ALBERT

Notizen: Digital photogrammetry and softcopy workstations have added a new dimension to aerial triangulation, and some of the previously manual procedures are now available in automated form. Also, commercial software packages for automatic aerial triangulation came on to the market in the last decade. In this study, the results of automatic aerial triangulation using four triangulation software packages, Z/I Imaging's MATCH-AT (ISMAT) and ISAT, LH Systems’ MST and VirtuoZo AAT, are presented. For the comparison of the results of the tie point extraction and the bundle block adjustment for triangulation, a sub-block from the Uster block in Switzerland was selected and used. Differences between these software packages are discussed with respect to their functionality and performance in detail. The achieved standard deviation of image coordinates varies between 0·2 and 0·5 pixel for the systems tested. The more signalised control points and check points to be used, the better the σ0 estimate which could be expected. The average number of extracted tie points varied from system to system with respect to the matching method and the resolution of the images used in the programs. The digital aerial triangulation of the Uster sub-block was faster than analytical triangulation and the elapsed time for triangulation of one image using different systems varies between about 0·5 and 6 min. Nevertheless, results also show that automated aerial triangulation is still prone to error in all systems. Image matching produces many blunders, which can only be handled efficiently by using a sophisticated blunder detection procedure, as is available with robust estimation. This is not the case for all the systems tested, however. There still remains a lot to be done in terms of development (improvement of matching, for example, by integrating robust estimation for error detection at an early stage, implementation of on-line triangulation, better internal quality control procedures, more transparent and simple user interfaces and more useful information for the user with better software manuals). However, it was shown that automatic aerial triangulation provides higher redundancy and reliability of results and much more economical photogrammetric practice than ever before.

Notizen: This paper gives a summary of the methods that have been used for independent model aerial triangulation. A modification of one of the methods is proposed and the paper concludes with a comparison of the independent model with the classical method of triangulation.

Notizen: The camera is a further development of an existing type with greatly improved photogrammetric performance so that the photography can be used with first-order plotting machines. A new lens provides minimal distortion, high resolution and greatly improved marginal illumination. An entirely new shutter provides high speeds and efficiency. Laboratory results and preliminary survey trials indicate image quality and location standards of the same order as established existing cameras.

Notizen: Book reviews in this article:INTERNATIONAL YEAR BOOK OF CARTOGRAPHY (Vol. IV, 1964). Editor, Eduard Imhof.JUBILEE VOLUME DEDICATED TO WILLEM SCHERMERHORN ON HIS SEVENTIETH ANNIVERSARY: ESSAYS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY. Published by I.T.C., Delft.

Notizen: Architecture at the Maya archaeological site of Uxmal in Yucatan, Mexico has been documented since the 17th century by historians, archaeologists, illustrators, photographers, and most recently photogrammetrists. This paper reviews the work of the major contributors to recording of architecture at Uxmal with a particular focus on the 19th century stereophotography of Alice and Augustus Le Plongeon who worked to record all the standing architecture at Uxmal, and the close range stereophotogrammetric projects that recorded the Adivino Pyramid during the late 20th century.

Notizen: This article presents a complete mathematical model, which translates discrepancies between two orthophotographs created from different photographs, into precise corrections of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). These corrections are the differences from the real surface and, if applied over the existing DEM, can produce a more accurate one. The mathematical model is straightforward, and is not approximate, and therefore there is no need for iterations.Possible applications include checking of automatically created DEMs, refinement of existing DEMs using aerial photographs and update of orthophotographs based on the previous DEM and new imagery.

Notizen: A successful attempt has been made to produce design plans of large chemical plant using photogrammetric techniques, and involving the development and modification of cameras and plotting equipment. Photogrammetry has provided a solution to a problem which could not easily be solved by direct methods.

Notizen: Book reviews in this article:PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF SOUTH AFRICAN SURVEYORS, FEBRUARY 1964. Edited by G. H. Menzies et al.

Notizen: Four authors review the activities of the seven Commissions of the I.S.P. at the Xth International Congress, Lisbon, 1964.

Notizen: Rather than rely on laboratory calibration, test fields have been established in Sweden to enable photography from a tower or aircraft, and so simulate as nearly as possible actual operational conditions. Repeated experiments, followed by analysis of photography, and the application of statistical tests, have allowed the geometrical quality of the aerial photograph to be assessed, and systematic and irregular errors to be distinguished.

Notizen: It does not seem to be widely recognised that the solution of the space resection problem from measurements made on a single photograph of three ground control points is not unique. There are, in general, four solutions, so that either the camera orientation must be approximately known (as is the case for near vertical photography) or extra control must be used to discriminate between these solutions. The iterative solution commonly used will only yield one solution, which will be correct if the photography is nearly vertical, but which is liable to be wrong in the general case. An explicit solution is therefore preferred since all solutions may be examined in the light of such extra control as is available. This paper gives a method for such a solution and shows how the discrimination should be used. The paper goes on to derive a method of adjusting the result to redundant control by least squares.

Notizen: ‘Development’ and the globalization of consumption is leading to a breakdown of biological and cultural diversity, erosion of food security, an increase in violence and devastation for the global biosphere. We urgently need to shift away from economic globalization and homogenization towards localization and diversification.

Notizen: The promises and pitfalls of agricultural biotechnology have long been debated. The public is often thwarted because consumers frequently perceive as risky, and therefore undesirable, those advances that they do not understand or of which they are unaware. A comparative study of the introduction of a biotechnology innovation in the United States (US) and in the European Union (EU) is a case in point. In the US, despite concerns of consumer protection and environmental groups that the use of genetically produced growth hormone in milk-producing cows will adversely impact the safety of the milk supply, scientific evidence and governmental findings appear to indicate that milk from treated cows is identical in quality, taste and nutritional value to milk from untreated cows. Experience to date in the US demonstrates some consumer resistance to milk from those cows that have received the growth hormone, which typically leads to a 10% increase in milk production. In fact, if there is no perceived differentiation between the two forms of milk, the issue offers little choice to consumers at large, and may result in economic benefit only to selected dairy farmers, as well as the producers of the genetically produced growth hormone. This situation in the US is an example of dysfunctional technology transfer, with perceived desirable benefits to a few, and perceived undesirable benefits to society-at-large. The information suggests that the US may have reacted hastily in approving the use of bovine growth hormone in milk-producing cows. The EU has taken a divergent approach by enacting moratoriums against its use. The differences identified in this study, contrasting responses to the bovine somatotrophin issue in the US and EU – driven in part by general consumer attitudes towards biotechnology – may provide insights into the issues and challenges that will be faced by both advocates and opponents of global proliferation of certain advances in biotechnology.

