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  • Organic Chemistry  (1,241)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (416)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (321)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (313)
  • Acoustics
  • Aircraft Propulsion and Power
  • Physical Chemistry
  • 2000-2004
  • 1975-1979  (1,666)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949  (284)
  • 1930-1934  (433)
  • 1975  (1,666)
  • 1946  (284)
  • 1930  (433)
Collection
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  • 2000-2004
  • 1975-1979  (1,666)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1950-1954
  • 1945-1949  (284)
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  • 1
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    The long term energy problem and aeronautics (1975)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The projected increase in energy consumption by transportation in general and civil aviation in particular is directly opposed to the dwindling supplies of natural petroleum crude oil currently used to produce aircraft fuels. This fact dictates the need to develop even more energy conservative aircraft and propulsion systems than are currently available and to explore the potential of alternative fuels to replace the current petroleum derived hydrocarbons. Advances in technology are described in the areas of improved component efficiency, aircraft and engine integration, control systems, and advanced lightweight materials that are needed to maximize performance and minimize fuel usage. Also, improved turbofan and unconventional engine cycles which can provide significant fuel usage reductions are described. These advancements must be accomplished within expected environmental constraints such as noise and pollution limits. Alternative fuels derived from oil shale and coal are described, and the possible technological advancements needed to use these fuels in aircraft engines are discussed and evaluated with relation to potential differences in fuel characteristics.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA/Univ. Conf. on Aeron.; p 183-210
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  • 2
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    Citizen's actions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The role played by individual citizens as consumers of energy was examined, with emphasis on studying ways in which their action could result in energy conservation. It was shown that there are ways that energy can be conserved in this way, with citizens acting either individually or in groups. The potential savings are significant, but the actual savings may be quite small. The citizens need to be motivated to save and to believe in a conservation ethic; developing such an ethic is difficult, and perhaps not responsive to the shotgun approach now being attempted. The true course of action may be to synthesize new societal structures that provide the maximum evolution of culture within the limitation of scarce energy resources.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 16 p
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  • 3
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    Input-output analysis of some sector actions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Selected energy conservation actions previously discussed in depth but separately in the areas of the energy industry, the industry sector, the transportation sector, and the residential and commercial sector, were brought together and assessed as a group. Particular emphasis was devoted to identifying secondary or indirect impacts and multiple interactions. Preliminary results obtained from the ECASTAR energy input-output model suggest that the impacts of energy conservation actions can be grossly misrepresented if secondary impacts are not included in the assessment. A methodology which stresses the importance of secondary and multiple interactions permeates the underlying philosophy of this discussion.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. 16p (SEE N76-21686 12-44)
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  • 4
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    Future US energy demands based upon traditional consumption patterns lead to requirements which significantly exceed domestic supply (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Energy consumption in the United States has risen in response to both increasing population and to increasing levels of affluence. Depletion of domestic energy reserves requires consumption modulation, production of fossil fuels, more efficient conversion techniques, and large scale transitions to non-fossile fuel energy sources. Widening disparity between the wealthy and poor nations of the world contributes to trends that increase the likelihood of group action by the lesser developed countries to achieve political and economic goals. The formation of anticartel cartels is envisioned.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Future Environment; 39 p
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  • 5
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    Hydrogen utilization and alternatives (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The historical uses of hydrogen are described along with potential new uses which could develop as a result of the diminishing supply of conventional fossil fuels such as natural gas. A perspective view of hydrogen, both as a chemical feedstock and as a fuel, is necessary to understand its relationship to the overall national energy projections. These projections, which show energy usage in terms of use sectors, forms of energy, and sources of energy, do not specifically identify hydrogen as a component of the energy system. By superimposing the traditional roles upon the new opportunities for hydrogen on the energy projections, the role of hydrogen and future projections is developed within the context of the national energy projections. Use, supply, and other factors affecting application are interrelated and are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 47 p
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  • 6
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    Production cost methods and data (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The general gas cost equation for utility financing is presented. Modifications and assumptions made in order to apply the cost equation to hydrogen production are described. Cost data are given for various methods of hydrogen production. The cost matrix procedure is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 10 p
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  • 7
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    Factors affecting the broadened use of hydrogen (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The future role of hydrogen is considered. Specific factors discussed include: storage, transmission, and distribution problems; materials compatibility and safety; environmental and social implications of increased hydrogen usage; and the economics related to expanding hydrogen use.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 21 p
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  • 8
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    Supply options (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of captive hydrogen (produced and consumed on site) and merchant hydrogen (externally supplied) is considered. A low-merchant-captive ratio market and a high-merchant-captive ratio market are described and compared.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 8 p
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  • 9
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    Economics (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Tables covering the selling price of hydrogen as a function of each process temperature studied are presented. Estimated selling price, based on capital costs and operating and maintenance costs, is included. In all cases, no credit was given for the methane component of hydrogen.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 17 p
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  • 10
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    Hydrogen from coal (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Hydrogen production from coal by hydrogasification is described. The process involves the solubilization of coal to form coal liquids, which are hydrogasified to produce synthetic pipeline gas; steam reforming this synthetic gas by a nuclear heat source produces hydrogen. A description is given of the hydrogen plant, its performance, and its effect on the environment.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 8 p
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  • 11
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    Environmental considerations (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A comparison was made between the environmental impact of the present nuclear-heated process and the currently commercial hydrogen-producing process utilizing coal for heating, i.e., the Lurgi coal gasification process. This comparison is based on the assumption that both plants produce the same quantity of H2, i.e., 269 cu m/sec of approximately the same purity, that all pollution abatement equipment is of the same design and efficiency for both the Lurgi process and the nuclear process, and that the energy required for the fresh nuclear fuel and the fuel recycle is generated in a power plant which is also provided with pollution abatement equipment. The pollution caused by the auxiliary units is also taken into account. As regards process water usage, the data show that the water required for the nuclear route, including the nuclear fuel production, is approximately 78% of that required for the Lurgi route.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 15 p
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  • 12
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    Process description (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The production of hydrogen from coal by hydrogasification and subsequent steam hydrocarbon reforming was studied. Process heat and power requirements are supplied by an HTGR. The process is examined as a function of a maximum reforming (process) temperature of 922 K (1200 F) to 1367 K (2000 F). The major parameters for the five cases selected are summarized in a table. A fixed thermal capacity of 3000 MW for the HTGR heat source was used as a basis. The resulting hydrogen production rates and the corresponding hydrogen purity are also given in a table.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 96 p
