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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 3 (1984), S. 16-29 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid crystals ; Phase equilibria ; phase transitions and critical points of specific substances
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Riassunto Si esaminano alcuni sistemi nematici micellari e alcune delle loro proprietà fisiche. Si mostra l'effetto delgi additivi e lo si discute per sistemi scelti di tensioattivi rispetto alla stabilità di fase e all'induzione di stati colesterici. Si riassumono i risultati sperimentali sulle proprietà fisiche dei nematici micellari con particolare attenzione per l'elasticità di curvatura e li si mette in relazione con la struttura micellare.
    Kurzfassung: Резюме Анализируются мицеллярные нематические системы и некоторые физические свойства этих систем. Показывается и обсуждается эффект аддитивности ддя выбранных поверхностно-активных вещесть в отношении фазовой устойчивости и введения холестеричных состояний. Анализируются экспериментальные результаты, касаюшиеся физических свойств мицеллярных нематических систем, обращая особое внимание на упругость при изгибе, и обсуждается связь с мицеллярной структурой.
    Notizen: Summary Micellar nematic systems and some of their physical properties are reviewed. The effect of additives is demonstrated and discussed for selected surfactant systems with respect to phase stability and the induction of cholesteric states. Experimental results on physical properties of micellar nematics with emphasis on curvature elasticity are summarized and related to the micellar structure.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 3 (1984), S. 30-43 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid crystals ; Optical properties and materials
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Riassunto Si riporta una breve rassegna degli studi preliminari sulle proprietà ottiche delle mesofasi liotropiche. Si presentano nuovi risultati delle misure degli indici di rifrazione per varie fasi di un sistema ternario. Particolare risaltoè dato alle proprietà ottiche delle diverse mesofasi liotropiche di tipo nematico. Infine una breve rassegna è dedicata agli effetti ottici dovuti all'applicazione di campi esterni come il campo magnetico, quello elettrico e quello meccanico.
    Kurzfassung: Резюме Предлагается краткий обзор проведенных исследований оптических свойств лиотропных мезофаз. Приводятся новые результаты измерений показа телей преломления в различных фазах трехкомпонентной системы. Особое внимание уделяется оптическим свойствам различных лиотропных нематических мезофаз. В заключение обсуждаются оптические эффекты, связанные с внешними полями: магнитными, электрическими и механическими.
    Notizen: Summary A brief review of early studies of optical properties of lyotropic mesophases is presented. New results about refractive-index measurements in various phases of a ternary system are shown. Emphasis is given to the optical properties of the different lyotropic nematic mesophases. Finally a short review is then devoted to the optical effects of external applied fields such as magnetic, electric and mechanical ones.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 280-293 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Schlagwort(e): Groundwater ; Runoff ; Water level ; Earthquakes ; Springs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Significant hydrologic changes were observed after the magnitude 7.3 earthquake that occurred on October 28, 1983, in central Idaho. Groundwater levels rose by as much as 3 meters near the epicenter. Discharge in many streams and springs increased, in some instances by more than 100%. One warm spring ceased flowing for several days; the flow then resumed and peaked at about nine times its original rate. Available data show no significant changes in water quality following the earthquake.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 560-582 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Schlagwort(e): Water level ; Fault creep ; Pore pressure ; Dislocation ; Deformation ; Diffusion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Water-well-level fluctuations associated with episodic creep are studied using a coupled deformation-diffusion solution for the pore pressure produced by a plane-strain shear dislocation moving steadily at a speedV in a linear elastic, saturated porous medium. For largeVr/2c, wherer is distance from the dislocation andc is diffusivity, the solution approaches the form of the uncoupled elastic solution used by Wesson (1981) to analyze water-level changes due to creep events. The differences between the two solutions are significant within 10 diffusion lengths (20c/V) from the fault plane. More specifically, the pore pressure predicted by the coupled solution reverses sign behind the dislocation and is much smaller in magnitude than that predicted by the uncoupled solution. For an undrained Poisson ratio of 0.3, Skempton's coefficient of 0.8 and a shear modulus of 30 GPa, the coupled solution predicts a peak pore-pressure change of 13.7 kPa (137 mbar) per millimeter of slip forV=1 km/day andc=1.0 m2/sec. The spectrum of the coupled solution is limited to a band of frequencies, centered at a value proportional toV and approximately inversely proportional to the distance from the observation point to the fault plant. Thus, close to the fault plane the frequency band occupied by the coupled solution may lie above the range at which water wells can respond. The coupled solution is used in interpreting the same creep-associated water-level change observed by Johnson (1973) and modeled by Wesson (1981) using the uncoupled solution. Although there are uncertainties in properties of the rock material and in the speed of the creep event, the coupled solution predicts a water-level change comparable in magnitude to the observed change.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 215-217 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Schlagwort(e): Ground-water ; Water level ; Earthquake