Notizen: The purpose of this article is to describe how households in Novgorod the Great, Russia, deal with food provision in everyday life. The study focuses on changes experienced in food provision and consumption in Russian society, in order to illustrate how households respond to the transformation towards a market economy. The study reflects women's perspective on food provision. Students from Novgorod the Great visited 105 households and asked the women in the household to answer a questionnaire. Results from the study show that in order to cope with changes in society related to economic reforms, Russian households had changed both their food consumption and food production patterns. There was no big difference between urban and rural households. Nearly all of the households were self-sufficient in the provision of vegetables and potatoes. Many households had a ‘dacha’ (plot), where they produced most of what they needed. Among the changes experienced during recent years (i.e. during the end of the 1990s), a decade after perestroika was initiated, households mentioned the rise in food prices and the decrease of income. Households reported that they consumed less fruit and/or meat. Some households also mentioned that the quality of nourishment had decreased, thereby indicating lower general quality, lower nutrition value, or less healthy foodstuffs.

Notizen: Localization: A Global Manifesto. Ed. by Colin Hines (2000). London. Published by Earthscan Publishing. ISBN 1-85383-612-5 (softcover). In Canada, the book is available from for Can$29.00. In the UK, the book is available at for £10.99 or earthinfo@earthscan.co.uk

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Silver impregnation techniques were used to study the silverline system of three species in the genus Spirostomum. It was concluded that for those species studied in the general area of Washington, D.C., the average numbers of ciliary meridians in S. teres, S. minus and S. ambiguum are 18, 24 and 46 respectively. Seventy-six % of the measurements in S. teres and S. ambiguum and 84% of the measurements in S. minus deviate from the mean by less than 1 standard deviation.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Blepharisma seculum sp. nov. is described as a small-sized blepharisma with a compact, spheroid macronucleus and a distinct curvature of the body anteriorly. A comparison of this form with other species of the genus Blepharisma subgenus (Compactum) is given.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Lymphotropha tribolii gen. nov., sp. nov. (Neogregarinida, Schizocystidae) is described from the haemocoele of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). The trophozoites are large, ovoid and uninucleate with distinct longitudinal striae. Schizogony occurs in one type of cycle only, each schizont giving rise to up to 8 merozoites. Gametocytes are uninucleate when they associate. Up to 16 oocysts each with 8 sporozoites are formed in each gametocyst. The oocysts are lemon-shaped, and sporozoites emerge from the poles.The parasite causes considerable mortality in young larvae, though its pathogenicity is probably inferior to that of Farinocystis tribolii Weiser.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Sarcocystis garnhami n. sp. is described from an opossum, Didelphis marsupialis. Its distinguishing characters are the spiny cyst wall, 6–8 μ thick, and the size of the spores, 5.3–6.9 μ in length and 1.3–1.9 μ in breadth. Sarcocystis darlingi, Brumpt 1913 is considered Besnoitia darlingi (Brumpt, 1913) n. comb.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. An epizoic suctorian from Gulf of Maine coastal waters, designated as Paracineta sp., is described. Morphological measurements are given for 23 small, medium, and large specimens. Mean length was 200 μ and average cell body diameter 39 μ. Of 21 copepod species and 19 zooplankton groups examined, only copepods of the genus Metridia showed any Paracineta attached. Suctorian occurrence was, with a single exception, limited to adult copepods, with the larger females showing the heaviest incidence. Differences in areal occurrence were observed with greatest incidence of Paracineta on M. lucens in the eastern and central Gulf, and lowest numbers in the western area. This differential occurrence is accredited to an apparent cold water affinity of the suctorian. It is suggested that Paracineta could be carried into the Gulf during periodic intrusions of cool Nova Scotian water, reaching the western area in the southwesterly flowing Gulf of Maine eddy system. No significant differences in vertical distribution were found in Paracineta incidence on Metridia among the depths sampled (0, 10, 30, and 60 m). No harmful effect of Paracineta on Metridia was evident.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The intralymphocytic stages of Theileria parva, T. lawrencei and T. annulata have been cultivated for several months in tissue cultures of bovine lymphocytes associated with baby hamster kidney cells. In established cultures the theilerial particles multiplied at about the same rate as the host cells, the percentage of infected cells and the mean number of parasite particles per cell remaining nearly constant.During mitotic division of the host cell the theilerial body becomes closely associated with the spindle fibres and is pulled apart and distributed to both daughter cells in late anaphase. The single theilerial particles (chromatin) within the theilerial body divide by binary fission; their division is not synchronous with that of the host cell.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. A sulfolipid, isolated from the phytoflagellate, Ochromonas danica, and from its medium, constitutes over 50% of the sulfur of the cells. It is bound to protein and excreted by the phytoflagellate. When the S35-labeled sulfolipid was placed in the medium it was incorporated by the cells without cleavage of the sulfate group. Thus it passes back and forth between the growth medium and the cells.The sulfolipid has been found in O. danica, O. malhamensis, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Chlamydomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp. (sea water bacterium). It was identified in the culture medium of O. danica, O. malhamensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and Streptomyces griseus. Preliminary evidence was obtained for its presence in the growth medium of white clover and sorghum.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The normal cycle of asexual reproduction in Euplotes eurystomus was subjected to a detailed morphological study using whole-mounted and sectioned material prepared by the method of silver impregnation. The cycle was arbitrarily divided into 7 stages (numbered 0–6) characterized by nuclear and cortical events. Particular attention was focused on the development of the oral primordium (OP), and the production of new kinetal cilia (or “dorsal bristles”).The OP is interpreted as originating from an invagination or infolding of the parental cortex, followed by considerable in situ growth and differentiation beneath the cell surface. It is suggested that differentiation beneath the parental cell surface may in some way facilitate morphogenesis of other cortical structures without necessitating dedifferentiation of the parent's buccal apparatus. During stage 6, the division constriction plays an important morphogenetic role in shaping the opisthe's buccal apparatus.During stage 4, a zone of ciliary increase (ZCI) appears in the central portion of each kinety. New kinetal cilia arise as semi-circular clusters of 1 to 9 kinetosomes flanking each old basal structure; the latter persist until the new organelles are well established. An analysis of total kinetal cilia in animals during stages 0 to 3 indicates that, while ciliary number varies according to animal size, there is no increase in cilia prior to formation of the ZCI.Several aspects of the asexual cycle in Euplotes seem to bear importantly on the more general problem of ciliate morphogenesis. The pattern or gradient concept might be useful in the analysis of factors determining primordial sites, although later development of the primordium into a specific organelle or organelle system is probably controlled by autonomous epigenetic processes that are somewhat independent of the parental cortical pattern. The hypothesis of kinetosome continuity cannot account for the origin of primordial fields in cortical regions remote from pre-existing kinetosomes, as observed in Euplotes. The initiation of morphogenetic activity on the cortex is closely correlated with, and may be causally related to, the appearance of replication bands in the macronucleus. The known metabolic significance of these bands, particularly the release of nuclear RNA, lends support to this suggestion.