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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,467)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (162)
  • Animals
  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959  (742)
  • 1925-1929  (887)
  • 1958  (742)
  • 1929  (887)
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  • 1980-1984
  • 1960-1964
  • 1955-1959  (742)
  • 1925-1929  (887)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2553-2557 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus den Chloriden gesättigter, ungesättigter und aromatischer Mono- und Dicarbonsäuren lassen sich durch Umsetzen mit Kaliumfluorsulfinat die entsprechenden Säurefluoride unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen herstellen.
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  • 2
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1542-1545 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch den kupferkatalysierten Austausch des Halogens der Trimethyläther-bromgallussäure gegen das Phenolation des Diphenylmethylenäther-gallussäure-methylesters wurde der Diphenyläther II erhalten, aus dem einige neue Methylderivate und auch freie Dehydro-digallussäure dargestellt wurden.
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  • 3
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1555-1562 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Alkyl-trichloracetimidate (Ia) reagieren so rasch mit Säuren, daß normalerweise keine Imidoester-Salze II zu fassen sind, sondern sofort Spaltung in Alkylester und Trichloracetamid eintritt. Auf diese weise werden Alkylchloride und -flouride und Carbonsäure- und Phosphorsäureester dargestellt. Die Reaktion eignet sich zur Darstellung gemischter Phosphorsäureester vom Typ (CO)2P(O)OR′; der Mechanismus wird diskutiert.
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  • 4
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 5
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1616-1620 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bromalkyl-cyclopentanone (IIa-IId) lassen sich durch Kochen mit Kalilauge glatt in Cycloalkan-cyclopentanon-(2)-spirane überführen, von denen die Synthese der Spiroketone IIIa-IIId beschrieben wird. Weiter wird über die erste Darstellung des Bicyclo-[1.2.3]-octanons-(8) (IVb) berichtet.
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  • 6
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1657-1659 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Mercaptale der 2-Desoxy-D-ribose lassen sich bei tiefer Temperatur mit 1 Mol. Benzoylchlorid in Pyridin partiell zu den 5-Benzoyl-2-desoxy-D-ribosemercaptalen benzoylieren. Daraus gewinnt man durch Abspalten von Mercaptan die 5-Benzoyl-2-desoxy-D-ribose, die zur 1.3.5-Tribenzoyl-2-desoxy-α-D-ribofuranose benzoyliert wird.
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  • 7
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1671-1680 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der stufenweisen Methylierung des 6-Methyl-7-hydroxy- und 7-Hydroxy-2.4-dioxo-tetrahydropteridins werden Unterschiede zwischen der Substitutions-reihenfolge und der spektrophotometrisch bestimmten Dissoziations-Sequenz der aciden H-Atome festgestellt. Als Ursache dieses verschiedenartigen Verhaltens werden sterische Faktoren verantwortlich gemacht.
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  • 8
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1713-1719 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: β-Aroyl-propionsäuren kondensieren mit Ammoniumacetat unter Dimerisierung und Bildung von Pyrrolon-(2)-Derivaten.
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  • 9
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1732-1744 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Im sauren Caseinhydrolysat werden Harman, Dihydroharman, Harman-carbonsäure-(3), Harmalan-carbonäure-(3) und Tetrahydroharman-carbonäure-(3) nachgewiesen. Vermutlich entsteht zunächst die Tetrahydroharman-dicarbonsäure-(1.3) als primäres Umsetzungsprodukt von L-Tryptophan mit Brenztraubensäure, welche wiederum aus L-Serin stammt. Wahrscheinlich enthält auch das fermenthydrolysierte Casein Spuren von Harman und Harmalan-carbonsäure-(3).
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  • 10
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1758-1763 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Glucogitaloxin = 16-Formyl-purpureaglykosid B wurde aus den Äthanolextrakten von bei der Ernte mit Trockeneis eingefrorenen Blättern der Digitalis purpurea durch Chromatographie an Silicagel isoliert.
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  • 11
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1781-1788 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Decarboxylierung wäßriger Brenztraubensäure-Lösungen durch Aluminiumsalze verläuft mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit über die Para-Brenztrauben-säure. Diese bildet sich, bevorzugt unter dem Einfluß von komplexbildenden Metallionen, durch aldolartige Verknüpfung dreier Moleküle Brenztraubensäure. Durch Abspaltung von Waser entsteht daraus eine β. γ-ungesättigte Carbonsäure, welche unter der Wirkung des Aluminiumsalzes decarboxyliert. Das entstehende hypothetische Produkt lagert sich anschließend in das γ-Lacton der α-Methyl-α-hydroxy-β′-carboxy-adipinsäure um. Auch die offenbar nach dem gleichen Schema verlaufende Decarboxylierung des dimeren Kondensations-produktes der Brenztraubensäure, der α-Keto-γ-valerolacton-γ-carbonsäure, unter Bildung von Brenzweinsäure wird durch Aluminiumsalze beschleunigt.
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  • 12
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1794-1798 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Darstellung von Acetylzuckern mit freiem Lactol-Hydroxyl nach einer sehr vereinfachten Methode wird beschrieben.  -  Durch Kondensation dieser Substanzen mit Acetohalogenosen werden eine Reihe von neuen und einige schon bekannte nichtreduzierende Disaccharide als vollacetylierte Verbindungen gewonnen, diese in etwas besserer Ausbeute als bisher. Auch die Darstellung von Heptaacetyl-primverose ist verbessert. Weiterhin gelang die Darstellung einer 1-[β-D-Glucopyranosido]-fructose.
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  • 13
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1867-1880 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Umsetzungen von Verbindungen des allgemeinen Typs C6H5(CH3)N·[CH:CH]n·CO·R (R=H, n=1, 2; R=CH3, Alkyl-, Aryl-, n=1) mit magnesium-(lithium-) organischen Verbindungen R′ -  Me(R′=Aryl-, Aralkenyl-, Alkenyl-, Alkyl-, Acetylenyl-) führen in z. T. ausgezeichneten Ausbeuten zu ungesättigten Aldehyden und Ketonen des Typs R′·[CH:CH]n·CO·R.