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  • 13
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    Production of hydrogen by direct gasification of coal with steam using nuclear heat (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Problems related to: (1) high helium outlet temperature of the reactor, and (2) gas generator design used in hydrogen production are studied. Special attention was given to the use of Oklahoma coal in the gasification process. Plant performance, operation, and environmental considerations are covered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 14 p
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  • 14
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    Citizen's actions (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The various ways in which energy may be conserved by individual citizens as consumers were explored. The following barriers against citizens implementing an effective conservation program were described: credibility gap between producers and consumers, consumptive lifestyles, inverted rate structure, low fuel costs, and initial costs compared to life cycle costs. The following indices for saving energy were identified: time to develop alternatives, scarcity of fuels, reduction of dependence on imports, and decreasing environmental pollution. The various approaches to encourage energy conservation by individuals were described, followed by specific conclusions and recommendations.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 42-49
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  • 15
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    Example of input-output analysis (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The thirty sectors included in the ECASTAR energy input-output model were listed. Five of these belong to energy producing sectors, fifteen to manufacturing industries, two to residential and commercial sectors, and eight to service industries. The model is capable of tracing impacts of an action in three dimensions: dollars, BTU's of energy, and labor. Four conservation actions considered were listed and then discussed separately, dealing with the following areas: increase in fuel efficiency, reduction in fuel used by the transportation and warehousing group, manufacturing of smaller automobiles, and a communications/transportation trade-off.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 15-20
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  • 16
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    An aneroid pressure sensor for constant-level balloons (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The pressure sensor for the Tropical Wind Energy conversion and Reference Level Experiment (TWERLE) is described. Key design features of the sensor are: capacitive coupling, reference at midrange, up-down counting, passive oven, storage at flight pressure and prelaunch calibration. Sensor specifications are given which are based on the production results of 440 units. Drift, as estimated from simulated life tests, is 1 mb per 6 months. The overall weight of the sensor, including thermal package, is 180 g.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Sept
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  • 17
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    Infrared upconversion as a means of seeing in the dark (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new approach to seeing in the dark is described which is based on the principles of nonlinear optics employing a crystal such as lithium iodate. A nonlinear optical device capable of producing photons at higher frequencies from lower-frequency incident light is shown to upconvert infrared light directly into visible light. The major advantages of the infrared upconversion process is that it permits the infrared signal to be detected by photon-counting devices presently available for the visible spectral region, and that it can provide sensitivity to infrared radiation without the need for cryogenic cooling of the detector used. Early works on infrared upconversion are reviewed. The development of applications is discussed as to astronomical spectroscopy and infrared image upconversion involving either angular or positional resolution elements. The demonstration of infrared upconversion in rectangular waveguides of single-crystal GaAs by Anderson et al. (1971) indicates future possibilities in upconversion by the use of integrated optics devices.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Sciences Center Newsletter; 9; May 1975
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  • 18
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    New energy technologies for buildings (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The principal objective of the present work is to identify a variety of strategic approaches which could significantly enhance the rate of commercial development and deployment of total energy systems, fuel cells, and solar conversion. Emphasis is on the need for integration of research, conference, legislation, federal program, and industrial program aspects, leading to a fruitful feedback and follow-through process involving new energy technologies. The discussions are on a general, lay level. Recommendations made feature (1) action which improves the environment for innovation and change, (2) action which decreases risk and creates positive incentives, and (3) action which reflects the distance a particular technology is from commercialization and widespread use, as determined by its position on a development/diffusion scale.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 19
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    An infrared heterodyne radiometer for high-resolution measurements of solar radiation and atmospheric transmission (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A tunable, Dicke-switched, infrared heterodyne radiometer (IHR) has been designed, fabricated, tested, and used to observe solar radiation and determine the atmospheric transmissivity in the 9-11-micron spectral band. The IHR provides a spectral resolution of 0.0067 reciprocal cm, a minimum detectable power level of 2.9 times ten to the minus twenty-third power W/Hz, and a temperature resolution of less than 1 K for a source temperature of 1000 K, an IF predetection bandwidth of 100 MHz, and an integration time of 30 s. Detailed design equations and measured IHR performance are presented. The IHR was used to make solar and atmospheric transmission measurements, and a vertical-path atmospheric attenuation of 2.3 dB has been established under favorable weather conditions. The attenuation of solar radiation due to cloud cover and haze has also been investigated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics; QE-11; Aug. 197
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  • 20
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    Laser energy conversion (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Laser radiation could possibly provide a feasible approach for the transmission of energy between stations and vehicles in space and on earth. The transmitted energy could be used for the operational requirements of the receiving space station, lunar base, or spacecraft. In addition, laser energy could also be employed to provide power for the propulsion of vehicles in space. The present status of development regarding the various technological areas involved in an implementation of these objectives is examined, taking into account the possibility of further advances needed to satisfy the technical requirements. Attention is given to laser-induced chemistry for converting the radiation energy into chemical energy. Other subjects considered are related to photovoltaics, optical diodes, thermo-electronics, laser rockets, and photon engines.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 13; July-Aug
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  • 21
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    The Viking Mars lander camera (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The 7.3 kg cameras for the 1976 Viking Mars expedition feature an array of 12 silicon photodiodes, including six spectral bands for color and near-infrared imaging with an angular resolution of 0.12 deg and four focus steps for broadband imaging, with an improved angular resolution of 0.04 deg. The field of view in elevation ranges from 40 deg above to 60 deg below the horizon, and in azimuth ranges to 342.5 deg. The cameras are mounted 0.8 m apart to provide a stereo view of the area accessible to a surface sampler for biological and chemical investigations. The scanning rates are synchronized to the lander data transmission rates of 16000 bits per sec to the Viking orbiters as relay stations and 250 bits per sec directly to earth. However, image data can also be stored on a lander tape recorder. About 10 million bits of image data will be transmitted during most days of the 60-day-long mission planned for each lander.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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  • 22
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    The Pioneer XI high field fluxgate magnetometer (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The high field fluxgate magnetometer experiment flown aboard the Pioneer XI spacecraft is described. This extremely simple instrument was used to extend the spacecraft's upper-limit measurement capability by approximately an order of magnitude (from 0.14 mT to 1.00 mT) with minimum power and volume requirements. This magnetometer was designed to complement the low-field measurements provided by a helium vector magnetometer and utilizes magnetic ring core sensors with biaxial orthogonal sense coils. The instrument is a single-range, triaxial-fluxgate magnetometer capable of measuring fields of up to 1 mT along each orthogonal axis, with a maximum resolution of 1 microT.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Space Science Instrumentation; 1; May 1975
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  • 23
