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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (1,004)
  • ASTROPHYSICS  (709)
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  • 1985-1989  (1,584)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
  • 1930-1934  (137)
  • 1985  (1,584)
  • 1933  (92)
  • 1931  (45)
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  • 1985-1989  (1,584)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1950-1954
  • 1930-1934  (137)
Year
  • 1
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    Electronic Resource
    An investigation of the nervous system as a possible factor in the regulation of ciliary activity of the lamellibranch gill (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 147-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Certain variations of ciliary activity in the lamellibranch gill occur which are an intrinsic part of the gill tissue and which are due to causes other than environmental changes. Experimental and morphological evidence indicates that the central nervous system is not involved in the production of these variations.A comparative study of laterofrontal and lateral ciliated cells leads to the conclusion that the coordination impulse passes through the cytoplasm of the cell and that the velocity of the propagation wave is influenced by the number of cell walls per unit length through which it passes. It is suggested that the ciliary rootlets in the laterfrontal cells, due to their arrangement bring the impulse simultaneously to both rows of cilia within a single cell.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050510104
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  • 2
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    The spermiogenesis of Succinea ovalis say, with special reference to the components of the sperm (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 243-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An investigation of the spermiogenesis of Succinea ovalis Say, a small terrestrial pulmonate, has revealed: 1) The germ cells are differentiated from indifferent germinal epithelial cells. In this form the germinal epithelium is a true epithelium, and not a syncytium. 2) Forty chromosomes are found in the spermatogonial divisions and twenty in the maturation divisions. 3) Early in spermiogenesis the proximal centriole penetrates through the spermatid nucleus and, with the oxychromatin, forms an intranuclear rod similar to that reported for certain prosobranches. The homology and significance of the rod are discussed. 4) Of the cytoplasmic structures, the mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus were followed through all stages of spermatogenesis. 5) At the maturation divisions the mitochondria are grouped into peculiar. thread-like structures. Some of the mitochondria take part in the formation of the sheath around the axial filament of the spermatozoon, while the remainder are sloughed off with the cytoplasmic remnant. 6) The Golgi apparatus consists of a number of banana-shaped rods closely grouped around the idiosome. Three to five Golgi rods are found in the spermatid stages. A portion of the Golgi apparatus and idisome (acroblast) forms the acrosome, and the Golgi remnant is discarded at the end of spermatogenesis. 7) In mature sperm both head and tail have a spiral structure. The origin and nature of the spirals are pointed out.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050510107
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  • 3
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    Blood formation in the african lungfish, under normal conditions and under conditions of prolonged estivation and recoveryThis paper was awarded the Virginia Academy of Science research prize for 1930. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 319-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The blood cells of the African lungfish, Protopterus ethiopicus, are very large and resemble those of urodeles. Leucocytes are especially plentiful and rich in variety, including eosinophils, special eosinophils, [meta-eosinophils] with atypical granules, monocytes, thrombocytes, lymphocytes, and basophils.The chief hemocytopoietic organs are the spleen, intestine, and kidneys. The lungfish spleen, embedded in the wall of the stomach, represents an intermediate phylogenetic stage between the disperse intra-enteral type of the hagfish and the compact extra-enteral type of other vertebrates.Erythrocytes are formed in the spleen pulp, granulocytes in the granulocytopoietic organ of the intestine and in the capsules of kidneys, gonads, and spleen. Thrombocytes and monocytes are differentiated in the spleen and general circulation. Basophils arise in the spleen and intestine. Lymphoid cells of all types arise in the spleen. Evidence is presented bearing upon the hemocytopoietic capacity of the various types. Cells with [Russell bodies] also occur in the spleen.In lungfishes subjected to long periods of dry estivation, erythrocytopoiesis practically ceases. Granulocytes, however, appear to play an important rǒle, possibly in fat metabolism. The large variety of meta-eosinophils, a unique feature of the lungfish, appears to be associated with the habit of estivation.Recovery from estivation may show numerous amitoses of erythrocytes in the general circulation. Other cells which divide in this manner are young thrombocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphoid hemoblasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050510203
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  • 4
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    Notes on the postnuclear, acrosome-seat granules, and ‘vacuome’ in Desmognathus fusca spermatogenesis (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 597-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The acrosome in Desmognathus, Spelerpes, Plethodon, salamander, Amphiuma, etc., is attached to the nucleus in connection with an acrosome seat, which forms a shallow cup, traced back to a number of granules in the early spermatid. A postnuclear plate is present in the above-mentioned urodeles, and is derived from a small number of minute granules which assemble in the spermatid and become fixed onto the nuclear membrane. The centrosomes of the spermatid are visible intravitam. The ‘vacuome’ is formed of minute neutral-red-staining globules embedded in the idiozome. No connection appears to exist between mitochondria and Golgi bodies, as is postulated by the vacuome-chondriome hypothesis (Parat).
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050510209
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  • 5
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    Studies on the comparative histology of the digestive tube of certain teleost fishes II. A minnow (Campostoma anomalum)Studies from the Department of Zoölogy, The University of Nebraska, no. 168. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 1-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper presents a study of the normal histology of the digestive tract of an herbivorous teleost, the minnow Campostoma anomalum (Raflnesque). The tunics of the buccal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and intestine are described; particular attention is given to the mucosa because of the specializations occurring in that coat, such as taste buds, goblet cells, callous pad, etc. Because of the very decided anatomical and histological differences existing between the anterior and posterior regions of the pharynx, due to the presence of a callous pad and pharyngeal teeth, it has been deemed advisable to consider the pharynx as divisible into an anterior and a posterior region. Thyroid tissue was found in the submucosa of the anterior pharynx. No gastric epithelium was demonstrated, the ‘intestinal bulb,’ the only enlargement of the coelomic portion of the digestive tube, being lined with epithelium presenting only minor differences from that found in the coiled tubular intestine.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050520102
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  • 6
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    The structure of the testis and movement of sperms in chortophaga viridifasciata as demonstrated by intravitam techniqueA dissertation presented to the Faculty of Kansas University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.I wish to express sincere gratitude to my major professor, Dr. W. J. Baumgartner, for his continual assistance and efficient direction during the development of this work. His helpful encouragement and invaluable suggestions, as well as the kindly interest manifested by other members of the faculty, will keep me ever a debtor to the University of Kansas. (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 321-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By means of the ‘intravitam technic’ developed by Baumgartner and Payne (1931), the mature or maturing sperm of Chortophaga viridifasciata have been traced from the follicle of the testes in the male to the locus of fertilization in the female. The sperm aggregated into bundles, and held tight by a hyaline cytoplasmic cap, spiral up the follicle, turn and spiral back to the vas deferens by means of a periodic lashing and writhing of the sperm tails.The genital tract is described briefly. In the vasa deferentia and storage tubules, the sperm bundles are usually in a quiescent state, having been inactivated most probably by secretions from the tubules.Peristalsis and currents in the fluid contents of the tubules move the inactivated sperm from the vesicles of the male to the seminal receptacle of the female, where the cytoplasmic caps gradually disintegrate. This permits individual sperm to pass down the seminal duct and fertilize the ovum just before oviposition.Single photomicrographs and a series of photomicrographs show the sperm in various parts of the genital system and making actual progress up a follicle. A stained preparation was used for only one of the photos. The other nineteen are from living unstained tissue. The intravitam observations are, most probably, more ‘vital’ than any heretofore recorded.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050540205
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  • 7
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    Masthead (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050540201
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  • 8
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    A study of the Golgi elementsSubmitted from the Department of Zoology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the University of Missouri, 1931. (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 259-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation was undertaken to determine some of the variables involved in the demonstration of the Golgi elements. Gland cells of vertebrates were studied vitally, after impregnation by osmic acid methods, and after autolysis.The duration of the staining period and the concentration of the stain condition the results obtained by vital staining with neutral red. The success of impregnation of Golgi elements with osmic acid varies with,(1) the type of tissue, (2) the time of initial fixation in relation to the time of the death of the animal, (3) the position of the cell in the piece of tissue, and, (4) the temperature of incubation with osmic acid. Stages in the impregnation of Golgi elements can be followed by examining preparations of the same tissue at frequent intervals during the incubation period. An increase in the amount of material which reduces osmic acid and which may form Golgi elements occurs in the cells during autolysis.The results are interpreted as indicating that Golgi elements are visible products of chemical reactions that occur in cells. They represent localized regions containing particular classes of chemical compounds which may be present, as such, in living cells or result from transformations in the cells during incubation. It is suggested that for the cells under consideration these substances may be unsaturated fatty acids.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050540203
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  • 9
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    The architecture of the pectoral appendage of the dogfish (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 399-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The m. trapezius, with both brachial and branchial functions, is in seeming series with the mm. interarcuales laterales. The intrinsic muscles of the fin occur as a dorsal extensor sheet and three (or four) ventral flexor components. The spinal nerves, uncomplicated by extensive anastomoses, which supply the fin, clearly show that in the dogfish the fin muscles are derived not from dorsal and ventral elements, but from anterior and posterior, or protractor and retractor elements. The nerves prove that from the original protractor musculature only the anterior portion of the present flexor group is derived, while the original retractor musculature has become all of the extensor and the posterior part of the flexor series. Faradic stimulation of the live animal is satisfactory, although there is much variation in the sensitivity, particularly of different muscles.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050540209
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  • 10
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    Observations on spermiogenesis in sciara coprophila (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 477-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mitochondria in the male germ cells of Sciara exhibit peculiarities as regards both morphological characteristics and distribution. In form. they show superficial similarity with those of some of the scorpions, while their distribution may be peculiar to the genus and depend on unusual meiotic divisions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050540305
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  • 11
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    The anatomy and blood supply of the urogenital system of lepidosteus platystomus rafinesque (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 459-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A description of the urogenital system in both sexes of Lepidosteus platystomus Rafinesque, and new observations on the blood supply to this system as well as to the rest of the viscera is given.The testes resemble the true piscine type. The sperm are carried by numerous vasa efferentia to the kidney tubules, through the mesonephros to the wolffian duct, and to the exterior as in the elasmobranchs and amphibians. The most anterior of the vasa efferentia are non-functional. The ovaries are simple sac-like structures continuous with their ducts. The oviducts transverse the ventro-lateral surface of the mesonephros, and enter into the dilated portions of the wolffian ducts, where they join, directly anterior to the urogenital aperture. There are no ducts in the male homologous with the oviducts of the female. The kidneys fused posteriorly, appear to extend the entire length of the body cavity, but the anterior third is non-urinary.By injection methods, the celiaco-mesenteric artery is shown to be crowded to the posterior end of the body cavity by the complicated swim-bladder, and runs anteriorly to supply the entire viscera. Its anterior portion is incorporated in the liver.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050540304
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  • 12
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    Masthead (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050550101
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  • 13
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    Musculature of the lacewing (chrysopa plorabunda) neuroptera (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 29-51 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This article is an account of the complete musculature of an adult Neuropteran insect, Chrysopa plorabunda. Previous anatomical discussions on this order of insects include only a few of the muscles of the head and thoracic regions, while those of the abdomen are entirely lacking. The muscles here described include those of the head, thorax, and abdomen. The origin, insertion, and function of each muscle is given. The boundaries of several of the sclerites, especially those of the labium, are located by the observations on the musculature of these parts. The meso- and metathoracic wings are of the same size and for that reason the muscles of these regions are very much alike. The prothorax is greatly elonated, causing the muscles of that region to differ to a greater or less degree from the ‘general rule’ in insects. The abdominal muscles may be arranged in the several groups generally found in insects. In several cases, however, both the origin and insertion of the muscle have been shifted to accompany changes which have taken place in the abdominal segmentation. All of the muscles are shown in the four plates containing nineteen figures which accompany the text.
