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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (83,671)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (14,409)
  • Boden
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: Soils and landscapes are bridges of space and time, as they simultaneously and authentically show essential aspects that were previously separated by time and space (such as cultural and activity-related aspects from past and present) to the trained observer - albeit only in excerpts. Therefore, this article presents a series of impact indicators for soil changes, starting with extreme (anthropogenic) interventions and ending with equally extreme ("natural") events. An essential difference to specifically planning-relevant or human ecological concepts, which, for example, specify land use/load categories, is that the following impact indicators perceive soils as a phenomenon in themselves and do not define them through attributed functions. Particular attention is focused on their changeability and vital development potential, as well as on their property as a sphere of penetration of living and material things, with emphasis on the noetic effect. The intervention or event spaces on the earth's surface can be differentiated quantitatively through the type, strength, and duration of the phenomena. The intensity of all processes can be described by amplitude (the strength of the interventions/events) and frequency (the repetition rate of the interventions/events) and can be specifically identified and quantified by, for example, material inputs or outputs per unit of time. For the first time, there would be a system for measuring the ecological quality of anthropogenic land use, which could serve as an "alert system for the external technological culture," and could help us become aware of our "inner" culture.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Boden ; Landschaft ; Bodendegeneration ; Deutschland ; Anthropogene Bodenveränderung
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article
    Format: 9
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: In den kaolinitischen Böden der Terra-firme Amazoniens wird die Bodenfruchtbarkeit stark von der Menge und Qualität der organischen Bodenbestandteile bestimmt. In den Agrar- und Waldökosystemen Zentralamazoniens sind Termiten, Ameisen und Regenwürmer die am häufigsten vorkommenden Vertreter der Bodenmakrofauna und spielen eine wichtige Rolle beim Abbau und Einbau organischer Substanz im Boden.
    Keywords: QC1-999 ; Mikromorphologie ; Amazonien ; Boden ; Bodenfauna ; Bodenchemie ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics
    Language: German
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Die Errichtung von Hochwasserretentionsräumen entlang von Flüssen ist eine verbreitete Maßnahme zur Verbesserung des Hochwasserschutzes. Durch die zusätzlichen Überflutungsflächen können vermehrt Schadstoffe aus der Hochwasserwelle in das Grundwasser eingetragen werden. Dies kann zu einer Gefährdung der Trinkwasserressource in den Flussauen führen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Methode zur Risikoberechnung für eine Grundwassergefährdung in einem Hochwasserretentionsraum vorgestellt.
    Keywords: TA1-2040 ; Grundwasser ; Hochwasserretentionsraum ; Boden ; Schadstofftransport ; Risikoberechnung ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: German
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  • 4
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    Unknown
    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team are delighted to present the inaugural “Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars” article collection, showcasing the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers in the early stages of their independent careers. All Rising Star researchers featured within this collection were individually nominated by the Journal’s Chief Editors in recognition of their potential to influence the future directions in their respective fields. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of the chemical sciences, and presents advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. This Editorial features the corresponding author(s) of each paper published within this important collection, ordered by section alphabetically, highlighting them as the great researchers of the future. The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team would like to thank each researcher who contributed their work to this collection. We would also like to personally thank our Chief Editors for their exemplary leadership of this article collection; their strong support and passion for this important, community-driven collection has ensured its success and global impact.
    Keywords: Green and Sustainable Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry ; Theoretical and Computational Chemistry ; Polymer Chemistry ; Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry ; Nanoscience ; Catalysis and Photocatalysis ; Supramolecular Chemistry ; Electrochemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Chemical Biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Um das Gefährdungspotential von Abwasser aus undichten Kanälen beurteilen zu können, müssen Untersuchungen von verschiedenen Disziplinen bezüglich Mengen, Konzentration, Kolmation, aeroben und anaeroben Bedingungen, gesättigten und ungesättigten Böden, Partikelfraktion und gelöster Fraktion des kommunalen Abwassers, Abbaubarkeit von CSB bzw. Stickstoff und Ausfällungen und Remobilisierung von Schwermetallen durchgeführt werden. Diese Arbeit sollte einen Beitrag zur Klärung der Elimination und von Abbauvorgängen im ungesättigten und gesättigten Untergrund, sowie die Bilanzierung der Stoffumsetzungen und Kontamination von Sandböden und Grundwasser während der Abwasserversickerung aus undichten Kanälen leisten.
    Keywords: QC1-999 ; Grundwasser ; Boden ; Abwasserkanal ; Umweltgefährdung ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PH Physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics
    Language: German
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  • 6
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    Unknown
    Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig
    In:  SUB Göttingen | 8 GEOGR PHYS 203:10
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Dieser Band enthält 63 Artikel zu Themengebieten der Physik der festen Erde, zu magnetischen und elektrischen Feldern der Erde, zu der Physik der Atmophäre und der angewandten Geophysik veröffentlicht durch die Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft in dem Jahr 1934.
    Description: 〈html〉 〈body〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0004.pdf"〉Titelseite〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0005.pdf"〉Autorenverzeichnis〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0006.pdf"〉Sachverzeichnis〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0007.pdf"〉Karl Mack †〈/a〉〈br〉(Hiller, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0008.pdf"〉Die südalbanischen Erdbeben 1930/31〈/a〉〈br〉(Nowack, E.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0009.pdf"〉Seismische Untersuchungen des Geophysikalischen Instituts in Göttingen〈/a〉〈br〉(Gräfe, H., v. zur Mühlen, W., Müller, H. K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0017.pdf"〉Horizontalsicht bei örtlich veränderlicher Trübung und Beleuchtung〈/a〉〈br〉(Steinhäusser, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0018.pdf"〉Referate und Mitteilungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Haase, H., Köhler, R., Berroth, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0019.pdf"〉Beitrag zur Berechnung von Minimum-Stabpendeln〈/a〉〈br〉(Graf, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0020.pdf"〉Zur Theorie elastischer Pendel mit besonderer Berücksichtigung des Holweck-Lejayschen Stabpendels〈/a〉〈br〉(Graf, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0021.pdf"〉Eine neue Methode für sehr präzise magnetische Messungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Koulomzine, T., Bondaletoff, N.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0022.pdf"〉Zur Frage der mit dem temperaturkompensierten Magnetsystem erreichbaren Meßgenauigkeit〈/a〉〈br〉(Kohl, E.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0023.pdf"〉Die Höhenverteilung der Erd-, Luft- und Höhenstrahlung〈/a〉〈br〉(Suckstorff, G. A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0024.pdf"〉Erdstrahlungsmessungen in Bad Nauheim nach der Gammastrahlenmethode〈/a〉〈br〉(Masuch, V.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0025.pdf"〉Referate〈/a〉〈br〉(Jung, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0026.pdf"〉Abschnitt〈/a〉〈br〉(Angenheister, G., Kohlschütter, E.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0027.pdf"〉Hergesell geb. 29. Mai 1859〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0028.pdf"〉Hecker geb. 21. Mai 1864〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0029.pdf"〉Sprengungen zur Forschungszwecken mit Unterstützung der Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen〈/a〉〈br〉(Duckert, P.)〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0037.pdf"〉Beiträge zu den Luftschallmessungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Meißer, O., Martin, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0039.pdf"〉Seismische Untersuchungen des Geophysikalischen Instituts in Göttingen〈/a〉〈br〉(Regula, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0042.pdf"〉Berechnung der Laufzeitkurven des anormalen Schalles für windstille Atmosphäre und Vergleich mit der Laufzeitkurve der Oldebroek-Sprengung vom 15. Dezember 1932〈/a〉〈br〉(Jung, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0043.pdf"〉Ergebisse der Registrierungen von Schallwellen an kreisförmig um den Sprengherd angeordneten Stationen〈/a〉〈br〉(Duckert, P.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0044.pdf"〉Beobachtungsergebnisse über den Einfluß der "akustischen Umkehrschicht" auf die Schallausbreitung〈/a〉〈br〉(Sandmann, B.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0045.pdf"〉Zur Frage der anomalen Schallausbreitung〈/a〉〈br〉(Kölzer, J.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0046.pdf"〉Schalluntersuchungen im Polargebiet〈/a〉〈br〉(Wölcken, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0049.pdf"〉Betrachtungen über ebene Pendel〈/a〉〈br〉(Hahnkamm, E.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0051.pdf"〉Außenraum und Innenraum (Schlichtung des Streites um die Schwerkraftreduktion)〈/a〉〈br〉(Schwinner, R.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0052.pdf"〉Bemerkungen zu den Geoiden von Ackerl und Hirvonen〈/a〉〈br〉(Ledersteger, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0053.pdf"〉Auto-Radio als Hilfsmittel geologischer Kartierung〈/a〉〈br〉(Cloos, E.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0054.pdf"〉Zur photographischen Registrierung von Stationsseismometern〈/a〉〈br〉(Meißer, O.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0056.pdf"〉Ein Horizontalseismometer für die Aufzeichnung von starken Orts- und Nahbeben〈/a〉〈br〉(Critikos, N. A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0059.pdf"〉Die Bedeutung der Unstetigkeiten im Verlauf der Schallgeschwindigkeit mit der Höhe für die normale und anomale〈/a〉〈br〉(Sandmann, B.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0060.pdf"〉Referate und Mitteilungen〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0061.pdf"〉Die Relativität der Undulationen〈/a〉〈br〉(Hopfner, F.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0062.pdf"〉Ein detonierendes Meteor über dem Weserbergland am 2. Januar 1934〈/a〉〈br〉(Hartmann, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0063.pdf"〉Der Meteorfall bei Stadt Rehburg am 2. Januar 1934〈/a〉〈br〉(Trommsdorff, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0064.pdf"〉Vergleich zwischen der Intensität der kosmischen Ultrastrahlung über Grönland und über Deutschland〈/a〉〈br〉(Wölcken, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0065.pdf"〉Das Grundeis〈/a〉〈br〉(Jakuschoff, P.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0066.pdf"〉Le problème des microséismes et le déferlement des vagues〈/a〉〈br〉(Gherzi, E.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0067.pdf"〉Note on the Hayford-Bowie tables for calculation 〈i〉g〈/i〉〈/a〉〈br〉(Bullard, E. C.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0068.pdf"〉Kann die Laplacesche Differentialgleichung für das Schwerkraftpotential auch innerhalb der Erdkruste als erfüllt angesehen werden?〈/a〉〈br〉(Grabowski, L.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0069.pdf"〉Vorträge, gehalten auf der XI. Tagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft, am 13. bis 15. September 1934 in Pyrmont〈/a〉〈br〉(Jung, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0072.pdf"〉Der geophysikalische Nachweis des Zechsteindolomits〈/a〉〈br〉(Müller, M.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0073.pdf"〉Berichtigung〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0074.pdf"〉Vorträge, gehalten auf der XI. Tagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft, am 13. bis 15. September 1934 in Pyrmont〈/a〉〈br〉(von Seidlitz, W., Sieberg, A., Linke, F., Gerlach, W.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0079.pdf"〉Zur Frage der Geländekorrektion bei Drehwaagemessungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Tuchel, G.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0080.pdf"〉Emanation in Boden- und Freiluft〈/a〉〈br〉(Israël, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0081.pdf"〉Die Energie der Heliokathodenstrahlen in ihrer Beziehung zur fortschreitenden Bewegung der Elektronen in den Polarlichtstrahlen〈/a〉〈br〉(Rudolph, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0082.pdf"〉Weitere Untersuchungen mit dem Sanford-Elektrometer〈/a〉〈br〉(Stoppel, R.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0083.pdf"〉Das Strömungssystem der Luft über Mogadischu〈/a〉〈br〉(Bossolasco, M.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0084.pdf"〉Messungen mit transportablen statischen Schweremessern〈/a〉〈br〉(Schleusener, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0086.pdf"〉Über den Energietransport bei der Sprengseismik〈/a〉〈br〉(v. Schmidt, O.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0087.pdf"〉Formen der Bodenschwingung bei sinusförmiger Anregung〈/a〉〈br〉(Köhler, R.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href=" https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0088.pdf"〉Die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit sinusförmiger elastischer Wellen im Boden〈/a〉〈br〉(Ramspeck, A.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href=" https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0089.pdf"〉Referate und Mitteilungen〈/a〉〈br〉(Haase, H.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href=" https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0090.pdf"〉Bericht über die elfte Tagung der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft vom 13. bis 15. September 1934 in Bad Pyrmont〈/a〉〈br〉(Jung, K.)〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href=" https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0091.pdf"〉Berichtigung〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href=" https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0092.pdf"〉Geophysikalische Berichte〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href=" https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0093.pdf.pdf"〉Register der Geophysikalischen Berichte〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈li〉〈a href=" https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/download/pdf/PPN101433392X_0010/LOG_0094.pdf"〉Mitgliederverzeichnis der Deutschen Geophysikalischen Gesellschaft nach dem Stande vom 1. Dezember 1934〈/a〉〈/li〉 〈/body〉 〈/html〉
    Description: research
    Description: DGG, DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 550 ; Geophysik ; Geomagnetismus ; Magnetismus ; Seismik ; Atmosphäre ; Gravitation ; Wellen ; Ionosphäre ; Strahlung ; Radioaktivität ; Erdbeben ; Waves ; Deformation ; Pendel ; Boden ; Deutschland ; Grönland ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German , English , French
    Type: anthology_digi
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  • 7
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  SUB Göttingen | ZA 34278
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Neue Erkenntnisse der Bodenkunde, Kulturtechnik und Dräntechnologie ergaben während der letzten beiden Jahrzehnte für die Moordränung wichtige neue Hinweise. Es sind dies: 1) Vorausberechnung der zu erwartenden Moorsackung; 2) Berücksichtigung der Oberflächen- und Dränsackung bei der Bestimmung der Dräntiefe; 3) Zusammenhang zwischen Moorsackung - Durchlässigkeitsabnahme - Dränabstand; 4) Rohrdränung mit Grabenaushub oder grabenloser Verlegung; 5) Maulwurf-Fräsdränung, -Schnittdränung und -Preßdränung; 6) Tonrohr und PVC-Dränrohr im Moor; 7) Sicherung der Dränrohre im Moor; 8) Dränfilter im Moor.
    Description: In the both last decades new findings of soil science, agricultural engineering and drain technology gave important new references for peat drainage. There are: 1) predestination of peat subsidence, 2) consideration of surface subsidence and drain subsidence by the determination of the drain depth, 3) coherency between subsidence - permeability reduction - drain spacing, 4) tile drainage with and without subsoil drain ditch machine, 5) mole drainage of different kind, 6) clay tile and plastic drain pipe in peats, 7) securing of pipe location in peats, 8) drain filter in peats.
