species. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    A study of ovarian foilicular kinetics, oviduct, fat body, and liver mass cycles in laboratory-maintained Rana cyanophlyctis in comparison with wild-caught frogs (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Ovarian follicular dynamics and fluctuations in fat body, oviducal, and liver masses were studied in captive Rana cyanophlyctis in comparison with wild-caught frogs, sampled at monthly intervals over a period of 12 months. In both the captive and wil-dcaught frogs first growth phase (FGP) and second growth phase (SGP) or vitellogenic oocytes were produced throughout the period examined; however, changes in ovarian and oviducal weights were less marked in the former group.In the captive frogs SGP oocyte production was reduced by 50%, and, maximum ovarian weight and SGP oocyte number were attained 2-3 months earlier than in wild-caught controls. The FGP oocyte pool in laboratory-maintained frogs, however was comparable with that of the corresponding wild-caught frogs. Captivity caused a threefold increase in atresia and reduced the number of oocytes reaching SGP. The depletion of fat stores in fat bodies during the later phases of captivity suggests that the deposition of lipids into oocytes (for SGP) was given priority over storage in the fat bodies.The low oviducal weights of captive frogs was correlated with a reduced number of SGP oocytes, which are the source of estrogen. On the other hand, liver weight remained high, indicating adequate hepatic vitellogenin synthesis. Possible reduction in its output was not detected, possibly due to the reduced number of follicles reaching SGP. The findings indicate that stress of captivity decreases gonadotrophins and estrogen levels. Oviducal growth is reduced in captive frogs. It is hypothesized that in the frog oviducts respond to estrogen in a threshold-dependent manner, whereas the liver responds to it in relation to the length of exposure. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Cytoplasmic droplets of painted turtle spermatozoa (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 153-158 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Epididymal sperm from the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) possess a cytoplasmic droplet which is located eccentrically on the sperm midpiece. The droplet contains a large quantity of lipid droplets in addition to hollow vesicles and degenerate mitochondrial fragments. Lipid droplets are closely associated with mitochondrial membranes and may function in the formation or degradation of mitochondria. Cytoplasmic droplets become detached from the sperm midpiece in a coordinated manner shortly before the commencement of fall mating and are not observed on sperm recovered from the oviduct of females. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052140301
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    Specialized veins in the submucosa of the equine lleocecal junction (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spirally arranged bundles of sub-endothelial smooth muscle enfold the small to medium-sized submucosal veins in the equine ileocecal junction. The muscle bundles, accompanied by the endothelial lining, bulge into the lumen of the vessels, partly occluding the latter. Transmission electron microscopy of the muscle cells reveals features consistent with vascular smooth muscle ultrastructure. It is proposed that the throttling effect of the muscle bundles causes engorgement of the submucosal venous plexus, which then assists in the closing of the ileocecal orifice. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Fine structure of the skin of the amphibious fishes, Boleophthalmus pectinirostris and Periophthalmus cantonensis, with special reference to the location of blood vessels (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 287-297 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The skin of the amphibious fishes, Periophthalmus cantonensis and Boleophthalmus pectinirostris, was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In both species the epidermis consists of superficial nonvacuolated epithelial cells, swollen epithelial cells with membrane limited cytoplasmic vacuoles, and basal epithelial cells in a single layer. Unicellular mucous glands, but no chloride cells are found in the epidermis of B. pectinirostris; in contrast there are chloride cells and no unicellular mucous cells in P. cantonensis. Intraepidermal blood vessels are a notable feature in the epidermis of P. cantonensis. Capillaries are distributed near the epidermal surface, offering an air-blood barrier of sufficient thinness (2-4 μm) for cutaneous respiration. The large blood vessels (arterioles and venules) are seen in the middle stratum of the epidermis and seem to be able to regulate blood flow in the skin. In B. pectinirostris, the dermal capillaries lie immediately below the superficial epithelial cells at the apex of a dermal bulge where the air-blood barrier is almost as thin as that of P. cantonensis despite locally different histology. In the spacious dermal bulges, the dermal tissue such as blood vessels, pigment cells, fibroblasts, and collagen fibers are scattered. Melanophores and two other types of chromatophores occur in the part adjacent to the blood vessel wall. The organization of the epidermis and blood vessels of the skin is discussed with regard to terrestrial life in these amphibious fishes. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Sutural complexity in artificially deformed human (Homo sapiens) crania (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 214 (1992), S. 321-332 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The pattern of complexity of cranial sutures is highly variable both among and within species. Intentional cranial vault deformation in human populations provides a controlled natural experiment by which we were able to quantify aspects of sutural complexity and examine the relationship between sutural patterns and mechanical loading. Measures of sutural complexity (interdigitation, number, and size of sutural bones) were quantified from digitized tracings of 13 sutures and compared among three groups of crania (n = 70) from pre-European contact Peru. These groups represent sample populations deformed in (1) anteroposterior (AP) and (2) circumferential (C) directions and (3) an undeformed population. Intergroup comparisons show few differences in degree or asymmetry of sutural interdigitation. In the few comparisons which show differences, the C group is always more interdigitated than the other two while the AP group has more sutural bones. The sutures surrounding the temporal bone (sphenotemporal, occipitotemporal, and temporoparietal) most frequently show significant differences among groups. These differences are related to the more extreme binding of C type deformation and are consistent with hypothesized increases in tension at coronally oriented sutures in this group. The larger number of sutural bones in the AP group is consistent with the general broadening of the cranium in this group and with experimental evidence indicating the development of ossicles in areas of tension. We suggest that so few changes in sutural complexity occurred either because the magnitude of the growth vectors, unlike their direction, is not substantially altered or because mechanisms other than sutural growth modification are responsible for producing the altered vault shapes. In addition, the presence of fontanelles in the infant skulls during binding and the static nature of the binding may have contributed to the similarity in complexity among groups. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Nuclear reorganization processes in Paramecium aurelia, with descriptions of autogamy and ‘hemixis’ (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 11-67 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a study of the nuclear behavior of Paramecium aurelia, a process of self-fertilization, autogamy, has been discovered and traced through its essential steps. Autogamy is the counterpart, in a single animal, of conjugation. In autogamy, three micronuclear divisions lead to the formation of the gametic nuclei. These divisions are considered to be maturation divisions. The first division is characterized by a great increase in the size of the two vegetative micronuclei and the occurrence of long thread-like crescents. The second division results in the formation of eight nuclei, variable numbers of which continue to divide giving rise to the potential gametic nuclei. Two of the latter unite to form a synkaryon. The old macronucleus disintegrates. The fusion nucleus divides twice: two of the daughter nuclei become macronuclear anlagen, while the other two remain micronuclei. The macronuclear anlagen are distributed to two daughter cells at the time of the first cell division, when the micronuclei divide.The macronuclear changes in hemixis can be classified into three main types: (1) the extrusion of a relatively small number of spherical chromatin fragments; (2) the splitting of the macronucleus into two (generally) large independent portions - accompanied, or not, by the extrusion of smaller spherical bodies; (3) the complete disorganization by fragmentation of the macronucleus.
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    The absorptive processes in the embryos of Parabrotula dentiens, a viviparous, deep-sea Brotulid fish (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 313-325 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Parabrotula dentiens is a viviparous deep sea Brotulid fish. The embryos at the 6 mm. stage are held within the ovarian cavity as are the embryos of Zoarces, the Embiotocidae, the Goodeidae, the Jenynsiidae and the Anablepidae in the later stages. The embryos of Parabrotula dentiens are equipped with external processes which are attached around the anus and to the ventral wall of the embryo for a short distance in front of the anus. The processes have a spongy connective tissue stroma and are covered with a syncytial layer. It is assumed that the processes augment the body surface of the embryos and have a nutrition-absorbing and an oxygen-absorbing function.
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    The dorsal axial musculature of certain primitive permian tetrapods (1936)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 59 (1936), S. 265-311 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the dorsal axial musculature is traced from Eryops, through Diadectes, to Dimetrodon. lguana, a modern form, is used for comparison. The axial muscles of a primitive form, such as Eryops, were thick, fleshy, and metameric; those of more advanced types, such as Dimetrodon, were light, highly tendinous, and largely unsegmented. Diadectes represents an intermediate stage. The changes in the muscles and related changes in the axial skeleton are closelyassociated with the development of active, terrestrial animals.
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    The interrenal gland of Triturus cristatus after insulin administration during the annual cycle (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 87-93 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The administration of insulin to Triturus cristatus confirms its action in depletion of the adrenalin (A) granules of the adrenal chromaffin cells and the subsequent activation of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT). Treatment was carried out in March, when noradrenalin (NA) and A granules are present in almost equal quantities in the chromaffin cells, and in June, when NA granules largely prevail. After insulin administration, adrenalin content of the specimens treated in March decreases from 2.44 granules/μm2 to 0.28 granules/μm2; on the other hand, adrenalin content of the specimens treated in June increases from 0.19 granules/μm2 to 0.31 granules/μm2. These results suggest that in T. cristatus insulin acts both as an adrenalin-releasing agent and as a stimulator of PNMT activity.