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  • 14
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    Some ultraviolet photomicrographs made with different wave lengths (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 131-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Photomicrographs have been made of grasshopper spermatocytes using ultraviolet light of several wave lengths. For studying chromosomes this wave length should be between ca 2800 A and ca 2500 A. With higher frequencies the entire cell becomes strongly absorbing and relatively little detail is to be seen. All cell structures, including the chromosomes, are as transparent to λ = 3500 A and to longer ultraviolet waves as they are to visible light. The present experiments do not indicate the exact point between λ = 3500 A and λ = 2800 A at which the selective chromatin absorption commences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050550108
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  • 15
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    An embryological study of a special strain of deformed x-rayed mice, with special reference to the etiology and morphogenesis of the abnormalitiesContribution from the Zoölogical Laboratory of the University of Michigan. (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 151-183 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation consists of an extensive histological study of a special strain of abnormal x-rayed mice, in an attempt to determine the embryonic origin and development of certain congenital abnormalities that are hereditary.The study shows that development of the x-rayed strain is normal up to the thirteenth day after insemination, after which pathological structures appear in the form of blebs, hematomas, and thrombi. As a result of the formation of the blebs and hematomas a general condition is set up within the embryo which resembles that of thrombosis. The thrombi when formed exert a mechanical effect by crowding out the normal tissue. A chemical effect is also produced by the blood cells and fluid extravasated from the thrombus which penetrate into the forming tissues resulting in their perverted development. Thus the thrombi are the immediate factors causing the various regions of the body to be deformed.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050550110
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  • 16
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    Viviparity superimposed upon ovo-viviparity in the goodeidae, a family of cyprinodont teleost fishes of the Mexican Plateau (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 207-251 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Goodeidae are a family of cyprinodonts containing about nine genera and twenty-six species. They are confined exclusively to the Mexican Plateau and to streams in the immediate vicinity. All are viviparous. Fertilization is internal. The eggs are extremely small and contain very little yolk. The embryos are retained in the ovarian follicles until the yolk is practically absorbed, in the meantime developing unique absorptive organs in the form of extensive ribbon-shaped proctodaeal processes. The embryos are evacuated into the intra-ovarian cavity where they are retained for several weeks, during which time the proctodaeal processes become extended. The ovary becomes a nutritive organ and produces secretions which are discharged into the intra-ovarian cavity and absorbed by the embryo through their unique processes. The processes differ in form, number, and histological structure, but are specific in their peculiarities for each species. These specific differences, together with marked differences in the ovary, will furnish a basis for a re-classification of the genera and species of the family. A comparison in made between this family and the other ovo-viviparous and viviparous cyprinodonts, on the basis of which it is concluded that the Goodeidae have arisen separately from an ovo-viviparous ancestor, which in turn was derived from an ovo-viviparous type. A comparison is also made between the peculiarities of reproduction in this family and those of other viviparous teleosts.
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  • 17
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    An experimental study of hemopoiesis in necturus: Effects of lead poisoning on normal and splenectomized animals (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 55 (1933), S. 349-385 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lead poisoning causes a selective destruction of mature erythrocytes, thereby depleting the spleen and stimulating differentiation and proliferation of erythrocytes in the blood. In conjunction with splenectomy, this intravascular erythropoiesis is markedly accelerated.During the progressive anemia and subsequent regeneration of erythrocytes in simple lead poisoning the major hemopoietic loci, spleen, mesonephros, liver, and epicardium were observed. The spleen is most rapidly affected. The red cell progenitor first present in the circulation is the hemoblast, but later numerous lymphocytes enter the blood stream and are transformed into erythrocytes.Following simple splenectomy the blood shows relatively little change. A mild regenerative activity of both erythrocytes and thrombocytes ensues. In lead poisoning after splenectomy the blood picture resembles that of simple lead poisoning. The anemia is produced more rapidly and the regeneration of erythrocytes is delayed.This study emphasizes the importance of the blood stream of Necturus as a site of red cell differentiation and proliferation, and shows that the lymphocyte may be a possible progenitor of erythrocytes and thrombocytes. Under normal conditions the hemoblast suffices as a source for red cells, but under abnormal or experimental conditions, where the demand for new cells is excessive and prolonged, the lymphocyte plays a major role.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050550206
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  • 18
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    Morphogenesis of the brain (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 233-258 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fundamental structure of the brain stem is uniform throughout the vertebrate series, not essentially because it expresses an architypical pattern, but because of the constancy of peripheral connections and their internal relationships, both of which are parts of an apparatus of adjustment to environment which is common to vertebrates. Other parts of the brain are more variable because, with complication of the behavior pattern in higher forms, more elaborate and diversified mechanisms of correlation and integration are requisite.The brain stem between the olfactory bulb and other primary sensory centers is plastic tissue not dominated by any single sensory-motor system; it is the meeting place of descending and ascending sensory paths. Here the chief apparatus of correlation and integration is elaborated. From it emerge the complex thalamic and cortical adjustors. The pallium is not a primary constituent of the vertebrate brain. The pallial type of organization gradually emerged from the more ancient subpallial type and comes to mature expression in the cerebral cortex. Several instructive stages in the progressive differentiation of cortical structure and connections are seen in the amphibian forebrain, but the process is not consummated. Amphibia have no cerebral cortex, though cortical primordia are evident here and in various fishes. Static concepts of architypes and the dialectic of ‘form-analytic’ argumentation are replaced by a more dynamic treatment of morphogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050540202
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  • 19
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    The inheritance of cataract in man, pedigree and interpretation (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 347-363 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From a mating of first-cousins, of whom the female had cataract, there issued in four generations a progeny of 138 individuals, 33 of whom had cataract (23.8 per cent). Discounting the last generation, about which little is known, also discounting other unknown members, there were 29 known unaffected, 30 known affected, i.e., 50.8 per cent had cataract. The pedigree by generations shows that cataract is inherited as an autosomal (Mendelian) dominant. However, the mode of inheritance is atypical in that the defective gene for cataract may be borne, and is so borne because transmitted, without producing in the bearer its characteristic defect. In the second generation there were four of a family of nine with cataract; of the five without cataract two produced cataractous offspring and three did not marry. The literature is replete with pedigrees in which cataract is inherited as a typical autosomal dominant; there are a few pedigrees (four are reproduced) in which the mode of inheritance, while distinctly that of an autosomal dominant, resembles the present pedigree in being atypical. It is concluded that cataract is inherited as an autosomal dominant, but that in some cases it is produced only under certain conditions. These conditions are as yet not definitely known. Clinical writers seem to favor the view that nutritional and endocrine disturbances predispose to the realization of the defect.
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  • 20
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    An anatomical study of the furless condition in rabbits (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 365-388 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological study of Hammond's simple recessive ‘furless’ rabbits was made from many series of sections taken from the skin of both the normal and furless rabbits of several pertinent ages.It was found that the external absence of under-hair or fur exists because of a failure of the hairs of these follicles to erupt. This failure is due to a premature keratinization which first affects the sebaceous glands and then the inner epithelial sheath. The resulting abnormal channel allows an erratic escape, especially of the regenerating hair above the incomplete inner sheath into the surrounding connective tissue, where the escaped part of the hair atrophies. The final condition shows an inflammatory reaction in the areolar tissue here. There is no check on the growth from the bulb of the root. Other elements of the skin verify this excessive keratinization.The cause of the abnormal metabolic changes conceivably lies in an inadequate tissue supply of oxygen or nutrition. The regulator may be the sympathetic system directly or indirectly (by hormone action), or it may be an inhibitor resident in the integument itself.
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    Histology of the fresh-water mussel heart with reference to its physiological reactionsThe writer wishes to express his obligation to the United States Bureau of Fisheries for the material used in these studies, and his indebtedness to Dr. M. M. Ellis for the helpful advice given during the course of these investigations. (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 415-427 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The anatomical isolation of the auricles from the ventricle in hearts of fresh-water mussels representing nine North American species has been confirmed. The muscle fibers in these hearts without exceptions were found to be of the smooth, unstriated type. Bundles of these fibers loosely interwoven, form the thin, delicate, heart wall, which contains many sinus-like spaces. The outside portion of the heart wall exposed to the pericardial fluid is covered with a definite epicardium composed of a single, dense layer of epithelial and scattering mucous cells. The inside of the heart cavity has no endocardium, the muscle fibers being in direct contact with the blood. No special conduction tissue, nerves or ganglia were found in the heart wall. Correlations of these anatomical and histological findings with the physiological reactions of the living heart in situ are made, and the mechanical and chemical control of the heart discussed.
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    Use of the term “Trophoblast” for tissues in therian mammals (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 293-299 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Use of the term “trophoblast” in descriptions of therian (marsupial and eutherian) mammals has caused confusion because of misinterpretations of blastular homologies and because of imprecise application in functional versus ontogenetic-phylogenetic senses. Marsupials follow the plan of early development characteristic of noneutheian amniotes. Eutherians, in contrast, are unique in the early determination of presumptive embryonic versus extraembryonic cells through formation of inner cell mass versus trophoblastic (or trophectodermal) tissues, respectively. No cellular unit of the eutherian blastula is recognizable unequivocally as the homologue of a specific part of the protodermal marsupial blastula; progressive deletion of innovative but phylogenetically older ontogenetic steps probably figured importantly in the evolution of eutherian early embryogenesis. Because of marked differences in mode of formation and in cellular fates, homology of the blastocoel between marsupials and eutherians is questioned. It is suggested that use of the term “trophoblast” (1) be restricted to eutherians in discussions of ontogenesis or phylogenesis, and (2) be deemphasized in the functional sense (i.e., fetal-maternal exchanges) for marsupials, in favor of the more appropriate tissue terms of “choriovitelline” and “chorioallantoic” membranes. Integral to the origin of the eutherian style of embryogenesis was the evolution during Cretaceous time of neomorphic, extraembryonic tissues (i.e., trophoblast) having physiological properties that allowed the unique combination of (1) intimate apposition of fetal and maternal tissues and circulatory systems, along with (2) sustained, active morphogenesis. Marsupials have not achieved such a combination.
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    Structure and function of the antennae of Euphydryas editha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 1-22 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Males of Euphydryas editha (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) need their antennae to mate successfully, but females do not. Antennal structure was investigated in the hope of explaining this functional dimorphism, which is opposite to that in other butterflies (e.g., Myers, '68; Grula and Taylor, '80). No external differences between the sexes were observed with electron microscopy. There are four types of antennal sensilla: the spine, which acts mainly as a mechanoreceptor, shallow dish hairs and hidden hairs, which are chemoreceptors, and a whiplike sensillum of uncertain function. The internal morphology of male and female antennae differs in several respects which may relate to functional differences. The mating systems of butterflies are discussed briefly to explain our results and those of others.
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    Energy of the oscillating legs of a fast-moving cheetah, pronghorn, jackrabbit, and elephant (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 23-31 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lifelike models of the oscillating legs treated as three-segment systems show the course of kinetic and potential energy over the locomotor cycle for a cheetah, pronghorn, jackrabbit, and elephant running at speeds approaching their maxima. The models can be adjusted to eliminate differences among the animals in time intervals, mass or length of limb, and joint angles. This facilitates analysis of the influence on total energy of each of these variables and of the distribution of mass among leg segments. Fast-cycling legs of the carnivore type have significantly more energy than those of the hoofed type. This may contribute to the lesser endurance that is usual for carnivores that hunt using a high-speed dash.
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    Variation of lymphoid activity in the spleen of a migratory bird, the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca; Aves, passeriformes) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 33-40 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The size and microscopic structure of the spleen of the migratory pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) show marked changes during the reproductive cycle. Upon the spring return to their northern breeding sites, the birds have a small spleen with little lymphoid activity and a poorly developed red pulp. During the breeding period the volume of red and white pulp increases, the number and distinctness of lymphoid follicles (germinal centres) in the white pulp increase, and groups of cells with intensely basophilic cytoplasm, probably B cells (plasma cells), appear. The findings suggest that the immune system of the adult pied flycatcher is activated during periods when it is bound to the nest.Young flycatchers beginning their autumn migration also show a marked increase of lymphoid activity in the spleen.
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    Innervation of the early pelvic fin bud of the trout embryo, Salmo gairdneri (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 61-73 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Innervation of the early pelvic fin bud in the trout embryo involves four nerves. Electron microscopy discloses axons in the mesodermal mesenchyme and in the epidermis of the bud as early as stage I of the development of the pelvic fins. Sensory axons alone penetrate the epidermis. Unmyelinated axons invade the pelvic fin territory before the bud is obvious on the abdomen. Schwann cells occur in the vicinity of the ventral edge of the myotomes and later in the core of the bud and in subepidermal regions. Consequently, the nerve fibers are present early in the development of the pelvic fin bud of the trout embryo. Although the role of these axons is unknown, it is speculated that they play a role in development. Our results are discussed in the light of data available in the literature dealing with the development of tetrapod appendages.