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  • 14
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1905-1909 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Abbau entsprechender Carbonsäuren werden die Aminopyridine IIIa und IIIb dargestellt und die Cyclisierung der daraus gewonnenen Diazoniumsalze untersucht. Hierbei entstehen die Ester der Dihydro-benzochinolin-carbon-säuren IIa und IIb.
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  • 15
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1935-1941 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Benzaldehyd-äthylenacetal Sowie die Äthylenacetale einiger substituierter Benzaldehyde sind leicht autoxydabel. In allen Fällen wurden kristallisierte Acetalhydroperoxyde isoliert. Diese gehen durch Reduktion oder durch hydrolytische Abspaltung von Wasserstoffperoxyd in Glykolester über. Die Bromierung des Benzaldehyd-äthylenacetals führt unter Ringöffnung zum β-Bromäthyl-benzoat.
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  • 16
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1955-1960 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Haftfestigkeit anorganischer Redoxsysteme an Kationen- und Anionen-austauschern und das Reduktionsvermögen der beladenen Austauscher wurden untersucht.
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  • 17
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1970-1978 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Hydrierung von as-p-Xylenol mit Nickel unter Druck werden alle 4 isomeren hexahydrierten Xylenole, mit Platinmohr in Eisessig drei davon, aber in wesentlich anderem Mengenverhältnis erhalten, über die sauren Phthalate getrennt und durch Derivate charakterisiert. Durch Oxydation zu zwei Ketonen wird die paarweise Zugehörigkeit zur Reihe des cis- und des trans- 1.4-Dimethyl-cyclohexans erkannt; über die beiden Ketoxime werden durch alkalische Reduktion zwei Amine erhalten, aus deren Umsetzung mit salpetriger Säure die konfigurative Stellung des Hydroxyls der Alkohole folgt. Eine der beiden früure von Skita vorgenommenen Konfigurationszuordnungen wird als irrtümlich erwiesen.
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  • 18
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1996-1999 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enamine werden mit α,β-ungesättigten Fettsäureestern in Cyclanon-carbon-säureester übergeführt und letztere durch Stickstoffwasserstoffsäure in γ-Amino-dicarbonsäuren umgewandelt. Auf diese Weise wurden γ-Amino-kork- und γ-Amino-azelainsäure erhalten.
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  • 19
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958) 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 20
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2239-2246 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch Addition aromatischer Aminoverbindungen an Acrylsäure-methylester bzw. Itaconsäure wurden Abkömmlinge des β-Alanins und der Pyrrolidoncarbonsäure dargestellt, da diese Verbindungsklassen von physiologischem Interesse sind.
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  • 21
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2032-2039 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die beim Erhitzen von reinem Dimethylolharnstoff und die bei der alkalischen Kondensation von Dimethylolharnstoff oder Harnstoff mit 2 Moll. Formaldehyd entstehenden schwerlöslichen Produkte müssen ihren Infrarotspektren nach trotz wechselnder Zusammensetzung ähnlich aufgebaut sein. Eine cyclische Struktur wird durch einen Vergleich mit den Infrarotspektren einiger Verbindungen vom Urontyp unwahrscheinlich gemacht. Zusammensetzung und Spektren der untersuchten Stoffe sprechen am ehesten für Strukturen mit Methylenätherbrücken.
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  • 22
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2061-2065 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus Abwasserfaulschlamm von Hefefabriken werden die Benzimidazol- und 5-Methyl-benzimidazol-cobalamin-Analoga in kristallisierter Form gewonnen. Ihre Struktur wird durch Abbau zu den entsprechenden Nucleotiden und Basen sowie durch Vergleich mit den biosynthetisch hergestellten „Cobalaminen“ sichergestellt.
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  • 23
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2089-2094 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die durch Kondensation von m-Aminophenol order m-Anisidin mit Benzoin gebildeten Derivate des 2.3-Diphenyl-indols enthalten die Hydroxy- bzw. Methoxygruppe in 4- und nicht in 6-Stellung.
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  • 24
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2151-2157 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Reaktion von 2.3;10.11-Dibenzo-perylen (I) mit Maleinsäureanhydrid wird ausschließlich das 1.12;2.3;10.11-Tribenzo-perylen-dicarbonsäureanhydrid (II) gebildet, bei dessen Decarboxylierung das 1.12;4.5;8.9-Tribenzo-perylen (XIII) entsteht. Dessen Struktur wurde durch eine unabhängige weitere Synthese bewiesen. Desgleichen wurde das isomere 1.12;4.5;8.9-Tribenzo-perylen (X) synthetisiert.
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  • 25
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2143-2150 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Auflösung von reinstem Elektrolytchrom in Salzsäure, Bromwasserstoffsäure, Jodwasserstoffsäure, Schwefelsäure, Perchlorsäure, Ameisensäure, Essigsäure, oder Oxalsäure führt bei Luftabschluß zu Chrom(II)-Lösungen, die praktisch frei von dreiwertigem Chrom und infolge ihrer Reinheit ganz ungewöhnlich stabil sind.  -  Die Darstellung verschiedener, bisher nicht bekannter Salze aus wäßriger Lösung wird beschrieben, so u. a. des grünen Oxalats CrC2O4 · 2H2O, eines blauen Perchlorat-Hydrats sowie der blauen Hydrate CrCl2 · 4H2O, CrBr2 · 6H2O, CrJ2 · 6H2O und ihrer grünen isomeren Formen. Das bisher als extrem sauerstoffempfindlich bekannte blaue Sulfat CrSO4 · 5H2O ist in reinem Zustand an der Atmosphäre Jahre hindurch haltbar; es ist mit CuSO4 · 5H2O isotyp.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2216-2222 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Unter verschiedenen mit Äthylenimin umgesetzten Alkoxy-p-benzochinonen kommt dem 2.6-Dimethoxy-benzochinon-(1.4) eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Es liefert in unerwarteter Reaktion nebeneinander 2.6-Bis-äthylenimino-hydrochinon und 2.3.5-Tris-äthylenimino-benzochinon-(1.4).
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  • 27
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2418-2419 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus synthet. Ornithin werden die optischen Isomeren in guter Ausbeute durch Racemattrennung mittels Dibenzoyl-D-weinsäure in wäßrigem Isopropylalkohol gewonnen.