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Experiments were performed to ascertain the effect of heat and cold on oral and micronuclear development in synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis WH-6. The developing oral primordium becomes insensitive to cold sometime during stage 2. Cold shocks cause the reversion of many stage 2 primordia to stage 1. Cells so affected are set back in division. The delayed division is always asynchronous. When heat shocks are applied prior to late stage 4, the developing primordium will regress. High temperature shocks applied at later stages permit continued development. However, when the cell begins to cleave at the high temperature, division is frequently arrested and the new oral areas regress. Subsequent cell separation is greatly delayed and asynchronous.Heat and cold affect the micronucleus in the same way. Both agents prolong the arrest of mitosis brought about by the synchronizing treatment. A temperature shock is ineffective if applied after there is a space completely separating the chromosome groups, so that mitosis is completed in the presence of the agent. Bimicronucleate chains result in those cases in which division is arrested by heat shocks.It is suggested that the different phases of sensitivity to heat and cold may reflect different types of syntheses necessary for development of the oral primordium. Division arrest and subsequent oral replacement might possibly be related to high temperature induced changes in the physical state of the ciliate cortex.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The free amino acids of E. invadens and 4 strains of E. histolytica cultured in the CLG medium have been identified by thin layer chromatography. The chromatogram patterns of 3 strains grown for 72 hr at 37°C (103, K-9 and 200) were nearly identical. Amino acids detected on chromatograms according to Rf values, relative positions on chromatogram plates, and identifying colors using a polychromatic ninhydrin spray were: leucine/isoleucine, tyrosine, valine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, lysine/ornithine, histidine, proline, plus very small amounts of arginine and possibly serine, aspartic acid and citrulline/glutamine. Cysteic acid may also be present. The same amino acids were detected on chromatograms using comparable extracts of strain Laredo and E. invadens grown for 6 days at room temperature. However, the patterns were different in that serine, glycine, threonine and especially alanine were present in greater abundance in these latter 2 cell types.These chromatogram patterns were compared with similar analyses of strains Laredo and 200 grown in the modified Shaffer-Frye medium of Reeves.Similar analyses are reported on the basic ingredients of the CLG medium, including the cells and protoplasts of the Bacteroides, the non-multiplying bacterial associate employed in the CLG medium. The chromatogram patterns of the Bacteroides, protoplasts and medium were decidedly different from those of the amebae, thus indicating that adequate separation of bacteria, amebae and medium was accomplished.Analyses of the culture filtrates of all cells analyzed revealed a possible difference between the Laredo strain and the other strains of E. histolytica (103, K-9 and 200) in amino acid utilization. Similar differences were observed between the Laredo strain and E. invadens.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Colligocineta furax gen. nov., sp. nov., parasitizes the epithelial cells of the peristomial cirri of the sabellid polychaete Laonome kröyeri Malmgren. The material studied was dredged in West Sound of Orcas Island, San Juan Archipelago, Washington. In general, the pattern of ciliation of Colligocineta resembles that of Hypocomella and Heterocinetopsis. However, of the ten kineties which constitute the ciliary system, two from the extreme right side appear to be continuous with two from the left side. During division, the posterior part of the ciliary field is conferred upon the opisthe, and in the proter all of the ten kineties are for a time completely separate.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Myxosoma cartilaginis n. sp. is described from the cartilage of Lepomis macrochirus (bluegill), L. cyanellus (green sunfish) and Micropterus salmoides (largemouth black bass). The development of the parasite is described from naturally infected fish which were held in spore-free water after infection. The sporoplasm invades cartilage, and becomes a multi-nucleate trophozoite which forms pansporoblasts, each of which produces 2 to 4 spores. The first spores appear in 7 weeks.The histopathology in the above fish consists at first of little cellular reaction, but after 4 to 5 months epithelioid granulomas appear around some of the spore masses. Cartilage liquefaction is present around the parasites for at least 5 weeks. Eosinophilic globules are present in cartilage cells adjacent to the lesions. Diffuse infiltration of the spores from the lesions is described.Of 24 chemicals tested for polar filament extrusion, potassium hydroxide gave the best results.An illustrated synopsis of the Myxosoma of North American fishes is given. Included is some additional information and illustrations of M. hoffmani Meglitsch, 1963. Also included is a table showing the hosts, site of infection, geographic location, spore and polar capsule sizes.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Two species of hysterocinetids occur in the alimentary tract of Drilocrius breymanni, an aquatic oligochaete collected in Departamento del Valle, Colombia. The suckers of both species are unusual for their complexity. In Craticuloscuta escobari gen. nov., sp. nov., the sucker is a shallow oval concavity with longitudinal and transverse supporting elements. About one-fifth of the area of the sucker, in its posterior portion, is ciliated, but argyrophilic punctations, which probably represent kinetosomes, are distributed in a regular pattern over most of its surface. In Epicharocotyle kyburzi gen. nov., sp. nov., the oval major portion of the sucker is deep, and continuous with a short trough which extends posteriorly and bends toward the left. Veil-like flanges, bordered by a fringe of thick, inactive cilia, arise from the margins of the sucker on either side. In the region of the trough, the flanges may overlap in such a way that the trough is almost completely covered. The trough and a small area of the major portion of the sucker anterior to it are ciliated. However, argyrophilic punctations which probably represent kinetosomes are distributed over most of the surface of the sucker. The pattern of longitudinal and transverse supporting elements found in the sucker itself extends into the flanges. In both Craticuloscuta and Epicharocotyle, the arrangement of the adoral and buccal ciliary organelles is essentially like that in Hysterocineta, Ptychostomum, and other ciliates of the family Hysterocinetidae.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Various protozoa and lower metazoa were exposed to filtrates of Staphylococcus aureus B (formerly called Type S-6) (2) and non-enterotoxigenic filtrates of staphylococci to study the toxicity of staphylococcal enterotoxin to these organisms. No reaction specific for enterotoxin was observed either in those culture filtrates from toxin-producing strains or in solutions of purified enterotoxin. Non-specific reactions were obtained with various growth media and a “potassium inhibited” filtrate containing 0.5% K2HPO4.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The effect of hexamethonium chloride, an acetyl-choline competitor, on the ciliary and myonemal systems of Spirostomum intermedium and S. ambiguum was investigated. Although the drug caused immobilization of the cilia, severe cell damage often ensued indicating an unspecific action. The general reaction was usually more severe and the ciliary inhibition less in S. ambiguum than in S. intermedium. It is postulated that the general reaction is the result of either membrane depolarization or binding of hexamethonium at the surface. Fed animals were more susceptible to drug action than starved ones. Raising the external potassium level did not affect the drug action.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. A morphological study on the ectoplasm and the proboscis in the ciliate Didinium nasutum, has been performed by means of an electron microscope. The ectoplasm and the endoplasm of Didinium are separated by a fibrous layer. In addition to the ciliary apparatus and the filament system, the ectoplasm is characterized by having ectoplasmic vacuoles enclosing cross-striated bodies and by having small rods surrounding the ciliary basal body.The filament system is composed of 4 types of tubular filaments: primary filaments originating from the basal body, secondary ones coursing longitudinally along the cell periphery, tertiary ones going down in cylindrical arrays from the periphery of the proboscis into the endoplasm, and finally kinetosomal ones from the base of the basal body into the endoplasm through the newly found pore of the fibrous layer.The fine morphology of the trichites in the proboscis is elucidated three-dimensionally and illustrated schematically. Moreover, the correlation among the small rod, ectoplasmic vacuole and trichite is discussed.