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    Maturation and aging of adult fat body and oenocytes in Drosophila as revealed by light microscopic morphometry (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 51-59 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A morphological and cytometric analysis of the adult fat body cells and oenocytes was made on sections of abdomens from immature, mature and senescent Drosophila melanogaster of both sexes. There are about 18,000 fat body cells in abdomens of female and mature male flies. Immature and senescent males have about 12,000 and 15,000 cells, respectively. The size of the cells is almost the same for immature flies of both sexes and increases about six-fold to approximately 2600μm2, so that mature flies of both sexes have equivalent amounts of fat body tissue. The proportions of lipid, glycogen, and background cytoplasm of fat body cells also remain relatively constant throughout adult life, but dense, proteinaceous granules are observed in cells of senescent flies. The amounts of cellular components change dramatically due to change of cell size with age; the amount of lipid shows the greatest sexual difference with about 2 × more in the females at all stages studied. The oenocytes number about 6,000 in the abdomens of all but immature male flies, which have approximately 4,000. Although the cells of both sexes triple in size to about 700 μm2, the oenocytes of males reach maximum size earlier than those of females. The major features of oenocytes appear to be dense background cytoplasm, putative lipid droplets found only in mature flies, and pigmented granules first seen in the cells of mature flies which accumulate with age to 33% of the cytoplasm. The number of cells and their anticipated capacity for protein synthesis is discussed in relation to the production of yolk protein precursors.
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    Scanning electron microscope studies on blastodisc formation in the zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 41-49 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Upon fertilization, the zebrafish egg undergoes marked physiological and structural changes, one of which involves blastodisc formation. Before fertilization, yolk globules are rounded and the endoplasm extends throughout the oocyte. During blastodisc formation, the yolk globules become angular and the endoplasm is restricted to streamers among the yolk globules. The streamers are oriented in an anterior-posterior axis of the egg. During blastodisc formation the cytoskeleton consists of an extensive array of filamentous structures of variable width in both the cortex as well as within elongate endoplasmic streamers. Although the filamentous components in the cortex and endoplasmic streamers probably include both microfilaments and microtubules, frequently they are somewhat wider than the usual dimensions, and possible reasons for this are suggested. From their arrangement in both the cortex and endoplasm, it seems likely that the components of the cytoskeleton (e.g., microfilaments and microtubules) may provide, through contraction, the major force responsible for the streaming of the endoplasm into the forming blastodisc. It is assumed that the surface tension of the vegetal hemisphere exceeds that of the animal hemisphere, thus forcing, through differential contraction, the endoplasm to flow in the direction of the forming blastodisc. No distinct barrier between the yolk and forming blastodisc was observed. The compressed condition of the larger and many-sided yolk globules could prevent their movement into the blastodisc. Scanning electron microscopy is limited in the resolution with which it can depict the cytoskeleton, but nonetheless it provides useful information about structural interrelationships.
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    Announcement (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 99-100 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Ultrastructural analysis of spermiogenesis in Admetus pomilio (Arachnida, amblypygi) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 111-120 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The mature spermatozoon of Admetus pomilio is a spherical cell containing nucleus and tightly coiled flagellum. In early spermatids the Golgi apparatus forms the acrosomal vesicle and at the opposite side the distal centriole gives rise to the axonemal complex of the sperm tail. As the nucleus elongates, chromatin forms twisted filaments and the spermatid nucleus takes on a helical form. Microtubules are juxtaposed with the nucleus envelope, which is separated from a central chromatin mass by an electron lucid region. A long perforatorium, located on the border of the chromatin mass, runs helically in the nucleus from the centriolar region to subacrosomal space. During tail elongation, the anterior part of the axoneme is surrounded by a long, spiral mitochondrial sheath. In the late spermatid, chromatin filaments appear twisted and become aggregated. The nucleus and flagellum undergo further contortions in which the nucleus coils and the flagellum winds up into the body of the cell and coils in a regular fashion. The mitochondrial sheath surrounds about 2/3 of the 9 + 3 axoneme. These features of spermatid ultrastructure resemble those in the primitive Liphistiomorpha.
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    Synaptic organization of dorsal area of the turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 135-154 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The dorsal ventricular ridge is a subcortical structure receiving sensory information from the thalamus in reptiles. In the red-eared turtle, Pseudemys scripta elegans, it contains four cytoarchitectonic areas each characterized by distinct thalamic projections. This is an electron microscopic study of one of these, the dorsal area, which receives its thalamic input from the tectorecipient nucleus rotundus. It contains four concentric zones, internal to the ependymal zone, each of which is distinguished by the distribution of spiny and aspiny neurons.The ependymal zone of dorsal area contains tanycytes whose tails extend into zones 2 and 4. Synapses, usually with asymmetric junctional complexes and round synaptic vesicles, occur on these processes. Zone 1 neurons have fusiform somata and dendrites that parallel the ventricular surface. Their cytoplasm contains rough endoplasmic reticulum located primarily in Nissl bodies, lipofuchsin granules, multivesicular bodies, extensive arrays of Golgi apparatus, and large numbers of mitochondria. Synapses occur mainly on dendritic spines and shafts of zone 1 neurons and less frequently on somata. The majority have round vesicles and asymmetric junctional complexes. In contrast to those in zone 1, neurons in zones 2 and 4 have large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, giving their cytoplasm an electron-dense quality. Synapses occur mainly on spines and shafts of zone 2 and 4 neurons. As in zone 1, the majority have round synaptic vesicles and contain asymmetric junctional complexes. Zones 2 and 4 contain clusters of neurons distributed among isolated neurons. The clusters are larger and less frequent in zone 2. Protoplasmic and fibrous glial processes, axon boutons, dendrites, and axon fascicles surround the neuron clusters. Though less numerous, the same structures also occur inside the clusters. Most synapses inside the clusters have round synaptic vesicles, asymmetric junctional complexes, and occur mainly on spines. Some neurons in clusters have somata whose plasma membranes are in direct apposition. In contrast to dorsal ventricular ridge in snakes, no specialized intercellular contacts were seen between somata in clusters.
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051840301
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    Ameloblastic secretion and calcification of the enamel layer in shark teeth (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 215-230 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Tooth primordia at early stages of mineralization in the sharks Negaprion brevirostris and Triaenodon obesus were examined electron microscopically for evidence of ameloblastic secretion and its relation to calcification of the enamel (enameloid) layer. Ameloblasts are polarized with most of the mitochondria and all of the Golgi dictyosomes localized in the infranuclear end of the cell toward the squamous outer cells of the enamel organ. Endoplasmic reticular membranes and ribosomes are also abundant in this region. Ameloblastic vesicles bud from the Golgi membranes and evidently move through perinuclear and supranuclear zones to accumulate at the apical end of the cell. The vesicles secrete their contents through the apical cell membrane in merocrine fashion and appear to contribute precursor material both for the basal lamina and the enameline matrix. The enamel layer consists of four zones: a juxta-laminar zone containing newly polymerized mineralizing fibrils (tubules); a pre-enamel zone of assembly of matrix constituents; palisadal zones of mineralizing fibrils (tubules); and interpalisadal zones containing granular amorphous matrix, fine unit fibrils, and giant cross-banded fibers with a periodicity of 17.9 nm. It seems probable that amorphous, non-mineralizing fibrillar and mineralizing fibrillar constituents of the matrix are all products of ameloblastic secretion. Odontoblastic processes are tightly embedded in the matrix of the palisadal zones and do not appear to be secretory at the stages investigated. The shark tooth enamel layer is considered homologous with that of other vertebrates with respect to origin of its mineralizing fibrils from the inner dental epithelium. The term enameloid is appropriate to connote the histological distinction that the enamel layer contains odontoblastic processes but should not signify that shark tooth enamel is a modified type of dentine. How amelogenins and/or enamelins secreted by ameloblasts in the shark and other vertebrates are related to nucleation and growth of enamel crystallites is still not known.
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    The ultrastructure of the cardiac ganglion of the desert scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis (Scorpionida: Vaejovidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 231-252 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopy of the pacemaker ganglion of the scorpion heart indicate that it is about 15 mm long and 50 μm in diameter and extends along the dorsal midline of the heart. The largest cell bodies (30-45 μm in diameter) occur in clusters along the length of the ganglion. The ganglion appears to be innervated with fibers from the subesophageal and first three abdominal ganglia.The cardiac ganglion is surrounded by a neurilemma and a membranous sheath. The latter is apparently derived from connective tissue cells seen outside the ganglion. Nerve fibers other than those in the neuropil areas are usually surrounded by membrane and cytoplasm of glial cells. Often there are several layers of glial membrane, forming a loose myelin. The cardiac nerves to the heart muscle are also surrounded by a neurilemma, and the axons are surrounded by glia. The motor nerves contain lucent vesicles 60-100 nm and opaque granules 120-180 nm in diameter.In the cardiac ganglion, some nerve cell bodies have complex invaginations of glial processes forming a peripheral trophospongium. In the neuropil areas, nerve cell processes are often in close apposition. The septilaminar configuration typical of gap junctions is common, with gap distances of 1-4 nm. In tissues stained with lanthanum phosphate during fixation, we found gaps with unstained connections (1-2 nm diameter) between nerve-nerve and glial-nerve cell processes. Annular or double-membrane vesicles in various stages of formation were also seen in some nerve fibers in ganglia stained with lanthanum phosphate.Nerve endings with electron-lucent vesicles 40-60 nm in diameter are abundant in the cardiac ganglion, suggesting that these contain the excitatory transmitter of intrinsic neurons of the ganglion. Less abundant are fibers with membrane-limited opaque granules, circular or oblong in shape and as much as 330 nm in their longest dimension. Also seen were some nerve endings with both vesicles and granules.
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    The morphology and histology of the endocrine pancreas of the Southern Hemisphere lamprey, Geotria australis gray (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 184 (1985), S. 253-261 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The location and arrangement of the pancreatic endocrine tissue in larval and adult Geotria australis (Geotriidae) differ markedly from those exhibited by the comparable stages of Northern Hemisphere lampreys (Petromyzontidae). In larval Geotria australis, the main zones of islet proliferation are located laterally between the oesophagus and the inner edge of the two large intestinal diverticula unique to this species rather than dorsal and ventral to the oesophagus. In adult Geotria australis, the islet follicles are closely packed into a single discrete capsule which could be easily removed surgically, rather than into cranial, intermediate, and caudal cords. The differences in the adult can be related to a lack of involvement of the bile duct in islet formation during metamorphosis. While B cells were found in both larval and adult islet follicles, the PI acidophilic cells and argyrophilic cells, which appeared respectively at stages 3 and 4 in metamorphosis, were present in all adult stages.
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    Muscle system organization in the echinoderms: III. Fine structure of the contractile apparatus of the arm flexor muscles of the comatulids (Antedon mediterranea) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 75-87 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The crinoid arm muscles consist of obliquely striated fibers with striking differences in function and in ultrastructural features. These fibers can be distinguished mainly on the basis of different myofilament arrangements (A- and B-type patterns) and are variously combined at different levels (proximal, intermediate, and distal portions) of the arm. Some rare smooth fibers (C-type) are irregularly distributed in the periphery and in the core of the bundle. The characteristic features of the A- and B-type obliquely striated fibers are (1) a continuous and homogeneous structure of the Z line and (2) a very heterogeneous arrangement of myosin filaments which vary widely in size, number, and distribution from section to section. The significance of such an atypical, obliquely striated muscle may be related to the double skeletal system combination (endoskeleton and hydroskeleton) of the crinoid arms.