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  • 28
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2427-2431 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die aus den Acylaminomalonsäure-dialkylestern durch partielle Verseifung leicht erhältlichen Monoester kondensieren sich mit Formaldehyd in Gegenwart von Dimethylamin unter Decarboxylierung zu α-Acylaminoacrylestern.
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  • 29
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2446-2451 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird über die Darstellung und die Eigenschaften von Aluminiumtrialkylätheraten des Anisols berichtet. Diese sind im Gegensatz zu den analogen Ätheraten des Diäthyläthers ausgezeichnete Polymerisationbeschleuniger für die Herstellung von Polyäthylen nach ZIEGLER.
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  • 30
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1100-1106 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch säurekatalysierte Alkoholyse von α-Acetoxy-β-diketonen wurden α-Hydroxy-β-diketone dargestellt. In analoger Weise lieferte die durch Einwirkung von Blei(IV)-acetat auf das Dimethylacetal des Acetessigaldehyds gewonnene Acetoxyverbindung das Dimethylacetal des α-Hydroxy-β-ketobutyraldehyds.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1129-1131 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Einige N-mono- und -disubstituierte Carbonamide wurden mit Benzolsulfochlorid in Pyridin in die Imido-sulfonate übergeführt und durch Einleiten von Schwefelwasserstoff thiolysiert. Diese Methode ergänzt die kürzlich beschriebene von Ketoximen ausgehende Synthese von Thioamiden, scheint ihr aber in Anwendungsbreite und Ausbeuten unterlegen zu sein.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Kondensation des 1-Acetyl-indoxyls (I) mit Cyanessigsäure führt unter bestimmten Bedingungen zu [1-Acetyl-indolyl-(3)]-acetonitril (II). Aus diesen entsteht durch alkalische Verseifung Heteroauxin (III) und durch Reduktion mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid, unter gleichzeitiger Abspaltung der N-Acetylgruppe, Tryptamin (IV). Das aus 2-Chlor-5-amino-benzoesäure leicht zugängliche 1-Acetyl-5-benzyloxy-indoxyl (XI) wurde durch analoge Behandlung in Serotonin (XIV) umgewandelt.
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  • 33
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1165-1169 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Chlorierung von Fettsäuren mittlerer Kettenlänge erfolgt durch Einleiten von Chlor unter Lichteinwirkung mit guten Ausbeuten. Während dabei für die niederen Homologen Schwefel und Phosphorpentachlorid als Mischkatalysatoren ausreichen, sind für die höheren Thionylchlorid oder aber Jod und Phosphor als Katalysatoren nötig. Die Umsetzung des Säurechlorids führt zu sehr guten Ergebnissen; Ester lassen sich schlecht chlorieren.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1195-1200 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Während aus Chlorsulfonylisocyanat, CISO2NCO, und sekundären Aminen direkt N-Alkylderivate des Harnstoffsulfonsäure-amids entstehen, liefert die Umsetzung mit Ammoniak hauptsächlich das Harnstoffsulfonsäure-imid. Bei der Hydrolyse dieser Verbindung wird das gemischte Amid H2N—CO—NH—SO2—NH2 erhalten.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1214-1216 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Freie Zucker lassen sich, gelöst in Dimethylsulfoxyd, durch H-Ionen-Katalyse in ein Gemisch von Oligo- und Polysacchariden überführen: beschrieben am Beispiel der D-Glucose. Die Polysaccharide werden von den Oligosacchariden durch Dialyse (Cellophan) befreit und in der Ultrazentrifuge untersucht. Durch totale Hydrolyse wird D-Glucose zurückgewonnen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1239-1241 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: β-Brom-äthylamin-hydrobromid setzt sich mit Thioharnstoff zum S-[β-Aminoäthyl]-isothioharnstoff-dihydrobromid um. Dieses Salz cyclisiert sich beim Erhitzen praktisch quantitativ zum 2-Imino-thiazolidin-hydrobromid (II).
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1266-1273 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aus N-Pyridyl-(4)-pyridiniumchlorid-hydrochlorid oder dem daraus leicht erhältlichen Pyridyl-(4)-phenyl-äther werden mit primären und sekundären Aminen substituierte 4-Amino-pyridine gewonnen. Der Reaktionsmechanismus und, damit verbunden, die Stellungsabhängigkeit der Umsetzung werden untersucht und diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1295-1300 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Benzal-bis-pyridiniumbromid gibt ein Betain, das formal nur aus Benzaldehyd und Pyridin (1:1) zusammengesetzt ist und das alkalisch und sauer in diese Bestandteile zerfällt. Salz und Betain geben mit Nitrosodimethylanilin/Natriumcyanid das Nitron des Benzoylcyanids. - Das nur unter bestimmten Bedingungen erhältliche Methylen-bis isochinoliniumbromid wird charakterisiert; das entsprechende Bis-chinoliniumsalz existiert nicht.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1322-1329 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Für die bei der metallionenkatalytischen Spaltung von Estern der Phosphorsäure auftretende Substratspezifität dürfte in erster Linie die partielle Polarisierung der Esterbindung ausschlaggebend sein, da die Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit des Reaktionszwischenproduktes vornehmlich den Umsatz bestimmt. Die geringere Spaltungsgeschwindigkeit der Di-Ester gegenüber derjenigen der Mono-Ester ist auf Affinitäts-Unterschiede der beiden Substratgruppen zum Katalysator zurückzuführen. - Elektronegative Substituenten in der Estermolekel bedingen nicht nur raschere Hydrolyse, sondern gleichzeitig auch eine Verschiebung der pH- Spaltungsoptima gegen das neutrale Gebiet hin.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1344-1347 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der Michael-Addition von Dihydroresorcin an ω-Nitrostyrol und 1-Nitro-2-methyl-äthylen wurden Derivate des 5.6.7.8-Tetrahydro-benzoxazin-oxyds erhalten, während mit Nitroäthylen als einziges Reaktionsprodukt 1.1-Bis-[2-nitro-äthyl]-cyclohexandion-(2.6) isoliert wurde. Das Reaktionsprodukt aus ω-Nitrostyrol und Dihydroresorcin ergab bei der Hydrolyse mit Salzsäure α-Phenyl-γ-keto-korksäure. Die katalytische Hydrierung führte zu 3-Phenyl-4.5.6.7-tetrahydro-indolon-(4) und der entsprechenden Hexahydroverbindung.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bei der spontanen Polymerisation des Phenylisocyanids bei Raumtemperatur entsteht neben Harzen ein blauer Farbstoff, der isoliert und als Indigo-dianil erkannt wurde. Substituierte und homologe aromatische Isocyanide liefern, wenn überhaupt, nur Spuren analoger Farbstoffe. Der Mechanismus dieser neuen, einfachen Indigo-Synthese wird diskutiert.