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    Effect of grid transparency and finite collector size on determining ion temperature and density by the retarding potential analyzer (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of the grid transparency and finite collector size on the values of thermal ion density and temperature determined by the standard RPA (retarding potential analyzer) analysis method are investigated. The current-voltage curves calculated for varying RPA parameters and a given ion mass, temperature, and density are analyzed by the standard RPA method. It is found that only small errors in temperature and density are introduced for an RPA with typical dimensions, and that even when the density error is substantial for nontypical dimensions, the temperature error remains minimum.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; June 1
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  • 24
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    Phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The phase correction for a Michelson interferometer with misaligned mirrors in converging light is shown to give rise to a quadratic phase shift. In general, the calculation of a spectrum from the measured interferogram needs phase correction. Phase corrections have been well worked out for the cases of a linear phase shift and a phase that is slowly varying. The standard procedures for correcting calculated spectra need to be modified, however, to remove any phase errors resulting from misaligned mirrors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; June 197
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  • 25
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    The Pioneer 10/11 and Helios A/B cosmic ray instruments (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes the design and performance of a set of cosmic-ray particle experiments for the Pioneer 10/11 and Helios A/B space missions. These experiments had to be very light-weight, low-power and electronically sophisticated in order to meet the spacecraft and scientific requirements. Both sets of missions use several solid-state detector telescopes to measure protons from 100 KeV to 800 MeV and heavier ions up to Neon at 200 MeV per nucleon. Good performance is required for 7-8 years, and the system must tolerate large vibration loads and ionizing radiation doses up to 500,000 rads.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
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  • 26
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    Thermal diffusivity measurements of particulates using the differentiated line source (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A method is described in which thermal diffusivity measurements can be made on particulate materials using the identical instrumentation as described in previous papers for measuring thermal conductivity. The measurements for the two properties can be made simultaneously, thus eliminating the changes in conditions when they are made separately. This system has particular application for studies of simulated lunar, planetary, or asteroidal surfaces in which laboratory measurements can be correlated with astronomical observations of thermal inertia. A representative set of data is shown which gives thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity measurements on a particulate basalt in which the values for each temperature were taken simultaneously. A value for specific heat is calculated for measurements taken at each temperature.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; May 1975
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  • 27
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    Conservation and the industry sector (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following six highly energy intensive industries were studied as targets of energy conservation opportunity: food and kindred products, paper and allied products, chemicals and allied products, petroleum and coal products, stone, glass and clay products, and primary manufacturing. After studying conservation actions within each industry the actions were grouped under three broad categories: increased combustion efficiency, process improvement, and good housekeeping. Some of the results were: (1) approximately 2.18 quads could be saved in 1980 and 2.57 quads in 1985 by installing cogenerative facilities in 50% of the industries, (2) regenerative air-preheaters could result in a 10-15% increase in furnace efficiency representing a 15-25% fuel savings (2.3 to 3.9 quads in 1980 and 2.7 to 4.5 quads in 1985), (3) several major industries have potential for energy savings by recycling-aluminum (0.2 quads), steel (1 quad), glass (0.006 quads), paper and cement (0.08 quads).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 14 p
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  • 28
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    ECASTAR systems approach (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The methodology of ECASTAR was presented and a discussion of the application of technology to energy conservation was given. This methodology constitutes an overview and blueprint for the analysis of energy conservation actions, and is subdivided into the following sections: the systems approach, constraints and criteria, application of the method (systems approach display, ECASTAR team, study phases and objectives, requirements and impacts, trade-off, integration, and feedback), an example of the method (technology applications).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 30 p
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  • 29
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    Hydrogen uses (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Brief descriptions are given of some of the present and future uses of hydrogen. Industrial synthesis, process uses, and applications to other sectors of the national economy are also considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 8 p
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  • 30
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    European activities in the hydrogen energy field (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Research activities in the hydrogen energy field in the European community are reviewed. Countries included in the discussion are: Austria, Belgium, England, Federal Republic of Germany, and Italy.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 3 p
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  • 31
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    Three strategies for conservation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The three strategies considered as energy conservation oriented were given: national energy conservation, electrification, and diversification. The first one applies to the near term period (now-1985), the second one to the mid term (1985-2000), and the third one to the far term (2000- ). The rest of this section was focussed on the near term period. The following proposed actions were considered: (1) roll back the price of newly discovered oil, (2) force conversion of many power plants from gas and oil to coal, (3) freeze gasoline production for three years at 1972 levels, (4) mandate automobile mileage requirements, (5) require industry to improve energy efficiency, and (6) require manufacture of household appliances with greater efficiency. Each of these six actions was described and discussed in more detail.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 20-30
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  • 32
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    ECASTAR methodology (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The methodology used for the ECASTAR study was described. A systems approach was utilized, in conjunction with the following tools: input/output economic analysis, net economics, and net energetics. Some of the considerations between the objective of ECASTAR, which is to assess the potential for and impacts of various energy conservation actions, were listed. These include: data base, constraints and criteria, identification and classification of energy conservation actions, relationship between actions of the conservation sector and requirements of other sectors, evaluation of actions with respect to constraints and criteria, evaluation of impacts of energy conservation actions, and presentation of the results. Each one of these topics was discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 10-15
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    Technique for producing 'good' GaAs solar cells using poor-quality substrates (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Relatively good GaAs solar cells can be made from poor-quality substrates by making the junction deep (greater than 1 micron) instead of shallow and by 'leaching' both the pGaAs and nGaAs regions during the growth process. AM0 efficiencies of 14.7% (19% AM1) have been obtained from substrates with starting substrate diffusion lengths of 0.6 micron.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 27; Oct. 15
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  • 34
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    Apparatus for production, measurement and reaction studies of dissociated gases at elevated temperatures (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An apparatus is described which is used for the controlled production, characterization, and study of dissociated gases in a microwave discharge at elevated temperatures. A unique feature is the ability to produce and study a microwave discharge plasma in the heated zone. This allows elevated temperature reactions to be studied in high concentrations of dissociated gases. Further, the system permits weight change measurements of specimens in the plasma, thus facilitating reaction rate determinations. Included is a description of a cavity for use on a 50-mm diameter cylindrical reactor. The effects of flow rate, pressure, temperature, power, metal sample, and sampling position on dissociation percentage of oxygen in the apparatus are described as well as a technique for sample temperature measurements in the plasma which permits determination of high temperature recombination coefficients and reaction rates.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science; PS-3; June 197
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  • 35
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    Wind power (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A historical background on windmill use, the nature of wind, wind conversion system technology and requirements, the economics of wind power and comparisons with alternative systems, data needs, technology development needs, and an implementation plan for wind energy are presented. Considerable progress took place during the 1950's. Most of the modern windmills feature a wind turbine electricity generator located directly at the top of their rotor towers.
