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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AUDITORY SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT: Primary Auditory Neurons and Their Targets (2002)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Neuroscience 25 (2002), S. 51-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0147-006X
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The neurons of the cochlear ganglion transmit acoustic information between the inner ear and the brain. These placodally derived neurons must produce a topographically precise pattern of connections in both the inner ear and the brain. In this review, we consider the current state of knowledge concerning the development of these neurons, their peripheral and central connections, and their influences on peripheral and central target cells. Relatively little is known about the cellular and molecular regulation of migration or the establishment of precise topographic connection to the hair cells or cochlear nucleus (CN) neurons. Studies of mice with neurotrophin deletions are beginning to yield increasing understanding of variations in ganglion cell survival and resulting innervation patterns, however. Finally, existing evidence suggests that while ganglion cells have little influence on the differentiation of their hair cell targets, quite the opposite is true in the brain. Ganglion cell innervation and synaptic activity are essential for normal development of neurons in the cochlear nucleus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142849
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of the Labyrinthine Efferent System (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 781 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb15690.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    African fishes (1991)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 350 (1991), S. 467-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - Meyer et al. conclude! that morpho-logical diversification in flocks of cichlid fishes in Lake Victoria occurs without much molecular evolution. This agrees with our own data on hybrids between different species of cichlid fish from Lake Victoria, which can be bred easily over several ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/350467b0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolution of tetrapod hearing (1990)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 344 (1990), S. 116-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/344116a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The electroreceptive ampullary organs of urodeles (1983)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 229 (1983), S. 483-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ampullary organs ; Urodeles ; Electroreceptors ; Lateral-line system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The system of lateral-line organs in urodeles was examined by the use of various lightand electron-microscopical techniques. The results show that, in addition to the well-known mechanoreceptive neu-romast organs, a second type of receptor can be identified. This second type of organ was presumably seen by earlier workers, but they seemingly failed to point out the distinction between the two organs. The presently described organs are anatomically similar to the ampullary organs of various anamniotic species such as Brachiopterygii, sturgeons, lungfish, and silurids. In all these species the ampullary organs display only one afferent fiber but no efferent innervation and are situated around an ampullary enlargement in or below the epidermis as in urodeles. All ampullary receptors including those of urodeles are very sensitive to weak electrical fields. Similar to the situation in teleosts, the ampullae of urodeles show numerous microvilli but no kinocilia. All other nonteleostean ampullary receptors appear to possess only kinocilia as apical specializations but no microvilli. Current evidence suggests that the electroreceptive ampullary organs are as phylogenetically old as all other vertebrate sensory systems; they are now known to be relatively common among anamniotic vertebrates. Since all ampullary receptors share many common characteristics, it is assumed that they were derived from one phylogenetic precursor but have evolved certain peculiarities in each species not shared by other ampullary receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207693
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retinal projections in European Salamandridae (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 325-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retinal projections ; Optic tract (Urodela) ; Anterograde HRP-transport ; Ipsilateral tectal projections
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The retinal projections to the brain were studied in three species of European Salamandridae using anterograde transport of horseradish peroxidase and autoradiography. The results obtained were basically identical for all species and confirmed earlier findings on the fiber supply to the preoptic nucleus and the basal optic neuropil. In the anterior thalamus projections to three distinct terminal fields are clearly visible: (i) the diffusely stained corpus geniculatum thalamicum, (ii) the neuropil of Bellonci, pars lateralis, and (iii) a dorsomedial terminal field, the neuropil of Bellonci, pars medialis. Caudal to these terminal fields is an almost terminal-free region, the lateral neuropil. In the posterior thalamus a medial terminal field, the uncinate field, and a laterally located terminal field, the posterior thalamic neuropil, are distinguishable. The tectum opticum displays as many as four dense layers of retinofugal fibers and terminals in the rostral part and, in addition, a more densely stained strip of neuropil running from rostral to caudal over the tectum. The extent of ipsilateral fibers is greater than previously reported in other urodele species. They supply the medial and the lateral parts of the neuropil of Bellonci, the uncinate field, and reach the tectum opticum via the medial optic tract. Further, they form terminals in the innermost optic fiber layer throughout the rostral half of the ipsilateral tectum. A small proportion of ipsilateral fibers contributes very sparsely to all other thalamic terminal fields, leaving only the caudal part of the tectum and several layers of the rostral tectum completely free of a direct retinofugal fiber supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234791