    Description: manual
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; peatland ; Dränung ; Hydrologie ; Boden ; Entwässerung ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article_digi
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  • 8
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Selbstverlag des Institutes für Physische Geographie der Freien Universität Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar (FU Berlin) | ZB 20559:44
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: In geomorphologischen und älteren geologischen und bodenkundlichen Kartenwerken bleibt die Darstellung der Substrate am Boden der Seen und Flüsse ausgespart. Erst in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten gelangten im Rahmen von Moormächtigkeitskartierungen und Überarbeitungen von geologischen Karten die subhydrischen Sedimenten zur Darstellung. In der vorliegenden Publikation werden Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen an Seesedimenten, vorzugsweise des Berliner Raumes, vorgestellt, die im wesentlichen im Rahmen von Forschungs- und Entwicklungsvorhaben des Umweltbundesamtes zusammen mit K. BALLSCHMITER, Ulm, erarbeitet wurden.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 910.02 ; Paläolimnologie {Geologie} ; Berlin ; Paläolimnologie ; Sedimente ; Boden ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
    Format: 158
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  • 9
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Kraatz, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 140:2065-I;KART B 140:2065-II;KART H 140:Bublitz
    Publication Date: 2021-06-02
    Description: Geologische Karte 1:25000 mit Erläuterungen und agronomischer Karte. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften der festen Erde), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), GeoTIFF erstellt durch den FID GEO, Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 554.3 ; 912 ; Geologische Karte ; Boden ; Bublitz ; Bobolice ; GeoTIFF ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: map_digi
    Format: 122
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  • 10
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Selbstverlag des Instituts für Geographische Wissenschaften der Freien Universität Berlin
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar (FU Berlin) | K 2000 B 720
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Die Auswahl des vorgestellten Forschungsprojekts wurde hauptsächlich von zwei Motiven bestimmt. Einerseits die noch immer herrschende Knappheit an Informationen über das aktuelle Bodenerosionsgeschehen im Mediterranraum und andererseits die Bedeutung, die der hier ausgewählte Landnutzungstyp, die sogenannte 'Dehesa', für die Iberische Halbinsel besitzt.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 910.02 ; Teilfragen zu Spanien {Geographie} ; Allgemeines {Hydrologie, Spanien} ; Boden ; Spanien ; Erosion ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
    Format: 134
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: Moving loads crossing rough ground surfaces of peat soil do not transfer power continuously to the ground, resulting in large variations in topsoil compaction. The local site requirements of plants on the soil structure vary according to plant species, whereby the key structural characteristics required by the plants are also climate-dependent. Overall, however, it is not possible to precisely define objective compaction criteria arising from the transfer of power as an influential variable beneficial to plant growth.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Auf rauer Torfbodenoberfläche übertragen fahrende Lasten Leistung nicht stetig auf Böden, was zu hoher Variabilität von Verdichtung im Oberboden führt. Die Standortansprüche von Pflanzen an das Bodengefüge sind abhängig von der Pflanzenart, wobei die für Pflanzen wichtigen Gefügemerkmale zusätzlich auch vom Klima abhängig sind. Allgemeine, für das Pflanzenwachstum sinnvolle, Zielgrößen für Verdichtung aus der Übertragung von Leistung als Einflussgröße können also nicht allgemein definiert werden.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Torf ; peat ; soil ; Boden ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: Critical values for the use for agronomy and forestry of terrestrial soils are applied upon histosols, neglecting their physico-chemical characteristics. With models, based upon text-books, it is demonstrated, that histosols are quit different from mineral soils concerning moorage of roots, CO2-production, sorption of (harmful) elements and the capacity for absorbing imports of (harmful) elements.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Grenzwerte für die land- und forstbauliche Nutzung von Mineralböden werden auf Böden aus Torf übertragen, ohne deren physiko-chemische Eigenschaften zu berücksichtigen. Mit Modellen, basierend auf Lehrbüchern, wird gezeigt, dass sich Torfe von Mineralböden erheblich unterscheiden bezüglich Verankerung von Wurzeln, CO2-Produktion, (Schad-)Stoffsorption und der Aufnahmefähigkeit von (Schad-)Stofffrachten.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Torf ; peat ; soil ; Boden ; pollution ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: Considerable changes in plant sociological, pedologic and hydrologic conditions has been observed, due to a deep drainage ditch, surrounding the bog and separating it from his 655 ha large watershed. The original area of the bog was 150 ha with a remaining original vegetation of 3 ha. The thickness of the peat decreased in the last 30 years around 0.4 m and in total 1.5 m since drainage succeeded. The ground water level varies around 0.6 m below surface in the most areas of the bog, which are overgrown with Rubus fruticosus - Molinia caerulea- Pinus sylvestris or Betula pubescens – forests, respectively. To preserve the left original vegetation of the bog we propose rewetting by maximum possible water retention without flooding.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Durch einen tiefen Entwässerungsgraben, der das Moor vollständig umgibt, wurden Vegetation, Moormächtigkeit und hydrologische Verhältnisse erheblich verändert. Von dem 150 ha großen Regenmoor mit einem Einzugsgebiet von 655 ha ist nur eine 3 ha große Fläche mit typischer Regenmoorvegetation und moortypischen flurnahen Wasserständen erhalten geblieben. Seit 1938 ist ein Höhenverlust der Mooroberfläche von 1,5 m nachgeweisen. Allein in den letzten 30 Jahren sank die Mooroberfläche um 0,4 m. In weiten Teilen des Moores sinken die Grundwasserflurabstände jetzt bis 60 cm unter Flur ab. In diesen Bereichen ist das Moor mit Brombeer- oder Pfeifengras-Kiefern- bzw. Moorbirkenwald bewachsen. Um die zentrale Hochmoorfläche mit ihrer annähernd ursprünglichen Artenzusammensetzung zu erhalten, wird ein maximal möglicher Einstau vorgeschlagen.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; mire ; vegetation ; soil ; peat ; Boden ; Torf ; Hydrologie ; nature conservation ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: Soils in peatlands differ a lot from mineral soils. In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern peatland soils cover an area of 280.000 ha, thereof 4.000 ha are bog soils. In the present article the soil functions according to the German Soil Protection Law are evaluated and the German and international def initions of peatland soils are compared. It is shown to what extent the peatland soils fullf ill their proper functions. Although the renaturation of peatlands is examplary in Mecklenburg Western-Pomerania, there is little information about soil changes after rewetting. Additionally, with regard to the ongoing soil change caused by drainage and intensive land use during the last 50 years, an up to date and area wide soil mapping is missing. The „Programme for the protection of peatlands“, passed 2009, gives us the opportunity to protect the peatland soils in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and to restore their functions. A monitoring is needed to reach the aims.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Die Böden der Moore unterscheiden sich ganz erheblich von den Mineralböden. Dies spiegelt sich auch in ihrer Sonderstellung innerhalb der deutschen Bodensystematik wider. Der vorliegende Artikel bewertet die Bodenfunktionen von Moorböden des deutschen Bundes-Bodenschutzgesetzes, vergleicht deutsche und internationale Definitionen für Moorböden und zeigt beispielhaft für die natürlichen Funktionen und Nutzungsfunktionen der Moorböden in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern den Grad der Erfüllung bzw. der Gefährdung. Die Moorböden in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern bedecken eine Fläche von ca. 280.000 ha, davon ca. 4.000 ha Hochmoorböden. Obwohl im Land vorbildhaft Moore renaturiert wurden, sind kaum Untersuchungen zu Bodenveränderungen als wissenschaftliche Begleitforschung initiiert worden. Ebenfalls kritisch gesehen wird das Fehlen einer aktuellen umfangreichen Moorbodenkartierung, da sich durch Entwässerung und intensive Landnutzung die Moorböden in den letzten 50 Jahren erheblich verändert haben. Durch das 2009 verabschiedete Moorschutzkonzept von Mecklenburg-Vorpommern können die Moorböden geschützt und ihre Funktionen wieder hergestellt werden. Ein begleitendes Monitoring wäre wünschenswert.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Boden ; peatland ; soil ; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ; Torf ; peat ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract : The peatland research station (MVSt), which evolved in 1877, had to deal with some difficulties as there existed neither technical literature nor agricultural experimental stations. The start was made by visiting settlers of the peatlands in nearby Teufelsmoor and in the Bourtanger Moor at the border between the Netherlands and Germany and asking them questions. Many chemical and physical analyses of peat soils and peat were also made and above all the staff of the MVSt had their own field tests running in different peatlands to get as much information as possible. Only 15-20 years later, the German raised bog cultivation („Deutsche Hochmoorkultur“) was able to replace what was harmful to the environment (peat smoke) and risky (night frost) burnt-over peatland culture. After drainage, liming and soil improvement with fertilizer the fields could be used successfully as arable land and/or grassland. Until the First World War countless bog settlements, which were efficient without manure, were established in Germany and later also abroad. After 1940 the use of deep ploughs to cultivate shallow raised bogs began with the MVSt. After the Second World War many thousands of hectare were cultivated by the deep plough up to 2.4m in the Emsland. There farmers from the East found a new home on the sand-mixed cultivations. The MVSt did substantial analyses about the micro climate and the hydrology of the peatlands and from 1975 onwards about the protection of mires as well. Since 1980 the problems of environmental protection were dealt with, for example the dynamics of heavy metals and erosion by wind. After the German Government released the concept for soil protection (1985) 70 agriculturally used fields were made permanent soil monitoring sites. The development and work of the former MVSt during the 131 years are summarized on annex 1 to 6.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Der Beginn der Moorversuchsstation (MVSt) im Jahre 1877 war schwer. Es gab keine Fachliteratur und auch keine landwirtschaftlichen Versuchsstationen. Man begann mit Befragungen von Moorsiedlern im nahen Teufelsmoor und im Bourtanger Moor an der deutsch-niederländischen Grenze, sowie mit chemischen und physikalischen Analysen von Moorböden und Torfen, vor allem aber mit eigenen Feldversuchen in mehreren Mooren. Schon 15-20 Jahre später konnte die „Deutsche Hochmoorkultur“ die umweltschädliche (Moorrauch) und risikoreiche (Nachtfrostgefahr) Moorbrandkultur ersetzen. Nach Dränung, Kalkung und Meliorationsdüngung erlaubte sie die Nutzung der Flächen als Acker und Grünland. Bis zum 1. Weltkrieg wurden zahlreiche Hochmoorsiedlungen in Deutschland und später auch im Ausland gegründet, die ohne Stalldünger ertragreich waren. Nach 1940 begann man mit dem Tiefpflügen flachgründiger Hochmoore. Nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wurden im Emsland viele tausend Hektar bis zu 2,4 m tiefgepflügt. Hier fanden Bauern aus dem Osten auf den Sandmischkulturen eine neue Heimat. Es folgten umfangreiche Untersuchungen zum Moorklima, zur Moorhydrologie und ab 1975 zum „Moorschutz“. Ab 1980 wurden Probleme des „Umweltschutzes“ bearbeitet, wie z.B. die Schwermetalldynamik und die Erosion durch Wind. 1985 wurden im Rahmen der Bodenschutzkonzeption der Bundesregierung auf 70 landwirtschaftlichen Flächen „Dauerbeobachtungsflächen“ angelegt. Die Entwicklungen und Arbeiten der ehemaligen MVSt während der 131 Jahre sind in den Tafeln 1 bis 6 im Anhang zusammengefasst.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Torf ; Boden ; peatland ; peat ; soil ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 16
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: After a reference to the use of perlite in horticulture genesis, mineralogy, chemistry, occurrence, processing and products with their physical and chemical characteristics are presented. In detail perlites are described as additive to substrates in horticulture, for soil improvement, in horticulture without soil and for some special applications. A market with the future chances of perlite completes the article.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Nach einem Hinweis auf die Verwendung von Perlit im Gartenbau werden Entstehung, Mineralogie, Chemie, Vorkommen, Verarbeitung und Produkte mit ihren physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften vorgestellt. Ausführlich beschrieben werden Perlite als Zuschlag zu Kultursubstraten, zur Bodenverbesserung, in erdelosen Kulturen und für Spezialanwendungen. Eine Marktübersicht mit den Zukunftschancen von Perlit rundet die Arbeit ab.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; substrate ; soil ; Boden ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 17
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Parey, Hamburg [u.a.]
    In:  Autorenexemplar
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Hier wird nicht nur die Dränung von landwirtschaftlich genutzten Böden behandelt, sondern auch die im Tief-, Hoch- und Straßen bau sowie im Landschaftsbau (Park, Garten, Freizeit-, Sport- und Flugplatz, Friedhof, Mülldeponie u. a.). Während diese Dränmaßnahmen vorwiegend unter mitteleuropäischen Aspekten betrachtet werden, wird für die Dränung von Salzböden in semiariden und ariden Bewässerungsgebieten überwiegend auf ausländische Erfahrungen zurückgegriffen.
    Description: manual
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 624 ; Dränung ; Anleitung ; Moor ; Hydrologie ; Boden ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: monograph_digi
    Format: 269
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: The distribution of pressures under load in peat soil depends on the soil structure. Rolling loads produce shear in the middle and in front and behind wheels. The movement of mass of peat soil under load by the responsible forces is presented. Wet peat will be compressed only if the water in the pores will shift. Loads are effective on peat soil volumes and in time. Therefore the use of vectors has to be replaced by balances of the specific energy/power. Impacts transmit similar amounts of power, as loads do. The compression of peat soil has to be valued by the requirements of the prevailing vegetation; that means due to the penetrability of roots in depth and volume of peat soil and the plant available water content in time of growth of plants.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Die Druckverteilung unter Last in Torfböden hängt vom Bodengefüge ab. Rollende Lasten erzeugen Scherung mittig sowie vor und hinter Rädern. Gezeigt wird die Massenbewegung von Torfböden bei Auflast und die dabei wirkenden Kräfte. Nasse Torfe werden nur verdichtet, wenn das Porenwasser verschoben wird. Lasten wirken auf Torfbodenvolumina und in der Zeit. Deshalb müssen Vektorbetrachtungen durch Leistungs-/Energiebilanzen ersetzt werden. Kraftstöße übertragen ähnliche Leistungen auf Torfböden wie Lasten. Die Verdichtung von Torfböden muss am Standortsanspruch der jeweiligen Vegetation bewertet werden; d.h. nach Durchwurzelbarkeit, nach Bodenmächtigkeit und -volumen und nach pflanzenverfügbarem Bodenwassergehalt in der Vegetationszeit.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Torf ; Boden ; Druck ; Boden ; Verdichtung ; peat ; soil ; pressure ; compression ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: The 211.000 hectares of fen of the federal state of Brandenburg consist of 74% of peat with low thickness. As a result of the long agricultural use the peat has been mineralised. Thus histosols became with time mollic gleysols. In the Havelluch, Rhinluch and Randow-Welse-Bruch the loss of peat-thickness and fen has been determined by mapping the same areas in 1964/70 and 1991/2000.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Die Bodenkartierungsunterlagen weisen für das Bundesland Brandenburg 211.000 ha Moorstandorte aus. 74% davon sind flachgründige Versumpfungsmoore. Durch langjährige landwirtschaftliche Nutzung und damit verbundene Mineralisierung der Torfe haben sich beträchtliche Anteile davon zu Moor-, Anmoor- und Humusgleyen entwickelt. Um das Ausmaß der Moorflächenverluste zu klären, wurden im Havelluch, dem Rhinluch sowie dem Randow-Welse-Bruch vergleichende Standortuntersuchungen vorgenommen. Dazu wurden auf der Grundlage älterer Kartierungen typische Flächen ausgewählt und an eingemessenen Punkten erneut Bodenprofile untersucht. Aus der Gegenüberstellung ergaben sich beträchtliche Moormächtigkeits- und Moorflächenverluste sowie eine entsprechende Zunahme der Moorfolgeböden.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Niedermoor ; fen ; soil ; Boden ; Torf ; peat ; land-use ; Mineralisierung ; mineralisation ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: Drained peat soils subside and lose height. This vicious circle of peat use was managed in the past with regularly draining activities for sustaining intensive land use. This approach will not work so easily in the future, because the hydrological and physical limits of drainage are often reached. This contribution presents in the first part more accurate approaches for predicting subsidence rates of peat soils than the widely used rule of thumb values. Recent concepts for peat conserving land use, which minimize subsidence, are discussed. Implementing these concepts requires in large peatland areas a moderated process supported by politics and environmental administration.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Entwässerte Moorböden sacken und verlieren dabei an Höhe. Diesem „Teufelskreis“ der Moornutzung wurde bisher bei intensiver Landnutzung durch regelmäßige – das heißt wiederholte – Entwässerung begegnet. Zukünftig wird dies nicht mehr so einfach möglich sein, da der erneuten Entwässerung hydrologisch bedingte, physikalische Grenzen gesetzt sind. Daher werden in diesem Beitrag Verfahren zur genaueren Abschätzung der Höhenverluste als die bisher meist verwendeten Faustzahlen vorgestellt und anschließend Vorschläge für torfschonende Bewirtschaftungsformen diskutiert, mit denen Höhenverluste vermindert werden können. Um diese Konzepte in großen Niederungen umzusetzen, muss dieser Entscheidungsprozess von Politik und Verwaltung begleitet werden.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Torf ; peat ; land-use ; Wasserwirtschaft ; water management ; soil ; Boden ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 21
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Physika-Verlag, Würzburg
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar (Archiv der DGG in Leipzig) | 8 Z NAT 2148
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Lorch, S.: Messung des Wassergehaltes in Böden mit der Neutronensonde. ; Thrasher, J. E. & Scheidegger, A. E.: On the Connection Between Stress and Displacements in Faulted Regions. SUMMARY 1 [Lorch, S.: Messung des Wassergehaltes in Böden mit der Neutronensonde.]: Based on results of experimental and theoretical investigations it is shown that the calibration curve of a neutron probe depends essentially on the configuration between neutron source and detector. SUMMARY 2 [Thrasher, J. E. & Scheidegger, A. E.: On the Connection Between Stress and Displacements in Faulted Regions. ]: This paper demonstrates a method of obtaining the principal direction of the stress tensor in a faulted area when the principal directions of the displacement tensor are known. Also, the mean and standard deviation of the maximum principal stress axes are determined for a randomly faulted area with null axes parallel to a plane, provided the displacement component normal to this plane has always the same sign; it is then shown that the mean is normal to the plane of the null axes. This result is important in connection with the statistical analysis of earthquake fault plane solutions inasmuch as it proves that the tectonic motion direction obtained as the “most orthogonal” direction to the null axes of an area must coincide with the average (maximum) principal stress direction.