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  • 36
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    Pulse modulation effect on velocity fringes (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The degradation of a hologram caused by object motion can be utilized to measure the rate of change of the length of an object beam. A rectangular shaped laser pulse is ordinarily used to illuminate the object in such an investigation. The velocity fringes obtained are considered in the calculation. There are no velocity fringes for Gaussian shaped pulses or for the pulses produced by a Q-switched ruby laser. It is shown with the aid of a mathematical analysis that a pulse of oscillating intensity or a pulse train will yield velocity fringes regardless of the shape of an individual pulse.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; May 1975
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  • 37
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    The development of an L-band radiometer dual-mode horn (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An antenna was developed for the remote microwave measurement of ocean surface temperature during a flight test in a C54 aircraft. The basic antenna is a conical dual-mode horn similar to the dual-mode horn described by Potter (1963). The pertinent internal dimensions of the horn are given. The measured E and H plane patterns for the linearly polarized horn for a range of frequencies are shown in a graph.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation; AP-23; May 1975
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  • 38
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    A new high-speed solar spectrograph for meter and decameter wavelengths (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Solar Physics; 40; Feb. 197
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  • 39
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    High-efficiency graded band-gap Al/x/Ga/1-x/As-GaAs solar cell (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A detailed theoretical analysis of an n-on-p graded band-gap Al(x)Ga(1-x)As-GaAs solar cell yields a maximum air mass zero power conversion efficiency of 17% compared to 9% for a similar GaAs cell. The analysis includes surface and bulk minority carrier recombination, junction recombination current, spectrally varying surface reflection, and series resistance loss. The maximum efficiency is determined for a surface recombination velocity of 10,000 cm/sec and hole and electron diffusion lengths of 2.1 and 7.6 microns, respectively. The improved efficiency is primarily due to a built-in electric field, caused by the band-gap gradation, accelerating photogenerated holes toward the p-n junction. This field reduces the surface and bulk recombination of the holes, and thereby enhances their collection.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Physics Letters; 26; Apr. 15
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  • 40
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    Collecting efficiency of a cylindrical mirror electron energy analyzer with pre-retarding lens (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The electron collecting efficiency of a cylindrical mirror energy analyzer incorporating retardation of the electrons prior to analysis has been determined over the range 0 to 30 eV by two methods. The first method requires the use of a vacuum ultraviolet monochromator to produce monoenergetic electrons of different energies; the second method involves measuring the energy-brightness relationship of the retarding optics and should be applicable to any deflection analyzer with pre-retarding optics. The results of the two methods are compared and the limitations of the latter method are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena; 6; 1975
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  • 41
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    An all-sky camera for time-resolved lightning photography (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 14; Mar. 197
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  • 42
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    Calibration of a cylindrical RF capacitance probe (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ambient electron concentrations derived from observations with the Radio Astronomy Explorer 1 antenna capacitance probe have been compared with upper hybrid resonance measurements from the same spacecraft. From this comparison an empirical correction factor for the capacitance probe measurements has been derived. The differences between the two types of measurements is attributed to sheath effects.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Feb. 1
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  • 43
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    The use of Whatman-41 filters for high volume air sampling (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The feasibility of using W41 filter media on a routine TSP high-volume monitoring network was determined by comparison with glass fiber (GF) filtering. Results indicate that suspended particulate samples from GF filters averaged slightly, but not significantly, higher than those from Whatman-41 filters. Some extra handling procedures were required to avoid errors due to the hygroscopic nature of W41 filters; these added procedures are not overly burdensome, however, and they allow the performance of analytical work, thus extending the capabilities of high-volume sampling. It was demonstrated that W41 filters are practical for air quality monitoring and elemental analysis in environments similar to Cleveland's.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Atmospheric Environment; 9; 1975
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  • 44
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    Infrared heterodyne spectroscopy of astronomical and laboratory sources at 8.5 microns (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is pointed out that the first successful infrared heterodyne spectrometer featuring semituneable semiconductor diode lasers was constructed and used near 8.5 micrometers to make laboratory measurements of line profiles in nitrous oxide and to detect thermal emission from Mars and from the moon. Questions of instrument design are discussed along with the significance of the results obtained in the investigation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nature; 253; Feb. 13
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  • 45
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    Two high resolution velocity vector analyzers for cosmic dust particles (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two new methods are described to measure velocities and angles of incidence of charged cosmic dust particles with precisions of about 1% and 1 deg, respectively. Both methods employ four one-dimensional position-sensitive detectors in series. The first method utilizes a charge-dividing technique while the second utilizes a time-of-flight technique for determining the position of a particle inside the instrument. The velocity vectors are measured although mechanical interaction between the particle and the instrument is completely avoided. Applications to cosmic dust composition and collection experiments are discussed. The range of radii of measurable particles is from about 0.01 to 100 microns at velocities from 1 to 80 km/sec.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; Feb. 197
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  • 46
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    Plastic scintillation counters with an area of 2 sq m (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two designs of plastic scintillation counters with an area of 2 sq m scanned in each case by a single photomultiplier of the FEU-49 type are described. The radial dependence of their light collection at the place of the path of the detected particle does not exceed 10% while the half width of the differential distribution of the pulse amplitudes from nonfiltered cosmic radiation at sea level is 90 to 95%, and 65%, the plastic thickness being 5 cm and 10 cm, respectively. The temperature coefficient of the counter is 0.32% per 1 C.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 389-393
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  • 47
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    Generalization of formulas for ionization energy losses and collision cross section in threshold detectors (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two types of formulas were obtained for (- dE/dx) and the number of collisions per unit of path length (dN/dx) = const, which depend on W sub m, with due account of the polarization effect of the medium.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 355-360
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  • 48
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    Spark calorimeter: An instrument for determining particle energy of cosmic radiation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In 1964 a spark calorimeter was installed at the NOR-Amberd Station (2000 m above sea level). The advantages of this calorimeter over the ionization calorimeter are illustrated.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 349-354
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  • 49
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    An instrument for the study of the composition of the electron component of cosmic rays (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A telescope consisting of three spark chambers and two control scintillation counters has been designed and is used for investigating the composition of the cosmic ray electron component within the range of energies from 1.0 to 10.0 BeV by the EN assymetry method. The geometrical factor of the telescope is approximately 20 sq cm ster. Discharges are recorded in the chambers on a photo film. The telescope is oriented to the azimuth with an accuracy of + or - 3 deg.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 341-348