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Animals arising spontaneously in a culture of Paramecium aurelia, variety 4, strain 51.8s, swam about three times as rapidly as normal 51.8s, 51.7s or 29.8 animals. When the 51-fast animals were mixed with 51.8 or 29.8 paramecia, a random sampling of swimming rates showed a bimodal distribution. The faster rate of 51-fast animals was maintained under such deleterious conditions as 48-hour starvation. “Fastness” or “slowness” could not be selected for in vegetative clones. The 51-fast paramecia would not mate with 51.7, 51.8 or 29.8 animals, although fission rate, serotype and general appearance indicated that 51-fast probably arose from strain 51.8.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Silver stains of the free-swimming sessiline peritrich Opisthonecta henneguyi reveal the adoral infraciliature as the bases of two membranes, a haplokinety and a polykinety, which diverge at the buccal overture and spiral down the infundibulum to end at the cytostome. A second polykinety parallels the adoral polykinety in the oral half of the infundibulum, and the two form a peniculus. The haplokinety appears as a single row of kinetosomes, the adoral polykinety as a series of transverse rows of three kinetosomes. The peniculus is six kinetosomes in width.The electron microscope shows that the haplokinety is a double row of staggered kinetosomes. Only the external row bears cilia. The polykinety is a complex ciliary membrane, three kinetosomes wide. The three kinetosomes are connected with one another by fibrous bundles passing beneath them. They are linked orally and apically into longitudinal rows of thick, zig-zag, fibrous connections. The kinetosomes of the internal longitudinal row are attached by a dense fiber to a strand of fibrous material interrupted at regular intervals by dense nodes.A section of the wall of the infundibulum is thrown up into longitudinal folds with tubular fibrils running parallel to the folds. These structures, the crests, appear to continue into the cytopharynx. Beneath and around the adoral and infundibular infraciliature and the crests is a fibrous matrix with dense nodes, resembling the reticulated infundibular fiber described by Faureé-Fremiet.The trochal band in silver stains appears as short diagonal rows of kinetosomes. The electron microscope shows 5 to 7 kinetosomes per diagonal row. The kinetosomes of the diagonal rows are linked to thick dense rods which originate just above the trochal band and continue antapically past the kinetosomes for a distance of 10 to 15 μ. The kinetosomes are joined to one another by fibrous strands and each is also connected by a dense fiber to the diagonal rod to its left. Running below the kinetosomes and at right angles to the rods is a system of striated fibers.At the aboral end of the body, a ring, 2 μ in diameter, of argentophilic granules is shown by the electron microscope to be a small circle of kinetosomes. Sessile stages have not been reported for Opisthonecta. The aboral ring is probably a vestigial or non-functioning scopula.The argyrome is represented by circular striae around the body. Each stria bears argentophilic dots on either its apical or its antapical side. Electron microscopy reveals that these dots are pores in the cuticle. The striae themselves may be points of adhesion between the inner cuticle and the outer cuticle, or ridges of cytoplasm between flattened alveoli of the inner cuticle. A dense fiber runs below and parallel to each stria. Opisthonecta shows at least three different kinds of ciliary membranes. Some speculations are offered on the taxonomic affinities of peritrichs based on their infraciliature.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Haplosporidium mytilovum Field, 1924, a sporozoan (?) parasite in the ova of the mussel Mytilus edulis L., is found to be morphologically similar to, and deemed to be congeneric with, the type species of genus Chytridiopsis Schneider, C. socius S., 1884, in beetles. It is compared also with the only other reported species of Chytridiopsis in a mollusc, C. ovicola Léger and Hollande, 1917, in ova of the European oyster, Ostrea edulis L. These two parasites in ova of bivalve molluscs are much alike but, since they seem to have some slight morphological differences, it would be premature to conclude that they belong to the same species. Chytridiopsis, a genus of uncertain affinities, has been considered by various authors to be related to the Chytridiales, the Haplosporida, the Mycetozoa or the Microsporida. New evidence favors the hypothesis that it is microsporidian in nature, although proof in the form of a clearly demonstrated polar filament has not yet been produced.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Leptomonas costoris n. sp. is described from Gerris comatus. It differs from other species of Leptomonas in the structure of the reservoir which has ultramicroscopic thickenings in its wall, matched by corresponding thickenings in the adjacent flagellar membrane. The one or two diagonal lines seen in the reservoirs of Giemsa-stained specimens are thought to be manifestations of these ultramicroscopic fibrils. The reservoir structure suggests a close relationship between this species and Cryptobia, (family Bodonidae) in which somewhat similar structures have been described. Blastocrithidia veliae is redescribed and differentiated from B. gerridis.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and the level of reduced glutathione were assayed in host-parasite interactions in which the malaria parasites preferentially invade: 1. mature erythrocytes (Plasmodium lophurae in the duck) and 2. reticulocytes (P. berghei in the mouse). Assay for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was by the dye decolorization test of Motulsky and Campbell. In P. berghei infected mouse erythrocytes with parasitemias ranging from 28–78% there was no deficiency in enzyme except at the 78% level. Similarly, P. lophurae-infected duck erythrocytes with parasitemias of 29–114% showed no enzyme deficiency except above the 80% level. No linear relationship existed between parasitemia and enzyme level. The reduced glutathione stability test of Beutler in duck erythrocytes infected with P. lophurae in the range 27–67% showed no glutathione instability.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Axenic cultures of Tetrahymena pyriformis W were used to obtain fractions rich in kinetosomes by alcoholdigitonin extraction techniques followed by centrifugation. The morphology of the kinetosomes was examined in the electron microscope at various stages during the isolation procedure, and compared to the morphology of the in situ kinetosome. In the latter preparation the well known cartwheel structure was present, and in addition 9 electron dense dots were displayed at the end of each spoke of the cartwheel.The prepared kinetosomes could easily be identified during the entire process, and there was no apparent change until after the digitonin step. However, with the further fractionation, alteration was found to have taken place in the interior and in the kinetosome wall. The inside appeared “empty,” and we were not able to find 9 triplets in the wall but only doublets.In view of the morphological alterations in the kinetosomerich fractions, chemical analysis still appears to us to be premature.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Excystment of Didinium nasutum is solely dependent upon dense bacterial populations and is independent of the type of medium in which the bacteria have been grown. Beers' hypothesis of the need for a factor from proteose-peptone is thereby not confirmed, but the need for living, intact bacteria as postulated by him is fully shown. The process of excystment is initiated by bacteria, but their presence is not required throughout the excystment. Axenically grown paramecia, shown to be adequate as food organisms for didinia, will not induce excystment. Five types of bacteria including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic all suffice to induce excystment, suggesting that the initiation of this process is caused by some general metabolic process or product of bacteria.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. About 50% of the amoebae found in early prophase through metaphase stages of mitosis have at least some mitochondria (ca. 25%) that contain complex internal structural patterns. These patterns are less frequently seen in mitochondria after metaphase, and they are extremely rare or absent during interphase. In the most typical pattern, larger than normal tubules are arranged in a parallel zig-zag configuration with a small amount of matrix between them. Complex patterns typically comprise about 30% of the mitochondrion; they are usually confined to one area, the remaining portion consisting of a clear matrix with few, if any, peripheral tubules.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Examination of feces obtained from wild-trapped woodchucks, Marmota monax, near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, revealed three previously described species: Eimeria monacis, E. perforoides, and E. os. In addition I found a new coccidium, E. tuscarorensis n. sp., described in this paper. Structurally the new species resembles E. wisconsinensis and E. bilamellata. An unidentified polysporocystic coccidium, possibly the genus Klossia, was found in small numbers in one sample.