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    Secretory cells in the clitellar epithelium of Eisenia foetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta): A histochemical and ultrastructural study (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 89-100 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eight secretory cell types are identified in the clitellar epithelium of Eisenia foetida, of which five have been described in detail previously (i.e., the large granular, fine granular, metachromatic, orthochromatic, and small granular proteinacecus cells).The remaining three secretory cell types are mucus-producing cells specific to the clitellar epithelium (type 3), cells associated with the chaetal follicles (type 4), and cells that occur exclusively in the tubercula pubertatis (type 5). Type 3 cells secrete a mucus containing neutral and acid mucosubstances. Ultrastructurally, type 3 cells are characterized by membrane-bound globules 0.4 to 3.7 μm in diameter. The contents of the globules have a finely reticulate appearance. The secretion of type 4 cells contains a collagenlike protein and neutral and sulfated acid mucosubstances. Type 4 cell secretory granules are membrane bound and range in diameter from 0.8 to 1.6 μm. They contain large, electron-dense, spheroid cores which are surrounded by parallel orientated microfibrils 14 nm in diameter. Type 5 cells give variable responses to the histochemical techniques used in the present study. An elastinlike protein is detected in about half of the type 5 cells and acid and neutral mucosubstances in the remainder. At the ultrastructural level the secretory granules vary in shape from spheroid to polygonal. Their finely, electron-dense contents exhibit progressive swelling which results in the eventual rupture of the limiting membranes of the granules. The necks of types 3, 4, and 5 cells contain a peripheral ring of microtubles (20 ± 1 nm in diameter).
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    Placentation in the lizard Gerrhonotus coeruleus with a comparison to the extraembryonic membranes of the oviparous Gerrhonotus multicarinatus (Sauria, Anguidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 101-114 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Paraffin sections of an ontogenetic series of embryos of the viviparous lizard Gerrhonotus coeruleus and the oviparous congener G. multicarinatus reveal that although general features of the development of the chorioallantoic and yolk sac membranes are similar, differences are evident in the distribution of the chorioallantoic membrane in late stage embryos. An acellular shell membrane surrounds the egg throughout gestation in both species although the thickness of this structure is much reduced in G. coeruleus over that of G. multicarinatus. The initial vascular membrane to contact the shell membrane in both species is a trilaminar omphalopleure (choriovitelline membrane) composed of ectoderm, mesoderm of the area vasculosa, and endoderm. This transitory membrane is replaced by the vascularized chorioallantois as the allantois expands to contact the inner surface of the chorion. Prior to the establishment of the chorioallantois at the embryonic pole, a membrane begins to form within the yolk ventral to the sinus terminalis. This membrane, which becomes vascularized, extends across the entire width of the abembryonic region and isolates a mass of yolk ventral to the yolk mass proper. The outer membrane of the yolk pole is a nonvascular bilaminar omphalopleure (chorionic ectoderm and yolk endoderm). In G. multicarinatus the bilaminar omphalopleure is supported internally by the vascularized allantoic membrane, whereas in G. coeruleus the allantois does not extend beyond the margin of the isolated yolk mass and the bilaminar omphalopleure is supported by the vascularized intravitelline membrane. Both the chorioallantoic placenta (uterine epithelium, chorionic ectoderm and mesoderm, and allantoic mesoderm and endoderm) and the yolk sac placenta at the abembryonic pole (uterine epithelium, chorionic ectoderm, and yolk sac endoderm) persist to the end of gestation in G. coeruleus.
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    Announcement (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 143-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: No Abstracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850111
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    Development of gap junctions in normal and mutant ovaries of Drosophila melanogaster (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 115-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An ovarian follicle of Drosophila consists of an oocyte, 15 nurse cells, and hundreds of follicular epithelial cells. A freeze-fracture analysis of the surfaces between glutaraldehyde-fixed ovarian cells showed that all three cell types were interconnected by gap junctions. This is the first report of gap junctions between adjacent nurse cells, between nurse cells and oocytes, and between follicle cells and oocytes in Drosophila. Since we did not observe intramembranous particle clumping into crystalline patterns and since structurally different gap junctions occurred at different times in development and at different cell-cell interfaces, it is unlikely that fixation artifacts influenced particle distribution in our experiments. A computer-assisted morphometric analysis showed that the extent, size, and morphology of gap junctions varied with development and that these junctions can cover up to 9% of the cell surfaces. To test the role of gap junctions in follicular maturation, we studied ovaries from flies homozygous for the female sterile mutation fs(2)A17, in which follicles develop normally until yolk deposition commences. During the development of mutant follicles, gap junctions became abnormal before any other morphological aspect of the follicle. These studies show that gap junctions are available to play an important role in coordinating intercellular activities between all three cell types in ovarian follicles of Drosophila.
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051850201
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    Follicular placenta and embryonic growth of the viviparous four-eyed fish (Anableps) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 131-142 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the four-eyed fish, Anableps (Atheriniformes, Anablepidae), eggs are fertilized and embryos develop to term within the ovarian follicles. Development is highly matrotrophic. During gestation, the largest term embryo of A. anableps examined had grown to a total length of 51 mm and attained a dry weight of 149 mg. The postfertilization weight increase is 298,000%. The largest term embryo of A. dowi examined had grown to a total length of 77 mm and attained a dry weight of 910 mg. The postfertilization weight increase is 843,000%. Embryonic weight increases result from nutrient transfer across the follicular placenta. This structure is formed by apposition of the maternal follicular epithelium to absorptive surface cells of the embryo's pericardial trophoderm. The latter, a ventral ramification of the pericardial somatopleure, replaces the yolk sac during early gestation. The external surface of the pericardial trophoderm develops hemispherical projections, termed vascular bulbs. Within each bulb, the vascular plexus of the trophoderm expands to form a blood sinus. Cells of the external surface of the bulbs possess microplicae. Microvilli are absent. During middle to late gestation, the juxtaembryonic follicular epithelium differentiates into two regions. One region consists of shallow, pitlike depressions within which vascular bulbs interdigitate in a “ball and socket” arrangement. Follicular pits are formed by the curvilinear distortion of the apical surfaces of follicle cells. The second region in contact with the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the embryo, is comprised of villous extensions of the hypertrophied follicular epithelium. In both regions, follicle cells appear to constitute a transporting rather than a secretory epithlium. In terms of percentage of weight increase, the follicular placenta of Anableps appears to be the most efficient adaptation for maternal-embryonic nutrient transfer in teleost fishes and closely approaches the efficiency (1.2 × 106%) of oophagy and embryonic cannibalism in lamnoid sharks.
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    A cineradiographic and electromyographic study of mastication in Tenrec ecaudatus (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 155-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Regular chewing was studied in the specialized Malagasy insectivore Tenrec ecaudatus with the aid of precisely correlated electromyography of the main adductors, digastrics, and two hyoid muscles and cineradiography for which metallic markers were placed in the mandibles, tongue, and hyoid bone. During the power stroke the body of the mandible moves dorsally and medially. The medially directed component of movement at this time is greatly increased by simultaneous rotation of the mandible about its longitudinal axis. The highly mobile symphysis, spherical dentary condyle, loss of superficial masseter muscle and zygoma, and the simplified zalamnodont molars all appear to be related to the large amount of mandibular rotation that occurs during occlusion. The balancing side lateral pterygoid muscle (inferior head) apparently shifts the working side mandible laterally during the last part of opening and the first part of closing. The working side temporalis and the superficial masseter muscle are both responsible for the shift back to the midline. The temporalis is usually active to the same extent on the working and balancing sides during the power stroke. The level of activity (amplitude) of the temporalis and duration of the power stroke increase with harder foods. Whenever soft foods are chewed, the superficial masseter is only active on the working side; whenever foods of increasing hardness are chewed, its level of activity on the balancing side increases to approach that of the working side. Mandibular rotation is greatly reduced when hard foods are chewed.
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    Body mass and natural diet as determinants of the number and volume of adipocytes in eutherian mammals (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Total dissection of a randomly collected sample of 202 adult and subadult eutherian mammals, combined with site-specific adipocyte volume determination, shows that the number of adipocytes in the body is proportional to (Body Mass)0.74 for predominantly carnivorous species and to (Body Mass)0.78 for mainly herbivorous, nonruminant mammals. Adipocyte expansion or shrinkage, not proliferation or depletion of adipocyte number, is the principal mechanism of adipose tissue enlargement and reduction. Therefore, the adipocytes of large mammals are larger than those of smaller specimens of similar dietary habits and fatness. We suggest that the presence of more numerous, smaller adipocytes in smaller mammals is related to their higher mass-specific metabolic rate. The adipose tissue of mammals with a predominantly carnivorous diet contains 4.6 times as many adipocytes as that of herbivorous nonruminants of similar body mass; but nonruminant herbivores are not necessarily fatter because the adipocytes of carnivorous mammals are proportionately smaller than those of nonruminant herbivores. We suggest that a carbohydrate-based energy metabolism is associated with fewer, relatively larger adipocytes and that when lipids and proteins form the major dietary energy source, adipose tissue consists of a greater number of smaller adipocytes.
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    Cellular structure of adipose tissue in birds (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In a randomly collected sample of 91 wild and captive birds, in which there is no significant correlation between fatness and body mass, the total number of adipocytes is proportional to (Body Mass)0.68. The adipose tissue of larger birds consists of proportionately fewer adipocytes; therefore, the adipocytes of larger birds are larger, in relation to the fatness of the specimens, than those of the smaller species. The cellularity of the adipose tissue of predominantly carnivorous birds does not differ from that of mainly herbivorous species. The adipocytes in the abdominal cavity and around the thigh are on average 29% larger than those in the superficial and clavicular depots; however, these site-specific differences were variable and were statistically insignificant in many of the specimens. The size of the adipocyte complement is highly variable even among specimens of a single species and similar body mass, suggesting that in birds the number as well as the volume of adipocytes might increase or decrease as the adipose tissue expands or shrinks.
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    Distribution of myofiber types in thigh muscles of chickens (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 145-154 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The composition of myofiber types varies within thigh muscles of chickens. The present study was designed to determine whether or not myofiber types were distributed uniformly across the diameter of the thigh muscles of chickens. Cross sections from middle portions of muscles were used histochemically to examine differences in distribution and composition of myofiber types in the muscles. Myofibers that reacted moderately (M) or strongly (S) for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) after preincubation at pH 4.3 were classified as type I. Type I myofibers reacted weakly (W), moderately (M), or strongly (S) for ATPase after preincubation at pH 10.6; these type I myofibers were subclassified into four types (ISW, ISM, ISS, and IMM). Myofibers that reacted negatively for acid-stable ATPase and strongly for alkali-stable ATPase were classified into two types: type IIA, with strong NADH tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR), and type IIB, with weak NADH-TR activity. The M. pubo-ischio-femoralis pars lateralis had numerous type IIA myofibers and very few type ISM myofibers, whereas the pars medialis had many type IMM myofibers and few type ISS and IIA myofibers. The type I group of myofibers did not exceed about 50% in the other muscles, which had one to three types of type ISW, ISM, and ISS myofibers. The Mm. femorotibiales had more type ISW, and ISM myofibers in the deep regions near the femur than in the superficial regions. The M. iliotibialis cranialis, M. iliofibularis, and M. flexor cruris medialis had more type ISW, ISM, or ISS myofibers in the medial regions than in the lateral regions. A few type ISW myofibers were scattered in the cranial part of M. iliotibialis and in the M. ambiens. The M. flexor cruris lateralis pars pelvica had type IIA and IIB myofibers exclusively. All the muscles had type IIA myofibers. Type IIB myofibers existed in the muscles except the M. puboischio-femoralis. Type IIA and IIB myofibers differed in proportion in different muscles and in their different regions. The type I group of myofibers was generally concentrated more in the deep regions near the femur and in the medial regions than in the superficial and lateral regions of the thigh muscles. The distribution of type IIA myofibers resembled that of type I group. Type IIB myofibers showed a distribution opposite to that of type I group and IIA myofibers. The spatial distribution of myofiber types within individual muscles can account for the various locomotory and postural requirements of the thigh.
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    Formation of the pronephros and pronephric duct rudiment in the Mexican axolotl (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 217-222 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), the pronephros begins to form at the four-somite stage. It is initially continuous with the posterior-lateral region of somite 2 and the lateral margin of somites 3 and 4. By the seven-somite stage, the pronephros has become compacted, and the cells are now morphologically distinct from the somitic cells. At this stage, a mass of loosely connected cells, apparently originating from the lateral mesoderm, is seen below somites 4 and 5. By the eight-somite stage, these presumptive duct cells have migrated dorsally to the duct path and are found below somites 5-7. By the nine-somite stage they have begun to migrate caudally.