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract This paper gives an outline of ground-water observation carried out in China for the purpose of earthquake prediction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 245-254 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Schlagwort(e): Water level ; Strain events ; Earthquake ; Anomalies
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Water levels have been monitored in wells along the San Jacinto fault zone since 1977. The three largest earthquakes to occur within 30 km of the segment of the San Jacinto fault zone being monitored with continuous recorders showed magnitudesM of 4.5, 4.8, and 5.5. Two wells in Borrego Valley, 31 to 32 km southeast of theM=5.5 earthquake on 25 February 1980, showed anomalous spikes recording a probable strain event 88 hours before the earthquake. Two other wells 12 km northwest of the epicenter showed no water-level anomalies. No water-level anomalies preceded theM=4.8 earthquake near Anza on 15 June 1982. Anomalous water-level fluctuations occurred in a well near Ocotillo Wells, 13 km northeast of theM=4.5 earthquake on 22 March 1982, 19 to 23 days prior to the earthquake. Similar fluctuations in other wells have not been followed by sizable earthquakes. A simultaneous drop in water level occurred in four wells on 8 September 1982; this possible strain event was not associated with a sizable earthquake. The presumed strain events occur only in wells that show earth tides and may have been the result of creep on strands of the San Jacinto fault zone. Although water-level anomalies have occurred in only one or two wells prior to two out of three moderate (M=4.5–5.5) earthquakes, the simultaneous drop in water level on 8 September 1982 and the spikes in two wells before theM=5.5 earthquake on 25 February 1980 suggest that wells responsive to earth tides may detect strain events.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 255-279 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Schlagwort(e): Earthquake prediction ; Water level ; Earth tides ; Fluid pressure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Short-term earthquake prediction requires sensitive instruments for measuring the small anomalous changes in stress and strain that precede earthquakes. Instruments installed at or near the surface have proven too noisy for measuring anomalies of the size expected to occur, and it is now recognized that even to have the possibility of a reliable earthquake-prediction system will require instruments installed in drill holes at depths sufficient to reduce the background noise to a level below that of the expected premonitory signals. We are conducting experiments to determine the maximum signal-to-noise improvement that can be obtained in drill holes. In a 592 m well in the Mojave Desert near Hi Vista, California, we measured water-level changes with amplitudes greater than 10 cm, induced by earth tides. By removing the effects of barometric pressure and the stress related to earth tides, we have achieved a sensitivity to volumetric strain rates of 10−9 to 10−10 per day. Further improvement may be possible, and it appears that a successful earthquake-prediction capability may be achieved with an array of instruments installed in drill holes at depths of about 1 km, assuming that the premonitory strain signals are, in fact, present.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 3 (1984), S. 104-120 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid crystals ; Macromolecules and polymer molecules
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Riassunto Si prende in esame il comportamento di polimeri mesogeni per i quali il carattere liquido cristallino è essenzialmente dovuto alla rigidità della catena principale. Nella prima parte del lavoro sono riassunte le teorie piú recenti che descrivono gli equilibri di fase in mesogeni a basso ed alto peso molecolare, sia in soluzione che allo stato fuso. Nella seconda parte sono invece considerati brevemente alcuni risultati già noti su polimeri rigidi e semirigidi e si discutono le correlazioni tra dati sperimentali e teoria. In genere, i risultati sperimentali forniscono una sostanziale conferma delle previsioni teoriche sulla formazione di fasi liquido-cristalline in polimeri liotropici.
    Kurzfassung: Резюме Обсуждается поведение полимеров, для которых мезоморфные свойства связаны с жесткостью или парциальной жесткостью основы цепи. В первой части работы анализируются предшествующие теории, которые описывают равновесия фаз для мезогенов с низким и высоким молекулярным весом в неразбавленном и разбавленном состояниях. Во второй части статьи рассматриваются фазовые поведения жестких и полужестких полимеров и обсуждаются корреляции между экспериментальными и теоретическими результатами. Экспериментальные результаты подтверждают теоретические предсказания образования мезофазы в лиотропных полимерах.