    Description: Lorch, S.: Messung des Wassergehaltes in Böden mit der Neutronensonde. ; Thrasher, J. E. & Scheidegger, A. E.: On the Connection Between Stress and Displacements in Faulted Regions. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 1 [Lorch, S.: Messung des Wassergehaltes in Böden mit der Neutronensonde.]: An Hand der Ergebnisse experimenteller und theoretischer Untersuchungen an der Neutronensonde wird gezeigt, daß die Form der Eichkurven im wesentlichen von der Art der Anordnung Quelle-Detektor abhängt. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 2 [Thrasher, J. E. & Scheidegger, A. E.: On the Connection Between Stress and Displacements in Faulted Regions.]: Die Arbeit präsentiert eine Methode, die gestattet, die tektonischen Hauptspannungsrichtungen in einem von Brüchen durchzogenen Gebiet aus den Hauptachsen des Verzerrungstensors herzuleiten. Der Mittelwert und die Streuung der größten Hauptspannungsrichtung sind für eine willkürlich von Brüchen durchzogene Gegend berechnet, solange man annimmt, daß die Nullachsen der Brüche einer Ebene parallel sind und die Verschiebungskomponente normal zu dieser Nullachse immer dasselbe Vorzeichen aufzeigt. Dieses Resultat ist im Zusammenhange mit der Theorie der Verschiebungsebenen in Erdbebenherden wichtig, da es zeigt, daß die tektonische Bewegungsachse, die man dadurch erhält, daß man die beste Normale zu den Nullachsen in einem Gebiet findet, dieselbe sein muß, wie die mittlere Hauptspannungsrichtung.
    Description: research
    Description: DGG, DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 550 ; Geophysik ; Physische Geografie ; Boden ; Hydrologie ; Tektonik ; Geophysik ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German , English
    Type: anthology_digi
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: Undisturbed peatlands with high water levels provide complex and important ecosystem services (ESS) on a small scale and are vulnerable ecosystems that require special protection. In the project „Berlin’s Peatlands and climate Change“, a system was developed with which to assess important ecosystem services (climate protection service, habitat service, filtering function, water retention service, cooling service) on the basis of soil, site and vegetation properties and to identify priorities for action. For this purpose, all peatland soils in Berlin were investigated and their ESS were assessed. Currently, there are 740 ha of peatland soils in different sites. They show a great variety of soil types and soil substrates and represent nearly the whole variety of mire types of Northeastern Germany (except ombrotrophic bogs) which enables a good transferability and applicability of the assessment system. A detailed description of the methodology and the obtained results for every single peatland site is freely accessible on the project website (www.berliner-moorboeden.hu-berlin.de, partly in English).
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Naturnahe Moorböden mit hohen Wasserständen erfüllen vielfältige und wichtige Ökosystemleistungen (ÖSL) auf engstem Raum und sind daher besonders empfindliche und höchst schutzwürdige Ökosysteme. Im Forschungsprojekt „Berliner Moorböden im Klimawandel“ wurde ein System zur Bewertung wich tiger ÖSL von Moorstandorten (Klimaschutzleistung, Lebensraumleistung, Stofffilterleistung, Wasserretentionsleistung, Kühlungsleistung) auf der Basis von Boden- und Vegetationsmerkmalen entwickelt, mit dem Handlungsschwerpunkte identifiziert werden können. Dazu wurden flächendeckend alle Moorgebiete in Berlin bodenkundlich untersucht und ihre ÖSL bewertet. Derzeit existieren 740 ha Moorbodenflächen, die eine sehr große Standortvielfalt an Bodentypen und Moorbodensubstraten aufweisen und nahezu die gesamte Bandbreite der in Nordostdeutschland zu findenden Moortypen (Ausnahme Regenmoore) abdecken. Damit ist eine relativ gute Übertragbarkeit und Anwendbarkeit des Bewertungssystems gewährleistet. Die ausführliche Darstellung der Methodik und die Ergebnisse für einzelne Moorgebiete sind auf der Projektwebseite (www.berliner-moorboeden.hu-berlin.de) frei verfügbar
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Torf ; peat ; Moor ; peatland ; ecosystem services ; Boden ; soil ; Ökosystemleistungen ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: On slopes the forces of gravity and acceleration/braking are joined by a force acting down the slope. When moving downhill there is increased shear in the direction of travel under braking and causing a bow wave in front of a wheel; moving up hill there is increased shear against the direction of travel and travelling diagonally to a slope there is asymmetric deformation of the soil. Both friction between load and soil, as well as deformation of the soil, absorb the energy of a moving load and prevent slipping. Driving curves on a slope results in not only friction and deformation in and against, but also lateral to the direction of travel. The importance of traffic, due to the machinery and the style of driving, upon peat soils and the vegetation of mires is discussed.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Am Hang wirkt neben Gewichts- und Vortriebskraft noch zusätzlich die Hangabtriebskraft. Dies bedingt im Gefälle hangab höhere Schiebung in Fahrtrichtung durch Bremsverzögerung und einer Bugwelle vor einem Rad; im Gefälle hangauf erhöhte Schiebung und Schlupf gegen die Fahrtrichtung und quer zum Gefälle asymmetrische Verformung des Bodens. Sowohl Reibung zwischen Last und Boden, als auch Verformung des Bodens nehmen die Energie einer fahrenden Last auf und bewahren sie vor dem Abrutschen. Kurven fahren am Hang bedingt neben Reibung in und gegen, auch Reibung und Bodenverformung seitlich zur Fahrtrichtung. Die Bedeutung der Art und Nutzung von Maschinen auf Böden aus Torf und auf die Vegetation im Moor wird diskutiert.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; peatland ; Boden ; soil ; deformation ; Verformung ; Last ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: It is shown, how energy and power of standing and moving load on peat soil are transferred and calculated.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Es wird gezeigt wie Energie und Leistung stehender und fahrender Lasten auf Böden aus Torf übertragen und berechnet werden.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Boden ; Verformung ; Last ; peatland ; soil ; deformation ; Torf ; peat ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: The formation of soils from gyttja takes place under aeration, due to artificial drainage. In northern Europe gyttja deposits are found in northern Germany, Poland, Finland and Sweden. Their investigations date back to the middle of the last century. Their cultivation led to a pedogenesis, which is reflected by chemical and physical properties. Subhydric material is rich in organic matter and often in CaCO3 ranging from 5 to 95 %. It is fine-grained with a high pore space, particularly of the meso- and micro-pores. As a result of pedogenesis the volume of micropores increases while the volume of meso-pores decreases.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Böden aus Mudde entstehen durch Luftzutritt, verursacht durch anthropogene Wasserabsenkung. In Nord- und Mitteleuropa kommen diese Böden in Deutschland, Polen, Finnland und Schweden vor. Erste Untersuchungen dieser sehr jungen Böden erfolgten in den 1950er Jahren. Die meist landwirtschaftliche Nutzung der Böden führte zu einer Pedogenese, die sich in den chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften widerspiegelt. Subhydrische Substrate sind reich an organischer Substanz und oft reich an Kalziumkarbonat. Sie sind feinkörnig mit einem großen Gesamtporenvolumen, insbesondere an Mittel- und Feinporen. Bei der Pedogenese nimmt der Anteil an Feinporen auf Kosten der Mittelporen zu.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; peatland ; Boden ; soil ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; peatland ; Boden ; soil ; C ; CO2 ; emission ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: Abstract: On the example of the mires at the Ala-Bash - Kongur-Olen valley soils, stratigraphy and hydrology of mires within the dry steppe zone of the Issyk-Kul basin (Kyrgyzstan) are described. Because of the extreme climate, all the mires depend on groundwater, discharging diffuse or in springs below alluvial cones of rivers, fed by glacier water. At all, five different hydrogenetic mire types were realized. The peat and mud substrates are mostly mineral rich, so ‘Halbtorf ’ and minerogene muds are dominating. The peat consists mainly of radicelles, to some extent of brownmosses. At lake Aidin-Kul, Typha-peat was found. Depending on lime content, the mire substrates are subneutral to alkaline. Only in deeper peat layers also acid substrates were found, probably a result of secondary acidification with sulfates. According to the measured C/N ratios, the peat and mud soils correlate with mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions. As a result, three ecological mire types were separated (mesotrophic-subneutral, mesotrophic-alkaline, eutrophic mires). Combining the hydrogenetic and ecological mire types, ten different „Moor-Naturraumtypen“ within the searched mire complexes can be distinguished. Widely distributed are mesotrophic-subneutral and eutrophic „percolation“-surface flow mires and mesotrophic-lime rich and eutrophic terrestrialisation mires. The mire ecosystems are very dynamic, strongly influenced by the activity of the larger rivers in the area. The courses of the rivers on the alluvial cones are changing on a regularly basis, leading to new areas within the mire complexes covered with morainic material. As a result of stratigraphic investigations, up to four phases of mire development were found. In larger parts of the mire systems the peat soils are subject to strong pedogenic changes through anthropogenic input. Especially the intensive cattle grazing has negative impacts to the soils and leads partially to a degradation of the peat layer.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: Am Beispiel der Moore des Ala-Bash - Kongur-Olen Talkomplexes werden Boden, Stratigraphie und Hydrologie von Moorbildungen in der Trockensteppenzone des Issyk-Kul Beckens (Kirgisistan) dargestellt. Wegen des extremen Klimas sind die Moore auf eine Fremdspeisung mit Grundwasser angewiesen, das unterhalb von Schwemmkegeln gletscherwassergespeister Flüsse diffus oder in Quellbereichen austritt. Insgesamt konnten die Moorbereiche fünf verschiedenen hydrogenetischen Moortypen zugeordnet werden. Auf Grund hoher Mineralstoffgehalte dominieren Halbtorfe und minerogene Mudden. Torfe bestehen weitgehend aus Radicellenresten, z.T. mit Braunmoosresten vermischt. Im Bereich des Aidin-Kul wurde Typha-Torf gefunden. Die Moorsubstrate sind je nach Kalkgehalt subneutral bis alkalisch. Ausschließlich in tieferen Horizonten finden sich saure, vermutlich sekundär durch Sulfatversauerung entstandene Moorsubstrate. Entsprechend der C/N-Werte lassen sich die Substrate mesotrophen bis eutrophen Standortverhältnissen zuordnen. An ökologischen Moortypen lassen sich Basen- und Kalkzwischenmoore sowie Reichmoore ausscheiden. Durch Kombination der hydrogenetischen und ökologischen Moortypen lassen sich 10 verschiedene Moor-Naturraumtypen feststellen. Die am weitesten verbreiteten Typen sind mesotroph-subneutrale und eutrophe Durchströmungs-Hangmoore sowie mesotroph-kalkreiche und eutrophe Verlandungsmoore. Die Moorökosysteme unterliegen aufgrund der Tätigkeit der Flüsse einer ausgesprochen hohen Dynamik. Durch regelmäßige Veränderung der Flussläufe auf den Schwemmkegeln werden immer wieder neue Moorflächen durch mitgeführtes Moränenmaterial überdeckt, weswegen stellenweise mindestens vier Moorbildungsphasen gefunden wurden. Größere Bereiche der untersuchten Moorflächen sind aufgrund anthropogener Eingriffe pedogen stärker verändert. Insbesondere die intensive Viehhaltung wirkt sich negativ auf die Böden aus und führt stellenweise zu erheblichen Degradierungen.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: 553.21 ; Moor ; Torf ; Kirgisistan ; Hydrologie ; hydrology ; Boden ; soil ; C/N ; Kyrgyzstan ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: article , publishedVersion
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  • 28
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    Physika-Verlag, Würzburg
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar (Archiv der DGG in Leipzig) | 8 Z NAT 2148
    Publication Date: 2021-03-29
    Description: INHALTSVERZEICHNIS: THYSSEN, F.: Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der P-Wellengeschwindigkeit in Gletschern und Inlandeisen . . . 65 ; DATTA, B. K.: Das Spektrum seismischer Wellen bei der Reflexion an einer Übergangsschicht . . . 80 ; SCHUCH, M. und R. WANKE: Strömungsspannungen in einigen Torf- und Sandproben . . . 94 ; SCHREIBER, H.: Ein analytischer Weg zur Bestimmung der Elektronendichte in der Magnetosphäre aus Whistler-Daten . . . 110 , BEHRENS, J. und W. WEIGEL: Bemerkungen zu Blubberbeobachtungen bei sprengseismischen Messungen auf See . . . 131 ; Kurzmitteilung: THYSSEN-BORNEMISZA, S.: Mit einem Seegravimeter bestimmte Horizontalgradienten . . . 143 ; Ergänzung zum Vorlesungsverzeichnis (Wintersemester 1966/67) . . . 145 ; Buchbesprechungen . . . 145 ;
    Description: research
    Description: DGG, DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: 550 ; Geophysik ; Physische Geografie ; Seismik ; Geoelektrik ; Gletscher ; Torf ; Boden ; Atmosphäre ; Magnetosphäre ; Gravitation ; FID-GEO-DE-7
    Language: German
    Type: anthology_digi
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  • 29
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-02-10
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 30
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 31
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: Polynitrogens have the potential for ultrahigh-performing explosives or propellants because singly or doubly bonded polynitrogens can decompose to triply bonded dinitrogen (N2) with an extraordinarily large energy release. The large energy content and relatively low activation energy toward decomposition makes the synthesis of a stable polynitrogen allotrope an extraordinary challenge. Many elements exist in different forms (allotropes)—for example, carbon can exist as graphite, diamond, buckyballs, or graphene. However, no stable neutral allotropes are known for nitrogen, and only two stable homonuclear polynitrogen ions had been isolated until now—namely, the N3− anion (1) and the N5+ cation (2). On page 374 of this issue, Zhang et al. (3) report the synthesis and characterization of the first stable salt of the cyclo-N5− anion, only the third stable homonuclear polynitrogen ion ever isolated. Author: Karl O. Christe
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: Abstract: In Germany, more than 70% of peat soils are used for agriculture. Due to drainage and utilization, these peat soils have considerable environmental impact. Drainage-based use also leads to continuous peat mineralization and subsidence and over time to a loss of productive land. In an expert meeting (16 - 18 June 2016), organized by the MoorDialog project (Greifswald Mire Centre) and the DGMT, representatives from agriculture, water management, research, and nature conservation discussed the ‘good professional practice’ of agricultural use of peat soils in Germany. The overarching goal should be to secure the availability of productive land. As the management of peat soils also affects the provision of other ecosystem services such as climate and water protection, a good professional practice must consider and balance all these benefits. The expert meeting explored criteria for water management and land management to define good professional practice in societal consensus. Finally, the necessary changes of legal and economic frameworks were discussed. This paper can be the basis for a broad discussion in the political arena.