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Laboratory cultures of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, became infected with Mattesia grandis n. sp. (Neogregarinida, Ophryocystidae). The ensuing epizootic resulted in destruction of the weevil colony. Infection occurred per os in larval and adult weevils. Sporozoites penetrate the intestinal wall and infect adipose tissue cells. Micronuclear schizogony with production of merozoites is the primary method of multiplication and spread to new foci. Micronuclear schizonts may grow as large as 30 μ in size and produce up to 200 or so merozoites, which may be 20 μ long and 1–2.5 μ wide and are motile. Macronuclear schizonts are formed from these 1st schizogony merozoites, and can become 20–30 μ in size, producing up to 80 or so macronuclear merozoites. These can be 15 μ long but 2–3 μ wide with limited motility. Second schizogony merozoites form gamonts, which pair, forming gametocysts. Nuclear division occurs, resulting in 4 equal sized nuclei and 2 pairs of residual nuclei. Four gametes are formed by cytoplasmic constriction around the nuclei. The gametes rapidly pair to form 2 zygotes in the gametocyst, resulting in 2 spores. Nuclear pairing in 1 of the 2 zygotes often lags slightly behind. Abnormal development of zygotes was rare, but could result in 1 spore with 3 poles and a normal spore, or with only 1 spore developing. Near maturity gametocysts are about 12.5 μ long and 14.0 μ wide, with the gametocyst wall tightly stretched over the poles of the spores. Spores often are slightly flattened on the adjacent side in the gametocyst but frequently attained evenly curved walls on all sides after release. The spores are octozoic, with sporozoite development occurring after release from the gametocyst. Spores measured 7.1 μ X 11.8 μ. Characters are given to separate M. grandis from other species of Mattesia.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. A microsporidian, Nosema muris n. sp., is described from laboratory white mice in Czechoslovakia. I t differs from Nosema cuniculi (Levaditi, Nicolau and Schoen, 1923) and other Microsporidia in mice in that it develops in the omentum and heart muscle, iorming large masses of schizonts and spores. The parasite is distributed to other tissues (liver, spleen, fat, peritoneal muscles, connective tissue and brain) by infected mononudear cells, and then forms localized cysts in them. Kidney, lungs, adrenal glands, pancreas and salivary glands are not infected. The parasite can be transmitted via the placenta, by feeding on infected tissues, or by experimental injection of ascitic fluid.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Babesia bigemina was identified in the erythrocytes of calves as early as 9 days 21 hours after infected larval ticks (Boophilus microplus) had been placed on them. This confirms the circumstantial data [Hoyte, (1961): J. Protozool. 8, 462–61, which indicated that there is no pre-erythrocytic schizogony in the life cycle of B. bigemina.The earliest time at which parasites were themselves found to be capable of infecting ticks was between 11 and 12 days, (i.e., about two days after parasites were first seen in the blood). It is suggested that this delay occurs because, until this time, parasites are present in the blood in such small numbers that none survive digestion within the tick.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Diophrys scutum, collected from four locations on the New Hampshire coast, ranged from 89–195 7mu; in length, 50–105 μ in width, and 68–88 μ in buccal cavity length. The end of the adoral zone of membranelles (AZM) extends 37–59 μ (average = 45.6 μ) posteriorly in a groove on the right side of the body. Dorsally are five rows of stiff cilia. The silverline system (Chatton-Llvoff technique) appears as a fine meshwork, entirely different from that found in Euplotes or Uronychia. There are two elongate macronuclei (Feulgen reaction) and several micronuclei. Diophrys peloetes n. sp., collected from one location in Alligator Harbor. Florida, ranged from 95–134 μ in length, 62–84 μ in width. and 60–80 μ in buccal cavity length. The terminal portion of the AZM extends posteriorly in a groove 30–44 7mu; (average = 36.8 μ) on the right side of the body. Dorsally are eight rows of stiff cilia. The details of the silverline system are similar to those of D. scutum.There is insufficient difference in ranges of body length, width. and buccal cavity length to use these characters in separating the two species. However, a statistical analysis shows that the length of the portion of the AZM on the right side of the body in D. scutum is significantly different (longer) from that of D. peloetes. Furthermore, these two species differ not only in number of dorsal ciliary rows, but also in the number of cilia per row. The degree of difference in these two species is similar to that between closely related species in other hypotrich genera, and also to that between some varieties of Paramecium aurelia.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. The mechanism of carbohydrate metabolism was studied in homogenates of the ameba, Mayorella palestinensis. The utilization of intermediates with the formation of lactic acid as the end product of the anaerobic breakdown of the carbohydrates was established. Evidence was obtained for the presence of the main enzymes associated with the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic scheme. The activity of hexokinase and phosphorylase was ascertained in a M. pakstinensis homogenate. These enzymes have not yet been found among other soil amebas grown in axenic cultures.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Chloramphenicol inhibits growth of Euglena gracilis. It also interferes in the “greening” process by inhibiting protein synthesis (measured by leucine uptake), but RNA synthesis is essentially unafiected. The antibiotic acts on all cell fractions, but prefermtially inhibits the synthesis of plastid protein. Inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis is transitory and does not affect the self-reproduction system for chloroplast formation.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Thirty to 80% of Tetramitus rostratus amoebae were induced to transform into the flagellated stage. The procedure involved growth in a dilute hydrolyzed casein medium with living Escherichia coli dispensed in microdrops approximately 0.5 mm3 in volume and sealed in a slide-depressionchamber. Single amoebae placed in such microdrops did not transform until growth and division had produced a population density of 100 amoebae/mm3. Flagellation then began and proceeded rapidly.Analysis of growth and transformation in microdrops of different sizes but with equal numbers of amoebae, or of microdrops of the same size but different numbers of amoebae, suggested that the amoebae themselves were elaborating substances into the medium which brought about their own transformation. The effects of bacteriostasis induced by a variety of antibiotics did not clearly rule out a bacterial contribution to the factors causing transformation. Osmotic effects within physiological limits did not play any demonstrable role in inducing the response.It was concluded that transformation of amoebae to flagellates involved rapid growth and subsequent undetermined changes in the medium.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Thymidine-methyl-H2 is incorporated into the cytoplasm of Euglena. The label is non-nuclear and not in DNA; evidence for its presence in RNA and protein is presented. Only Euglena which maintain the potentiality to develop chloroplasts show this incorporation; it was not observed in streptomycin. uv, benadryl, O-methyl threonine or heat “bleached”Euglena, nor in Astasia longa.Preliminary incorporation experiments show that exogenous pyrimidines are not utilized as nucleic acid precursors in Euglena in general. However, the tritiated purines are incorporated into DNA and RNA. The use of thymidine to localize DNA autoradiographically in Euglena is completely excluded.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. A survey of the genus Lagenophrys Stein, 1852 (Ciliata, Peritricha) on freshwater crayfish (Parastacidae) revealed a wide range of new species in Australia and New Zealand. Fourteen new species are described. L. seticola sp. nov. is close to L. vaginicola Stein. L. spinosa, L. bispinosa, L. latispinosa, L. communis, L. occlusa, L. lawrii, L. lingulata spp. nov. form one species group. L. willisi, L. rugosa, L. darwini, L. deserti, L. ditngogi and L. engaei spp. nov. form a second group distinguished by characters of the lorica, lorica mouth and macronucleus.Nenninger's classification of degree of specificity of commensal-host relationship is applied to the whole genus and expanded in the light of the Australian material. The zoogeographic problems resulting from the specificity of Lagenophrys and the limited range of some of its hosts are indicated.