    Notizen: Summary The behaviour of polymers for which the mesomorphic property is primarily related to rigidity or partial rigidity of the chain backbone is discussed. The former part of the paper includes an outline of current theories, which describe the phase equilibria of both low-and high-molecular-weight mesogens in the undiluted and diluted states. In the latter part of the paper phase behaviours of rigid and semi-rigid polymers are briefly reviewed. Detailed phase diagrams are considered for the systems poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate/dimethylformamide and poly-p-benzamide/dimethylacetamide-LiCl. The correlations between experiments and theory are discussed. The mesomorphic behaviour of cellulose and its derivatives and ternary systems involving two rodlike solutes or mixtures of rodlike and random coiled polymers are also considered. Experimental results provide substantial confirmation for the theoretical predictions of mesophase formation in lyotropic polymers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 3 (1984), S. 3-15 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid crystals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Riassunto Le molecole anfifiliche sono costituite da due parti con differenti affinità chimiche. Esse costruiscono le interfacce che limitano il contatto tra queste due parti. Concentreremo la nostra attenzione sul caso delle molecole di sapone in presenza d'acqua, nelle quali le interfacce separano le catene paraffiniche dall'acqua e delimitano aggregati di diverse forme. Classicamente gli aggregati possono essere infiniti con curvature interfacciali piatte o cilindriche e impacchettati con ordine tranlazionale a lungo raggio nelle ben note fasi lamellare, cubica ed esagonale; oppure possono essere finiti quasi sferici e impacchettati senza ordine a lungo raggio nella fase micellare. Comunque, recenti indagini mostrano che un ordinamento a lungo raggio di aggregati finiti è possibile. C'è un esempio di ordine translazionale, nel quale le micelle costruiscono una struttura cubica, ed esempi molto numerosi di ordine orientazionale. In questo caso le micelle, sferoidi oblati o prolati, sono disperse nella soluzione con i loro assi quasi paralleli l'uno all'altro, si forma una fase nematica. Si discutono i fattori possibili che controllano le forme degli aggregati e le loro interazioni.
    Kurzfassung: Резюме Амфифиличные молекулы состоят из двух частей с различными химическими средствами. Они образуют границы раздела, которые ограничивают контакт между двумя частями. Мы рассматриваем случай молекул мыла в присутствии воды, где границы раздела отделяют парафиновые цепи от воды и разграничивают агрегации различных форм. Классически агрегации могут быть бесконечными с плоской или цилиндрической межфазной кривизной и упакованными с дальнодействующим трансляционным порядком в хорошо известные слоистые, кубические и гексагональные фазы, или они могут быть конечными, квази-сферическими и упакованными без дальнодействующего порядка в мицеллярной фазе. Однако последние исследования показывают, что возможно дальнодействующее упорядочивание конечных агрегаций. Имеется один пример трансляционного порядка, где мицеллии образуют кубическую структуру, и много примеров ориентационного порядка. В последнем случае мицеллии, сплющенные или вытянутые сфероиды, диспергируют в растворе, причем их оси почти параллельны друг другу; образуется немтическая фаза. Мы обсуждаем возможные факторы, регулирующие формы агрегаций и их взаимодействия.
    Notizen: Summary Aamphiphilic molecules are made of two parts with different chemical affinities. They build interfaces which limit the contact between these two parts. We shall focus our attention on the case of soap molecules in the presence of water, in which the interfaces separate the paraffinic chains from the water and delimit aggregates of various shapes. Classically the aggregates can be infinite, with flat or cylindrical interfacial curvatures, and packed with long-range translational order in the well-known lamellar, cubic and hexagonal phases; or they can be finite, quasi-spherical and packed without any long-range order in the micellar phase. However, recent investigations show that a long-range ordering of finite aggregates is possible. There is one example of translational order, in which the micelles build a cubic structure, and much more examples now of orientational order. In the latter case the micelles, oblate or prolate spheroids, are dispersed in the solution with their axes nearly parallel to each other, a nematic phase is formed. We shall discuss the possible factors controlling the shapes of the aggregates and their interactions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 3 (1984), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Schlagwort(e): Liquid crystals ; Macromolecules and polymer molecules
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Physik
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Riassunto Si propone una teoria di campo medio per la transizione di fase nematica-isotropica in soluzioni di polimeri semirigidi. Si calcolano i diagrammi di fase. Si trovano nuovi effetti dovuti alla flessibilitä della catena per la temperatura di transizione ed il parametro d'ordine nematico del polimero. Si dimostra un brusco aumento dell'estensione della catena nella fase nematica.
    Kurzfassung: Резюме Предлагается теория среднего поля для нематического-изотропного фазового перехода в полутвердых полимерных растворов. Вычисляются фазовые диаграммы. Обнаружены новые зффекты, обусловленные гибкостью цепи, для температуры перехода и нематического параметра порядка полимера. Отмечается резкое увеличение растяжения цепи в нематической фазф.
    Notizen: Summary A mean-field theory for the nematic-isotropic phase transition in semi-rigid polymer solutions is proposed. Phase diagrams are calculated. New effects due to chain flexibility are found for the transition temperature and the nematic order parameter of the polymer. An abrupt increase of chain extension in the nematic phase is demonstrated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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