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    The fine structure of the lateral-line organs of larval Ichthyophis (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 369-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopic observations of the lateral-line organs of larval Ichthyophis kohtaoensis confirmed earlier reports of the occurrence of two different types of lateral-line organs. One type, the ampullary organ, possesses 15-26 egg-shaped sensory cells. Each sensory cell extends a single kinocilium surrounded by a few microvilli into the ampullary lumen. This is in contrast to the ampullary organs of urodele amphibians that contain only microvilli. The second type of organ, the ordinary neuromast, has 15-24 pear-shaped sensory cells arranged in two to three rows. Each sensory cell shows a kinocilium that is asymmetrically placed with respect to both a basal plate and approximately 60 stereovilli. The sensory cells of ampullary organs are always separated by supporting cells; those of neuromasts are occasionally in contact with one another. Numerous (neuromasts) or few (ampullary organs) mantle cells separate the organs from the epidermal cells. Only afferent synapses are found in the ampullary organs whereas vesicle-filled fibers together with afferent nerve terminals are found in neuromasts. Both organs contain similarly sized presynaptic spheres adjacent to the afferent fibers. It is suggested that the neuromasts have a mechanoreceptive function, whereas the ampullary organs have an electroreceptive one.
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    The history of the germ cells in the viviparous teleost platypoecilus maculatus (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 115-153 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study is based upon a series of ontogenetic stages from just before coelom formation to maturity.Primordial germ ceils are first seen at the outer edge of the lateral mesoderm and are traced from there to a position in the genital analagen. Counts indicate that most of them succeed in reaching the genital anlagen, where they from definitive reproductive cells in both sexes.The evidence seems to show that there is some transformation of somatic cells into germ cells in the immature female, but that this transformation is not extensive. In the male the primordial germ cells are the sole source of the definitive elements.
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    The development of the carp, cyprinus carpio. I. The larval life of the carp, with special reference to the development of the intestinal canal (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 217-231 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The detailed spawning habits and hatching period are described. The larval period is divided into the inactive, when the yolk is the source of food, and the active period, when food is captured. The rate of growth and transformation of the larvae into fry is described.The cell formation passes into a syncytial period, when there are produced many nuclei without cytoplasm.c division. Around these nuclei, the cytoplasm collects to give rise to more cells. The method by which mucous cells are produced is described and also the presence of secretion masses in both the mucous cells and the syncytium of the mucosa.
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    The development and the regeneration of the color pattern in brachydanio rerio (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 513-523 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The teleost fish Brachydanio rerio is strikingly marked with longitudinal black stripes, which extend into the caudal fin and across the anal fin. Removal of the anal fin is followed by complete regeneration of the fin and of its normal color pattern. Microphotographic studies show that melanophores are at first uniformly distributed in the regenerating tissue and that later the melanophores disintegrate in the zone of the future light stripe and increase in the region of the future dark stripe. Observations on the normal development of the fin where the history of the individual melanophores has been followed show the same mode of formation of the stripes.
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    Masthead (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    History of the germ cells in Sphaerium striatinum (Lam.) (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 545-595 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of living and sectioned material throughout the life cycle shows the germ-cell history from fertilized egg to sexual maturity. This can be divided into the following five periods with definite limits: Original appearance during cleavage, period of inactivity, period of multiplication, maturation, and fertilization. Primordial germ cells of characteristic structure can be recognized just before gastrulation, when there is one large germ cell in the mass of mesoderm on either side of the blastocoel. After one division in each of these two cells, the four daughter cells remain inactive, while the remainder of the mesoderm differentiates, until division is resumed in the developing gonad. An indefinite number of gametes is produced. All are direct descendants of the two original primordial germ cells. Transformation of somatic cells into germ cells does not occur nor do germ cells become somatic cells. Cell lineage shows the two primordial germ cells to be derived from the third division of the paired mesoderm cells which have arisen by an equal division of the fourth micromere produced by cell D of the four-cell stage. Details of meiosis have not been ascertained, because of the small size of the chromosomes, their large number, and the difficulty of fixation. Nothing forecasts which primordial germ cells will become ova and which spermatozoa.
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    Cytoplasmic structures in binucleate opalinids, with special reference to the Golgi apparatusThis investigation was carried out with the aid of the Cancer Research and Treatment Fund. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 27-45 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Three types of cell inclusions are demonstrated within the general protoplasm of the binucleated Protoplina, parasites of Hyla aurea. These are considered to represent mitochondria, together with associated, synthesized vegetative granules and Golgi bodies, as evidenced by their behavior, morphology, and staining reactions.The Golgi material is shown to consist of irregularly twisted rods and granules scattered at random in the cytoplasm, but possessing a very distinctive morphology and reaction to different techniques when compared with the mitochondria. No relationship could be detected between these vegetative structures and the cilia, as has been previously described.These observations have also been extended to a similar study of the cytoplasmic organs of Nyctotherus cordiformis, and it has been possible to demonstrate Golgi bodies of a similar appearance within this organism as well as to show again the nature of the basal granules and their relationship to the cilia.The procedure of identifying the mitochondria elements with great care is recommended as a preliminary means of studying the Golgi apparatus of Protozoa, particularly where osmication techniques are used exclusively.
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    The intranuclear deutoplsmThe terms deutoplasm and yolk are used in this paper, as they seem to be generally used by turbellarian workers, to denote material that is used as food material by the developing organism and which, with ordinary stains and technique, reacts like yolk. It should be understood that no specific chemical tests for yolk have been empolyed in this work. and the origin of gametes in the turbellarian Prorhynchus applanatus Kennel (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 233-247 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It is shown that in Prorhynchus applanatus there exists a type of yolk elaboration which has hitherto not been reported. Formation is within the nucleus through the growth and fusion of nucleoli, but the yolk globule becomes larger than the original nucleolus. The developing individual utilizes the food material contained in the yolk cells in the following order: (1) cytoplasm of the yolk cell, (2) yolk bodies contained in this cytoplasm, (3) intranuclear yolk, (4) nucleoplasm. It is also shown that the germ cells in this form arise from the endoderm by diapedesis, but that the yolk cells are mesenchymal in origin. The sequence of formation of male and female gametes precludes the possibility of the presence of sex hormones such as are found in higher forms.
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    A comparative study of the chromosomes of rodentsContribution from the Department of Zoölogy, University of Texas. This work was done under the direction of Dr. T. S. Painter, to whom the writer wishes to express his obligation and appreciation. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 373-401 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A comparative study has been made of fifteen species and subspecies of rodents to determine the range in number and variation in morphology of their chromosomes. The number range is between 40 and 86±, with an average number for known species of 52. In the family of Cricetidae there is little variation in chromosome number and a general similarity of the chromosomes. In the Muridae the range for known species is 40 to 42, but the chromosome morphology even of subspecies may be quite different. In Sciuridae a range of 48 to 62 has been found in different species. The greatest range in number is found in the Heteromyidae, 44 and 86± chromosomes having been found in two species. It is concluded that the stem number for rodents is close to 48 and that fragmentation and fusion account for variation in numbers, and these affect the morphology of the chromosomes. The evidence also indicates that variations in morphology are due to translocations and inversions, and possibly deletions accompanied by translocations.
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    The distribution of sperm-forming materials in scorpions (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 429-483 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are in scorpions two sharply contrasting types in respect to the mode of distribution of the chondriosomes to the sperm cells. In one of these the chondriosomes, spheroidal in form and nearly definite in number, are sorted out whole without division during the spermatocyte divisions, their number being thus reduced successively to one-half and one-fourth. This type occurs in Opisthacanthus, Hadrurus, Vejovis, Euscorpius, and Palamnaeus. In the other, as yet known only in Centrurus, all the chondriosomes fuse during the spermatocyte growth period to form a single ring-shaped body; and this, during the two ensuing mitoses, is accurately divided into two, four, and eight equal parts, of which each spermatid receives two. In both types alike the chondrioma is thus distributed very nearly equally to the sperm cells, but by widely contrasting processes; and in both types the spermatid chondriosomes are drawn out to form the sheath of the axial filament in the sperm tail. In Opisthacanthus there are indications of a definite process of dictyokinesis during the spermatocyte divisions.These facts are discussed in the light of the general history of the chondriosomes in other animals, with especial reference to more general problems of cell division. The present vagueness and uncertainty of our knowledge of cell division and differentiation are emphasized.
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    Polymorphism among the subgenera of nasutitermes (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 593-607 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study is concerned with the interrelationship existing among the polymorphie soldier castes of six representative subgenera of the genus Nasutitermes. By measurements of anatomical parts and camera-lucida drawings, an attempt has been made to compare these particular subgenera on a basis of gradual divergence of certain structures. For this purpose a series of tables was compiled in which apparently unstable structures were compared to a relatively stable figure in all available species of the selected subgenera.According to my findings, it was concluded that there is no strict correspondence between the major, intermediate, and minor castes of different subgenera of the genus Nasutitermes. Particular reference is made to the work of N. Holmgren ('12) and to that of J. S. Huxley on heterogonic growth.
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    The distribution of the branchial nerve in Mytilus edulis and its relation to the problem of nervous control of ciliary activity (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 195-205 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The branchial nerve of Mytilus edulis, traced by means of serial sections, has been found to be limited entirely to the epithelial and connective tissues bordering the axis of the gills. Most of the numerous branches which originate from the branchial nerve extend posteriorly and lie close to the interfibrillar matrix of the connective tissue which supports the epithelium of this region. Fibers of these nerves have been traced to this epithelium.The chitinous supporting structures of the gills lie in close proximity to these nerves, yet neither nerves nor nerve fibers have been observed to penetrate them. Moreover, a careful study of the gill tissues fails to reveal the presence of structures which might be interpreted as nerves or nerve fibers.Since no innervation of the gills has been demonstrated, it seems probable that the ciliary activity of the gill epithelium is not regulated by means of fibers connected with the central nervous system.
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    The morphology of Spironympha, with a description of a new species from reticulitermes hesperus Banks (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 291-307 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Spironympha is discussed as valid genus. It was described by Koidzumi ('16); later it was redescribed by the same author as Microspironympha ('21). Therefore, according to the rules of nomenclature, it is Spironympha.The genus is compared with the related genera: Spirotrichonympha, Holomastigotes, and Microjoenia.Spironympha is characterized by four flagellar bands which are spirally wound around the anterior part of the body; these bands occur only in the anterior end, whereas in Spirotrichonympha they extend almost to the posterior end. The parabasals are few in number, and they are attached to the basal granules of the flagellar bands; the anterior end is clear and almost free from cytoplasmic granules; and there are twenty to thirty anterior flagella which are attached to the base of the centroblepharoplast or to the basal granules of the flagellar bands. An axostyle is present.No centrosome occurs within the nucleus, but the centroblepharoplast has this kinetic function.Spironympha ovalis is described as a new species. It is ovoid; the average size is 38 μ to 44 μ. An axostyle is present. The host is Reticulitermes hesperus Banks.
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    The embryogeny of the Polyctenid, Hesperoctenes fumarius Westwood, with reference to viviparity in insects (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 1-117 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Four functional types of viviparity are recognized, and the last, pseudoplacento viviparity, is illustrated by a review of the embryogeny of a species of Polyctenidae. This insect normally has ten embryos in the reproductive tract in successive stages of development. The problem of fertilization is discussed, for there seems to be no spermatheca and spermatic clumps are present in the haemocoel. No organ of Berlese can be found. One, apparently a nymph, when sectioned revealed spermatozoa in even greater abundance than the mature females. Four to six of her offspring would seem to be paedogenetic.Females liberate ova that are yolk-free, and no chorion is secreted about them. Blastomeres are distinct, the embryonic envelopes are formed as usual, and hemipteran embryology occurs. The trophserosa functions until blastokinesis takes place, when the pleuropodial extensions evaginate and encompass the embryo which now lies in a pleuropodial cavity. The pleuropodia function as Lutrient organs, or psedoplacenta, until shortly before birth. At birth the embryo is a little more than one-third the adult body length and bears strongly developed setae.