    Description: Zusammenfassung: In Deutschland werden mehr als 70% der Moorböden landwirtschaftlich genutzt. Von der mit der Bewirtschaftung verbundenen Entwässerung gehen meist erhebliche Umweltbelastungen aus, die im Widerspruch zu internationalen Vorgaben und nationalen Vorschriften stehen. Die entwässerungsbasierte Nutzung von Moorböden führt zur kontinuierlichen Abnahme des Höhenniveaus und damit über die Zeit zu einem Verlust an Kulturland. Auf einem vom Projekt MoorDialog (Greifswald Moor Centrum) und der DGMT organisierten Fachgespräch vom 16. bis 18. Juni 2016 haben Vertreter aus Land- und Wasserwirtschaft, Wissenschaft sowie Natur- und Umweltschutz diskutiert, was eine gute fachliche Praxis der Nutzung von landwirtschaftlich genutzten Moorböden in Deutschland beinhalten sollte. Als übergeordnetes Ziel wurde definiert, heutiges Kulturland dauerhaft als nutzbares Land zu erhalten. Die Bewirtschaftung von Moorstandorten beeinflusst neben der Produktionsfunktion die Bereitstellung von anderen gesellschaftsrelevanten Ökosystemleistungen wie den Klima- und Gewässerschutz und die Lebensraumfunktion für einheimische Organismen. Im Rahmen einer guten fachlichen Praxis sollten diese Leistungen berücksichtigt und integral abgewogen werden. Als Ergebnis des Fachgesprächs wurden Kriterien für die Steuerung des Wasserhaushalts und das Flächenmanagement sondiert, anhand derer eine gute fachliche Praxis definiert und im gesellschaftlichen Konsens vereinbart werden kann. Abschließend werden die dafür notwendigen Änderungen der rechtlichen und ökonomischen Rahmenbedingungen diskutiert. Der vorliegende Entwurf soll als Grundlage für eine breite Diskussion im politischen Raum dienen.
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen, DGMT
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:630.914 ; Moor ; peatland ; land-use ; Landwirtschaft ; peat ; Torf ; soil ; Boden
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 33
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 34
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publication Date: 2016-11-11
    Description: Author: Jake Yeston
    Keywords: Inorganic Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 35
    Keywords: Bodenkunde ; soil ; Boden ; pedology ; Pedologie ; soil science ; Bodenwissenschaft
    Description / Table of Contents: 1 Boden und Böden --- Einleitung --- 1.2 Der Umgang mit Böden --- Veränderungen von Böden durch menschliche Eingriffe --- Prähistorischer Umgang mit den Böden --- Die dunklen Erden Amazoniens --- Der Umgang mit Böden im vormodernen China --- Intensivierte Bodennutzung in der Neuzeit --- Der Umgang mit Böden im Ökologischen Landbau --- 1.3 Die Geschichte der Bodenkunde --- Die Wurzeln der Bodenkunde --- Die geobiowissenschaftliche/forstliche Tradition --- Die agrarwissenschaftliche Tradition --- Die chemische Tradition --- Die kulturtechnische Tradition --- 2 Böden als Naturkörper --- Einleitung --- Gliederung der Bodenlebewesen --- 2.1 Mineralkörper von Böden --- Silicate --- Gesteinsbildende Oxide --- Carbonate, Sulfate, Chloride, Phosphate --- Gesteine als Ausgangsmaterial der Bodenentwicklung --- Gesteinsgemische und Substratabfolgen --- Saprolite --- Anthropogene Gesteine --- Chemische Verwitterungsprozesse --- Tonminerale --- Carbonate, Gips und lösliche Salze --- Schwerminerale --- Tonminerale Methodik --- Pedogene Oxide --- Carbonate und Salze --- Textur der mineralischen Substanz --- 2.2 Humuskörper von Böden --- Humusformen und -typen --- Waldstreu --- Streu landwirtschaftlicher Nutzflächen --- Modellsysteme für Huminstoffe --- Alter der Humusstoffe --- Nährstoffgehalte und -nachlieferung --- 2.4 Bodenlebewesen --- Bodenfauna --- Biodenbiomasse --- Einfluss der Standort- und Bodeneigenschaften auf die Bodenfauna --- Einfluss des Bodenlebens auf Streuabbau und Aggregatbildung --- Bodenenzyme --- 2.5 Potenziale in Böden --- Bodenreaktion --- 2.6 Gefüge und Porengrößenverteilung --- Körnung und Konsistenz --- Mineralischer Feinboden --- Mineralischer Grobboden --- Organische Bodenpartikel --- Gefüge --- Morphologie --- Kräfte und Spannungen in Böden --- Wasserbindung und Porengrößenverteilung --- Wasserbewegung und Wasserleitfähigkeit des Bodens --- Thermisches Verhalten der Böden --- Bodenmechanik --- Makroskopische mechanische Verfahren --- Rheologie --- 2.7 Flüsse in Böden --- Makroporen und präferenzielle Sickerung --- Transportformen --- Wärmefluss und Wärmehaushalt --- Physikochemische Aspekte des Stofftransports in Böden --- Gastransport in Böden --- Transport gelöster Stoffe im Boden --- 3 Böden als Teile von Landschaften --- Einleitung --- 3.2 Klassifikation von Böden --- Geschichte und Prinzipien der Bodenklassifikation --- Systematik der Böden Deutschlands --- Die Österreichische Bodensystematik 2000 (OBS 2000) --- Bezugsgrundlage der Boden-Ressourcen der Erde (WRB) --- Bezugsgrundlage der Boden-Ressourcen der Erde (WRB), 2. Auflage 2006, 1. Update 2007 --- FAO/Unesco, Bodenkarte der Welt --- Systematik der bodenbildenden Substrate --- 3.3 Wichtige Bodeneinheiten --- Podsole --- Terrae calcis --- Reduktosole --- Watten und Strände – Salzwiesen und Mangrovenwälder --- Subhydrische Böden --- Moore --- 3.4 Böden als Landschaftssegmente --- Grundsätze der Bodenvergesellschaftung --- Bodentragende Landschaftsformen --- Klassifikation von Bodengesellschaften --- Watten und Marschen Nordwestdeutschlands --- Norddeutsche Jungmoränenlandschaften --- Norddeutsche Altmoränenlandschaften --- Nord- und mitteldeutsche Lössbörden und Sandlössgebiete --- Böden städtisch-industrieller Verdichtungsräume --- Bodenlandschaften kühlhumider Zonen (Boreale Wälder) --- Bodengeographie der Waldsteppen und Steppen --- Bodenlandschaften subtropischer mediterraner Zonen --- Bodengeografie der wechselfeuchten Tropen am Beispiel Indiens --- 3.5 Kartierungstechnik --- Kartierungstechnik --- 3.6 Bodenkundliche Kartenwerke --- Bodenkundliche Kartenwerke --- 4 Funktionen von Böden --- Einleitung --- 4.2 Standortfunktionen von Böden --- Böden als Waldstandorte --- Böden als Grünlandstandorte --- Deutsche Weinbaustandorte --- Böden als Obstbaustandorte --- Böden als Baugrund und Baustoff --- Die amtliche Bodenschätzung in Deutschland --- 4.4 Böden als Bestandteil des Landschaftshaushaltes --- Boden und Landschaftswasserhaushalt --- Landschaftsstoffhaushalt --- 4.5 Böden als landschafts- und kulturgeschichtliche Urkunden --- Böden als landschafts- und kulturgeschichtliche Urkunden --- Böden und Bodenmerkmale unterschiedlichen Alters --- Datierungsmethoden --- Norddeutsches Vereisungsgebiet --- Süddeutsches Vereisungsgebiet --- Lößgebiete Süddeutschlands --- Paläoböden in periglazialen Lagen der Mittelgebirge --- 5 Bodenkultivierung, Bodenmelioration --- Einleitung --- 5.1 Grundlagen der Bodenkultivierung und Bodenmelioration --- Grundlagen der Bodenkultivierung und Bodenmelioration --- 5.2 Meliorationsverfahren --- Meliorationsverfahren --- 5.3 Kultivierungsverfahren --- Marschkultur --- Einleitung --- Moorkulturen --- Plaggen --- Tiefenbearbeitung --- Bewässerung --- 6 Anthropogene Bodenveränderungen und -belastungen --- Einleitung --- 6.1 Bodenüberformung und -versiegelung --- Bodenüberformung und -versiegelung --- 6.2 Anthropogene Gefügeänderung --- Bewirtschaftungssysteme und ihre Auswirkungen auf das Bodengefüge --- Anthropogene Gefügeänderungen --- Forstliche Bodenbewirtschaftung --- Melioration von tiefreichend schadverdichteten Neu- und Altlandstandorten --- 6.3 Abtrag von Böden --- Physikalische Ursachen der Wassererosion --- Erosionsformen --- Winderosion --- Abtrag von Böden --- Feststofftransport in Fließgewässern --- Quantifizierung des Bodenabtrags anhand von Modellen --- 6.4 Düngung von Böden --- Düngung von Böden --- 6.5 Kontamination von Böden --- Organische Pflanzenschutzmittel --- Antibiotika --- Radionuklide 7 Bodenschutz --- Einleitung --- 7.1 Gesetzliche Grundlagen --- Bundes-Bodenschutzgesetz (Wortlaut) --- Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung (Wortlaut) --- Bodenschutzrecht --- 7.2 Bodenschutz in der Landwirtschaft --- Einleitung --- Gesetzliche Instrumente --- Ökonomische Instrumente --- 7.3 Bodenschutzrelevante Planungen --- Planung und Umsetzung im urbanindustriellen und suburbanen Raum --- 7.4 Schutz vor mechanischer Belastung --- Schutz vor mechanischer Belastung --- 7.5 Schutz vor Abtrag und Überflutung --- Schutz vor Abtrag und Überflutung --- 7.6 Schutz vor stofflichen Belastungen --- Schutz landwirtschaftlicher Böden vor Überdüngung --- Schutz vor Säuren --- Schutz vor Salzen und Alkalinität --- Schutz vor Belastung mit Pflanzenschutzmitteln --- Schutz vor Organika --- Schutz vor Kontamination durch Deponien --- Schutz vor Kontamination bei Reststoffverwertung --- 7.7 Erziehung zum Bodenschutz --- Erziehung zum Bodenschutz --- 8 Bodensicherung, -sanierung und -restaurierung --- Einleitung --- 8.1 Rechtsgrundlagen der Bodensanierung --- Rechtsgrundlagen der Bodensanierung --- 8.3 Rekultivierung unterschiedlicher Böden und Substrate --- Rekultivierung unterschiedlicher Böden und Substrate --- 8.4 Rekultivierung fremdgenutzter Standorte --- Rekultivierung aufgegebener Industrie-, Gewerbe und Verkehrsflächen --- 8.5 Rekultivierung und Renaturierung von Abgrabungsflächen --- Rekultivierung und Renaturierung von Abgrabungsflächen --- 8.6 Sanierungsbedürftigkeit und Schutzwürdigkeit von Böden --- Sanierungsbedürftigkeit und Schutzwürdigkeit von Böden
    ISBN: 9783527678495
    Language: English
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  • 36
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  ???
    Publication Date: 2013
    Description: Simulationen mithilfe des Models 4C zu möglichen Auswirkungen der Klimaänderungen des RCP 8.5 Klimaszenariums auf Wälder in Deutschland Kiefer Fichte Eiche Buche KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Auswirkungen des Klimawandels (Temperatur, Niederschlag, CO2-Gehalt der Atmosphäre) auf die Wälder KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Frühjahr) + und Delta Nied (Frühjahr) -, dann Produktivität der Wälder -; Delta C02 + um 25 - 30 %, dann Produktion der Wälder + um 9 - 20%; Delta T + (an nicht wasserlimitierten Standorten), dann Produktivität der Wälder +; Delta CO2+, dann Wassernutzungseffizienz der Wälder +; Delta T (Sommer) +, dann Waldbrandgefahr +; Delta T (Sommer) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) - (= WaBi -), dann Trockenstress der Wälder + um bis zu 9% und dann Produktivität der Wälder -; Delta T (Sommer) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Populationsdichte Kiefern-Großschädlinge +;
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 20. und 21. Jahrhundert ; Boden ; Buche ; Eiche ; Fichte ; Forst ; Kiefer ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Phänologie ; Sturmschaden ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Verdunstung ; Waldbrand ; Waldwachstum ; Wassermangel ; Wind ; Grundwasser ; Modell
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  • 37
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  2 -NAP 02-231 Bericht IV Interreg IIIA Literaturstudie alpine Kulturpflanzen Vs. 3.0 070425.
    Publication Date: 2007
    Description: Sammlung historischer Informationen und Dokumentation des bäuerlichen Erfahrungswissens Kulturpflanzen von der Prähistorie - 20. Jahrhundert KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Südtirol, Nordtirol und GraubündenSüdtirol, Nordtirol und Graubünden ; Kartoffeln ; Anbautermine ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Klima ; Landwirtschaft ; Mais ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Pflanzenschädling ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Trockenheit ; Vegetationsperiode ; Weizen ; Wetterbeobachtung ; Witterung ; Düngung ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 38
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Fiel Crops Research 67, p. 35-49
    Publication Date: 2000
    Description: Review über die wichtigsten biologischen Prozesse, die den Ertrag von Winterraps bestimmen. Beschreibung verschiedener Modelle KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur auf das Pflanzenwachstum KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Frühling) 〉 5°C, dann Beginn Wachstum
    Keywords: weltweit ; 1972-2000 ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Temperatur ; Raps ; Modell
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alkoxopalladium(II) ; Conformational analysis ; Hydrogen bonding ; Two-dimensional and cage structures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of palladium acetate with two equivalents of di- and triethanolamines RN(CH2CH2OH)2 in the presence of a base affords the new chelate-stabilized alkoxo Pd(II) complexes [Pd(OCH2CH2N(R)CH2CH2OH)2] [R = Me (1), Et (2), n-Bu (3), benzyl (4) or CH2CH2OH (5)]. These N,O-ligated complexes are isolated in high yield as yellow, crystalline solids and are thermally stable despite the presence of several β-hydrogen atoms in the ligand system. Both complexes possess a square-planar palladium coordination geometry with the two oxygen atoms positioned mutually trans. The most notable difference in the molecular structures is that 1 forms a two dimensional network of intermolecular O-H≡O hydrogen bonds, whereas 5 forms intramolecular O-H⃛O hydrogen bonds, which cage the palladium center. In solution 1-4 exist as a diastereoisomeric mixture (a racemic enantiomeric pair SNSN, RNRN and a mesomeric form RNSN) in a 1:1 molar ratio, and this ratio is independent of temperature in nonalcoholic solvents, When complexes 1-4 are dissolved in protic solvents (e.g. MeOH) the diastereomeric excess is temperature-dependent due to an exchange process between the meso diastereoisomer and the (racemic) enantiomeric pair. Thermodynamic parameters for this process in a mixture of MeOH-toluene have been determined with NMR and show this process to be influenced by the steric nature of the alkyl substituent (R) on nitrogen. A conformational analysis based on 1H-NMR coupling constants within the N,O-chelate ring of complexes 1-4 provides details on the solution structure of the ring in both diastereoisomers.