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  • 50
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    Gas threshold Cerenkov counters (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The report describes two designs are reported of gas threshold Cerenkov counters for recording electrons of primary cosmic rays without recording protons. Also presented are design and technological measures which ensure maximum light collection of the Cerenkov radiation originating on the photocathode of the photomultiplier inside the radiator. The dependence of the reflection factor on the length of the light wave for different coatings is shown as well as for the throughput of the different optical materials employed. A range of methods for determining the efficiency of the counters during the recording of cosmic ray nucons and ways of increasing it further are given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 327-332
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  • 51
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    Certain problems in the development and design of scintillation and Cerenkov counters (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The feasibility is examined of increasing the effectiveness of the scintillation and Cerenkov counters through improving light collection of the recorded radiation on the photoelectric cathode of the photomultiplier. An example of how to select a detector of the directional plexiglas Cerenkov counter is given. Also presented are experimentally obtained amplitude distributions during the recording of cosmic ray muons. The necessity to obtain agreement between the characteristic spectrum of the photocathode of the photomultiplier and the spectrum of the recorded radiation is stressed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 302-307
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  • 52
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    A system for multichannel recording and automatic reading of information (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A system for the recording and processing of telescope data is considered for measurements of EW asymmetry. The information is recorded by 45 channels on a continuously moving 35-mm film. The dead time of the recorder is about 0.1 sec. A sorting electronic circuit is used to reduce the errors when the statistical time distribution of the pulses is recorded. The recorded information is read out by means of photoresistors. The phototransmitter signals are fed either to the mechanical recorder unit for preliminary processing, or to a logical circuit which controls the operation of the punching device. The punched tape is processed by an electronic computer.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (NASA-TT-F-807); p 293-297
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  • 53
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    Description of an ionization calorimeter complemented with proportional counters (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An ionization calorimeter is described with a system of proportional counters which are used to determine the charge of the particles incident to the calorimeter and to estimate the number of the secondary charged particles.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 287-289
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  • 54
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    Large neutron counters for supermonitors (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Large neutron counters designed for the neutron supermonitor with an area of about 20 sq m are reported. Statistical accuracy of the counters is 0.1% per 2 hours. Dimensions: length--2 m; diameter--150 mm; pressure--200 mm Hg. The counters are filled with BF3 gas containing over 80% of B-10.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Cosmic Rays (; p 279-281
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  • 55
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    NASA's proposed fuel cell program, appendix C (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA's Role in Terrest. Energy R&T; 61 p
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  • 56
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    Solar-assisted gas-energy water-heating feasibility for apartments (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Studies of residential energy use, solar-energy technology for buildings, and the requirements for implementing technology in the housing industry led to a project to develop a solar water heater for apartments. A design study for a specific apartment was used to establish a solar water-heater cost model which is based on plumbing contractor bids and manufacturer estimates. The cost model was used to size the system to minimize the annualized cost of hot water. The annualized cost of solar-assisted gas-energy water heating is found to be less expensive than electric water heating but more expensive than gas water heating. The feasibility of a natural gas utility supplying the auxiliary fuel is evaluated. It is estimated that gas-utilizing companies will find it profitable to offer solar water heating as part of a total energy service option or on a lease basis when the price of new base-load supplies of natural gas reaches $2.50-$3.00 per million Btu.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
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  • 57
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    The Helios A/B cosmic ray instrument /E 7/ (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper describes the design and performance of a cosmic ray particle experiment for the Helios A/B space missions. This experiment had to be very lightweight, low power and electronically sophisticated in order to meet the spacecraft and scientific requirements, and very similar to those on the Pioneer 10 and 11 missions to Jupiter. Both sets of missions use several solid-state detector telescopes to measure protons from 100 KeV to 800 MeV per nucleon. Additionally, the Helios experiment includes a proportional counter to monitor the solar X-ray activity. The experiment has functioned quite well for 5 months in space, and large quantities of data are now being received.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Raumfahrtforschung; 19; Sept
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    Electrification (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Electrification was chosen for an assessment of conservation impact because it is almost the sole consumer of coal and nuclear power, and because electrical end use can be made to have higher overall efficiency than many present direct fuel uses. The important actions within electrification that were examined are those with the greatest impacts (coal and nuclear), the greatest technological requirements (peak shaving and transmission), and the greatest response from the decision makers (economic health and growth of utilities in an era of increasing energy costs.) A list of recommendations relating to the study of electrification was given.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 25 p
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    Energy conservation and the transportation sector (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The present status of the energy implications of the transportation systems in the United States was illustrated, with primary emphasis on the technologies and methods for achieving a substantial reduction in the associated energy price (approximately 25% of the nation's energy is consumed directly in the operation of these systems). These technologies may be classified as follows: (1) improvement of system efficiency (system operations or technological), (2) substitution for scarce energy resources (electrification, alternate fuels, use of man power, recycling), (3) curtailment of end use (managed population growth rate, education of citizenry, alternatives to personal transportation, improved urban planning, reduced travel incentives). Examples and illustrations were given. Thirty-four actions were chosen on the basis of a preliminary filtering process with the objective of: (1) demonstrating a methodological approach to arrive at logical and consistent conservation action packages, (2) recommending a viable and supportable specific set of actions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 26 p
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    Conservation: Toward firmer ground (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following aspects of energy conservation were discussed: conservation history and goals, conservation modes, conservation accounting-criteria, and a method to overcome obstacles. The conservation modes tested fall into one of the following categories: reduced energy consumption, increased efficiency of energy utilization, or substitution of one or more forms of energy for another which is in shorter supply or in some sense thought to be of more value. The conservation accounting criteria include net energy reduction, economic, and technical criteria. A method to overcome obstacles includes (approaches such as: direct personal impact (life style, income, security, aspiration), an element of crisis, large scale involvement of environmental, safety, and health issues, connections to big government, big business, big politics, involvement of known and speculative science and technology, appeal to moral and ethical standards, the transient nature of opportunities to correct the system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 10 p