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1404-1410 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch „topochemische“ Umsetzung von festem α-Pyridoin mit Benzoylchlorid wird das Dibenzolderivat (als Hydrochlorid) erhalten. Dieses und das früher analog hergestellte Diacetylderivat erleiden schon beim Kochen mit Äthanol Äthanolyse unter Bildung der Monoacylderivat der Ketol-Form. p-Toluol-sulfonsäurechlorid dehydriert α-Pyridoin in Pyridinlösung zum α-Pyridil.  -  Bei Umsetzungen mit Phenyl- und Methylphenylhydrazin verhält sich α-Pyridoin z. T. anders als das Benzoin.  -  α-Pyridoin bildet eine schwarzviolette, nicht sehr beständige 1:1-Kupfer-Komplexverbindung.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1411-1415 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthese und einige Umwandlungen des Diazoketons „Azi-α-pyridil“ werden beschrieben.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1438-1452 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eine verbesserte Analysenmethode gestattet es, die bei der Reaktion des 2-Fluor naphthalins mit Phenyl-lithium und nachfolgender Carboxylierung entstehenden drei isomeren Phenyl-naphthoesäuren quantitativ zu erfassen; die Umsetzung wird über 1.2- und 2.3-Naphthin als Zwischenstufen formuliert. Der über 1.2-Naphthin reagierende Anteil liefert 2-Phenyl-1- und 1-Phenyl-2-naphthoesäure im gleichen Verhältnis, gleichgültig ob man von 1- oder 2-Fluor-naphthalin ausgeht. 1-Fluor-naphthalin gibt mit überschüssigen n-Butyl-lithium nach Carboxylierung die beiden 1.2-isomeren n-Butyl-naphthoesäuren sowie mit tert. Butyl-lithium nach Hydrolyse 1- und 2-tert.Butyl-naphthalin. Das intermediäre 1.2-Naphthin addiert dabei die lithiumorganischen Verbindungen unabhängig von deren Raumbedarf im konstanten Verhältnis 66 : 34 in den Positionen 2 und 1. Für den Vorzug der Anlagerung in 2 werden elektronische Faktoren verantwortlich gemacht.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1488-1494 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2-[β-Brom-äthyl]-benzaldehyd reagiert mit Hydroxylamin unter Ringschluß zu 3.4-Dihydro-isochinolin-N-Oxyde (II). Weitere N-Oxyde werden nach dem gleichen Verfahren hergestellt. II geht bei 250° in Isochinolin, beim Erhitzen mit Acetanhydrid in 2-Acetyl-1-oxo-1.2.3.4-tetrahydro-isochinolin über. Auch aus Pyryliumsalzen lassen sich mit Hydroxylamin N-Oxyde herstellen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1512-1515 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Propan-disulfonsäure-(1.3)-anhydrid läßt sich mit Ausbeuten von 90% und darüber gewinnen, wenn man die Disulfonsäure mit Phosphoroxychlorid 1 Stde. auf 80° erwärmt. Es reagiert leicht mit Ammoniak, Aminen und Alkoholaten.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1801-1805 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Das durch zwei Ätherbrücken in ebener Anordnung stabilisierte Triphenylmethyl ist in Lösung und im kristallisierten Zustand praktisch vollständig dissoziiert.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In Gegenwart von Trialkylaminen lassen sich aromatische α-Ketonitrile gut zur Acylierung von Verbindungen mit aktiver Methylengruppe verwenden. Diese Acylierungsmethode ermöglicht die Darstellung von C-Monoacylverbindungen unter milden Bedingungen. Analog reagieren Cyanameisensäure-äthylester und Cyanameisensäure-diäthylamid unter Einführung der Carbäthoxy- bzw. Carbamidgruppe.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 1851-1855 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eine Dicarbonsäure der Bi-[1.2.3-triazolyl]-Reihe wurde in die Spiegelbild-isomeren getrennt. Die optische Aktivität erklärt sich aus der Behinderung der freien Drehbarkeit der beiden Triazolringe.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2296-2304 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dem durch Umsetzung von C6H5PCl2 mit C6H5PH2 in Äther in fast quantitativer Ausbeute erhaltenen „Phosphobenzol“ kommt die Formel (C6H5P)4 zu; es besitzt wahrscheinlich eine P4-Ringstruktur. Eine Reihe von Umsetzungen und Derivaten dieses Tetraphenyl-cyclo-tetraphosphins wird beschrieben. Die Elektronendonatorqualitäten der P4-Ringatome erweisen sich als sehr gering. Die Annahme von MAHLER und BURG, daß die Ringstruktur durch zusätzliche pπ-dπ-Bindungen zwischen den einzelnen P-Atomen und ihren beiden jeweiligen Ringnachbarn stabilisiert wird, scheint sich demnach zu bestätigen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2336-2341 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wird über den Nachweis der Existenz des ungeladenen Di-cyclopentadienyl-rhodiums (II), Rh(C5H5)2, berichtet, das sich durch Neutronenbestrahlung aus Ruthenocen im Sinne von \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {}^{104}{\rm Ru}\left({{\rm C}_5 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_2 \buildrel {\left({{\rm n},\gamma } \right)} \over\longrightarrow {}^{105}{\rm Ru}\left({{\rm C}_5 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_2 \buildrel {\beta ^ -, \gamma } \over \longrightarrow {}^{105}{\rm Rh}\left({{\rm C}_5 {\rm H}_5 } \right)_2 \buildrel {\beta ^ - } \over \longrightarrow $$\end{document} bildet. Die Verbindung ist erwartungsgemäß sublimierbar und oxydations-empfindlich.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2358-2365 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In Fortführung der Untersuchungen über die dienophilen Eigenschaften von Dehydrobenzol wurde dieses mit N-Methyl-pyrrol in Reaktion gebracht, wobei die aus einer 1.4-Addition hervorgehenden Verbindungen VI und VII als Haupt-produkte zu isolieren waren. Ihr Entstehungschemismus wird diskutiert und zum Schluß auf die Bedeutung des HOFMANN-Abbaus bei endo-Ammonium-hydroxyden hingewiesen.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2388-2394 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Norcampher läßt sich in flüssigem Ammoniak mit Na-Acetylid mit etwa 90-proz. Ausbeute in 2-Äthinyl-bicyclo-[1.2.2]-heptanol-(2) überführen. Mit Dimethylformamid als Lösungsmittel gelang es auch, 3-Methyl-norcampher (exo-Apocamphenilon), 3.3-Dimethyl-norcampher (Camphenilon) und π-Brom-d-campher zu äthinieren und die Ausbeute an Äthinylcarbinol bei der Äthinierung von d-Campher und d-Fenchon gegenüber den bisherigen Verfahren zu verbessern.  -  Von einigen bicyclischen Äthinylcarbinolen wurden die entspr. Halogenäthinylcarbinole bzw. die Carbamate dargestellt.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2485-2495 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Isocyclische und heterocyclische Verbindungen mit zwei zueinander ortho-oder peri-ständigen Halogenmethyl-Gruppen bilden mit primären aliphatischen Aminen bei Zimmertemperatur cyclische, tertiäre Amine vom Dihydro-pyrrol- bzw. Tetrahydro-pyridin-Typus. Sek. Amine reagieren unter gleichen Bedingungen zu cyclischen, quartären Ammoniumsalzen, die im Falle von sek. Ringbasen als Kondensationspartnern spirocyclische Konstitution besitzen.  -  Reaktionserfolg und Ausbeute schwanken in weiten Grenzen je nach der Natur der angewandten Halogenmethylverbindung.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2459-2471 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Anlagerung monosubstituierter Acetylenverbindungen an p-Benzochinon und mehrkernige Chinone mit Hilfe der Lithiumsalze der Acetylenderivate in flüssigem Ammoniak oder absol. Toluol führt je nach den Versuchsbedingungen zu Mono- oder Dichinolen, die im sauren Medium leicht Umlagerungen erleiden.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2534-2537 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acetylierte Zuckermercaptale ergeben mit 1 Mol. Brom in wasserfreiem Medium Halbmercaptalbromide, aus denen weitere Derivate von Mercaptalen und Acetalen gewonnen werden können. Die Umsetzung acetylierter Thioglykoside mit 1 Mol. Brom unter Ausschluß von Wasser führt unter Waldenscher Umkehrung zu Acetobromzuckern. Es wird die erstmalig gelungene Synthese der β-Acetobromglucose beschrieben.
