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  • Springer  (50,642)
  • Emerald
  • 2005-2009  (45,819)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929  (4,921)
  • 2008  (45,819)
  • 1927  (4,921)
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  • 2005-2009  (45,819)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1925-1929  (4,921)
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  • 1
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    Seasonal Forecasts, Climatic Change and Human Health : Health and Climate (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Assessment ; Malaria ; Public Health ; Scale ; Weather ; climate change ; public health policy ; temperature
    Description / Table of Contents: Awareness that many key aspects of public health are strongly influenced by climate is growing dramatically, driven by new research and experience and fears of climate change and the research needed to underpin policy developments in area is growing rapidly . This awareness has yet to translate into a practical use of climate knowledge by health policy-makers. Evidence based policy and practice is the mantra of the health sector. If climate scientists are to contribute effectively to health policy at local and global scales then careful empirical studies must be undertaken – focused on the needs of the public health policy and decision-makers. Results presented at the Wengen conference make clear that the science and art of integrating climate knowledge into the control of climate sensitive diseases on a year to year time frame as well as careful assessments of the potential impacts of climate change on health outcomes over longer time frames is advancing rapidly on many fronts. This includes advances in the empirical understanding of mechanisms, methodologies for modeling future impacts, new partnership developments between the health and climate community along with access to relevant data resources, and education and training. In a rapidly evolving field this book provides a snapshot of these emerging themes.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 232 pages)
    ISBN: 9781402068775
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6877-5
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Environmental Chemistry : Microscale Laboratory Experiments (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Air ; Chlor ; GSM-Postponed Project ; Manual ; Oxide ; Water ; bacteria ; microorganism ; pollution ; production ; soil ; toxicity
    Description / Table of Contents: Environmental Chemistry: Fundamentals, by Jorge Ibanez et al., is an exceptionally useful and well organized book. After reviewing basic chemical concepts, Environmental Chemistry: Fundamentals quickly progresses to more advanced and contemporary applications including ozone depletion, physiochemical and biological treatment of pollutants, and green chemistry. The chemistry of processes of the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere are covered in detail and the effects of pollutants on each of these chemical processes are extensively considered, as are their effects on the biosphere. The book also has an experimental companion, Environmental Chemistry: Microscale Laboratory Experiments, which includes an array of environmental chemistry experiments that can be readily performed at the microscale level. Ideas for additional open-ended projects are provided for all experiments, and they impart a thorough introduction to environmental experimentation. I strongly recommend Environmental Chemistry: Fundamentals and its experimental accompaniment, Environmental Chemistry: Microscale Laboratory Experiments. Dr. Zvi Szafran Vice President for Academic Affairs and Professor of Chemistry Southern Polytechnic State University Our Earth is a remarkable reaction vessel. It is of paramount importance that students grow in their understanding and awareness of the astounding effects that chemistry and biochemistry have on our environment…and why they are so significant to our present and future hopes as a civilization. Environmental Chemistry: Microscale Laboratory Experiments, intended to complement lessons in the companion textbook Environmental Chemistry: Fundamentals, covers the chemical and biochemical processes that take place in air, water, soil, and living systems. The corresponding experiments range from the characterization of aqueous media to pollutant-treatment schemes. For increased safety, as well as for reduced costs, wastes, and environmental damage, the experiments are presented at the microscale level. Pre- and post-laboratory exercises and open-ended projects accompany each experiment, to develop problem-solving skills and initiative among students.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XII, 238 pages)
    ISBN: 9780387494937
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49493-7
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean Energy Hydrogen Systems : Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workhop on Using Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean-Energy Hydrogen Systems, Sudak, Crimea, Ukraine, 22-28 September, 2007 (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Atom ; Fulleren ; Fullerene ; Nanocar ; Nanomaterial ; Nanotube ; Transport ; carbon nanotubes ; electricity
    Description / Table of Contents: The 2007 ARW “Using Carbon Nanomaterials in Clean-Energy Hydrogen Systems” (UCNCEHS’2007) was held in September 22–28, 2007 in the remarkable town Sudak (Crimea, Ukraine) known for its heroic and unusual fate. In the tradition of the earlier conferences, UCNCEHS’2007 meeting served as an multidisciplinary forum for the presentation and discussion of the most recent research on transition to hydrogen-based energy systems, technologies for hydrogen production, storage, utilization, carbon nanomaterials processing and chemical behavior, energy and environmental problems. The aim of UCNCEHS’2007 was to provide the wide overview of the latest scientific results on basic research and technological applications of hydrogen interactions with carbon materials. The active representatives from research/academic organizations and governmental agencies could meet, discuss and present the most recent advances in hydrogen concepts, processes and systems, to evaluate current progress and to exchange academic information, to identify research needs and future development in this important area. This ARW should help further the progress of hydrogen-based science and promote the role of hydrogen and carbon nanomaterials in the energy field.