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    The political economy of conservation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A political economic purview of energy conservation in the United States was delineated. The concepts of substitution and elasticity are distinguished, and further distinctions are made between short run price elasticity, cross price elasticity, and available fund elasticity. An assessment of the role which cost factors can play in conservation is given. The structure of the petroleum industry and foreign petroleum resources is discussed. Also discussed is the role of government, industry and the consumer with the economic sphere.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 10 p
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    Technology issues (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Factors affecting the use of hydrogen are discussed. These include: efficiency, economics, and environmental effects. Emphasis is placed on the state of development of the technologies of hydrogen production, handling, and use. The needs and deficiencies in the present technologies and the ability to meet these needs effectively are considered in detail.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 6 p
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  • 63
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    Future hydrogen use (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of hydrogen is related to energy consumption because hydrogen is primarily used as a feedstock in petroleum processing and in the manufacture of ammonia, methanol, and other chemicals. National energy scenarios are selected as a basis for projecting how much hydrogen will be required for established uses and how these quantities might be affected by new energy system uses for hydrogen.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 6 p
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  • 64
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    ECASTAR summary and recommendations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A methodology was presented for a systems approach to energy conservation, where conservation was depicted as the result of any action that improves the energy situation of the United States in the present and near future. The relevant constraints and criteria and their application were discussed. Among the most important are the present (capitalistic) structure of the American economy, the lead times necessary for implementation of relevant technologies, and the desire of most policymakers to maintain a reasonable standard of living with a reasonable amount of invulnerability to foreign discretion. The objective of the design group was the assessment of the potential and impact of conservation action in the United States. The U.S. economy was divided into four sectors: energy industry, industry, residential/commercial, and transportation. Each sector was analyzed for conservation actions and their impacts. The sector analysis was characterized as the system design or construction phase.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 13 p
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  • 65
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    National energy conservation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A set of energy conservation actions that cut across all sectors of the economy were analyzed so that all actions under consideration be analyzed systematically and as a whole. The actions considered were as follows: (1) roll back the price of newly discovered oil, (2) freeze gasoline production for 3 years at 1972 levels, (3) mandate automobile mileage improvements, (4) require industry to improve energy efficiency, (5) require manufacture of household appliances with greater efficiency, (6) force conversion of many power plants from gas and oil to coal. The results showed that considerable gas and oil would be saved by forcing switches to coal. However, the large scale switch to coal was shown to require greatly increased outputs from many other industries that in turn require more energy. It was estimated that nearly 2.5 quads of additional coal were needed to produce these additional requirements. Also, the indirect requirements would create more jobs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 33 p
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  • 66
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    Hydrogen market survey (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Summary tables are given for the domestic consumption of hydrogen. Data cover chemicals, refinery operations, steelmaking, and synthetic fuels. Data show major consumption to be in the area of synthetic fuel production from coal and oil shale.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 16 p
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  • 67
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    Technological assessment of selected hydrogen processes (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The production of hydrogen by steam-methane reforming is discussed. Data cover production capacity, heat sources, reformer process conditions, shift conversion, and purification.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 16 p
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    Diversification: Far term (2000 - ) (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Diversification, intended to underly the far term of the energy conservation program, was defined to imply conservation through substitution for scarce energy resources by maximizing the total number of viable energy system types in every sector. The following requirements or aspects of diversification that must be studied were given: fuel mix and end use patterns for various alternative diversification plans, current status of diversification, advantages and disadvantages of diversification, constraints and criteria, diversification actions and their controls, and means for implementing the chosen diversification strategy. The following advantages resulting from diversification were described: competition, crisis-related situations, local energy production, decentralized plant locations, long range energy policy, and environmental overloads. The major criteria by which a diversification program should be judged, the major constraints affecting the approaches, and the road to diversification, were elaborated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 37-42
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  • 69
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    Conservation: Toward firmer ground (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The following aspects of energy conservation were reviewed in order to place the problems in proper perspective: history and goals, conservation accounting-criteria, and a method to overcome obstacles. The effect of changing prices and available supplies of energy sources and their causes on consumption levels during the last few decades were described. Some examples of attainable conservation goals were listed and justified. A number of specific criteria applicable to conservation accounting were given. Finally, a discussion was presented to relate together the following aspects of energy conservation: widespread impact, involvement of government, industry, politics, moral and ethical aspects, urgency and time element.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 4-10
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  • 70
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    The Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer /SBUV/TOMS/ for Nimbus G (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The SBUV/TOMS measures the atmospheric ozone vertical profile and the solar ultraviolet spectrum, and provides a total ozone map by means of a mechanical scan across the Nimbus track. While the SBUV/TOMS instrument has noteworthy design features such as a state-of-the-art double monochromator and fixed optical components on a nonmetallic structure, its most significant characteristic is an optimum system design based on technology proven on the BUV instrument.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 14; July-Aug
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  • 71
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    Plasma flow and fast particles in a hypervelocity accelerator - A color presentation (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new concept for particle acceleration for micrometeoroid simulation was developed at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, using a high-density self-luminescent fast plasma flow to accelerate glass beads (with a diameter up to 1.0 mm) to velocities between 15-20 km/sec. After a short introduction to the operation of the hypervelocity range, the eight-converter-camera unit used for the photographs of the plasma flow and the accelerated particles is described. These photographs are obtained with an eight-segment reflecting pyramidal beam splitter. Wratten filters were mounted between the beam splitter and the converter tubes of the cameras. The photographs, which were recorded on black and white film, were used to make the matrices for the dye-color process, which produced the prints shown.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 72
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    CAMAC and NIM systems in the space program (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The CAMAC and NIM instrumentation systems were developed originally to serve the needs of nuclear research institutions in Europe and North America. CAMAC and NIM are currently considered in several studies at the systems level conducted by NASA and ESRO groups. NIM and CAMAC studies for applications related to the space shuttle are discussed along with the advantages provided by aspects of modularization and standardization, a use of NIM and CAMAC equipment in connection with a group of astrophysics experiments, and questions of cost effectiveness.