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958) 
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    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 91 (1958), S. 2578-2580 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: p-Toluolsulfonyl-isocyanat und Phenyl-isocyanat setzen sich im Schmelzfluß mit N-substituierten Säurehydraziden zu substituierten 1.2.4-Triazolonen-(5) um.
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    Journal of Morphology 102 (1958) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 102 (1958), S. 157-197 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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    Journal of Morphology 102 (1958), S. 91-117 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 102 (1958), S. 427-553 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 102 (1958), S. 247-287 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 103 (1958) 
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  • 73
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 253-279 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Technique. This work is based not only on the fixed preparations, but also on fresh cover-slip preparations treated with neutral red or 2 per cent osmic acid for a short time.Golgi elements and fatty yolk. The Golgi elements are hollow vesicular bodies with a distinct osmiophilic rim and a central osmiophobic substance. In the youngest oocyte they form a circumnuclear ring. Gradually the vesicles spread out, grow in size, store up fat in their interior, and give rise to the fatty yolk. On account of their higher refractive index, due to the presence of fat, the Golgi vesicles can be occasionally seen even in the young oocytes without any treatment.Mitochondria. The mitochondrial granules also form a circumnuclear ring and are later distributed uniformly.Albuminous yolk. The albuminous yolk is nucleolar in origin. Early in oogenesis, the nucleous buds off small, homogeneous, and highly chromatic particles in the cytoplasm, which sooner or later disappear. Subsequently, the nucleolus becomes less chromatic and develops vacuolar bodies in its interior, which, becoming vacuolated exactly like the parent nucleolus, migrate into the the cytoplasm. These bodies become more and more chromatic and travel toward the periphery of the egg, where they grow in size. Ultimately they break down into small, homogeneous, and highly chromatic bodies which are the definitive albuminous yolk spheres and which subsequently grow enormously in size.
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  • 74
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    Notes: Maturation of the male germ cells in the rat shows some slight modifications of the typical procedure in sex cells, a distinct and rather prolonged synapsis occurring before synizesis and a confused stage immediately after it. The clumping in synizesis is not extreme. In the mixed strain of rats both twenty-one and thirty-one tetrads appear in the late diakinesis. This procedure in the male resembles the maturation of the oocytes in only two points, the beginning of the process, the deutobroch nuclei, and the end of it when the haploid number of chromosomes take their places on the spindle.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 493-541 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The cells of the blastoderm which are to form the serosa are two- to four-nucleate; the smaller cells of the embryonic rudiment, uninucleate. The band-like embryonic rudiment encircles the yolk at the equator of the egg. The amnion does not begin to form until after the serosa completely covers embryo and yolk. The epithelium of the midgut arises from cells situated at the tips of stomodaeum and proctodaeum. These cells, though not differentiated from adjacent ectoderm at the time of the invagination, are nevertheless interpreted as part of the preprimordium of the endoderm. In the eighty-four-hour stage a fold of amnion grows over the dorsal side of the embryo, entirely covering it in the course of the next few hours. A portion of the amnion thus forms the dorsal wall of the embryo. At the completion of the amnion the embryo rotates so that its ventral side is directed toward the egg center. The amnion raptures just before the larva begins to feed on the yolk which still remains around it. The serosa is consumed before hatching, which takes place about five and one-half days after deposition.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 585-609 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The caeca of fourteen bantam fowls have been studied. These fowls ranged in age from six days' incubation to three years after hatching. Between the fifth and sixth days of incubation rectal caeca arise as evaginations from the intestine at the junction of the ileum with the colon. The develoing caeca closely resemble histologically the intestine to which they are attached.The caeca are essentially devoid of content until about the nineteenth day of incubation, but during the remaining days of incubation are gorged with a bluish-gray material similar to that found in the colon. Thus, an early defecatory function is indicated.In general, the proximal third of the caeca remains histologically similar to the intestine, but the distal two-thirds undergoes regression. The latter involves the atrophy of the epithelium and glands, accompanied by the appearance of lymphoid tissue. Much of the lymphoid tissue eventually disappears, to a large extent by atrophy and dissolution of the leukocytes. However, to some extent, lymphocytes develop into granulocytes which escape with other leukocytes into the lumina of the caeca and there disintegrate.Lymph nodules begin to appear in the caeca about one week after the chick hatches. The leukocytes, at least in part, arise in situ from the reticular stroma. Eosinophils arise in certain areas of the tunica propria, and in the earlier stages of their development resemble large lymphocytes, in the cytoplasm of which basophilic, amphophilic, and acidophilic granules are intermingled.