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  • 40
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 13-22 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Carbamates ; Catalysis ; Substituted nitrobenzenes ; Palladium ; Reductive carbonylation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The palladium-catalyzed reductive carbonylation of ortho and para-substituted nitrobenzenes has proven to be an attractive route for the synthesis of functionalized carbamates. For the Pd(1, 10-phenanthroline)2(triflate)2 catalyst system, the scope of the reaction has been studied. Substrates with electron-donating substituents at the para position were found to decrease the catalytic activity, most probably as a result of their relatively low oxidizing capacity. the selectivity towards the desired carbamate, however, was increased for these substrates. Under the influence of electron-withdrawing substituents the azoxybenzene and azobenzene derivatives became important side products. Introduction of large steric hindrance at the ortho position of the nitro substrates gave rise to an interesting side reaction, viz. methoxylation of the aromatic ring. The methoxylation reaction appeared to occur on an intermediate species in the catalytic cycle. Several functionalities have shown to be resistant to the reaction conditions required for the conversion ot the nitro group. Especially with 4-nitrobenzoic acid, an extremely high activity and selectivity was found, thus yielding a very convenient synthesis for N-protected amines containing carboxylic acid function.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Isothiazole complexes ; Dinuclear silver(I) complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of isothiazole-based potential ligands bearing substituents with additional donor sites in the 5-position of the heterocycle was synthesized [3-Me-5-R-C3HNS; R = CH=N(CH2)2py (1), CH=NCH2py (2), CH2N(CH2CH2NEt2)2 (4), (CH2)2SMe (5)]. Upon reaction with AgO3SCF3 they formed complexes [(1)AgOSO2CF3]2 (6), [(2)AgOSO2CF3]2 (7), [(4)Ag]2+2(O3SCF-3)2 (8) and [(5)AgOSO2CF3]2 (9), respectively. 6, 8 and 9 were shown by X-ray structural analyses to consist of dimeric units L2Ag2+2, either discrete (8), coordinated by terminal CF3SO-3 units (6). In 8 and 9 the isothiazole moiety is bonded to the metal center via the ring-N. The coordination potential of the isothiazole heterocycle is discussed.
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  • 42
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 115-118 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Gold complexes ; Bromonium complex ; Halogenonium complex ; Halogen, two-coordinate ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions of (R3P)AuX (X = Cl, Br, I) with [(R3P)Au]+ BF-4 obtained from (R3P)AuCl and AgBF4 in tetrahydrofuran, lead to cationic binuclear gold(I) complexes of the general formula ([(R3P)Au]2X}+ BF-4. A number of chloro- (R = Ph, o-Tol, Mes, Bzl, Et), bromo- (R = Ph, o-Tol, Mes) and iodo-bridged (R = Ph, Mes) complexes of this type have been isolated and identified on the basis of their analytical and spectroscopic data. The crystal structure of bis[(triphenylphosphane)gold(I)]bromonium tetrafluoroborate was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cations contain two-coordinate bromine atoms with an Au-Br-Au angle of 96.83(3)°.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Arene complexes ; Ruthenium compounds ; Electrophilic substitution ; Lithiation ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chiral or achiral (arene)(COD)Ru complexes can be made by replacing the η6-ligands of (η4-1,5-COD)(η6-1,3,5-cyclooctatriene)Ru (1) or (η4-1,5-COD)(η6-naphthalene)Ru (2) by a suitable arene. This well known reaction has been extended to mono- and dibromoarenes and we report a novel route to substituted (arene)(COD)Ru species, utilizing (bromoarene)-(COD)Ru as starting materials. These facilitate a rapid bromine-lithium exchange reaction with nBuLi at low temperatures and the lithiated species react readily with alkyl chloroformates as electrophiles. By using chiral electrophiles [alkyl = (-)-menthyl] enantiomerically pure or diastereomeric complexes containing CO2R* groups are formed, depending on the symmetry of the original complex. A diastereomeric 1:1 mixture was separated by recrystallization. All (arene)-(COD)Ru complexes tested so far are useful as catalysts for the hydrogenation of simple alkenes at room temperature.
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  • 44
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 145-154 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Fluorocarbons ; C-F bond activation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The main reaction pathways which lead to the breaking of C-F bonds in perfluoroalkanes and -arenes are discussed. Emphasis is placed on recent developments and on the mechanistic patterns that emerge.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The metal-vapor reactions of Co atoms with 1,3-tBu2CpH (1a), 1,3-tBu2CpH (1a), 1,2,4-tBu3CpH (1b) and EtMe4CpH (1c) are described. With 1a the two mononuclear complexes [(η5-tBu2Cp) (η4-tBu2-1,3-cyclopentadiene)Co] (2a) and [(η5-tBu2Cp)2Co] (3a) were isolated, together with the dinuclear cobalt cluster [{(η5-tBu2Cp)Co}2H3] (4a) and trace amounts of the tetranuclear cluster [{(η5-tBu2Cp)CoH}4] (5a). The molecular structures of 3a and 4a were determined by X-ray diffraction. Reaction of 1b with Co atoms afforded a single product, the dinuclear cluster [{(η5-tBu3Cp)Co}2H3] (4b), whose molecular structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both, 4a and 4b exhibit extremely short Co-Co distances [2.244(1) (4a) and 2.242(1) Å (4b)], as found for the Me5Cp analog [{(η5-Me5Cp)Co}2H3] (4c). Reaction of an isomeric mixture of Me4EtCpH (1c) with Co atoms furnished the mononuclear sandwich [ (η5-Me4EtCp)(η4-Me4Et-1,3- cyclopentadiene)Co] (2b), the trinuclear hydridocobalt cluster [{(η5-Me4EtCp)Co}3H4] (6a) and the tetranuclear hydridocobalt cluster [{(η5-Me4EtCp)Co}4H4] (5c). The molecular structure of 5c was determined by X-ray crystallography and revealed a tetrahedral arrangement of the cobalt atoms. The electrochemical behavior of the dinuclear complexes 4a-4c was studied by cyclic voltammetry. Reversible redox couples were found for all three compounds, with a correlation between the degree of alkyl substitution and their respective cathodic shifts. Compounds 4a and 4b react with CO to yield the mononuclear and dinuclear complexes [ (η5- CpR)Co(CO)2] (R=1,3-tBu2, 1,2,4-tBu3) (7a and 7b) as well as [{(η5-CpR)CO}2(CO)2] (8a and 8b). Reaction of the trinuclear hydridocobalt cluster 6a and its Me5Cp analog 6b with AgBF4 in the presence of PEt3 yielded the heteronuclear clusters [{η5-Me4CPR)Co}3AgP(Et)3H4]+[BF4]- (R=Et, Me) (9a and 9b). 9a was structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography.
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  • 46
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Metallated methyl isopropenyl ether ; Tetrahydrofurans ; 1-Oxabicyclo[4.3.0]heptanes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methyl isopropenyl ether (1) has been metallated at low temperature with a 1:1 molar mixture of n-BuLi/t-BuOK in THF-hexane, and subsequently functionalized with a variety of electrophilic reagents. At temperatures higher than - 30°C, the metallated methyl isopropenyl ether (2) decomposes with formation of allene. When the suspension of 2 is allowed to warm up to room temperature in the presence of an additional equivalent of n-BuLi, the intermediary allene is converted into 1-propynyllithium (2c), which reacts with propylthiocyanate to give 1-propylthio-1-propyne (4). Some of the functionalization products were subjected to acidic hydrolysis affording the expected methyl ketones.
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  • 47
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 55-62 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Diastereoselective hydrogenation ; Folic acid ; Immobilized optically active rhodium(I)/diphosphane catalysts ; Leucovorin ; HPLC analysis of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid derivatives ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For the hydrogenation of the C=N bonds in the pyrazine ring of the vitamin folic acid (1) optically active rhodium(I)/diphosphane complexes immobilized on supports such as silica gel or Al2O3 were used. The reduction was carried out at 50 bar hydrogen pressure in an aqueous solution buffered to pH 7. Thus, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid (2) was obtained which contains a new asymmetric center at C-6 of the pterine system. Therefore, in combination with the (S) configuration of the natural L-glutamic acid part of the molecule two diastereomers with (6S,S) and (6R,S) configuration arise. The relatively unstable tetrahydrofolic acid (2) was converted into its 5-formyl derivative folinic acid (4) by treatment with methyl formate/formic acid in a 5:1 mixture of DMSO/pyridine. The Ca salt of folinic acid (4) is the widely used drug leucovorin. The diastereomers were separated by silica gel HPLC. To the column bovine serum albumine (BSA) is covalently bound. With optically active rhodium(I)/diphosphane catalysts, immobilized on silica gel supports, a diastereoselectivity of up to 90% could be achieved in the hydrogenation of folic acid (1).
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  • 48
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 405-408 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Hexahydro-closo-hexaborates ; Boron ; Bridging ligands ; NMR spectroscopy ; Gold ; Copper ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By reaction of (PPh3)3 CuCl and PPh3AuCl with [B6H6]2- in organic media, dinuclear complexes are formed containing the hexaborate as a bridging ligand coordinated to the metal centers by opposite B3 facets of the B6 cluster in a trihapto mode. This is verified by single-crystal X-ray structural analysis of the isotypical (Paā) compounds [Cu2μ-bis-η3-B6H6)(PPh3)2] (1) and [Au2(μ-bis-η3-B6H6)(PPh3)2)] (2) which showed the metal centers to be very close to the B3 plane [1.92 (1), 2.10 (2) Å. The 11B NMR spectra of the two compounds feature doublets, at δ= -15.32 in 1 and at -11.51 in 2, which are significantly shifted downfield in comparison to [B6H6]2- (δ= -17.2).
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  • 49
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 425-429 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Silver complexes ; Crown compounds ; Thioethers ; 1,3-Dithioles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The coordination chemistry of two crown thioethers 2,5,8,10,12-pentathiabicyclo[7.3.0]dodeca-1)9)-ene-11-thione (L) and -11-one (L') with Ag1 has been investigated by structural methods. Both thioethers act as tridentate ligands coordinating the silver ion in a trigonal fashion. In the case L, the 11- thione sulfur is coordinated additionally by another silver ion, to yield a polymeric chain with a distorted-tetrahedral geometry about the metal ion. Despite differing only in its carbonyl chalcogen, L' forms six-coordinated, monomeric complexes.
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  • 50
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 433-442 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Metallobiosites ; Metalloproteins ; Metalloenzymes ; Dinucleating ligands ; Transition metals ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Awareness of the asymmetric nature of numerous dinuclear metallobiosites and of the ability of the individual metal ions to have quite distinct roles in the functioning of the metalloenzyme concerned has led to a search for carefully designed unsymmetric dinucleating ligands that will give dinuclear complexes capable of acting as models for the metallobiosites. This review surveys progress made in the design and synthesis of complexes capable of serving as models for donor atom, coordination number and geometric asymmetries found at dinuclear metal centres.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Alkali metal organophosphanylamide ; Carbon-potassium bonding ; Phosphazane ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The metalation of bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amine [HN-(PPh2)2,1 with KOtBu at 95°C in toluene affords a pale yellow precipitate of potassium bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amide (3a). On addition of liquid N,N,N′,N“,N“-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDTA, 4) the precipitate dissolves in toluene at 115°C to give a yellow solution, from which yellow-green blocks of [(Ph2P)2NK·PMDTA] (3b) are obtained. X-ray analysis reveals that the coordination sphere of potassium consists of the chelating triamine ligand and [N(PPh2)2]- as N-donor as well as η1 and η2 C-donor with two phenyl fragments. No phosphorus coordination of [N(PPh2)2]- is observed.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phosphaalkynes ; Triorganoaluminium compounds ; Cooligomerization ; Cage compounds ; Aluminium compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When the trialkylaluminium reagents 5 are allowed to react with phosphaalkynes 4 in n-pentane, a highly selective phosphaalkyne cyclotrimerization with incorporation of two organometallic units occurs (→ 6). The tetracyclooctane derivatives 6a-e represent the first examples of phosphorus-aluminium-carbon cage compounds. The polycyclic products 6 are able to function as ligands in transition-metal complexes (→ 7), which is illustrated by the reactions of 6b, c with nonacarbonyldiiron and pentacarbonyl(tetrahydrofuran)tungsten, respectively.
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  • 53
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Zinc ; Sulfonate ligands ; Perchlorates ; Coordination modes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Attempts are reported to incorporate sulfonate and perchlorate anions as ligands in zinc complexes of tripodal ligands. Using tris(benzimidazolylmethyl)amine (BIMA) only the aqua complexes [ (BIMA)Zn-OH2](RSO3)(ClO4) and [(BIMA)Zn-OH2](RSO3)2(R=CH3, CF3, p-tolyl) were accessible. Using substituted pyrazolylborates (Tp*), the same three sulfonate anions were found to be ligands in the complexes Tp*Zn-OSO2R. Spectroscopic evidence for perchlorate coordination in Tp*ZnClO4 · 2 DMSO conflicts with crystallograpic evidence against it in Tp*ZnClO4 · pyridine. The crystal structures of [(BIMA)Zn-OH2](CH3SO3)2, TpCum,MeZn-OS02CH3, TPtBu,MeZn-OSO2C6H4-p-CH3, and [TpCum,MeZn · NC5H5]ClO4 were determined.
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  • 54
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 295-298 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Rhenium ; Oxides ; Alkyl ligands ; Dirhenium compounds ; Metal-metal interactions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Most alkylrhenium(VII) oxides, e.g. ((cyclo)-C3H5)Re03 (2) are rather sensitive to temperature and moisture with the prominent exception of methyltrioxorhenium (1). The corresponding alkylrhenium(VI) oxides of formula [RR′(O)- Re(μ-O)]2 [R=R′=(cyclo)-C3H5 (3), iPr (4); R=CH3, R′=C2H5 (5), R=CH3, R′=iPr (6)] are much more stable in this regard. They can be handled in air at room temperature. They were synthesized from Re207 and dialkylzinc precursors, fully characterized and are available in much higher yields than their ReVII congeners. Mixed tetraalkyltetraoxodirhenium(VI) complexes (R # R′) synthesized from 1 and dialkylzinc compounds form as a mixture of cis/trans isomers. They are oily liquids at room temperature. The Re=O and Re-Re stretching force constants as a measure of the bond strengths, were determined from IR and Raman data.