Notizen: SYNOPSIS. Blood films made from the “shoveller duck”, Anas clypeata Linnaeus 1758, in Lin-pien Ping-tung Hsien, Taiwan, showed a new species of avian malaria parasite, for which the name Plasmodium anasurn is proposed. This species is characterized by elongate gametocytes often closely resembling Huemopvoteus, about 15 merozoites per segmenter (although such stages were too few for really accurate counts), and trophozoites and schizonts which very often surround the extremities of the host cell nucleus in U-shaped fashion. Pigment is abundant, appears early, and is very dark. The host cell shows little or no alteration. No infected reticulocytes or blood cells other than erythrocytes were observed.

Notizen: Book reviewed in this article: The Identification of Soils for Forest Management. By Fiona Kennedy.

Notizen: Abstract. A no-tillage (NT) system was developed in semiarid Morocco to improve the soil fertility and stabilize yield through conservation of water. Results in two long-term trials (4 and 11 years) were able to show the effects of a no-tillage system in increasing total soil organic matter and total nitrogen. Over time, the quality of the NT soil surface was improved compared with that under conventional tillage (CT) with disc harrows. This effect was the result of an increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) and a slight decline in pH. However, over time, nitrogen decreased in both tillage practices, especially in the 0–25 mm layer (from 0.59 to 0.57 t ha−1 and from 0.44 to 0.42 t ha−1 under NT and CT, respectively). After 4 years of NT an extra 5.62 t ha−1 of SOC was sequestered in the 0–25 mm layer, and after 11 years the SOC increased further to 7.21 t ha−1.