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  • 77
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    Notes: In the ovary of the rat the ova arise by proliferations from the germinal epithelium, all cells of which are potential ova. This proliferation begins with the differentiation of the gonad, and may last as long as 369 days postpartum. The embryonic ovary is filled with ova which pass through the typical maturation phases. This continues until five days after parturition. These ova degenerate, none being found in the ovary of the twenty-day rat. After the fifth day postpartum, nuclear development in the ova changes until, by the twentieth day, no typical maturation phases are present. With the degeneration of the embryonic ova the ovary takes on the adult structure.The ovary of the adult female rat shows a modified type of meiosis in the germ cells, while that of the embryo shows the typical phases, indicating that this is the primitive type, with the modified form an acquired characteristic.Ova in a single rat may show both twenty-one and thirty-one chromosomes.Follicle cells are formed from the cells of the germinal epithelium and, like the sex cells, may have both forty-two and sixty-two chromosomes in a single follicle. The lutein cells also show both forty-two and sixty-two chromosomes in a single corpus luteum. The chromosomes of the lutein cells enlarge with the expansion of the cell to a size greatly in excess of the chromosomes of the somatic cells. The theca interna is derived from the tunica albuginea.
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    Journal of Morphology 102 (1958), S. 23-53 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 102 (1958), S. 55-89 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Journal of Morphology 102 (1958), S. 119-155 
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 89-133 
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    Notes: During the telophases each chromosome becomes inclosed in an individual sac or vesicle which, together with its contents, is called a chromosomal vesicle. The vesicular membrane is of cytoplasmic origin, but is formed under the influence of the chromosome and a droplet of karyolymph. A precise numerical correspondence between chromosomes and chromosomal vesicles has not been established, but it is evidence that most, if not all, of the chromosomal vesicles retain their individuality during the resting stage and until after the new chromosomes have been fully formed.The transformation of the telophase chromosome into the reticulum of the resting stage and the manner in which a new chromosome is formed from a portion of this reticulum are described in detail. In the early prophases each developing chromosome is embedded in a sheath or matrix of less deeply basophilic material, which disappears before the middle prophase is reached.The formation of chromosomal vesicles is interpreted as a device for doing more rapidly and effectively, under stress of special circumstances, the work that the nucleus must accomplish during the so-called resting stage.
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929) 
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 283-333 
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    Notes: The significance of the ultimobranchial body has been the object of a comparative study of the structure in twenty-four species of urodeles. In nineteen of these it has not hitherto been described.Caudal to the last branchial arch, it develops as a thickening and later as an outpushing from the ventral wall of the pharynx. Due to the growth mechanics of the region, it comes to lie obliquely to the pharynx, ventral to it, and dorsal or dorsolateral to the pericardial cavity in its anterior region. It persists throughout life as an epithelioid or epithelial structure, usually of irregular shape, frequently containing vesicles; in some cases it exhibits a considerable amount of secretory activity of variable quality. Except in Amphiuma and Necturus, where it is regularly paired, and in occasional instances in individuals of other species, where it occurs on both sides, it is usually present on the left side only. Its occurrence is constant in all of the species of urodeles for which it has been examined.It is variable in size, form, and position. This, together with the quite inconstant indication of secretory activity, marks it as a structure of little or no physiological significance. ‘Colloid’ is, however, present in some instances, and hence a comparison with the thyroid was considered.
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 435-478 
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    Notes: The perivisceral fluid of Pheretima indica (Horst) contains five types of leucocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, lamprocytes, and linocytes. The granulocytes differentiate either from free lymphocytes, from peritoneal epithelial cells lining the leucocytopoietic organs, or from lymphocytes (hemocytoblasts) embedded in these organs. The lymphocyte is a hemocytoblast. The eosinophilic granulocyte is the most numerous of the several types of granulocytes. Morphologically and tinctorially, it resembles the eosinophil of fishes. The eosinophil granule is thought to arise either by a ripening of a basophil granule and to pass through a metachromatic phase during this process, or by being formed immediately without such a ripening process in small hemocytoblasts. The stimulus for the excessive production of eosinophils is thought to be the degree of infection of the leucocytopoietic organs by a species of the gregarine, Monocystis.A series of segmentally arranged leucocytopoietic organs is described for the first time in the oligochaetes. These organs are essentially foldings of the septa and offer sacculations in which leucocytopoiesis may take place.A discussion of the possible phylogeny of the hemocytopoietic organs of the invertebrates and vertebrates is given.
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 555-587 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The germ cells of Lebistes are found in cysts; the younger cysts are toward the cortex. Mitochondria and Golgi apparatus are present. During maturation leptotene, bouquet, pachytene, and diakinesis figures are seen. The spermatocyte chromosomes number twenty-three; an X-Y pair is probably present, though the evidence is not conclusive. In spermatid formation the centriole divides to form a rodlet and an axial filament; the nucleus segregates into two materials, one of which is extruded; the remainder first contracts to a cup, comes in contact with the rodlet, then again forms a sphere. The mitochondria are arranged along the proximal part of the axial filament; the sphere flattens and elongates; the rodlet sinks into the head substance and is enfolded by it. The Golgi remnant is sloughed off with the residual cytoplasm, which disappears at the same time the Sertoli cells show an increase in size, suggesting their ingestion of the spermatid remnants. The mature sperm form spermatozeugmen, which are stored in the testicular canal; they are transferred to the female by aid of the modified anal fin.