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    The comparative myology of the thigh and crus in the salamanders Ambystoma tigrinum and Dicamptodon tenebrosus (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 147-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Variation in myology of the hind limb among salamanders has been poorly characterized. Nineteen major hind limb muscles of Ambystoma tigrinum (Ambystomatidae) and Dicamptodon tenebrosus (Dicamptodontidae) were studied to provide baseline descriptive data on hind limb myology in salamanders and to generate hypotheses of hind limb muscle function. Most superficial muscles of the hind limbs span multiple joints, including a unique three-joint muscle, the ischioflexorius, that extends from the pelvic girdle to the plantar fascia. The deeper hind limb muscles spen single joints. No myological diffrences were observed between the hind limbs of A. tigrinum larvae and individuals that had just metamorphosed. Fully adult tiger salamanders that had been housed in terraria for many years had hypertrophied femorofibularis and ischiofemoralis muscles, a condition similar to that reported in Paramesotriton and Taricha, which engage in terrestrial locomotion. In contrast, adults of D. tenebrosus, which are also good walkers, possess a hypertrophied ischioflexorius muscle and a reduced femorofibularis. These regular myological diffences, and those described by previous workers for different salamnder taxa, may be associated with differences in life-history traits, and in the case of A. tigrinum, with patterns of muscle use.
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    Histochemical study of jaw muscle fibers in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 187-199 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Seven jaw muscles of the American alligator have been analyzed for histochemical characteristics of their fiber types: Musculus depressor mandibulae (MDM), M. pseudotemporalis (MP), M. adductor mandibulae posterior (MAMP), M. adductor mandibulae externus (MAME, profound and superficial portions), M. intramandibularis (MI), M. pterygoideus anterior (MPta), and M. pterygoideus posterior (MPtp). Classification of muscle fibers in previous studies has been based on (1) the staining properties of myosin ATPase after alkaline and acid preincubations and (2) the staining reactions for SDH, α-GPDH, PAS, and myosin ATPase after alkaline preincubations. In this study fiber types in one group of muscles (MP, MAMP, profound portion of MAME and MI) are classified (1) as type I, IIa, or IIb fibers, according to the system of Brooke and Kaiser (Arch. Neurol. 23:369-379, '70) or (2) as fast twitch glycolytic (FG), fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG), slow oxidative (SO), and tonic (few in number) fibers, according to the system of Putnam et al. (J. Exp. Zool. 214:303-309, '80). A second group of muscles (MDM, MAME superficial portion, MPta, and MPtp) reacted differently in similar histochemical tests and are classified, respectively, as (1) types 1, 2, 3 or (2) types A, B, C. We have distinguished the fiber types as red, intermediate, white, and tonic in analyses on muscle sections. The highest percentage of red and intermediate fibers is found in the MI. All three fiber types are approximately equal in superficial and medial portions of the MDM and the MPtp. Three muscles (MP, MAMP, and MAME) have the highest white fiber composition. These results indicate a correlation between the histochemical profiles of individual muscles and their functions during masticatory movements.
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    Ultrastructure of somatic tissues in the ovaries of a chaetognath (Ferosagitta hispida) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 221-241 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the ovaries of Ferosagitta hispida contain four somatic tissues. A myoepithelial ovary wall, continuous with a thin layer of peritoneocytes lining the coelomic cavity, encloses a fluid-filled ovarian space in which oocytes develop. Lamellar extensions of a “follicular reticulum” branch throughout the ovarian space and ensheath developing oocytes. This tissue has been overlooked in most previous studies of chaetognath ovaries. A bipartite oviductal complex extends the length of each ovary just within the lateral ovary wall. It consists of a flattened, blindly ending cellular tube, herein referred to as the cellular sheath, and an enclosed syncytium. Sheath cells secrete an electron-dense product into the ovarian space. Those sheath cells directly bordering the syncytium are contractile and are joined to the to the syncytium by gap junctions and microvillar interdigitations. The syncytium contains a complex of membrane-bounded lumina. The latter sometimes enclose sperm received during mating or ovulated eggs. Thus the syncytium serves both as a seminal receptacle and as a duct for passage of eggs to the outside. Contrary to several classical reports, the cellular sheath and syncytium of the oviductal complex do not separate at ovulation to form a temporary oviductal lumen.