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  • 73
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    Entopistic scintillators (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Trajectories of cosmic rays through a balloon-borne experiment will be determined by pulse height analyzing the signals from each of the two or more phototubes coupled to each scintillator. Thin or tapered scintillators produce sufficiently strong gradients of phototube signal with respect to scintillation position that position uncertainties of about 1 cm can be achieved over 1-sq-m areas. Calculations and some test results for entopistic, or position determining, scintillators are presented.
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  • 74
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    Miniature probe for transonic flow direction measurements (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A miniature probe is developed for measuring flow direction in one plane as well as stagnation pressure in the boundary layer and near wake of a transonic airfoil. The probe tip geometry and calibration curves are given, along with near wake survey data obtained for a supercritical airfoil. The advantages of the probe are ruggedness, ease of fabrication, ability to measure flow direction at a point, and insensitivity to out-of-plane velocity components.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: AIAA Journal; 13; Feb. 197
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  • 75
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    An efficient read-out system for multiwire proportional counter hodoscopes (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An efficient scanning method for read-out of a multiwire proportional counter hodoscope is presented. This method which utilizes the grouping of wires in the hodoscope read-out system offers distinct advantages in speed and simplicity over systems employing long shift registers. Power consumption and cost can be minimized with this method because of slower clock speeds and a low parts count. This system has been constructed and used on a hodoscope for cosmic-ray trajectory measurements and a lower-power version has been designed for satellite applications.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods; 117; 1975
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  • 76
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    Holographic recording materials - A review (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Holographic recording materials in current use are examined along with a few of their applications. Some experimental media are also studied. No effort is made to rank the commercial materials, since satisfactory results can be obtained with any of them. The discussion covers silver halide plates and films, photoresists, thermoplastics, photopolymers, dichromated gelatin, photochromic materials, electrooptical crystals, styryl free radical film, and TEP film. A convenient summation of some material properties is presented in tabular form.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Engineering; 14; Sept
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  • 77
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    Composition analyzer for microparticles using a spark ion source (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Iron microparticles were fired onto a capacitor-type microparticle detector which responded to an impact with a spark discharge. Ion currents were extracted from the spark and analyzed in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The mass spectra showed the elements of both detector and particle materials. The total extracted ion current was typically 10 A within a period of 100 nsec, indicating very efficient vaporization of the particle and ionization of the vapor. Potential applications include research on cosmic dust, atmospheric aerosols and cloud droplets, particles ejected by rocket or jet engines, by machining processes or by nuclear bomb explosions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; Nov. 197
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  • 78
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    Status of 100 kW experimental wind turbine generator project (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Mitre Corp. Proc. of the 2d Workshop on Wind Energy Conversion Systems; p 21-36
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  • 79
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    The radio astronomy experiment on Helios A and B /E 5c/ (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center radio astronomy experiment on Helios, identified as Experiment 5c, has sixteen observing frequencies over the range of 26.5 to 3000 kHz. The antenna consists of two extendible 15-m booms, forming an electric dipole, two high-impedance preamplifiers located at the root of the booms, and the 16-channel radiometer. Important information about propagation conditions, such as absorption, scattering and refraction, are expected from observations of radio emission regions at distances between 1 and 0,3 AU.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Raumfahrtforschung; 19; Sept
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  • 80
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    The Rome-GSFC magnetic field experiment for Helios A and B /E 3/ (1975)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Rome-GSFC magnetic field experiment utilizes a triaxial fluxgate (saturable inductor) magnetometer. The sensor unit is mounted on the end of a boom approximately four meters from the spacecraft spin axis. The three analog outputs of the magnetometer are converted into three 9 bit digital words. The experiment utilizes an automatic inflight range switch to select the optimum dynamic range out of 4 ranges. A nonmagnetic thermally oscillating actuator is used to reorient the sensor unit by 90 deg to determine all three axes zero levels. The accuracy should be approximately plus or minus 0.1 gamma. The vector measurements are made at equal intervals in time ranging from 16 per second down to 1 per second depending on the telemetry bit rate.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Raumfahrtforschung; 19; Sept
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  • 81
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    Diversification of energy sources (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The concept of energy source diversification was introduced as a substitution conservation action. The current status and philosophy behind a diversification program is presented in the context of a national energy policy. Advantages, disadvantages (constraints), and methods of implementation for diversification are discussed. The energy source systems for diversification are listed and an example impact assessment is outlined which deals with the water requirements of the specific energy systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 15 p
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  • 82
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    Energy conservation and the residential and commercial sector (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A detailed analysis of energy conservation actions relevant to the residential and commercial sector has led to the conclusion that the potential for savings is great. The task will not be easy, however, since many of the actions require significant life style changes that are difficult to accomplish. Furthermore, many of the conservation actions cited as instant solutions to the energy crisis are those with only mid to long term potential, such as solar energy or heat pumps. Three significant conservation approaches are viable: adjusting price structure, mandating actions, and educating consumers. The first two appear to be the most feasible. But they are not without a price. Higher utility bills adversely affect the poor and the elderly on fixed incomes. Likewise, strict mandatory measures can be quite distasteful. But the effect of alternatives, such as voluntary savings accomplished through education processes, is minimal in a nation without a true conservation ethic.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 22 p
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  • 83
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    Conservation in the energy industry (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The basic energy supply and utilization problems faced by the United States were described. Actions which might alleviate the domestic shortfall of petroleum and natural gas are described, analyzed and overall impacts are assessed. Specific actions included are coal gasification, in situ shale oil production, improved oil and gas recovery, importation of liquid natural gas and deregulation of natural gas prices. These actions are weighed against each other as alternate techniques of alleviating or overcoming existing shortfalls.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv.; 11 p
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  • 84
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    Materials considerations (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Materials problems are examined that may be encountered within a hydrogen energy system. Emphasis is placed on hydrogen embrittlement, corrosion, oxidation, and erosion. Other factors discussed include: degradation of mechanical properties of structural alloys, system reliability, and maintenance costs.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Hydrogen Tomorrow; 10 p
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  • 85
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    Cryogenic storage (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Types of storage techniques available are described in terms of their present as well as future potential for liquid hydrogen storage. Examples are given and areas for further technology development are defined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: JPL Hydrogen Tomorrow; 11 p
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  • 86
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    Thermochemical cycles (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The thermochemical production of hydrogen is described along with the HYDRGN computer program which attempts to rate the various thermochemical cycles. Specific thermochemical cycles discussed include: iron sulfur cycle; iron chloride cycle; and hybrid sulfuric acid cycle.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 15 p