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  • 55
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 335-340 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Allylsilanes ; Superbases ; Metalations ; Stereoselectivity ; Cyclizations ; Silicon ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When treated with two equivalents of a butyllithium/potassium tert-butoxide mixture, terminal olefins carrying unprotected hydroxy or carboxy groups generate allylmetal intermediates which can be trapped with chlorotrimethylsilane to afford functionalized (Z)-2-alkenyltrimethylsilanes. One equivalent of the superbasic reagent suffices if the unsaturated alcohols are first protected as acetals before being subjected to the metalation/silylation/hydrolysis sequence.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Metallacycloalkanes ; Metallacycloalkenes ; Osmium ; Iron ; Cyclic ketones ; Metallacycles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of the bis(triflates) [F3CSO3-(CH)m-O3SCF3] [m = 5-10, 12, 14, 16 (1a-i) with Na2[Os(CO)4] in dimethyl either affords the osmacycloalkanes 2a, 2b and 2f-i (m = 5, 6, 10, 12, 14, 16), diosmacycloalkanes 3a-i (m = 5-10, 12, 14, 16), and triosmacycloalkanes 4a-i (m = 5-10, 12, 14, 16). The structure of 3f was investigated by an X-ray structural analysis. This 22-membered disomacycle crystallizes in the space group Pā with Z = 1. If the unsaturated cis-4-octen-1,8-diyl bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) (5) is treated with Na2[Os(CO)4] the diosmacyclooctadeca-5,14-diene 6 is obtained. By treating the bis(triflates) 1a, b with Na2[Fe(CO)4] the corresponding ferracycloalkanes are formed only in situ. Insertion of carbon monoxide into the M-C σ bonds leads to the cyclic ketones 7a, d and to the diketone 8d.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Pyrrolidinephosphanes ; 3-Hydroxypyrrolidine ; 3-Diphenylphosphanylpyronlidine ; Salt effects ; Polymorphism ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Palladium ; Asymmetric catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of both enantiomers of 3-diphenylphosphanulpyrrolidiine (2) and several N-substituted derivatives together with two PdIi complexes of this ligand is reported. Form L-malic acid and L-hydroxyproline both enantiomers of 3-hydroxypyrrolidine are prepared without any problems due to epimerization. KPPh2 in the presence of LiCl is shown to be the most effective reagent for the synthesis of 2. The reported X-ray structure determination sof Pdl2 complexes show a rather rigid bicyclic hetero-norbornane skeleton. The flexibility of the other parts of the molecules is obvious in several polymorphs revealed by this method. This polymorphism is additionally investigated by a 31P-CP-MAS study. From solution 1-, 13C- and 31P-NMR studies it is concluded that the bicyclic hetero-norbornane skeleton is retained in solution.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Trichlorosilylation ; Dichlorophosphanes ; Silylphosphanes ; Amino(silyl)phosphanes ; Silicon /Reductions ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions of hexachlorodisilane and of trichlorosilane/triethylamine with alkyl-and dialkylaminodichlorophosphanes RPCl2 1a-i [R = iPr: a; (Me3Si)2CH: b; R=1-adamantly: c: R=tBu: d; R=Et2N: e; R=iPr2M: f] furnish bis(trichlorosilyl)-phosphanes RP(SiCl3)2 3a-f. However, when less bulky substituents are attached to the phosphorus atom, so that there is little steric crowding, the double reductive silylations leading from 1 to 3 are accompanied by side reactions and decomposition of 3. Therefore, only 3b, 3c, 3d, and 3f wre isolated in a pure state. These compounds are more readily prepared by the; trichlorosilane/triethylamine method. 1H-, 31P- and 29Si-Nmr spectra confirm their constitution. The structure of solid 3f, the first aminobis(trichlorosilyl)phosphane, was determined by X-ray crystallography. 3f contains a phosphorus atom in a pyramidal environment surrounded by two silicon atoms and a planar nitrogen atom of the diisopropylamino group.
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  • 59
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 417-420 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Gallium ; Low-valent compounds ; Gallium-gallium bond ; Terminal triphenytriazenido ligand ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tetrakis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]digallane (4) 1 reacts with 1,3-diphenyltriazene to yield two compounds, which were both characterized by a crystal structure determination. The gallium-gallium bond is retained in the yellow derivate [(H5C6)2N3](R)Ga-Ga(R)[N3(C6H5)2 2 [R = CH(SiMe3)2], which is formed by a ligand exchange reaction and shows two terminal chelating triazenido ligands besides two bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl groups; the Ga—Ga bond length is 245.79(6) pm. The second product is the orange dialkyl(diphenyltriazenido)gallium derivative R2Ga[N3(C6H5)2] 3, where the triazene has reacted as an oxidant by the cleavage of the Ga—Ga bond and probably by release of elemental hydrogen.
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  • 60
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 463-472 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Hypervalent compounds ; Tellurium ; Polycations ; Molecular Orbital Theory ; Band structure ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Approximate MO and band structure calculation are used to analyze the bonding in the recently synthesized paramagnetic, semiconducting phase [Te15Br4]2+. The [Te15Br4]2+ chains are very similar to those in the tellurium subhalide Te2Br. The electronic structure and bonding within these chains is analysed and the possibility of hypervalency in both [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 and Te2Br is discussed. The bonding in the classically hypervalent molecule TeBr42- and a model Te3Br24- is compared to that of the infinite system. Our calculations indicate that both [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 and Te2Br contain weakly hypervalent Te atoms and that the interesting electronic properties of [Te15Br4][MoOBr4]2 arise within the distinct sublattices, which do not interact significantly.
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  • 61
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 479-488 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Heterobimetallic complexes ; Carbene complexes ; Alkynes ; Coupling reaction ; Bridging ligands ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sequential reaction of the dimethylamino(trimethylsilylethylnyl)carbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NMe2)C≡CSiMe3] [M' = W (1a)] with KF/THFMeOH, nBuLi and transition metal halides, [XMLn], affords heterobimetallic propynyliden complexes of the type [(CO)5M'=C(N-Me2)C≡CMLn] [MLn = Ni(PPh3) Cp (4a, b). Ni(PMe2Ph)2- {Mes) (Mes=2,4,6-C6H2Me3) (5a), Rh(CO)(PPh3)2 (6a), Fe(CO)2Cp (7a,b)]. In contrast, reaction of 1a with MeLi · LiBr and [IFe(CO)2Cp] yields the novel N-metallated complex [(CO)5W=C{N(ME)Fe(CO)2Cp}C≡CSiMe3] (8a). The complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NMe2)C≡CMLn=Fe(CO)2Cp (7a, b), Ru(CO)2Cp (10a,b), Ru(CO)(PPh3)Cp (11a), Mn(CO)5 (12a), Re(CO)5 (13a)] are accessible by Pd-catalyzed coupling of the C-stannylated carbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C-(NMe2)C≡CSnBu3] (9a, b) with [XMLn]. The related monomethylaminocarbene complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NHMe)C≡ CSnBu3] (16a, b), obtained by stannylation of [(C))5M'=C(NHMe)C=CH] (15a, B) with Bu3SnNEt2, react with [IFe(CO)2Cp] to give the bimetallic complexes [(CO)5M'=C(NHMe)C≡CFe(CO)2Cp] (17a, b). The complexes 4a, 5a, 7a and 10a were characterized by X-ray structural analysis. The spectroscopic and structural data suggest that the two metal centers in 4-7, 10-13, and 17 interact only weakly.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Rhenium ; Technetium ; 8a-Amino-6-methyl-ergoline ; Chelates ; Structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Current research in radiopharmaceutical chemistry is aimed at the design of technetium-based receptor-binding radiotracers because of the excellent nuclide properties of the isotope 99mTc. Tc tracers and the corresponding complexes of rhenium, as the inactive surrogate of Tc, are required to imitate organic agonists or antagonists of the receptor. We have started studies with ergolines, which are known to be dopamine substitutes. The present report deals with the functionalization of 8α-amino-6-methyl-ergoline (2) with a 2-mercaptoacetyl group, and the subsequent synthesis of the first rhenium complex containing a pendent ergoline moiety [Re- O(SSS)(RS)] (HSSSH = HS-CH2CH2-S-CH2CH2-SH and RSH = 8a-amino-N-(2-mercaptoacetyl)-6-methyl-ergoline) (4). The molecular structure of the rhenium complex was determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis.
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  • 63
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 859-862 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Yttrium ; Lanthanum ; Samarium ; Lanthanides ; Aminotroponiminate ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of N-isopropyl-2-(isopropylamino)troponimine, [(i-Pr)2ATI]H, with KH in THF affords [(i-Pr)2ATI]K. This is a useful starting material for the preparation of the mono-, bis- and tris-substituted compounds [[i-Pr)2ATI]YCl2-(THF)2}2, [(i-Pr)2ATI2Y[O(2,6,t-Bu2C6H3)] and [(i-Pr)2-ATI]3Ln (Ln = Y, La, Sm), which can be obtained from ([i-Pr)2ATI]K and LnX3 and LnX3 (X = Cl, I), or Y[O(2,6-t-BuC6H3)]3. All compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic methods. The monosubstituted yttrium complex {[(i-Pr)2ATI]YCl2(THF)2}2 has also been investigated by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: C-H activation ; Alkyne complexes ; Cyclopentadienyl cobalt ; Fluxionality ; Hydrido complexes ; Clusters ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vicinal C-H bonds of the cycloalkenes CnH2n (n = 5-8) were activated upon treatment under mild conditions with reactive sources of the (C5H5)CO fragment. With [C5H5)CO(C2H4)2] (2a), the trinuclear cluster complexes [H2((C5H5)CO)3(μ3-C2(CH2)n-2)] (5a: n = 5; 5c: n = 5d: n = 8) were formed. Using the more reactive [(C5H5)2Co]/K, 5a-5dwere obtained, along with small amounts of the tetranuclear [{(C5H5)CO}4r{μ4-C2(CH2)n-2}] (8a-c: n = 5-7). X-ray structure analyses of 5c, d and 8b, c were performed. A μ-‖ (orμ3-η1:η2:η1) coordination of the cycloalkyne ligands was found in the trinuclear cluster complexes. The tetranuclear 8b, c had the cycloalkynes quadruply bridging (μ4-η1:η2:η2:η1_ a butterfly arrangement of the metal atoms. The acetylenic carbon-carbon bonds are considerably lengthened upon coordination [1.392(4), 1.398(3) å in 5c d; 1.464(8), 1.499(5) Å in 8b, c]. Three dynamic processes - alkyne “walk” on top of the CO3 triangle, μ2-hydride migration, and μ2/μ3-hydride exchange - are operational in the trinuclear 5a-d. Dynamic NMR data for 5a are consistent with a “windshield-wiper” mechanism for the alkyne migration. Hydride exchange is associated with a higher energy barrier, and is probably and independent dynamic process.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Mercury ; Lanthanides ; Lanthanoid(II) complexes ; (N-2,6-Diisopropylphenyl)(N-trimethylsily)amide complexes ; Bis(trimethylsilyl)amide complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Mercury(II) amide complex Hg[N(SiMe3)(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2 (1) was prepared by reaction of HgBr2 with Li[N(SiMe3) 2,6-iPr2C6H3)] in diethyl ether solvent. Redox transmetallation reactions of 1 with elemental samarium, europium or ytterbium in THF solvent (THF = tetrahydrofuran), generated the novel divalent complexes Ln[N(SiMe3)(2,6-iPr2C6H3]2(THF)2 with Ln = Sm (2), Eu (3) and Yb (4). 4 was also synthesized by reaction of elemental ytterbium, HgPh2 and HN(SiMe3)(2,6-Me3)2]2(THF)2 [Ln = Sm (5), Yb (6)] by reaction of the metals with HgPh2 and HN(SiMe3)2. Thermal desolvation of 4 under high vacuum gave Yb(N)(SiMe3)2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2 (THF) (7), whereas under identical conditions 6 yielded the solvent-free complex [Yb[N{SiMe3)2]2]2. (8). The new compounds 1-4 and 7 are hydrocarbon soluble and 171Yb-NMR spectra were recorded for 4, 6, 7 and 8. X-ray crystal structure determinations of 2 and 4 revealed four-coordinate, distorted tetrahedral metal environments augmented by weak Ln…ipso-C(aryl) interactions.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Biaryls ; Boron ; Chirality ; Cooperative Effects ; Lewis acids ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of Lewis acid binaphthyl systems, substituted in 2-or 2,2′-position, are synthesized by lithiation of 2,2′-dibromo-1,l ′-binaphthyl (5), followed by addition of various electrophiles. Stepwise lithiation and subsequent borylation with trimethyl borate leads to the bromoboronic acid 6, which can be stabilized by esterification with pinacol giving 7. By increasing the reaction mixture to 2 equiv. of n-butyllithium and 2 equiv. of methyl borate the path to the binaphthylmonoboronic acid ester 9 is opened up. A further increase in the quantity of electrophile also leads to the binaphthylbisboronic acid ester 12. The 2,2′-disubstituted silyl, germyl, and stannyl derivatives 13a-15a are accessible in good yields. Treatment with boron halides leads exclusively to methyl/halogen exchange, giving the bidentate Lewis acids 13b-15b, the former of which can be bridged by oxygen.Only in case of the bis(tributylstannyl)binaphthyl 16a does ipso substitution occur in the presence of boron trichloride, giving the bis(dichloroboryl)-substituted binaphthyl 16b which can then be hydrolysed to 11. The structures of the majority of the compounds were investigated by X-ray diffraction. In case of the 2,2′-disubstituted compounds 13a-15a the naphthyl groups are orientated perpendicular to each other. The intra- and intermolecular interactions are dominated by this binaphthyl system. In case of the oxygenbridged compounds 13c and 14c the angle between the naphthyl planes decreases to about 70°. This also has an effect on the packing of the molecule; in this instance the orientation of two naphthyl in neighbouring molecules is nearly parallel. The structure of the diboronic acid is dominated by intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
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  • 67
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 951-954 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phosphane-boranes ; Medium-sized rings ; Ring opening and closure ; Temperature-dependent NMR studies ; Phosphorus ; Boron ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A phosphane-borane (3) with the P-B bond integrated into a seven-membered ring was prepared from 4-pentenyl-diphenylphosphane (4) by hydroboration using 9-borabicyclononane (9-BBN). The product was confirmed to have a ring structure in the solid state by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The P-B distance of 2.057(2) Å is indicative of a standard donor-acceptor bond similar to the type found in homologous five- and six-membered rings. The room-temperature 31P-NMR signal of the compound in various solvents (δ ≈ - 15) is not compatible with the cyclic structure and suggests that ring opening occurs as the compound is dissolved. Variable-temperature NMR work corroborated this assumption, and the enthalpy of ring closure was determined to be ΔH = -30.5(4) kJmol-l. In CD2C12 at -90°C, δ31P is shifted to +3.5 ppm to low field, suggesting virtually complete ring closure under these conditions.