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    Praesomal nerves in Leptorhynchoides thecatus (Acanthocephala: Rhadinorhynchidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 211 (1992), S. 275-284 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Investigated by light microscopy, the nerve pathways are described for the first time in the praesoma of a species of Rhadinorhynchidae. The pathways are described for 18 nerves, eight paired and two single, which originate from the cerebral ganglion and a post-ganglionic cell and terminate in the body wall musculature and the proboscis. The location of three commissures formed by these nerves is also described.
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    The composite structure of quail pectoralis muscle (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 27-35 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The twitch fibers of the quail pectoralis muscle were found to have one neuromuscular junction each, located in the middle third of the fiber. The length of isolated fibers varied between 8.8 and 33.2 mm, with mean and median values of 16 and 15.6 mm, respectively. The lengths of the fascicles from which the fibers were isolated varied between 30 and 51 mm. The muscle fibers taper at both ends. The neuromuscular junctions, revealed after histochemically reacting the intact muscle for acetyl cholinesterase activity, were arranged in discrete bands, separated by intervals of between 0.94 and 6.70 mm, with a mean value of 3.14 mm. The quail pectoralis muscle is thus composed of discontinuous, tapered muscle fibers, arranged in an overlapping series. It is therefore a muscle in which tension is transmitted laterally between muscle fibers.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120104
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    Functional morphology of the endomysium in series fibered muscles (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 109-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Many skeletal muscles, including the feline biceps femoris, are composed of short, tapered myofibers arranged in an overlapping longitudinal series. The endomysium of such muscles transfers tension between overlapping myofibers, and is thus an elastic element in series with them. The endomysium of the cat biceps femoris contains curvilinear collagen fibrils in an approximately isotropic (random) array. The collagen fibrils undergo only a modest reorientation as the myofibers shorten or lengthen within the physiological range. A geometrical model predicts no change in the thickness of the endomysium on changing muscle fiber length and quantifies the expected collagen fibril reorientation in the endomysium as a function of muscle extension. It is also demonstrated that a high proportion of the collagen fibrils will be curvilinear at all sarcomere lengths. The organization of endomysial collagen is appropriate for the transfer of loads between myofibers by means of shear. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120203
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    Comments on the morphology of the pre-oral spine in Argulus (Crustacea: Branchiura) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological study of the pre-oral spine and associated structures in Argulus japonicus reveals that two exceptionally long and slender muscles casuse retraction of the spine into the spinal sheath. Originating from the body wall mid-dorsally the two muscles proceed through the nerve ring and the blood-filled lumen of the spinal sheath before being inserted on a bolster of tissue constituting the base of the spine. Movement of the spinal sheath is affected by two muscles originating from a common apodeme in the dorsal body wall, just posterior to the nauplius eye, and inserted on the lateral walls of the base of the spinal sheath.Two ducts, each leading from a glandular complex in the lateral parts of the carapace, proceed rostrally through the haemocoelic spaces. After passing the tritocerebrum laterally they accompany the retractor muscles of the spine on their course to the base of the spine. Passing through the bolster of tissue at the base of the spine the two ducts run all the way up to the tip of the spine where they open separately.The glandula praeboscoidalis is not associated with the pre-oral spine since its duct runs posteriorly in the wall of the proboscis. The labial spines are associated with giant glandular cells located beneath the optic tracts. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120206
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    Masthead (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120301
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  • 100
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    Middle-ear development: II. Morphometric changes in the conducting apparatus of the chick (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 212 (1992), S. 257-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ontogeny of various middle-ear structures was examined in 11 groups of chicks between 10 days embryonic and adult. Measurements of the tympanic membrane surface area and height, columella length, and that of the columella footplate, annular ligament, and oval window area were obtained using video micrographs and computer digitization techniques. The oval window matures first at 53 days post-hatching, whereas the columella achieves adult size at 74 days. The tympanic membrane surface area is the last middle-ear variable studied to reach adult size (79 days post-hatch). The columella increases its length from 0.63 mm (10 days embryonic) to 2.73 mm in the adult. The tympanic membrane area expands by 280% whereas the columellar footplate area increases by 11x. As a result, the pressure amplification of the middle ear due to the tympanic membrane/columellar footplate area ratio improves by over 400%. These data further contribute to our understanding of the functional development of the middle ear. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052120305
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