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  • 87
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    Hydrogen production (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The state of hydrogen production technology is evaluated. Specific areas discussed include: hydrogen production fossil fuels; coal gasification processes; electrolysis of water; thermochemical production of hydrogen; production of hydrogen by solar energy; and biological production of hydrogen. Supply options are considered along with costs of hydrogen production.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 25 p
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  • 88
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    Conclusions (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Conclusions are presented according to general areas of technology with some specific examples of research and technology needs identified. These conclusions provide a base for the future development of detailed program plans and identify research needs that are not being given attention or are not being supported at a sufficient level. Emphasis is placed on hydrogen production and use.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Hydrogen Tomorrow; 3 p
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  • 89
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    Technology assessment (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The effects of process temperature (reforming temperature) on the overall hydrogen production process were examined. These effects are principally confined to the hydrogen production and the hydrogen purification processing units.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 13 p
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  • 90
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    Capital cost estimate (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The capital cost estimate for the nuclear process heat source (NPHS) plant was made by: (1) using costs from the current commercial HTGR for electricity production as a base for items that are essentially the same and (2) development of new estimates for modified or new equipment that is specifically for the process heat application. Results are given in tabular form and cover the total investment required for each process temperature studied.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 17 p
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  • 91
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    Hydrogen by electrolysis of water (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Hydrogen production by electrolytic decomposition of water is explained. Power efficiency, efficient energy utilization, and costs were emphasized. Four systems were considered: two were based on current electrolyzer technology using present efficiency values for electrical generation by fossil fired and nuclear thermal stations, and two using projected electrolyzer technology with advanced fossil and nuclear plants.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 14 p
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  • 92
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    Ispra Mark-10 water splitting process (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A thermochemical water splitting process, the Ispra Mark-10 chemical reaction cycle, was chosen for examining the possibility of using water to produce hydrogen on a large scale for fuel and major industrial chemical uses. The assumed energy source for the process is an HTGR (helium cooled). A process flow diagram, a material balance, and an energy balance were developed for the thermochemical reaction cycle. Principal reactions which constitute the cycle are included.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 52 p
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  • 93
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    Hydrogen manufacture by Lurgi gasification of Oklahoma coal (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Advantages and disadvantages of using the Lurgi gasification process to produce hydrogen from Oklahoma coal are listed. Special attention was given to the production of heat for the process; heat is generated by burning part of pretreated coal in the steam generator. Overall performance of the Lurgi process is summarized in tabular form.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Studies of the Use of High-Temp. Nucl. Heat from an HTGR for Hydrogen Production; 14 p
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  • 94
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    Electrification: Mid-term (1985 - 2000) (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Electrification, intended to provide a basis for the mid term period of the energy conservation program, was defined as a set of actions and/or policies that leads to an increasing proportion of total energy used in the form of electricity. The important actions within electrification are those with the greatest impacts (coal and nuclear), the greatest technological requirements (peak shaving and transmission) and the greatest response from the decision makers (economic health and growth of utilities in an era of increasing energy costs). The following areas were discussed: increased power generation from coal action, increased use of nuclear power action, improved operation of public utilities action, actions to be taken in industry, transportation and residential/commercial areas. The various ways in which electrification leads to energy conservation were clarified, and a number of specific recommendations relative to electrification were suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: ECASTAR: Energy Conserv. An Assessment of Systems, Technol. and Requirements; p 30-37
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  • 95
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    Optical-mechanical line-scan imaging process - Its information capacity and efficiency (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Optical-mechanical line-scan techniques have been applied to earth satellite multispectral imaging systems. The capability of the imaging system is generally assessed by its information capacity. An approach based on information theory is developed to formulate the capacity of the line-scan process. Included are the effects of blurring of spatial detail, photosensor noise, aliasing, and quantization. The information efficiency is shown to be dependent on sampling rate, system frequency response shape, SNR, and quantization interval.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Oct. 197
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  • 96
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    Diffraction analysis of Doppler signal characteristics for a cross-beam laser Doppler velocimeter (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Based on scalar diffraction theory, single particle scattering characteristics for a cross-beam laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) have been computed for different particle sizes under varied instrumentation configurations. The modulating component of the scattered signal has been shown to depend upon particle size, shape, and collecting aperture for a given probe volume fringe spacing. Experimental verifications of some of the predictions are presented, and some of the limitations using an LDV as a particle sizing instrument are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Sept
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  • 97
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    Vacuum ultraviolet radiometry with hydrogen arcs. II - The high power arc as an absolute standard of spectral radiance from 124 nm to 360 nm (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics; 14; Sept
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  • 98
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    A coherent optical feedback system for optical information processing (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A unique optical feedback system for coherent optical data processing is described. With the introduction of feedback, the well-known transfer function for feedback systems is obtained in two dimensions. Operational details of the optical feedback system are given. Experimental results of system applications in image restoration, contrast control and analog computation are presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Physics; 8; Sept
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  • 99
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    Optimization of multimagnetometer systems on a spacecraft (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The problem of optimizing the position of magnetometers along a boom of given length to yield a minimized total error is investigated. The discussion is limited to at most four magnetometers, which seems to be a practical limit due to weight, power, and financial considerations. The outlined error analysis is applied to some illustrative cases. The optimal magnetometer locations, for which the total error is minimum, are computed for given boom length, instrument errors, and very conservative magnetic field models characteristic for spacecraft with only a restricted or ineffective magnetic cleanliness program. It is shown that the error contribution by the magnetometer inaccuracy is increased as the number of magnetometers is increased, whereas the spacecraft field uncertainty is diminished by an appreciably larger amount.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 80; Aug. 1
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  • 100
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    New high-temperature noble-metal thermocouple pairing (1975)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new thermocouple pairing was formed by combining thermocouple elements from two existing commercially available thermocouples to form a new combination (Ir-40 Rh/Pt-40 Rh) thermocouple. The output of this new pairing is nearly linear with temperature, and approximately equal to the output of one of the originating pairs (Ir-40 Rh/Ir), and more than double that of the other pair (Pt-40 Rh/Pt-20 Rh). This new pairing was evolved during a search for a noble-metal thermocouple combination which could operate above the temperature limit of a Pt-13 Rh/Pt thermocouple and have a higher oxidation resistance than an Ir-40 Rh/Ir thermocouple.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments; 46; Aug. 197
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