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  • 68
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 963-968 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Fluorine ; Macrocycles ; Complexes ; Sodium ; Barium ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two new fluoro macrocycles BenzoFN2O3 and F(N2O2)2C2H4 were synthesized in the reactions of 1,3-bis(bromomethyl)-2-fluorobenzene with benzo-diaza-15-crown-5 and 1,2-bis(diaza-12-crown-4)ethane, respectively, in 30% yield each. Close CF...metal ion interactions in the respective alkaline metal complexes in solution are evidenced by characteristic shifts of the 19F-NMR resonances of up to δ = 18.7 relative to the free ligand and by a decrease of the 1J(CF) coupling constant of up to 20 Hz, which is most pronounced in BenzoFN2O3 · Li+ and F(N2O2)2C2H4 · K+. In BenzoFN2O3· Li+ a1J(19F-7Li) of 15.5 Hz was observed, which is indicative very close CF...Li+ interactions in solution. In the X-ray crystal structures of BenzoFN2O3 · Na+ [CF⃛Na+ 246.8(2) pm], 26-fluoro-4,7,13,16-tetraoxa-1, 10-diazatricyclo[ 8.8.7.1 20,24 ] - hexacosa-20,22,24(26)triene · Na+ (CF⃛Na+ 267.1(2) pm) and 21 -fluoro-3,6,9,12,15,18-hexaoxabicyclo[ 18.3.1 1,20]heneicosa- l(24),20,22-triene. Ba2+ [CF⃛Ba2+ 299.0(3) pm] short CF⃛metal interactions were found. Such close CF⃛metal ion interactions do not result in a lengthening of the C-F bonds, which is not a sign of weak CF⃛metal ion interactions, since a Cambridge Structural Database search revealed that a shortening of the C-O bond length is also not observed in crown ether complexes of alkaline metals.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phosphorus heterocycles ; 1H-Phosphirenes ; Nucleophilic substitution reactions at 1H-phosphirenes ; Metal-complexation of functionalized 1H-phosphirenes ; Carbonyl complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The halogen atoms in the 1-chloro-1H-phosphirenes, 5a-c, are easily substituted on reaction with organolithium and Grignard reagents, 14a-p, with formation of the corresponding O-, N-, C-, Si-, and Ge-substituted 1H-phosphirenes, 15a-t. C1/H exchange reactions also occur on reaction with lithium metal hydrides (5a → 17). Furthermore, substitution reactions are also realized with the alkali metal borates, 18a-g (→19a-g); the same is true for reactions with trimethylsilyl cyanide and azide (→22a-d). Some of the substitution products have been characterized in the form of their metal complexes, 16, 23, 24, and 25.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Germatranes ; Organotrihalogenogermanes ; Organometallic (Si, Ge, Sn) reagents ; Transmetallation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Trialkylstannyl esters of tris(2-hydroxyalkyl)amines, N(CH2CHROSnAlk3)3 (9-11 (R = H, Me; Alk = Et, Bu), react with X3GeC(R1)(R2)COOR3 (12-17) (X = Cl or Br; R1, R2=H, Me, Ph, SiMe3, COOEt; R3=Me, Et) to give esters of α-germatranylcarboxylic acids, N(CH2CHRO)3GeC(R1)(R2)-COOR3 (1-8), in high yields. The synthesis of esters 12-17 is reported. Esters of α-germatranyldiphenylacetic acid 24 and 25 can be obtained by treatment of diphenylketene with Et3SnOMe to give in situ Et3SnC(Ph2)COOMe (23), followed by reaction with GeCl4 to give in situ Cl3GeC(Ph2)COOMe (22 and further reactions with 9 or 11, respectively. Reduction of germatrane 6 with LiAlH4 in diethyl ether leads to cleavage of the germanium-carbon bond with subsequent formation of (2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylsilane. The crystal structures of 3, 6 and 7 are reported. 1-Acyloxygermatranes 26 and 27 are obtained by treatment of 1-methoxygermatrane (28) with diphenyl- and dichloroacetic acid, respectively.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Tin - Nitrogen cage compounds ; Sn—X—Sn intramolecular bridges ; Distannylamine pyridine adduct ; Tin ; Moessbauer spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Tris(dimethylchlorostannyl)amine (2a) reacts with pyridine in a 3:4 molar ratio to produce the tin-nitrogen containing bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (3) with elimination of the adduct Me2SnCl2·2 py. Treatment of the distannylamine 2,6-[Pr2H3N(SnMe2Cl)2 (4) with pyridine, however, leads to the formation of the 1:1 pyridine adduct 4 and this can be regarded as a model to explain the route to 3. The molecular structures of 3 and 5 were determined by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in solution, as well as by X-ray structure analysis of their crystals. Typical structural features for both compounds are intramolecular Sn—X—Sn bridges. Support for the structures comes from MS fragmentation patterns, IR spectra, and the Mössbauer spectra.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 1,2,4-Diazaphospholes ; Phosphiranes, alkylidene- ; 2-Phosphabutadienes ; Phosphorus heterocycles ; pyrazolines, thermolysis ; Rearrangements ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 5-alkylidene-4,5-dihydro-3H-1,2,4(λ3)-diazaphospholes (4-phosphapyrazolines) are thermally much more stable than related compounds without the exocyclic double bond. Thermolysis reactions typically occur in the range 110-150°C in toluene solution, and different, mostly competing, reaction pathways are observed. Thermal extrusion of nitrogen from 8a-g gives rise to β-phosphanaylsiloxyalkenes 10, benzo[c]-phosphole derivatives 11, 14 and 115, (β-siloxyalkylidene)-Phosphiranes 12, and dihydro-1,3-oxaphospholes 13. The thermolysis of 5-alkylidene-4,5-dihydro-4-trimethylsilyl-3-trimethylsilyloxy-3H-1,2,4-dizaphospholes 17 afforded three products, including the highly substituted and stable 2-phosphabutadienes 18 formed by nitrogen extrusion and rearrangement. Finally, the 4-chloro-3-trimethylsilyloxy-substituted heterocycle 21 was transformed at 170°C into 4H-1,2,4-diazaphosphole 23. The structures of 13c and 18a were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Boron ; Diazaboroles ; Carbenes ; Heterocycles ; Imidazoles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2-Bromo-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,3,2-diazaboroles (3a-c) were synthesized by cyclocondensation of dilithiated 1,4-diazabutadienes (5a-c) with boron tribromide in hexane. 3a was also obtained by sodium amalgam reduction was conducted in ether solvents, diboroxane (2) resulted as the main product. Compound 3a and 1,3-dialkyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol2-ylidenes (6a, b) underwent halide displacement to afford the borolylimidazolium salts 7a, b. Compounds 2, 3a-c, and 7a, b were characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic methods (1H, 11B, 13C NMR; Ir; MS). The molecular structures of 2 and 7a were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses.
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  • 74
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 725-728 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Dendrimers ; Metal complexes ; Nanostructures ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Strong multiple complexation of transition metal ions, Cu(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II) with different generations of well-defined poly(propylene imine) dendrimers as multi(tridentate) ligands has been used to construct nanoscopic assemblies of defined structure and size incorporating a distinct number of metal ions from 2 up to 32.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Germanium ; Digermenes ; Tin ; Germylenes ; Stannylenes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Treatment of GeCl2 · dioxane with the Grignard reagent RMgBr (R=2-tBu-4,5,6-Me3C6H) furnishes the tetraaryldigermene R2Ge=GeR2 (8). X-ray structure-analysis of 8 reveals a short Ge=Ge double bond, a nearly planar environment of both germanium atoms and extremely widened C—Ge—C angles of 128°. In solution, 8 dissociates into two germylene molecules R2Ge, which can be trapped with oxygen or by [4+1] cycloaddition reactions with 1,4-dihetero-1,3-dienes. A similar cycloadduct of a stannylene wa obtained by thermolysis of (R′2Sn)3 (R′=2,4,6-iPr3C6H2), in the presence of a 1,4-diazabutadiene and characterized by an X-ray structure-analysis.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Silicenium ion ; Iminosilane ; Aluminate ; Silicon ; Aluminium ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lithiated text-butylaminolfluorosilanes react with aluminum trichloride in ether, eliminating LiF to give AlCl3 adducts of iminosilanes  -  aminosiliceniotrichloroaluminates {R2Si-NCMe3·AlCl3}, which thermally form the dimethylazomethine- aluminium trichloride, Me2C=NH·AlCl3.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Titanocene complexes ; S ligands ; Organic polysulfanes ; Ligand transfer reactions ; Sulfur heterocycles ; Chalcogens ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Treatment of Cp2Ti(CO)2 (3) with the di- and polysulfanes 1,2,4-(CH2)2S3, C4S6 (9), C,7H10S3 (11), 1,2,4,6-(CH2)3S4 (16), C6H10S6(19), and S6 affords the titanocene chelate complexes Cp2TiS3(CH2)2 (8), (Cp2Ti)2C4S6 (10), Cp2TiS3C7H10 (13), Cp2TiS2C7H10 (14), Cp2TiS4(CH2)3 (17), Cp,2TiS6C6H6H10 (20), and Cp2TiS8 (23). 14 is also obtained from Cp2TiCl2 (1) and the geminal dithiol of norbornene. The analogous reaction with the dithiol of dicyclopentadiene yields Cp2TiS2C10H12 (15). In ligand transfer reactions, 8 reacts with SCl2 to give 1,2,3,5-tetrathiane (25), 10 provides 9 on reaction with Cl2, 13 when treated with S2Cl2 affords C7H10S5 (12), 15 reacts with S2Cl2Cl2 to give C10H12S4. 17 and SCl2 yield 1,2,3,5,7-pentathiepane (18), 20 is converted to C6H10S7 (22) on reaction with SCl2, and 23 yields S10 and 1,2,-C6H4(SCl)2, respectively. With phosgene, thiophosgene, and thionyl chloride, compound 15 yields the corresponding dithiocarbonate 26, the trithiocarbonate 27 and the trisulfane 2-oxide 28. The structure of 27 was determined by X-ray crystallography.
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  • 78
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 801-806 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Unsymmetrical phthalocyanines ; Hemiporphyrazines ; Macrocyclic bisdienes and bisdienophiles ; Diels-Alder reactions ; Ladder polymers ; Cycloaddition ; Macrocycles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The specific synthesis of a metal-free bisdienophilic phthalocyanine 193, suitable for repetitive Diels-Alder reactions, is reported. This was achieved by condensation of 191,3,3-trichloro-6/7-nitroioindolenine (191) and 4,9-dibutoxy-2,3,5,8-tetrahydro-1,3-diimino-1H-5,8-epoxybenz[f]isoindoline (2). The ability of 3 to undergo Diels-Alder reactions was tested by reaction with an excess of 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (5). Experimental data of the hemiporphyrazines 9, 10, and 11, which can be used as precursors for the synthesis of ladder polymers, are also given in the Experimental Section.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Platinum ; Nitrocyanamide ; Nitrosodicyanomethanide ; 1,1,3, 3-Tetracyano-2-azapropenide ; 1,1,2,3,3-Pentacyanopropenide ; Hydrido complexes ; Coordination modes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The new coordination compounds trans-[Pt(H)X(PPh3)2] with NCN- and C(CN)2-functionalized anions (X- = [N(O)C(CN)2]-, [NO2NCN]-, [N{C(CN)2}2]-, [NCC{C-(CN)2}2]-, have been characterized by 1H-, 31P-, 13C-NMR, and IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses the crystal structures of trans-[Pt(H)N(O)C(CN)2(PPh3)2], trans- [Pt(H)N{C(CN)2}2(PPh3)2], and trans-[Pt(H)NCC{C(CN)2}2-(PPh3)2) have been determined by X-ray diffraction. Remarkably, [N(O)C(CN)2]- is coordinated through the central nitrogen atom, while [N{C(CN)2}2]- and [NCC(C(CN)2]2]- are bonded through terminal nitrogen atoms of a C(CN)2 unit.
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  • 80
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1021-1027 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Zinc ; Chirality ; Cross-coupling ; Phosphorylations ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This Microreview on the chemistry of organozinc reagents starts by briefly showing the methods of preparation of organozinc compounds and then discusses the considerable synthetic utility of zinc organometallics for the formation of new carbon-carbon bonds in the presence of transition-metal catalysts. Finally, the use of organozinc chemistry for the preparation of polyfunctional and chiral phosphanes is described.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Bis(tetramethylipiperidino)aluminum halides ; Alkoxy((tetramethylpiperidino)aluminum halides ; 27Al-NMR spectra ; Aluminum ; Amides ; Synthetic methods ; Bridging ligands ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: N-Lithio-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine [Li(tmp)] reacts with AlX3 (X = Cl, Br) in diethyl ether/ n-hexane solution to generate the products of substitution and ether cleavage, [tmpAl(X)(μ-OEt)], (la, X = Cl; 1b, X = Br). However, when the reaction is allowed to proceed in n-hexane alone, an almost quantitative yield of compounds tmp2AlX (2a, X = Cl; 2b, X = Br; 2c, X = I) is obtained. According to 27AI-NMR spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, cryoscopy, and X-ray crystal structure determinations, these compounds are monomeric in the solid state, in solution, and in the gas phase. 2b reacts with AgBF4 yielding the fluoride-bridged dimer (tmp2AlF), 2d, as shown by X-ray crystal structure determination.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Planar-tetracoordinate carbon ; Dynamic organometallic systems, μ-alkyne complexes ; π-Agostic systems ; Zirconium ; Metallocenes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The benzonitrile hydrozirconation product Cp2ZrCl(N—CHPh) 8 was treated with propynyl lithium to yield the (propynyl)(benzaldimido)ZrCp; complex 9. Subsequent treatment with trityl tetraphenylborate generated [Cp2Zr(C—C—CH3)-BPh-4] that instantaneously added to 9 to eventually form the (μ-aldimido)(μ-η1:η2-hexadiyne)ZrCp2 cation 11. The X-ray crystal structure analysis showed that 11 contains a planar-tetracoordinate carbon atom that is stabilized by forming a three-center-two-electron bond with the two adjacent metal atoms. Similarly, complex 9 reacted with [Cp2Zr(CH3)+CH3B(C6F5)3 1 to yield the planar-tetracoordinate carbon containing (μ-aldimido)(μ-η1:η2-2-butyne) Cp; cation 12. Both complexes 11 and 12 exhibit dynamic NMR spectra due to their rapid reorganization of the dimetallabicyclic frameworks (ΔG* = 10 kcal mol-1) in addition to an anchimerically assisted C—N bond rotation (ΔG* =15 kcal mol-1).
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Porphyrinatomanganese(IV) ; Monooxygenase model ; Dichloro monoxide ; Catalytic alkene epoxidation ; Catalytic alkane oxygenation ; Catalytic alkane chlorination ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The isolation at -78°C and characterization of the novel crystalline reactive porphinatomanganese(IV) complex Mn-(TDCPP)(OCl)2 (5) is described. 5 is compared with the porphinatomanganese(IV) complexes Mn(TDCPP)(C6H5IOCl)2 (2), Mn(TDCPP)(C6F510C1)CI (3) and Mn(TDCPP)(OCH3)2, (4). The stoichiometric reaction of 5 with triphenylphosphane yields 2.5 equivalents of triphenylphosphane oxide and 1.0 equivalent of Mn(TDCPP)Cl (1). Complex 5 epoxidizes stilbene, and oxygenates and chlorinates cyclohexane.
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  • 84
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1135-1139 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Arene complexes ; Chromium ; Allenes ; Rearrangements ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Cr(CO)3-complexed η6-phenylpropargylic alcohols 3 react in a displacement rearrangement with thionyl chloride or chlorodiphenylphosphane to give the chloro- or phosphoryl allenyl substituted η6-phenyl complexes 4 and 6, respectively. In the X-ray crystal structure of the novel organometallic allenic derivatives 4b and 6b the vicinal chloro or phosphoryl substituent and the benzene(tricarbonyl)chromium fragment are arranged coplanarily. Palladium/copper-catalyzed couplings of the chloroallene 4b with terminal alkynes disclose a facile access to ynallene derivatives 8, novel carbon-rich organometallic π-systems.
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  • 85
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1141-1145 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Trichlorophosphoranylidenesulfamoyl chloride ; Vibrational spectroscopy ; Conformational properties ; Quantum chemical calculations ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Raman (3500-50 cm-l) and infrared (4000-400 cm-l) spectra of the title compound, ClSO2N=PCl3, were recorded for the solid and liquid phase. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the compound dissolved in CCl4 was obtained and qualitative depolarization values were determined. The spectra of the liquid and solid phase were interpreted in terms of the existence of only one conformation possessing C1 symmetry, as predicted by quantum chemical calculations. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed based on the relative intensities, on group frequencies along with support from the normal coordinate analysis. The experimental fundamental vibrational modes are compared to those obtained from theoretical approaches employing the ab initio MP2/6-31G* method and a density functional approximation (B3PW91/6-31G*).