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 81-103 
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    Notes: A comparative study of the embryology of the rabbit in races of large and small adult size shows a consistently more rapid rate of cell multiplication and of increase in mass in large-race embryos than in those of small race.This more rapid rate of growth is transm tted by and influenced equally by sperm and egg cell, as is shown by the results of reciprocal crosses.Rate of differentiation is independent of rate of growth and unaffected by it. Consequently, embryos of the large race have attained greater size than those of the small race at corresponding stage of differentiation.The fundamental difference in rate of growth is already in evidence in forty-eight-hour embryos and becomes increasingly clear at later stages. Embryos produced by the large race have undergone about one more cell division at forty-eight hours after mating and so are approximately in the thirty-two-cell stage when embryos of the small race are in the sixteen-cell stage.
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 135-199 
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Definite information concerning the time of development and location of the different imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster was needed in order to interpret especially the gynandromorphs, mosaics, and intersexes that have been extensively reported in cultures of this fly. This information was also desirable for many of the mutant types. It was not known, for example, when an organ was reduced or absent, whether its imaginal disc showed a corresponding reduction, or whether it was full size in the larvae and pupae, and failed to carry through to the later stages.Three mutant types with eyes smaller than those of the wild type, namely, lozenge, bar, and eyeless, were examined. It was found that there is a corresponding difference in size as far back as the imaginal disc could be detected. Similarly for the two mutants, vestigial and no-wing. Conversely for the mutant, bithorax, in which the metathorax is larger than the normal and has assumed many of the characters of the normal mesothorax, the imaginal disc was correspondingly enlarged.It follows that the effects of the mutant genes for these characters can be observed in the very earliest condition of the imaginal disc.
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 45-79 
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    Notes: It was found that thyroid deficiency in the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) is followed by a trend to increased concentration of epinephrin in the suprarenals. The basis of this lies in the relatively greater retrogression of the cortex as contrasted with the medulla which becomes a relatively greater proportion of the organ as a whole. Confirmatory evidence is found in cell counts per unit area and the part of the disappearance of lipoid from the cortical cells of the suprarenals of thyroidless animals.
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 123-151 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: From a study of over 1000 mothers, the female chromosome number appears to be 2N = 22; N = 11. The male number has not been exactly determined, but is presumably not haploid. Only one maturation division occurs in the parthenogenetic egg, and the authors have seen only one in the sexual egg. During the growth stages of the eggs, the chromatin is totally obscured by a large amount of deeply staining nucleolar material which exhibits several phases. Ultimately, this material is apparently absorbed into the ooplasm. Just before the egg is laid, the ovoid chromosomes, in late prophase or in metaphase, are seen in a germinal vesicle situated always at one side of the egg. The maturation division occurs immediately after egg laying. A degenerate body, hitherto undescribed, is noted in the ripe parthenogenetic egg, situated at the pole opposite the germinal vesicle. It is believed to arise by reorganization of nucleolar substance. The body in the sexual egg desribed by Weismann and Ishikawa ('91) as the Paracopulationzelle is noted and its interpretation by these authors questioned, but, for lack of sufficient evidence, no counter-explanation is offered. The possible relation between experimental sex control and the time of maturation division in the parathenogenetic egg is discussed.
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 37-87 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The vesicular nucleus of this amoeboflagellate is similar in structure in both phases of its life-cycle. It has a fairly large caryosome surrounded by a pericaryosomal area in which there are small oxyphilic pericaryosomal granules on a fine reticulum. On the inner surface of the definite caryotheca is a layer of epithecal chromatic granules.Nuclear division is similar in both amoeba and flagellate phases. During the prophase the nucleus enlarges, and the expanded caryosome becomes resolved into basophilic and oxyphilic components and assumes either an oblong, dumb-bell, or spindle shape. The pericaryosomal granules enlarge, shift about, and eventually become arranged in an equatorial band around the elongated caryosome. In the metaphase the equatorial plate of chromosomes appears after the inward migration of the pericaryosomal granules, accompanied by the formation of a definite intranuclear spindle, usually with polar masses, polar granules, and a centrodesmose. After the poleward migration of the daughter plates of chromosomes in the anaphase, the telophase constriction of the nuclear membrane produces two daughter nuclei with a portion of the spindle remaining outside. The epithecal layer of granules remains in place on the nuclear membrane during the entire process of mitosis. Plasmotomy normally follows mitosis, but may be delayed, giving rise to multinucleate individuals. In the flagellate the blepharoplast usually divides simultaneously with, but independently of, the nucleus. There are many divergences in the details of mitosis, but these are thought to be variations of one type of division rather than examples of different processes.
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  • 92
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    Notes: In sections the protoplasm of the spinning gland of Platyphylax designatus Walker appears to be a syncytium with large, branching nuclei, which contain both nucleoli and chromatin granules embedded in a delicate linin reticulum.In the normal gland the nucleus is sharply marked off by a nuclear membrane from the granular, homogeneous cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus appears as rings, loops, or comma-like structures, evenly distributed and without orientation to the nucleus or lumen of the gland.The nucleoli first increase both in number and size within the nucleus, then migrate out into the cytoplasm, where they undergo further growth, and finally are dissolved and passed out into the lumen of the gland as liquid secretion.Small vacuoles appear near the periphery of the gland in early periods of activity.In glands active for forty-eight hours all stages of the secretory process may be seen.In glands active for longer periods only vacuoles are present which we interpret as the remains of the secretory inclusions. There is a progressive decrease in the nuclear content of the nucleus.Throughout the activity of the gland the Golgi apparatus changes little from the normal condition, both in form and distribution. As activity progresses, the bodies become smaller and slightly more dispersed. No relation of Golgi apparatus to the secretory phenomenon is apparent.