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pattern of lateral-line afferents in urodeles (1981)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 218 (1981), S. 581-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral-line afferents ; Lateral-line efferents ; Electroreception ; Urodeles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of posterior and anterior afferents of the lateralline system was studied in several species of urodeles by means of transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. The afferents of each lateral-line nerve form distinct fascicles in the medullary alar plate. Each of the two branches of the anterior lateral-line nerve is organized in two long and one short fascicles. The posterior lateral-line afferents form only two long fascicles. Each ordinary neuromast is supplied by only two afferents, which run in the two ventral medullary fiber bundles. It is suggested that afferents to hair cells displaying one type of polarity form together one bundle, but those contacting hair cells polarized in the opposite way form the second ventral bundle of one lateral-line branch. Thus, the lateral-line afferents may be organized in a directotopic fashion. The short dorsal fascicle formed only by the anterior lateral-line afferents receives fibers exclusively from small pit organs. Each pit organ is supplied by only one afferent. Anatomically, these pit organs resemble in many respects the electroreceptive ampullary organs of certain fish. Neurons labeled retrogradely via the anterior lateral-line nerve afferents have been attributed to the nervus trigeminus or facialis. In addition to the posterior lateral-line afferents, only few centrifugally projecting neurons were labeled. These neurons are discussed as efferents to the posterior lateral-line neuromasts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00210117
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The trochlear motoneurons of lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis): location, morphology and numbers as revealed with horseradish peroxidase (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 252 (1988), S. 223-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trochlear nerve ; Extraocular motoneurons ; HRP-labelling ; Lamprey, Lampetra fluviatilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells of origin of the trochlear nerve of Lampetra fluviatilis have been labelled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in order to compare the location and morphology of trochlear motoneurons with those of other vertebrates and to gain insight into the phylogenetic changes of the trochlear system. About 126 bipolar and tripolar trochlear motoneuron perikarya are found in a dorsal tegmental position close to the trochlear root. Only ∼16% of the labelled cells are on the ipsilateral side of the brain, i.e. they lie predominantly contralateral as in gnathostome vertebrates. Dorsally directed dendrites reach the area of lateral-line and retinofugal fibres, and may establish functional contacts. In addition, each motoneuron has a ventral dendrite that extends towards the fasciculus longitudinalis medialis and to the ventral tegmentum. The dendrites branch close to the oculomotor root. Lampreys show a low muscle fibre to motoneuron ratio (4.5∶1), i.e., they resemble amniotic vertebrates more than other anamniotic vertebrates. These data demonstrate both closer resemblance and larger differences of cyclostome and gnathostome trochlear motoneurons than previously suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214364
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of the lateral-line organs of larval Ichthyophis (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) (1985)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 186 (1985), S. 369-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscopic observations of the lateral-line organs of larval Ichthyophis kohtaoensis confirmed earlier reports of the occurrence of two different types of lateral-line organs. One type, the ampullary organ, possesses 15-26 egg-shaped sensory cells. Each sensory cell extends a single kinocilium surrounded by a few microvilli into the ampullary lumen. This is in contrast to the ampullary organs of urodele amphibians that contain only microvilli. The second type of organ, the ordinary neuromast, has 15-24 pear-shaped sensory cells arranged in two to three rows. Each sensory cell shows a kinocilium that is asymmetrically placed with respect to both a basal plate and approximately 60 stereovilli. The sensory cells of ampullary organs are always separated by supporting cells; those of neuromasts are occasionally in contact with one another. Numerous (neuromasts) or few (ampullary organs) mantle cells separate the organs from the epidermal cells. Only afferent synapses are found in the ampullary organs whereas vesicle-filled fibers together with afferent nerve terminals are found in neuromasts. Both organs contain similarly sized presynaptic spheres adjacent to the afferent fibers. It is suggested that the neuromasts have a mechanoreceptive function, whereas the ampullary organs have an electroreceptive one.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051860312
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  • 10
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    The electroreceptive ampullary organs of urodeles (1983)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1983-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0302-766X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0878
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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