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    The labyrinth of bufo vulgaris japonicus larva. Especially, upon the morphologic study of the perilymphatic space, in connection with the membranous labyrinth and auditory capsule (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 207-242 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A morphologic study of the labyrinth, especially on the perilymphatic space with its physiologic aspect, is presented in this paper. The perilymphatic space starts its development with the chondrification of the auditory capsule, and is completed by the end of the first third of metamorphosis. The author divides the whole spatium into two parts: the ductus perilymphaticus et diverticula and the pars spongiosa spati perilymphatici. The ductus perilymphaticus et diverticula may play an important rǒle in carrying out the functions of both equilibrium and audition. The pars spongiosa serves not only to fasten the membranous labyrinth to the capsular wall, but acts as a safeguard for the functions of both the membranous labyrinth and the ductus perilymphaticus et diverticula. The ductus system may have more important physiologic relations than does the membranous labyrinth in connection with the cranial cavity and spinal cord, as to the change of pressure, the transmission of vibrations, the osmosis of fluids, etc. A number of microscopic and schematic figures are shown with reference to the anatomic and morphologic relations of the membranous labyrinth, auditory capsule, and spatium perilymphaticum.
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    Observations on the ‘renal-portal’ perfusion in etherized birds (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 309-318 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation was made to demonstrate the direction of the current of a perfusing fluid (hence that of blood in nature) inside the so-called [renal-portal] vein of birds and to determine if this vein has any fine capillaries in the kidney substance. A domesticated male duck was anaesthetized with ether, and a warm saline (mixed with a little urea and urine) was passed through the aorta. The [renal-portal] vein was also perfused with the same fluid through the left internal iliac vein. At first the kidneys actively secreted semisolid urine, but gradually the strength of the latter varied from a milky to a watery fluid.Later, a warm carmine solution was perfused through the left internal iliac vein, and the path of the dye could be easily traced along the whole length of the left renal afferent (left [renal-portal] vein) and its final exit through the postcaval vein. The posterior lobe of the left kidney was partially tinged with red, probably due to diffusion, since the kidney substance should have taken a uniform red hue if there was any definite capillary system. The coccygeomesenteric vein contained no dye.These results (coupled with actual caliber measurements of the two [renal-portal] veins in duck and pigeon examined, the calibers of these veins increasing gradually posteroanteriorly) indicate that: 1) blood flows anteriorly in the [renal-portal] vein; 2) this vein does not break up into capillaries in the kidney substance, but receives larger affluent veins; 3) there is no [renal-portal] system in birds; 4) the urine secreted by birds is always semisolid.
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    Life cycle, sex differentiation, and testis development in Melanoplus differentialis (Acrididae, Orthoptera) (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 467-525 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The general morphological and histological evidence accumulated by this study suggests the following facts: 1Under out-of-door conditions, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, embryonic development begins at deposition and continues to the middle or late spring, when hatching occurs. The postembryonic development is completed during the summer. Copulation and oviposition occur in the late summer and early fall.2The embryonic development may be divided as follows: aThe prerevolution period, in which the rudiments of organs and systems are formed.bThe early-revolution period, during which the direction of the embryo in the egg is reversed.cThe late-revolation period, or time of yolk circumcrescence and completion of the dorsal wall of the embryo.dThe postrevolution period. comprising development from yolk engulfment to hatching.3The sexes are differentiated during the early- and late-revolution periods.4In the differentiation of the genital rudiments, a) the germ cells are segregated into groups; b) and indifferent mesodermal element grows in among the germ cells of such a group; c) the processes of this cell (the apical cell) form intimate connections with the processes of connective-tissue elements surrounding the germ-cell group; and, d) the covering membrane of the genital rudiment grows in between the various germ-connective-tissue cell groups, completing the rudiment of the follicle.5When the adult condition is reached the testis is functionally differentiated.
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    The vacuome of the flagellate Chlamydomonas (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 527-543 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A vacuome (‘Golgi apparatus’) consisting of small globular inclusions has been demonstrated in Chlamydomonas sp. These inclusions may be seen in the living, unstained organism; they are stainable vitally with neutral red; they have been stained vitally with neutral red and then blackened with osmic vapor under direct observation, and they have been impregnated by osmic and silver methods without previous treatment with neutral red.The reaction of these inclusions to the iodin test for starch suggests that they may play some rǒle, possibly one of storage, in the cycle of starch metabolism.
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Fine structure of antennal putative thermo-/hygrosensilla of adult Rhodnius prolixus Stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 15-23 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: At least five nonporous sensilla with inflexible sockets (npsensilla) occur on each antenna of both sexes of adult Rhodnius prolixus. Externally the sensillum appears as a short, rounded peg set into a pit surrounded by a depression. A very electron-dense material occurs in the peg lumen and the inner aspect of the pit. Filamentous extensions of this material radiate into the overlying outlets.Each sensillum is innervated by three neurons with unbranched dendrites. Two dendrites extend to the peg tip and distally are covered by a dendritic sheath. The portion of these dendrites within the sheath contains a large number of microtubules. The third dendrite terminates near the base of the dentritic sheath and partially wraps around the other two dendrites. Three sheath cells are associated with each sensillum.Based on similarities in structure with sensilla of known function it is probable that the np-sensilla of R. prolixus are thermo-/hygrosensilla responding to cold, dryness and wetness. The sensilla have a number of structural similarities with insect rectal sheath cells known to absorb atmospheric water by electroosmosis. Possibly this process leads to volumetric alterations of cuticular elements associated with the dendrites and ultimately to mechanotransduction.
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    Distribution of sensory receptors in the flexor carpi radialis muscle of the cat (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 1-13 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structures and distribution of encapsulated muscle receptors were examined in serial transverse sections of flexor carpi radialis in the adult cat. Four types of receptors (muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, paciniform, and Pacinian corpuscles) were identified. Their structures resembled those encountered in other limb muscles. Pacinian corpuscles were rare and occurred only in the external fascial coat of the muscle near its origin. The other three receptor types were distributed in an uneven but consistent pattern throughout the muscle. As noted previously (Gonyea and Ericson, '77), spindles were largely confined to a deep muscle region comprising less than 20% of the muscle volume, located directly between the long tendon of origin and the tendon of insertion. This region contains the largest proportion of type SO muscle fibers (Gonyea and Ericson, '77). Tendon organs and paciniform corpuscles were concentrated along the tendons that lined the spindle-rich muscle region. This region appeared to be composed of extrafusal fibers that were shorter and of more oblique pinnation than those in other regions. The localization of muscle receptors to the “oxidativex” core of the muscle in its direct line of pull may have functional implications for afferent input to the spinal cord which are discussed. In addition, the possibility is raised that there are more paciniform corpuscles in flexor carpi radialis (and possibly other muscles) than previously thought.
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    Form and function of the masticatory musculature in the tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 25-50 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The tree sloths, Bradypus and Choloepus, show unusual masticatory specializations, compared to each other and to other mammals. Both have an incomplete zygomatic arch with descending jugal process, a complex superficial masseter, a large temporalis and medial pterygoid musculature, and a lateral pterygoid with two heads. In Choloepus the deep masseter and zygomaticomandibularis are typical when compared to other mammals. However, in Bradypus there is an ascending jugal process from which enlarged and vertically oriented deep masseter and zygomaticomandibularis muscles originate. Although both sloths are folivores, the anterior teeth in Choloepus are caniniform, while those of Bradypus have lost such elongation. In both sloths the glenoid cavity is similarly located; however, in Bradypus the cranioman-dibular joint is raised above the occlusal plane, and the pterygoid flanges are elongated.Prediction of the evolutionary sequence of cranial changes from Choloepus- like (primitive) to Bradypus- like (derived) morphology is based upon the most parsimonious model of masseter-medial pterygoid complex changes for masticatory efficiency improvement. The model proposes that the condylar neck in Bradypus was elongated and that this single change predicated a series of other structural changes.Mandibular movement patterns in both sloths showed anteromedially directed unilateral power strokes as in other mammals. Puncture-crushing, tooth-sharpening, and chewing cycles are distinct in Choloepus, less so in Bradypus. The masticatory rate is slow in sloths compared to other mammals of similar body size, averaging 590 ms per cycle for Choloepus and 510 ms for Bradypus.
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    Morphology of the head skeleton and muscles of the mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston) (Diptera: Culicidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 51-85 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The objectives of this research were to investigate the morphology of the head skeleton and muscles of the female mosquito, Culiseta inornata (Williston). The skeletal parts were examined after maceration in KOH. The attachments of muscles were determined by dissection. Observations were made with the aid of a dissecting microscope at 70× and lower. Each skeletal part and muscle is illustrated and described. Conclusions regarding the skeleton are as follows: (1) the clypeal area is composed of an anteclypeus and postclypeus, (2) the suture between the anteclypeus and postclypeus is rigid and cannot function as a hinge, (3) the dorsal wall of the labrum terminates at its union with the anteclypeus, (4) the dorsal and epipharyngeal walls of the labrum are united apically, (5) the gena and postclypeus are not separated by a suture, and (6) the labellum is composed of three segments and the furca, of some authors, is absent. Twenty-five muscles were identified, and the origin, insertion, and action of each is described. The tormo-epipharyngalis muscle is attached anterior to the cibarium and fulcral plates. Its origin is on the clypeal apodeme and the insertion is on the epipharynx. This result confirms earlier reports and disagrees with some recent authors. The maxillary teeth are not designed to draw the fascicle into the tissues, but the cervical and leg muscles accomplish the probing process during feeding on a host. An undescribed muscle of the mandible is reported.
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    A freeze-fracture study of postembryonic differentiation of latissimus dorsi muscles of the chicken (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 145-153 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The differentiation of fiber type characteristics in the anterior (ALD) and posterior (PLD) latissimus dorsi muscles is examined by the freezefracture technique in 1-, 7- and 30-day-old chicks. Several characteristics of plasma membrane (caveolae, rectilinear arrays, intramembranous particles) and sarcoplasmic reticulum which show fiber type differences in the adult ALD and PLD muscles are compared in the developmental stages. The caveolar density in the ALD fibers is about 20/μm2 at 1 day increasing to about 37/μm2 at 30 days, whereas in the PLD fibers it remains at about 20/μm2 during this period. The distribution of the caveolae in the two muscles is different from the begining; in the ALD fibers the caveolae are distributed throughout the plasma membrane and in PLD fibers they are patterned into clusters overlying the I band regions. The density of intramembranous particles of 1-day ALD and PLD plasma membranes appears similar, but by 7 days the particle counts in the sarcolemma of the ALD muscle are about twice as numerous as those in the PLD muscle. The rectilinear arrays are virtually absent in the ALD muscle, whereas in the PLD muscle their density is about 10/μm2 at 1 day and about 20/μm2 at 7 days. Already at 1 day posthatching the SR in ALD and PLD fibers has the adult configuration, i.e., an open irregular network in ALD fibers and periodically arranged tubules with triadic expansions in the PLD fibers. It is concluded that the membrane structure of ALD and PLD muscles is already different at hatching, and at 1 week the differences are identical to those of slow and fast fibers of the adult stage. The membrane changes, therefore, do not support the view that the ALD muscle undergoes a transitional, fast-type stage in posthatching chicks.
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    The fine structure of early tooth formation in an lguanid lizard, Anolis carolinensis (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 165-176 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytodifferentiation and hard tissue formation were studied in Anolis to collect information regarding the phylogenetic history of enamel and the functional significance of the events seen in the mammalian tooth during differentiation. The differentiation of the ameloblasts of Anolis, like that of mammals, shows two phases: In the early phase, the cells are short and rich in free ribosomes, in the late phase the cells elongate, develop an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi apparatus moves into that part of the cell next to the basal lamina (the cell apex). The early epithelial-mesenchymal interface resembles that of mammals, suggesting that early mechanisms of induction and epithelial-mesenchymal interaction are similar in Anolis and in mammals.Preameloblast processes and preameloblast-preodontoblast contacts in Anolis are rudimentary compared to those of mammals. While in mammals the preameloblast processes shape the future DEJ (dentin-enamel junction), their involvement in establishing the shape of the DEJ of Anolis is questionable. We suggest that the great development of preameloblast-preodontoblast contacts in mammals may simply increase the efficiency of inductive interactions between these cell types.