Notizen: Book reviewed in this article: Agriculture, Hydrology and Water Quality. By P.M. Haygarth and S.C. Jarvis (Editors).

Notizen: Abstract. For an efficient abatement of diffuse N pollution from arable land, it is important to have practical and reliable tools that can quantify the effect of different management practices on leaching, and also analyse the effect of alternative management scenarios aimed at reducing leaching. We present here an application of soilndb, a management-oriented model for quantifying nitrate leaching from arable land. Simulations with soilndb were compared with measurements of pipe-drain discharge of nitrate taken in a 14-year field experiment on a sandy loam soil in south-west Sweden. Following adjustment of parameters connected to litter and faeces decomposition and mineralization, the model gave satisfactory predictions of nitrate leaching for all 10 treatments. The temporal pattern was generally well captured by the model, as was confirmed by high model efficiency values (average = 0.59). This application also supports the model's ability to simulate the long-term influence of different crops and catch crops as well as different manure strategies on leaching. However, further studies should be done to evaluate the model under additional agro-environmental conditions (e.g. soils, climates, and crops).

Notizen: Abstract. The Phosphorus Indicators Tool provides a catchment-scale estimation of diffuse phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural land to surface waters using the most appropriate indicators of P loss. The Tool provides a framework that may be applied across the UK to estimate P loss, which is sensitive not only to land use and management but also to environmental factors such as climate, soil type and topography. The model complexity incorporated in the P Indicators Tool has been adapted to the level of detail in the available data and the need to reflect the impact of changes in agriculture. Currently, the Tool runs on an annual timestep and at a 1 km2 grid scale.We demonstrate that the P Indicators Tool works in principle and that its modular structure provides a means of accounting for P loss from one layer to the next, and ultimately to receiving waters. Trial runs of the Tool suggest that modelled P delivery to water approximates measured water quality records. The transparency of the structure of the P Indicators Tool means that identification of poorly performing coefficients is possible, and further refinements of the Tool can be made to ensure it is better calibrated and subsequently validated against empirical data, as it becomes available.

Notizen: Abstract. We present a semi-quantitative visual and tactile method for assessing soil physical fertility in terms of soil structure, root growth and soil surface condition. A block of topsoil is dug out with a spade. Horizontal layers (usually 2–4) are then identified as they appear. A brief one-page description of the soil is produced. Using a key, structural and rooting scores are assigned to each soil layer from the appearance of the soil and from its response to tactile assessment. These scores are then combined across depths, with weighting appropriate for the depth of each layer. A separate score was made of soil surface condition. Thus, overall soil physical fertility is assessed as three scores for topsoil structure, rooting and surface condition. The usefulness and sensitivity of the procedure were tested in two ley-arable organic rotation experiments on sandy loams in northeast Scotland.

Notizen: Abstract. Eleven precipitated phosphates were evaluated as sources of phosphorus (P) for plant growth by comparing their effectiveness with that of monocalcium phosphate, a source of water soluble P that is generally considered to be fully plant available. The precipitated phosphates comprised struvites recovered from waste water discharges (mainly magnesium ammonium phosphate), laboratory synthesised struvites, a synthetic iron phosphate and a recovered calcium phosphate. Precipitating phosphates in these forms could be a way for removing P from waste water before it is discharged to rivers, so reducing the risk of eutrophication. Application to agricultural land would be one potential use for such phosphates. Evaluation was by pot experiments with a sandy loam soil and with a sandy clay loam soil using perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) as the test crop. The soils differed in pH (6.6 and 7.1) and in Olsen P (28 and 11 mg L−1). Measured variables were grass dry matter (DM) yield and grass P concentration which were used to calculate offtake of P in the harvested grass. DM yields of ryegrass and P offtakes given by the synthetic and recovered struvites were not significantly different statistically either between themselves or to MCP applied at the same rate. On this basis these struvites could be used to recycle P to similar soils and the effect of the P on crop yield should be similar to that of MCP

Notizen: Abstract. The main inputs, outputs and transfers of potassium (K) in soils and swards under typical south west England conditions were determined during 1999/00 and 2000/01 to establish soil and field gate K budgets under different fertilizer nitrogen (N) (0 and 280 kg ha−1 yr−1) and drainage (undrained and drained) treatments. Plots receiving fertilizer N also received farmyard manure (FYM). Potassium soil budgets ranged, on average for the two years, from −5 (+N, drained) to +9 (no N and undrained) kg K ha−1 yr−1 and field gate budgets from +23 (+N, drained) to +89 (+N, undrained). The main inputs and outputs to the soil K budgets were fertilizer application (65%) and plant uptake (93%). Animals had a minor effect on K export but a major impact on K recycling. Nitrogen fertilizer application and drainage increased K uptake by the grass and, with it, the efficiency of K used. It also depleted easily available soil K, which could be associated with smaller K losses by leaching.

Notizen: Abstract. Crops on sandy soils (〈5% clay) are exposed to K deficiency due to the small release and high leaching losses of K. Reliable tools are needed to improve the K management in cropping systems with limited K input, such as organic farming where import of nutrients are restricted according to the EC regulations. We investigated K balances and exchangeable K (Kexch) changes in an organic crop rotation experiment. Potassium leaching decreased from 42 kg ha−1 in 1998/99 to 21 kg ha−1 in 2000/01 as an average of a crop rotation (spring barley, grass-clover, winter wheat and pea/barley) with manure application and without catch crops. In the same period, spring Kexch decreased from 5.0 to 3.0 mg K 100 g soil−1 (0–20 cm). The retention of the straw K left in the field after harvest increased with decreasing levels of Kexch. The cereal crops did not respond to K application but in the pea/barley mixture the pea yield increased by 46%. The concordance between measured K balances and changes in Kexch was weak. Exchangeable K is suitable as a tool for K management on a rotational basis, and a Kexch above 3 mg 100 g soil−1 in the autumn should be avoided to minimize K leaching.