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  • 86
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1147-1150 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Icosahedral heteroboranes ; Ab initio calculation ; Bonding models ; Aromaticity ; Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift [NICS] ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ab initio theoretical studies on X2B10H10 (X = CH, SiH, N, P and Sb) have been done for all the three possible isomers. Unlike lower-vertex heteroboranes, all the hetero derivatives have shown similar trends in the relative stabilities, the 1,12-isomer being more stable followed by 1,7- and 1,2-isomers, except for N and Sb. No conventional 1,2-isomer for N could be found. Instead, a new nido isomer which is 18.1 kcal/mol higher in energy than the most stable isomer has been located. Any hetero group substitution to icosahedral R12H122- is found to be thermodynamically destabilizing. However, the Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift criterion shows that all compounds, except for 8, have similar aromaticity.
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  • 87
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1159-1166 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Aminosilantes ; Structure elucidation ; Molecular conformations ; Configuration determination ; Nitrogen Planarity/Silanes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structural chemistry of a series of triaminosilanes XSi(NR2)3 has been investigated in order to determine the ground-state configuration and conformation of these molecules. Theoretical studies and analogy with the isoelectronic XP(NR2)3 (X = CH2, O, Se, NSiMe3 etc.) and P(NR2)3 molecules suggest structures of Cs or C3 symmetry, with small energy differences between them. The molecular structure of HSi(NMe2)3 (1) has been determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study at low temperature. Surprisingly, the molecules have a non-standard conformation with an irregular orientation of the three NMe2 groups. The hydrido-, chloro-, methyl-, and vinyltris(morpholino)silanes XSi[N(CH2CH2)2O]3 (X = H, Cl, Me, Vi; 2-5) were prepared from the corresponding chlorosilanes and morpholine (2, 3) or lithium morpholide (4,5). Their variable-temperature NMR spectra were studied and the molecular structures determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 2 has a molecular geometry approaching mirror symmetry with one morpholino group significantly different from the other two. This structure resembles that of isoelectronic tris(amino)phosphines. Compounds 3-5 have structures with a propeller-like arrangement of the three morpholino rings approaching C3 symmetry for this part of the molecules. The chloro compound 3 shows the shortest Si-N bond lengths (average 1.690 Å), followed by 2 (1.708Å),5 (1.709Å) and 4 (l.712Å). The configuration of all nitrogen atoms is almost planar, with sums of the angles close to 360°, and the morpholino rings adopt a chair conformation. According to the solution NMR spectra the ring inversion is slow at low temperature, but the rings rotate freely about the Si-N bonds on the NMR time scale. The molecular structures are discussed in terms of steric and electronic effects of the substituents. Other model compounds, including (Me2N)3SiC6H4-4-Br (6), MeSi[N(CH2CH2)2NMe]3 (7) and PhSi[N(CH2)4]3 (8), could not be crystallized, but were characterized by their analytical and spectroscopic data.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Lead ; Tetrachloroaluminate ; Arenes ; o-Xylene ; Bis(arene) Complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bis(o-xylene)lead(II) bis(tetrachloroaluminate), obtained from lead(II) chloride and aluminium trichloride in o-xylene, has been shown by X-ray crystallography to be a mononuclear lead complex with point group symmetry C2 The two aromatic ligands are arranged similarly to those in monomeric plumbocene. The coordination sphere is completed by two bidentate AlCl4-ions. The lead center uses about a quarter of its bonding capability for each of the four ligands
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  • 89
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1751-1759 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Amido complexes ; Titanium ; Zirconium ; Alkylmetal compounds ; Amido complexes ; Titanium ; Zirconium ; Alkylmetal compounds ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The novel tridentate diamidoamine ligands [RC(2C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2)2- (R = H, CH3) have been synthesized and coordinated to TiIV giving the pentacoordinate complexes [MX2(RC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2}] (M = Ti, Zr; X = Cl, Br). The crystal structure analysis of [TiBr2{HC(2-C5H4N)(CH2)2}] (M = Ti, Zr; X = Cl, Br). The crystal structure analysis of [TiBr2{HC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3))] (10b) confirmed the involvement of the pyridyl function in the coordination to the meta centre occupying an apical position in the trigonal bipyramidal ligand polyhedron. alkylation of [TiCl2{H3CC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2)] (12a) with one or two molar equivalents of [RMgCl](R = PhCH2, Me3SiC2) yielded the mono- and dialkyl complexes [TiClR{H3CC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2)] and [TiR2(H3CC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2)] and [TiR2(H3CC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2}] in good yields. Depending on the steric demand of the alkyl group coordination or decoordination of the pyridyl group leads to four- or five-coordinate species. A crystal structure analysis of the pentacoordinate complex [TiCl(CH2SiMe3){H3CC(2-C5H4N)(CH2NSiMe3)2}] (16) was carried out.
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  • 90
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Phthalocyanines ; Sol-gel processes ; Titanium alkoxides ; Supported catalysts ; Heterogenous catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cobalt(II) 2,9,16,23-tetrasulphophthalocyanine and cobalt(II) 2,9,16,23-tetra(chlorosulphonyl)phthalocyanine were supported on TiO2 by reaction of the phthalocyanines with Ti(OR)4 followed by sol-gel synthesis. The thus obtained solid materials are stable in sulfide-containing media and are therefore suitable as catalysts for HS oxidation. The structure of the samples was characterized by electron microscopy diffraction. The morphology of the matrix strongly depends on the cobalt phthalocyanine derivative. The pathalocyanines in the titania matrices are monomeric or dimeric depending both on the type of substituents of the CoPc derivative and on the titanium alkoxide used as precursors.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Dichlorogermylene ; Trichlorogermylphosphanes ; Insertion ; Silver bromide complex ; Carbene homologues ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chlorophosphanes RR'PCl (1a: R,R' = 1b: R = tBu, R' = iPr, 1c: R = iPr, R' = Et2N, 1d: R = Et2N react with the dichlorogermylene dioxane complex 2 furnishing trichlorogermylphosphanes RR'PGeCl3 4a-d. In the cases of 1c/4c and 1d/4d the insertion reaction remain incomplete; similarly, 4a always contains, shortly after isolation in pure state, small amounts of 1a that can be detected by NMR. A provided by the reaction of trichlorosilylphosphane tBu(Et2N)PSiCl3 (5d) with GeCl4. The alkyl(dialkylamino) trichlorogermylphosphane 4d exists only in an equilibrium with chlorophosphane 1d, which coordinates GeCl2 leading to the dichlorogermylene complex 3d. A 1:1 mixture of 4a with 1a is formed by the novel cleavage (“chlorogermylation”) of the P-P bond of tetraisopropyldiphosphane with germanium tetrachloride. Di-tert-butyl(trichlorogermyl)phosphane 4e (R, R' = tBu) reacts with silver bromide providing a crystalline silver complex 7. A structure determination by X-ray diffraction reveals that 7 is [Ag4Br4(tBu2PCl)2(tBu2PGeCl3)2]. 2C7H8. Two of the Ag atoms of the cubane-like (AgBr)4 core of 7 are coordinated by chlorophosphane 1e, the other two by trichlorogermylphosphane 4e.
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  • 93
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1647-1654 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Iron ; Carbene complexes ; (2-Methoxythenyl)methoxycarbene complexes ; Aminolysis ; (2-Aminoethenyl) methoxycarbene complexes ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cationic (2-methoxyethenyl)methoxycarbene iron complexes 2, [Cp(CO)2Fe(C(OMe)CH=CR(OMe))+][PF6-], are obtained by the addition of methanol to the corresponding (alkynyl)-methoxycarbene complexes 1, [Cp(CO)2Fe(C(OMe)C≡CR)+][PF6-]. Primary amines, H2NR', react with these 1,3-dimethoxy-substituted (alkenyl)carbene complexes, 2, through an addition/elimination process to yield cationic (2-aminoethenyl)methoxycarbene iron complexes, 3, [Cp(CO)2Fe(C(OMe)CH=CR(NHR'))+][PF6-] in an isolated yield of 71-90%. The complexes 3a-c were characterized by X-ray structural analyses. Thus, previously isolated products, from the reaction, of the (alkynyl)methoxycarbene complexes 1a and 1c, with aniline at room temperature, are assigned to the structures 3c and 3e. The spectroscopic and structural data obtained are discussed.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Hydroformylation ; High-pressure NMR ; Homogeneous catalysis ; Rhodium ; Polyphosphane ligands ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rhodium-catalyzed hydroformylation of 1-hexene in THF with the linear triphosphane PhP(CH2CH2PPh2)2 [PP,] has been studied both in situ and in high-pressure autoclaves. Sapphire NMR tubes with titanium valves have proved useful for studying the in situ reactions under conditions of relatively high syngas pressure (30-90 atm H,/CO) and temperature (60-100 C). Under conditions conducive to effective hydroformylation, the catalyst precursor [ (PP,)Rh(CO)]+ is quantitatively converted to the dicarbonyl [ (PP,)Rh(CO),]+, which is also the termination product of the catalysis. Irrespective of the syngas composition and of the total pressure, the dicarbonyl complex is the only phosphorus-containing species detectable on the NMR time-scale during the course of the isomerization and hydroformylation of the alkene. The PP2-Rh catalytic system exhibits some peculiar features that may be summarized as follows. (i) Very high partial pressures of CO (120 atm) neither inhibit the hydroformylation nor affect the n/i selectivity; (ii) alkene hydrogenation occurs neither at very high partial pressures of H, (120 atm) nor in the absence of added CO; (iii) the isomerization rate is slightly faster than that of hydroformylation; (iv) terminal and internal alkenes (2-, 3-hexenes) are hydroformylated with comparable rates. Various control experiments have been carried out using in-situ NMR, as well as batch experiments under different reaction conditions or with different catalyst precursors. Despite these extensive studies, unambiguous conclusions about the catalysis mechanism have not been reached. In particular, the possibility that different catalysts may be operative depending on the reaction conditions cannot be ruled out. The hydroformylation results rule out the involvement of phosphane-free “Rh-CO” catalysts, even under conditions of very high partial pressure of CO, and point to “(PP,)Rh(CO),” catalysts with small steric hindrance over the whole range of syngas pressures investigated.
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  • 95
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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  • 96
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1721-1730 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Perhalometallocenes ; Cylopentadienes ; Perhalogenated ; Halogen-metal exchange reactions ; Sandwich complexes ; Ligand effects ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The coordination chemistry of perhalocyclopentadienyl ligands, first developed in the early 1970's as a part of a research program directed towards the synthesis of oxidation-resistant fuel additives, has been revived in the last ten years. This renewed interest stems from the discovery that the coordinated cyclopentadienyl ligand allows multiple functionalizations. Thus, the high versatility of this important class of ligands can be broadened even further, which may be important with regard to industrial applications of metallocenes.
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  • 97
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1745-1749 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Density functional calculations ; Tetra(amino)methane ; Tetra(amino)silane ; Transition states ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In all-electron density functional calculations on mono- and tetraaminosubstituted methane and silane the coordination around the nitrogen center is found, in complete agreement with experiment, to be less pyramidal in the silicon compounds. The calculated barrier to inversion at nitrogen is only 0.6 kcal/mol in silylamine, while in methylamine it is 5.5 kcal/mol. The larger flexibility is attributed to the greater ionic character of the Si-N bond compared to that of the C-N bond. In tetra(amino)methane, inversion of one amino group leads to a local minimum (calculated inversion barrier: 6.4 kcal/mol), while a corresponding structure (or barrier) does not exist for the silicon compound. Due to the steric influence of the amino groups, the barrier to rotation around the C-N bond is larger in the tetrasubstituted compound (6.4 kcal/mol compared to 2.3 kcal/mol in methylamine). While the average binding energy of the amino groups is similar in both tetra(amino)compounds, the binding energy of the fourth ligand is about 25% larger in the silicon compound for both homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage. This difference arises from the relative stabilization of the tri(amino)-methyl species, due to some n contribution to the C-N bond.
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  • 98
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 1771-1776 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chelates ; P ligands ; Phosphaferrocene ; Carbonyl complexes ; Heterocycles ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dicyclohexyl-acid diphenylphosphanyl-substituted phosphaferrocenes 2 and 3 were synthesized by substitution of the amino group in 2-dimethylaminomethyl-3,4,-dimethylphosphaferrocene 1 · Homologization of 2-formyl-3,4-dimethylphosphaferrocene 4 by one CH2 unit via Wittig olefination provided access to the phosphanylethyl derivative 9. Ligands 2, 3 and 9 formed P, P-chelate complexes with tetracarbonyl metal fragments in good yield. X-ray crystal structure determinations were carried out for the five-ring chelate complex 2. Mo(CO)4 (≡ l0), and the six-ring chelate complex 9 . Mo(CO)4, (≡ 13).
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  • 99
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 130 (1997), S. 49-54 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: 4-(p-Bromoselenobenzoyl)morpholine ; 4-[(p-(Dimethylamino)selenobenzoyl]morpholine ; Hindered rotation ; Hammett treatment ; Selenoamides ; Amides ; Selenium compounds ; Structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The solid-state structures of (p-bromoselenobenzoyl)morpholine (2a) and [p-(dimethylamino)selenobenzoyl]morpholine (2b) were determined by X-ray diffraction. Both molecules show a flat selenoamide group. The larger contribution of resonance stabilization by the aromatic ring carrying the p-dimethylamino substituent is reflected by the smaller interplanar angle Θ between the aromatic ring and the selenoamide group [53.3(1)° vs. 81.1(1)°] and by the shorter length of the C=Se bond [1.824(5) Å vs. 1.840(3) Å]. The Gibbs free energy of activation of C-N bond rotation (ΔG≠rot) of five p-substituted (selenobenzoyl)morpholines was determined by dynamic 13C NMR. The activation barriers were found to range from 61.6 kJ/mol (X = NNMe2) to 75.1 kJ/mol (X = H). The ΔG≠rot values of the corresponding (thiobenzoyl)morpholines were found to be from 3.2 kJ/mol (X = NMe2) to 5.0 kJ/mol (X = H) lower. In both cases, ΔG≠rot showed an excellent linear Hammett correlation with s̰+p.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: [2 + 1] Cycloadditions ; Hydrogen cyanide ; Phosphorus dipolarophiles ; Three-membered rings ; Calculations, ab initio ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We performed a systematic investigation of [2 + 1] cycloadditions of HN≡C to dipolarophiles of the type CH2=X and PH=X with X=CH2, NH, O, SiH2, PH, and S, as well as HN=NH and H2Si=SiH2. Ab initio MO calculations at the QCISD(T)/6-311G(d,p)/MP2/6-31G(d,p)+ZPE level were applied to construct the minimum-energy reaction pathways. Calculated results concerning the regiochemistry of the approaches and the stereochemistry of the product formation were analyzed in relation with established concepts such as frontier orbital, net charge distribution and stereoelectronic effect. For some systems, up to four distinct transition structures for cycloaddition were found. In general, there is a certain similarity between the behavior of both C and P series of dipolarophiles. The characteristics of the transition structures can be, in most cases, recovered by using qualitative concepts. The [2 + 1] cycloadditions are highly regioselective and stereospecific. Silicon-containing dipolarophiles are particularly attractive as they exhibit very small energy barriers to addition to isocyanides.
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