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    The occurrence of abnormal sperm in the cauda epididymis of Rhinolophus capensis (Mammalia: Chiroptera) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 183 (1985), S. 177-183 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermatozoa of Rhinolophus capensis are stored in the cauda epididymidis for about 10 months, 4 months prior to copulation and 6 months after copulation. Electron microscopy has shown the occurrence of sperm defects (mitochondrial proliferation, bending and coiling of the tail, and Dag defect) throughout the period of sperm storage. However, these defects are more common during the postcopulation period, when excess spermatozoa are being removed, suggesting that they may be associated with sperm degradation.
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Patterns of cells and extracellular material of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata; Echinoidea) embryo, from hatched blastula to late gastrula (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 387-402 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning electron microscopy of six stages of Lytechinus variegatus embryos from hatching through gastrulation reveals changes in the shapes of the ectodermal cells and morphological changes in the extracellular material (ECM) in relation to the locations and migratory activities of mesenchyme cells. The classical optical patterns in the blastular wall (Okazaki patterns) are due to differential orientations of the cells, which bend and extend sheet-like lamellipodia over adjoining cells toward the eventual location of the primary mesenchymal ring. The blastocoelic surfaces of the blastomeres become covered with a thin basal lamina (BL) composed of fibers and nonfibrous material. During primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) ingression, a web-like ECM is located in the blastocoel overlying the amassed PMCs. This ECM becomes sparse in migratory mesenchyme blastulae, and is confined to the animal hemisphere. Localized regions of intertwining basal cell processes in the blastular wall are also present during PMC migration. While a distinct BL is present during early and midgastrulation, blastocoelic ECM is absent. Late gastrulae, on the other hand, have an abundance of blastocoelic ECM concentrated near secondary mesenchyme cell protrusive activity. ECM appearing at both the early mesenchyme and late gastrula stages are probably remnants of degraded BL and intercellular matrix preserved by fixation for SEM. Thus, early mesenchyme ECM is formed of BL material whose degradation is necessary for entry of PMCs into the blastocoel. Late gastrula ECM is apparently a degradation product of BL and intercellular material whose destruction is required for fusion of the gut with oral ectoderm in formation of the mouth.
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    Structure of the radially asymmetrical uncalcified region of the teeth of the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus (Amphibia, Plethodontidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 185 (1985), S. 403-412 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The teeth of the adult plethodontid salamander, Plethodon cinereus, were examined by light and electron microscopy with emphasis on the ringlike zone of uncalcified dentin that divides the calcified portion of each tooth into a proximal pedestal and a distal apex. The uncalcified region displays radial asymmetry, forming an integral part of the posterior wall of the tooth but bulging into the pulp cavity anteriorly, thus forming a hingelike structure. All portions of the dentin, including the uncalcified region, are composed predominantly of collagenous fibers but lack elastin. In scanning electron micrographs of teeth from which the oral mucosa has been removed, the location of the anterior uncalcified hinge is marked externally by a notch-like articulation of the apex and pedestal. Sites of transition between calcified and uncalcified areas of the dentin show no special modifications in transmission electron micrographs, but collagenous fibers in calcified portions are associated with more electron-dense amorphous material than are those in the uncalcified region. Odontoblasts associated with the uncalcified region possess ultrastructural features closely resembling those of odontoblasts found in calcified areas. The uncalcified region seems to afford the teeth a certain degree of flexibility, and the asymmetry of the region appears to allow the teeth to flex only in a posterior direction, thus facilitating the entry of living prey but hindering its escape. The uncalcified region also seems to permit the apex of a tooth to break away from its pedestal without damage to underlying bone.
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    Salivary gland ultrastructure of the unfed adult and feeding female of Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) leachi (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 31-44 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The paired salivary glands of unfed adult Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) leachi contain one type of agranular and three types of granular alveoli connected to a salivary duct system. Type I agranular alveoli consist of one large, central cell surrounded by peripheral cells with numerous basal membrane infoldings indicative of epithelia involved in fluid transport. Glycogen particles, lipid-like droplets, and the parallel pattern of infolded membranes disappeared from the peripheral cells during feeding. Types II, III, and IV granular alveoli contain some agranular interstitial epithelial cells, cap cells, and fundus cells, but are predominantly composed of structurally different granular cell types a, b, c, d, e, and f. Agranular cells develop during the early stages of feeding. Granular a, c, e, and f cells release their granules directly after attachment to the host and possibly are involved in cement secretion required for firm attachment to it. The b cell granules are replaced by b1 filamentous granules during feeding. Golgi bodies and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) participate in the formation of most types of granules. The d cells contain lamella-like structures and condensing vacuoles, probably responsible for lysosome formation. The main salivary duct and all types of alveoli are innervated by neurosecretory axons.
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    Chromosome studies. II. Synapsis in the Tettigidae, with special reference to the presynapsis splitContribution no. 121 from the Department of Zoölogy, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 119-145 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Homologous chromosomes entering parasynapsis are already split. This split evidently originates in each chromosome in the resting period prior to the last spermatogonial division. In the prophase of this division the daughter chromonemata in each halfchromosome were probably incompletely separated, but the succeeding telophase effects the completion of their separation. These processes are accompanied and suceeded by an elongation, straightening, and general paralleling of the split threads and by an elongation of the cell and its nuclear space.Parasynapsis begins with intimate approximation of the daughter threads in each homologue and is continued by approximation of the homologues at the usual [bouquet] and [zygotene] periods. There results the [diplotene] thread, which therefore consists of four completely distinct strands, but which exhibits a [two-strand] appearance due to parasynapsis between daughter chromonemata being further advanced than that between homologues.The pairing process begins at the distal ends and proceeds proximally. With parasynapsis complete, the nucleus enters the [diffuse] stage On emergence, disjunction is seen to have progressed from the distal ends to near the proximal ends in each pair and the [tetrads] have taken form. In the prephase that follows each strand in a tetrad may [crimp] independently, and with the condensation and matrix (?) formation that accompany it there results the spermatocyte ‘tetrad.’
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    Masthead (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050510201
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    The evolutional significance of the chromosomes of Aphididae (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 373-433 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An investigation into the number of chromosomes in thirty-seven species of Aphidiae belonging to twenty-seven geaera has shown that there is but one sex chromosome in the male cells of all but one species of Aphididae. That exceptional species is Euceraphis betulae Koch.The number of chromosomes and body characters are so closely correlated that we can safely judge the evolutional scale of any aphid by its number of chromosomes.In Aphididae the least number of chromosomes seems to be the most primitive.The number of chromosomes varies with the genera. The highest number is 1811 + X = 37 chromosomes, the lowest being 211 + X = 5 (diploid in male).The increase in the number of chromosomes seems to have been brought about by transverse divisions of the primitive chromosomes.The genus Tuberolachnus with 311 + X = 4 elements (♂) represents altogether different chromosomes characters from the genus Pterochlorus with 8 elements.In the genera Periphyllus and Calaphis there are species with a small m-element which is bivalent.
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    The effects of vitamin-E deficiency on the development of the chickContribution no. 406 from the Zoölogical Laboratory, University of Illinois. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 47-89 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In an investigation of the hatchability of eggs from hens fed on a diet deficient in vitamin E Card found that all embryos from these eggs died during development. Study of these chicks showed that a variety of conditions were responsible for death:During early development the rate of growth and differentiation was definitely slower than under normal conditions, but malformations were rare. Some embryos died during the first two days, due to disintegration of the circulatory system or its failure to become established. At the end of the fourth day there was a definite critical period which few specimens survived and by this time distinet pathological conditions had arisen in extra-embryonic structures. These involved wiping out of the vitelline circulation by establishment of a lethal ring in the blastoderm. This structure was produced by intensive cell proliferation in the mesoderm which resulted in choking out vitelline blood vessels and their subsequent degeneration. It also caused obliteration of the exocoele, with consequent failure of the allantois to expand. In addition, many embryos showed profuse haemorrage into the exocoele. The source of bleeding was most frequently in the atrium of the heart, and at the actual rupture peculiar cells occurred which were probably histiocytic mesenchyme cells.Although death was due directly to causes enumerated above, the ultimate responsibility rests upon conditions set up by them, namely: starvation, asphyxiation, and loss of the medium (blood) by which to carry on metabolic exchange.
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    Recovery from immersion in water. An index of metabolism and the condition of the gonads in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen and Popillia japonica Newm. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 435-465 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In some insects the selection of individuals which recover in equal periods of time from immersion in water may be used to obtain material of approximately uniform physiological state; Drosophila melanogaster, Meigen, was found to have a mean of recovery for the males 0.97 ± 0.542 minute later than the females, which would indicate a lower metabolic rate for the males. The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newm., was found to have a mean of recovery from immersion in water of both sexes the same in August, while in September the males were retarded by 8.1 as compared with females. This would indicate that the males have and equal me abolic rate in August with the females and a lower rate in September. Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen produce in the flies a condition of asphyxiation similar to immersion in water. [Vestigial] flies recover from immersion in water in a fashion similar to ‘wild’ flies.The recovery periods from immersion in water in the flies can be used to group individuals into those possessing approximately equal egg-laying capacities and to isolate spent individuals from others still capable of laying eggs. Yeast appears to be more of a stimulant to egg laying than it is to larval growth. Groups of flies which were fed yeast were found to average 71 per cent increase in egg laying over groups of flies that were not fed yeast. The O2 consumption of the groups of flies actively laying eggs, as contrasted with the groups which were not so active, was found in the former to be 32.9 per cent greater.
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    Masthead (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931) 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050520101
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    A study of living sperm cells of certain grasshoppers by means of the ultraviolet microscope (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 91-113 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper discusses very briefly the ultraviolet microscope and the developments which have led to a successful technique for optically sectioning living cells; also the ultraviolet photomicrographs of living sperm cells of certain grasshoppers, which show clearly the spinning out of the chromonema from solid blocks of the diatene stage, the pairing of same in the leptotene stage, the development of the tetrads, the final distribution of the chromosomes in the resulting spermatids and their return to a spiral chromonema, each inclosed in its own vesicle. The details of the cytoplasm are equally well brought out.
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    Thermal relationships in the neutral-red reaction (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 165-194 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Neutral-red staining in Daphnia, legume seeds, starfish eggs, and Palaemonetes shows reactions to temperature changes which may be correlated with the thermal reactions of enzymes.
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    Masthead (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050520201
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    Vertebrate cephalogenesis. VI. A. The velum - its in head building - the hyoid. The Velata. The origin of the vertebrate head skeleton. B. Myxinoid characters inherited by the teleostomi (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 309-371 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The oldest parts of the fibrous, cartilaginous, and bony head skeleton of vertebrates descend from the amphioxid ancestors of the myxinoid fishes. The skeleton of the velum and jaw bars of the amphioxids transform into the jaw apparatus and hyoid-velar head skeleton of the myxinoids, and some parts are passed on by inheritance to the teleostome fishes (sturgeons). These anatomical characters prove descent with modification. The theory of the origin of jaws and hyoid from branchial cartilages is not supported by the facts, as both jaws and hyoid structures were developed long before branchial cartilages furnished material for head building. The Velata, the oldest of living vertebrates, include the amphioxids and marsipobranchs, and are marked off from the higher forms by the important organ, the velum, which separates the prebranchial from the branchial head. A remnant of the velum inherited by all of the higher vertebrates is the hyoid mechanism - an important anatomical landmark.
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    The ontogenetic history of the mitochondria of the hepatic cell of the white rat (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 485-511 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This work was designed to determine the ontogenetic variability of the morphology of mitochondria of the hepatic cell.The mitochondria of the cells of the hepatic diverticulum are minute spheres. These spheres enlarge, become associated, forming beaded filaments, which in turn become smooth filaments, the process culminating in the twenty-day fetus. There is no individual or lobular variabillty in fetuses of a given length. One-half day before birth the above process is reversed, so that separate spheres are found in the eight- to twelve-hour young. This enlargement and enspherulation are accompanied by an accumulation of large quantities of glycogen. After this age, the spheres become associated into beaded filaments again and the glycogen disappears, the cycle ending at thirty-three hours. From two to eight days of age there is great individual variability.Mitochondrial morphology characterstic of the adult is first found in the fourteen-day young, when cells contain long, smooth or beaded filaments, rods, and spheres. There is no lobular variation as to types of mitochondria, but only in numbers, the cells around the central vein containing fewer mitochondria than other cells of the lobule. Variation between individuals after birth is due to something other than age, type of food, period of digestion, and length of starvation. Fat is formed within spherical chondriosomes.