Notizen: Abstract. Diagnosis of soil salinity and its spatial variability is required to establish control measures in irrigated agriculture. This article shows the usefulness of electromagnetic (EM) and soil sampling techniques to map salinity. We analysed the salinity of a 1-ha plot of surface-irrigated olive plantation in Aragon, NE Spain, by measuring the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) of soil samples taken at 22 points, and by reading the Geonics EM38 sensor at 141 points in the horizontal (EMH) and vertical (EMV) dipole positions. EMH and EMV values had asymmetrical bimodal distributions, with most readings in the non-saline range and a sharp transition to relatively high readings. Most salinity profiles were uniform (i.e. EMH=EMV), except in areas with high salinity and concurrent shallow water tables, where the profiles were inverted as shown by EMH 〉 EMV, and by ECe being greater in shallow than in deeper layers. The regressions of ECe on EM readings predicted ECe with R2 〉 84% for the 0–100 to 0–150 cm soil depths. We then produced salinity contour maps from the 141 ECe values estimated from the electromagnetic readings and the 22 measured values of ECe. Owing to the high soil sampling density, the maps were similar (i.e. mean surface-weighted ECe values between 3.9 dS m−1 and 4.2 dS m−1), although the electromagnetically estimated ECe improved the mapping of details. Whereas soil sampling is preferred for analysing the vertical distribution of soil salinity, the electromagnetic sensor is ideal for mapping the lateral variability of soil salinity.

Notizen: Abstract. The effects of soil management on soil losses from olive plantations in southern Spain were evaluated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), a review of published experiments, and preliminary results of an on-going field trial. Experimental data were used to parameterize the RUSLE for olive orchards under various soil management regimes. The predictions agreed qualitatively with the data available, and the model provided a simple way to assess the effects of soil management on erosion. Our results showed that no-tillage caused the greatest soil loss, while cover crops showed the least. Tillage and planting following contours proved only partially effective and did not reduce soil erosion as much as protective crops. One scenario studied suggests that, on slight to moderate slopes, land transformed from row crops to olive orchards may remain below the maximum tolerable soil erosion limit, if a cover crop is included between the trees. A scenario for marginal olive orchards located on steep slopes suggests that effective erosion control could only be achieved with a cover crop system that would have the side-effect of reducing the yield of rain-fed olives. Quantifying the effects of soil management on soil erosion in olive orchards is uncertain because very few experimental results are available. Further research that monitors soil loss in carefully selected long-term experiments at different scales and follows the changes in key soil parameters is urgently required to develop effective erosion control policies.

Notizen: Abstract. Rainfall simulation experiments on a laboratory soil flume were conducted to test the hypothesis that the incorporation of slurry into the soil would reduce bacterial transport in overland flow. Presumptive faecal coliform (PFCs) concentrations were higher in the runoff from the surface applied treatment than from the incorporated treatments. The transport of PFCs and organic sediment were strongly correlated, with values of r ranging from 0.72 to 0.91.

Notizen: Abstract. Land evaluation is the prediction of land performance over time under specific uses, to guide strategic land use decisions. Modern land evaluation has a 30 year history, yet the results have often been disappointing. Land users and planners have been reported to ignore land evaluations, perhaps reflecting poor quality, low relevance, or poor communication. To test the success of a large land evaluation exercise undertaken as part of micro-catchment project in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil, we queried agricultural extensionists, considered as the primary land evaluation clients. We used a questionnaire with both structured and open questions, to determine their experiences with, and attitudes to, the current land evaluation method. The soil resource inventory and associated land evaluation had some usefulness, but were not in general used for their intended purpose, namely farm planning. This was mainly because they did not contain crucial information necessary to such planning in the actual context of the farmer taking decisions. The primary deficiencies were identified as:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1no estimate of environmental degradation risk;2no financial analysis;3no social analysis of decision-makers' attitudes and preferences;4no risk assessment for weather, yields, profits and market; and5insufficiently-specific alternative land uses.These deficiencies could have been avoided with a demand-driven approach, evaluating and reporting according to the true needs and opportunities of the decision-makers.

Notizen: Abstract. The residual value of mineral N fertilizer applied in the spring was investigated in a field experiment where four cereals (winter wheat, winter barley, spring barley and spring oats) had been grown at reduced (0.7N), normal (1N) or high (1.3N) N fertilizer rates for 20 to 28 years. The effect of previous N fertilizer dressing was tested in two succeeding years by replacing the original N rate with five test N rates ranging from 0 to 240 kg N ha−1 for winter cereals and 0 to 200 kg N ha−1 for spring cereals. In the first test year, winter wheat grown on plots previously supplied with the high rate of mineral fertilizer (202 kg N ha−1 yr−1) yielded more grain and straw and had a higher total N uptake than wheat on plots previously supplied with the normal (174 kg N ha−1 yr−1) or reduced (124 kg N ha−1 yr−1) rate. The grain yield response and N uptake was not significantly affected by the N supply in the test year. The winter wheat grown in the second test year was unaffected by the previous N supply. Grain and straw yield response and total N uptake for spring barley, winter barley and oats, were almost identical irrespective of the previous N rate.After 20 to 28 years there were no significant differences in soil C and N (0 to 20 cm) between soil receiving three rates of N fertilizer. Soil from differently fertilized oat plots showed no significant differences in N mineralizing capacity. Nitrate leaching losses from the soils at the three N rates were estimated and the N balances for the 20 to 28 years experimental period calculated. The data indicated a reduction in overall loss of 189 to 466 kg N ha−1 at the normal and high N rates compared with the reduced N rate. We conclude that the N supplying capacity and soil organic matter content of this fertile sandy loam soil under continuous cereal cropping with straw removal was not significantly affected by differences in N fertilizer residues.

Notizen: Book reviewed in this article:Peter Lawrence and Colin Thirtle (eds.), Africa and Asia in Comparative Economic Perspective

Notizen: Announcements in this article:International Association for Research in Income and Wealth: Twenty-Eighth General Conference, 2004, Cork, Ireland, 22–28 AugustTravel Grant for the IARIW 28th General Conference in Cork, Ireland 22–28 August, 2004Notice of Availability of Back StockInformation for Contributors