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 415-433 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The diploid number of twenty-six chromosomes was found in the mature parthenogenetic female-producing eggs and also in the somatic cells of the female embryos developing from such eggs. In the maturation stages of a few of these eggs the chromosomes were markedly larger than in the corresponding stages of the majority of the eggs. Whether this size difference of the chromosomes is correlated with male- and female-producing individuals has not been determined. The mature parthenogenetic male-producing eggs contain the haploid number of thirteen chromosomes, and this number was found also in the somatic cells of the young male embryos. The mature sexual eggs contain thirteen chromosomes.In spermatogenesis the secondary spermatocyte divisions are usually omitted and the secondary spermatocytes develop directly into the motile spermatozoa containing thirteen chromosomes. A few, however, of the secondary spermatocytes divide, forming spermatids containing fewer than thirteen chromosomes. These cells develop into the non-motile and rudimentary spermatozoa.The motile spermatozoa containing thirteen chromosomes unite with the parthenogenetic male-producing eggs containing thirteen chromosomes, thus producing the fertilized eggs with the diploid number of twenty-six chromosomes. These fertilized eggs develop into female-producing females which reproduce parthenogenetically.
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 519-529 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The liver has a rhythmic function with alternating assimilatory and secretory stages. The height of the assimilatory stage in rabbit's liver is characterized by the following qualities: All the cells are usually expanded and contain much glycogen and few bile components. The bile capillaries are narrow and generally empty. The glycogen content is high (about 13 per cent); the total glycogen weight is also high (about 17 grams). The liver has a relatively heavy weight (about 140 grams), a large volume, notably firm consistency, and a light brown color.The secretory stage at its height has the following characteristics: All cells are shrunken and are rich in bile components, but contain little glycogen. The bile capillaries are expanded and filled with secretion (fixation with barium chloride). The glycogen content is low (about 1 per cent), and the total glycogen weight is also low (about 1/2 gram). Weight of liver low (about 50 grams). Volume small and consistency fairly flaccid. Color dark reddish brown.Between these two extremes are various intermediary stages. Such variations as these probably occur during the normal functioning of the liver in man and also in other animals.
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 1-43 
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    Notes: The parenchymal cells in the parathyroids of Rana catesbeiana (Shaw) are found to undergo a very curious cyclic change. The cytoplasm is broken down by a process of cytolysis. The nuclei are decomposed by chromatolysis and pycnosis. The entire parenchyma is finally liquefied, except for a layer of cells lining the capsule.The parathyroid body is reconstructed by young cells which are produced from rather definite growth centers. The process of regeneration begins some time before cytolysis is completed and continues until the entire organ is restored.The cytolytic and regenerative processes transpire in such sequence that the amount of apparently healthy tissue present at any one time is a rather large portion of the total mass normally present.The relationship between the parenchymal tissue and the stroma of the parathyroid is described.
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 153-171 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A description of the gross embryology of the sex apparatus of a common diplopod, the corn millipede. The life-cycle of this animal involves eleven instars extending over a period of three years.In the male the true first legs are shed at the ninth ecdysis and the large clasping appendages are substituted through the last three instars. In the region of the second body somite the fused coxal plate and the penes are developed at the final molt; the second appendages are reduced at this time. The greatest changes occur in the region of the seventh somite, where the legs are shed about the eighth ecdysis and the gonopods developed through the remaining instars. It is evident that these gonopods arise as a modification of the sternites of the seventh somite.In the female the second legs are reduced to vestiges at the final molt. The structures at the mouth of the oviducts are developed from the surrounding tissues and the modified sternites of the reduced second legs. These changes are in progress as early as the seventh instar, but the greatest changes occur at the final ecdysis.
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 281-316 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The arterial system of Uromastix hardwickii retains many primitive features and shows great resemblance and relationship to that of Sphenodon. The heart is typically reptilian. Two systemics and a pulmonary arch arise from the ventricle. The conus arteriosus is absent. The carotids arise together from the right systemic by means of a small common carotis primaria. A very well-developed ductus caroticus connects each carotid with the systemic arch of its side. The ductus arteriosus (ductus Botalli) is absent.The dorsal aorta is formed by the union of both the systemic arches. The left systemic joins entire while the right one, which is termed systemicocarotid trunk, gives off the carotids, the vertebral, a single subclavian, and two pairs of parietal arteries, before the union. Anterior epigastric arteries are altogether absent. The dorsal aorta gives off fifteen pairs of parietal arteries which are segmentally arranged. All the main branches supplying the alimentary canal and other viscerala organs arise independently of one another, there being no such combination as is found in Varanus.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rate of locomotion in Amoeba proteus is dependent upon the nature of the substratum, the nature of the different divalent and monovalent cations present, and the ratio of the amount of the monovalent cations to the amount of calcium or strontium. Calcium is more efficient than strontium in antagonizing potassium. Magnesium and barium do not antagonize potassium. The four monovalent cations studied in antagonizing calcium are efficient in the following order: Na〉K〉Li〉Rb. Calcium and potassium are more effective against antagonistic cations when combined with chlorine than when combined with phosphate.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 543-561 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The parietal fossa or pit is situated in the middorsal line between the ear capsules. From its floor four (sometimes only two) apertures lead into the ear capsules. The anterior apertures are the foramina of the endolymphatic ducts; the posterior ones are the fenestrae. Through the fossa each endolymphatic duct passes from its formen to its external aperture in the dorsal integument, describing in its course a loop with the convexity directed anteriorly. The part of the duct involving the loop is enlarged into an endolymphatic pouch. Into the angle of this loop a small muscle is inserted which is a continuation of the anterior trunk muscles, or one taking a more lateral origin from the edge of the fossa. The fenestra may or may not be closed by a definite fenestral membrane. The posterior semicircular canal (posterior utriculus) bears a peculiar relation to the fenestra. The endolymphatic pouch, like the sacculus, contains otoconia, and sometimes siliceous sand grains. Various functions have been assigned to the endolymphatic organ. There is no convincing experimental evidence as to its significance.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 611-625 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By the use of a new technique it was possible to demonstrate the Golgi granules about the idiosome of spermatids and in the so-called Golgi bead of the mature spermatozoon. Other osmiophile granules in the cytoplasm, assumed to be Golgi granules, aggregate during metamorphosis into groups which formed neutral fat spheres, giving stains with both sudan III and scharlach R. Evidence is adduced supporting the view that the Golgi apparatus is a lipin and probably a phospholipin. The fat spheres produced are probably a result of fatty degeneration in the residual body of the spermatid. They may also serve as the source of lipin in Popa's ‘Lipo-gel’ phenomenon.
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