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    Chromosomes of three species of mantidae (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 525-533 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are twenty-seven spermatogonial chromosomes in Tenoder'a sinensis, three of which are larger than the others and lag behind in anaphase. These three chromosomes have been traced through the prophases of the first spermatocyte to the metaphase, where they appear as a hexad. In the first spermatocyte division two of the constituent diads of the hexad pass to one pole, the remaining one to the other, thus giving rise to two types of second spermatocytes, one with thirteen and the other with fourteen chromosomes. There are twenty-eight chromosomes in somatic metaphases of the female; four of these chromosomes are larger than the others. The sex chromosomes of the male are represented by the formula Xa + Y + Xb, that of the female by 2Xa + 2Xb.Similar conditions are reported for Mantis religiosa and Stagmomantis carolina.
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    Insect development. II. Mitotic activity in the grasshopper embryo (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 51 (1931), S. 613-618 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The onset of hibernation in Melanoplus differentialis eggs kept at high temperatures is accompanied by a fairly abrupt cessation of cell division. The total number of mitotic figures present in the different individuals of a series of embryos of this grasshopper, from eggs kept for eighteen to twenty days at 25°C. from the time of saying, was found to vary between 1000 and 4400. In contrast to the conditions found in eggs of this age, embryos from eggs kept twenty-seven days at 25°C., as well as those older and still in the hibernating state, contained few or no dividing cells. During the course of the work it was found that, in rare cases, hibernation failed to occur, a few or many of the eggs developed without a pause when kept at 25°C., and hatched at approximately the thirty-eighth day. The detection of variations in the rate of mitotic activity over short periods, as originally planned, was found impossible, because of the comparatively small number of embryos used.
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    Some histological effects of ultrasonic waves on cells and tissues of the fish lebistes reticulatus and on the larva of rana sylvatica (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 155-164 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Some pathological effects of supersonic waves produced by the piezo-electric oscillator described by Wood and Loomis ('27) are described.Death of fish and frogs was due to haemolysis of erythrocytes within the gill capillaries. Disruption of gill filaments, trauma, and extravasation in the head and gill region and in the peripheral musculature were noted.No effect on the nervous system was apparent histologically.Organisms were not killed in water under hyper- or hyponormal pressures. In these cases no cavitation of gases took place.Isolated frog sartorius muscle in Ringer's was not damaged.Bubbles of gas were easily observed within the muscle cells of the tadpoles when such cells were not more violently disturbed. Such bubbles were abundant in the more fluid muscles of four- or five-day tadpoles, less abundant in 15- to 35-mm. Lebistes, and entirely lacking in adult frog sartorius. Protoplasmic viscosity differences probably explain the gradient.The above-observed intracellular cavitation explains the muscular destruction, the haemolysis, the change in specific gravity of organisms subjected to the wave treatment, and may offer light upon the stimulatory effect of such waves on excitable tissues (compare Harvey, '28).
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    The anatomy of diplodinium medium (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 195-215 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In this paper evidence is given in support of the author's statements (Rees, '30) that in ciliates in the genus Diplodinium a neuromotor apparatus, as described and figured by Sharp ('14), could not be differentiated. For the study of minute anatomy ciliates were cut into serial sections 3 μ thick. The body which in D. medium appeared to correspond to the motorium of D. ecaudatum was shown to be a fold of the middle layer of ectoplasm. Fibers, described and figured by Sharp as connecting the motorium to the organelles of locomotion and of food taking and to a ring about the esophagus, could not be differentiated. Other fibers which Sharp designated as opercular were shown to be part of a fibrillar complex extending throughout the middle layer and the inner boundary layer of ectoplasm. The walls of the esophagus were shown to be formed by the fused middle and inner layers of the ectoplasm. The esophageal fibers therefore belong also to the above-mentioned fibrillar complex. In D. medium a system of esophageal membranelles was differentiated, described, and figured. The ciliary systems of Paramaecium ecaudatum and of Diplodinium medium were shown to be strikingly similar. The principle of descent from a common ancestor adequately explains the above similarity, but is out of harmony with the discrepancies between Sharp's account of D. ecaudatum and this account of D. medium.
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    A detailed study of the endoderm of hydra (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 249-275 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The flagella of the endodermal cells of hydra have their origin in the form of a cytoplasmic spherule which appears on the cell membrane just above the blepharoplast. This spherule moves outward, and in doing so forms a small cylinder, which, in time, flattens down into a ribbon-like flagellum, the edge of which is slightly thickened. Endodermal cells were found to bear from one to five of these flagella. Dissociated endodermal cells become amoeboid and are able to move about quite freely, taking up particles of food with pseudopods; these cells are also able to elaborate flagella. In the normal well-fed hydra the endodermal cells are found to fragment endogenously; these endogenous fragments pass to the tentacles and other outlying regions, where they are taken up by the endo-epithelio cells lining these regions. The endoderm is frequently thrown into villi of quite large size: these villi, when studied over a period of days, are found to deteriorate; the cells which composed them wander to the tentacles, buds, and basal regions by means of their flagella and amoeboid movement, where they deteriorate, the cell particles being taken up by the epithelio cells lining these areas.
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    A demonstration of the vacuome and the golgi apparatus as independent cytoplasmic components in the fresh eggs of teleostean fishes (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 277-307 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The most important conclusion of this investigation is that the vacuome and the classical Golgi apparatus are independent cell components in the oocytes of Ophiocephalus and Rita. The same conclusion has been arrived at by Nath in Rana tigrina. The vacuoles, the Golgi elements, and the mitochondria can be seen intra vitam side by side.In Ophiocephalus the vacuoles give rise to albuminous yolk, as has been rightly claimed by Hibbard for Discoglossus and by Hibbard and Parat for Perca and Pygosteus. The Golgi elements give rise to the fatty yolk as in so many other forms of oogenesis described by Nath and others.In Rita the fate of the vacuoles and the Golgi elements is unknown, as the fish suddenly disappeared from the Ravi during the spawning period.
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    Spermatogenesis in sturnus vulgaris: Refractory period and acceleration in relation to wave length and rate of increase of light rationStudies on the sexual cycle in birds, no. VII. Aided by a grant from the Committee for Research in Problems of Sex of the National Research Council, 1930-1931. (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 403-427 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Between December 10th and January 24th, using red, green, and white electric lights at equal intensities of about 1.7 foot-candles, sixty-nine males, with females, were subjected nightly to, (a) constant six- and six-and-one-quarter-hour periods of illumination; (b) periods increasing gradually from one-quarter to six and one-quarter hours; (c) no added light (controls), in a basement room lighted by day from three large windows. Relative heat intensities reaching the birds were: for white, 1; for green, 2.5; for red, 10.Birds were killed for testis study at 5, 12, 16, 22, and 23 days.Refractory period was shorter, and modification of spermatogenic activity much greater, under a than under b types of treatment, as compared with controls. Effects were also more consistent.Descending order of testis activity induced at all stages was red, white, control, green, under both a and b.Effects on testis activity are not proportional to heat intensity of incident light, but depend on wave length, since green effect is not intermediate between those of white and red, as its heat intensity is. Green inhibited germ-cell activity even in birds already at normal midwinter minimal condition.Constant six-hour red-light treatments, of this intensity, induced flrst appearance of metamorphosing sperms in twenty-three days in midwinter.Apparatus and mode of light regulation and measurement are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050520204
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    Modified mitosis in the chick embryo (1931)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 52 (1931), S. 535-563 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A study of cell division in the chick embryo has revealed in striated muscle and in the early stages of all the principal tissues and organs a process, followed by the greater percentage of the dividing nuclei, which resembles amitosis, but is undoubtedly a highly modified form of mitosis. This process is designated ‘modified mitosis’. The belief that this is essentially mitotic rests upon the fact that a number of discrete bodies may be distinguished in the one or two chromatin masses of each nucleus. These masses, or ‘mulberries’, might easily be mistaken for nucleoli or karyosomes were it not that they exhibit division by elongation and constriction. These structures probably represent masses of minute and closely clumped chromosomes in somatic number dividing in a qualitative and a quantitative fashion. As additional evidence there are present between the dividing mulberries exceedingly fine fibers which possibly represent an attempt at spindle fibers. Neither centrosomes nor asters are present, but since, if present, they would have to be of the intranuclear variety (the nuclear membrane never disintegrating) their absence is immaterial. The nucleus divides not by constriction, but by the formation of a nuclear plate. This process of modified mitosis is probably a device which favors the speed of nuclear proliferation necessary to such rapidly growing tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050520209
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    The effects of X-rays on anterior regeneration in tubifex tubifexThis study was made during 1931-32 at the zoölogical laboratories of the University of Missouri and the University of Pennsylvania, while on appointment as a National Research Council Fellow. It is in continuation of previous work at the University of Missouri supported in part by the Committee on Radiation of the National Research Council. (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 303-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Observations of earlier workers concerning the limited region from which anterior regeneration will occur in Tubifex and the reduced number of segments formed were confirmed in control worms used in these experiments. Only three anterior segments are replaced when as many as twelve are removed. Regeneration is completed within 18 days.Removal of anterior segments from worms that have received 9000 (r) units exposure to x-rays is not followed by regeneration. The wound heals rapidly and worms have been kept in laboratory 70 days without further change. Longitudinal sect ons of injured ends show that the epidermis and muscle layers extend across the wound surface to completely close the body cavity. The intestine retracts slightly and heals to form a blind tube. No mitotic figures appear in cells of this region and there is no evidence of regeneration.In control worms material for formation of the cerebral ganglia and new epidermis arises by proliferation of epidermal cells. The new pharynx arises from the region of the old intestine adjacent to the wound surface. The muscle layers of the body wall and pharynx in new segments are apparently formed by migration of cells from the old muscle elements about the margin of the wound area. No neoblasts were observed in anterior migration or in the process of formation upon adjacent septa in any of the worms.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050540204
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    Masthead (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050540301
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    The rudimentary copulatory organ of the domestic fowl (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 429-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rudimentary copulatory organ of chickens was first observed as a phallic knob in 6-day embryos. This phallic knob enlarged similarly in both male and female embryos up to the twelfth day: from the twelfth to the seventeenth day it was distinguished by a large process in the males and a diminishing process in the females. Further differentiation took place from the eighteenth to the twenty-first days: some females lacked the porcess, others retained a smaller process than that of the male. As growth advance, fewer females retained the process until at 12 weeks of age it had entirely disappeared. The process was found in all males and showed no retrogression, whereas the few capons examined lacked it. A ridge-shaped ‘pseudo’ process developed at about 1 week in some females and was present up to 3 weeks of age. Histologically and embryologically, the process was seen to possess some characteristics of a penis. The cloacal method of sex determination might be used with an average maximum accuracy of about 90 per cent in living day-old chicks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050540302
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    Sex cycles and other cyclic phenomena in a chimpanzee during adolescence, maturity, and pregnancy (1933)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 54 (1933), S. 521-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sex cycles of a chimpanzee were studied for 18 months, during which the animal matured, menstruated four times, conceived, and delivered.Pronounced swelling of the ano-genital region appeared periodically prior to the first menstruation. During menstrual cycles the swelling endured during most of the period between flows. Genital swelling was always accompanied by estrus; copulation and insemination never occurred during its absence.The animal was alert and active when in estrus, demonstrated non-sexual affection for the male just prior to the flow, and appeared to be physically distressed during the first days of each flow.There were periodic weight changes coordinated with the animal's menstrual cycles.During pregnancy menstruation ceased, but genital swelling, with accompanying sexual receptivity, continued in irregular cycles.Cyclic changes in the desquamation of the vaginal epithelium occurred during menstrual cycles, were absent during pregnancy.The gestation period was approximately 246 days. At death from puerperal sepsis, 15 days after delivery, the ovaries were in a restin stage, one of them bearing a degenerating corpus luteum.The evidence given indicates that sex-skin swelling and estrus are similarly controlled, but may occur independently of menstruation, cornification of the vaginal epithelium, or ovulation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050540307
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