    ISBN: 9781402088988
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8898-8
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Thermal characterization of the Vulcano fumarole field (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
    Description: Ground-based thermal infrared surveys can contribute to complete heat budget inventories for fumarole fields. However, variations in atmospheric conditions, plume condensation and mixed-pixel effects can complicate vent area and temperature measurements. Analysis of vent temperature frequency distributions can be used, however, to characterise and quantify thermal regions within a field. We examine this using four thermal infrared thermometer and thermal image surveys of the Vulcano Fossa fumarole field (Italy) during June 2004 and July 2005. These surveys show that regions occupied by low temperature vents are characterised by distributions that are tightly clustered around the mean (i.e., the standard deviation is low), highly peaked (positive kurtosis) and skewed in the low temperature direction (negative skewness). This population is associated with wet fumaroles, where boiling controls maximum temperature to cause a narrow distribution with a mode at 90–100°C. In contrast, high temperature vent regions have distributions that are widely spread about the mean (i.e., the standard deviation is high), relatively flat (negative kurtosis) and skewed in the high temperature direction (positive skewness). In this dry case, fumaroles are water-free so that maximum temperatures are not fixed by boiling. As a result greater temperature variation is possible. We use these results to define two vent types at Vulcano on the basis of their thermal characteristics: (1) concentrated (localized) regions of high temperature vents, and (2) dispersed low temperature vents. These occur within a much larger region of diffuse heat emission across which surfaces are heated by steam condensation, the heat from which causes elevated surface temperatures. For Vulcano's lower fumarole zone, high and low temperature vents occupied total areas of 3 and 6 m2, respectively, and occurred within a larger (430 m2) vent-free zone of diffuse heat emission. For this lower zone, we estimate that 21– 43×103 W of heat was lost by diffuse heat emission. A further 4.5×103 W was lost by radiation from high temperature vents, and 6.5×103 W from low temperature vents. Thus, radiative heat losses from high and low temperature vents within Vulcano's lower fumarole zone respectively account for 10% and 15% of the total heat lost from this zone. This shows that radiation from open vents can account for a non-trivial portion of the total fumarole field heat budget.
    Description: Published
    Description: 441
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Fumarole ; Vulcano ; Thermal image ; Infrared thermometer ; Heat flux ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Crustal seismic velocity in the Marche region (Central Italy): computation of a minimum 1-D model with seismic station corrections. (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: A 1-D velocity model for the Marche region (central Italy) was computed by inverting P- and S-wave arrival times of local earthquakes. A total of 160 seismic events with a minimum of ten observations, a travel time residual ≤ 0.8 s and an azimuthal gap lower than 180° have been selected. This “minimum 1-D velocity model” is complemented by station corrections, which can be used to take into account possible near-surface velocity heterogeneities beneath each station. Using this new P-wave velocity model and the program HYPOELLIPSE (Lahr, 1999), the selected local events were relocated. Earthquake locations in this study are of higher quality with respect to the original ones. The obtained minimum 1-D velocity model can be used to improve the routine earthquakes locations and represents a further step towards more detailed seismotectonic studies of the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1115–1121
    Description: 3T. Sorgente sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Minimum 1D model ; Earthquake locations ; Marche region ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.06. Seismic methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Synthetic ANaB(NaxLi1 ¡ xMg1)CMg5Si8O22(OH)2 (with x = 0.6, 0.2 and 0) P21/m amphiboles at high pressure: a synchrotron infrared study (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
    Description: high-pressure behavior of three synthetic amphiboles crystallized with space group P21/m at room conditions in the system Li2O–Na2O–MgO–SiO2–H2O has been studied by in situ synchrotron infrared absorption spectroscopy. The amphiboles have compositions ANa B(NaxLi1 ¡ xMg1) CMg5 Si8 O22(OH)2 with x = 0.6, 0.2 and 0.0, respectively. The high-P experiments up to 32 GPa were carried out on the U2A beamline at Brookhaven National Laboratory (NY, USA) using a diamond anvil cell under non-hydrostatic or quasi-hydrostatic conditions. The two most intense absorption bands in the OH-stretching infrared spectra can be assigned to two non-equivalent O–H dipoles in the P21/m structure, bonded to the same local environment M1M3Mg3–OH–ANa, and pointing toward two diVerently kinked tetrahedral rings. In all samples these bands progressively merge to give a unique symmetrical absorption with increasing pressure, suggesting a change in symmetry from P21/m to C2/m. The pressure at which the transition occurs appears to be linearly correlated to the aggregate B-site dimension. The infrared spectra collected for amphibole B(Na0.2Li0.8Mg1) in the frequency range 50 to 1,400 cm¡1 also show a series of changes with increasing pressure. The data reported here support the inference of Iezzi et al. (Am Miner 91:479–482, 2006a) regarding a new high-pressure C2/m amphibole polymorph characterized by two equivalent and kinked double-chains, stable at very high-pressure.
    Description: Published
    Description: 343–354
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: High-pressure ; B-site dimension ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Observations of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Central Apennines Seismic Region (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In recent years, continuous radio-noise recording is in use at many geophysical observatories, in order to detect possible earthquake precursors and/or coseismic signals. The recordings obtained indicate that electromagnetic radiation (e.g., in the range of 10-40 kH) can indeed be treated as seismic precursor. We present here the examples of successful prediction observation, which we have obtained in the Central Apennines region at the l'Aquila Observatory (Polish-Italian cooperation). A short discussion on relation between the evolution of stresses (dislocation dynamics) and electromagnetic emission supplements this paper.
    Description: Published
    Description: 43-53
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: electromagnetic radiation ; dislocation dynamics ; Central Apennines ; seismic precursors ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Survey on fluoride, bromide and chloride contents in public drinking water supplies in Sicily (Italy) (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Six hundred and sixty-seven water samples were collected from public drinking water supplies in Sicily and analysed for electric conductivity and for their Cl-, Br- and F- contents. The samples were, as far as possible, collected evenly over the entire territory with an average sampling density of about one sample for every 7600 inhabitants. The contents of Cl- and Br-, ranging between 5.53 and 1302 mg/l and between 〈 0.025 and 4.76 mg/l respectively, correlated well with the electric conductivity, a parameter used as a proxy for water salinity. The highest values were found both along the NW and SE coasts, which we attributed to seawater contamination, and in the central part of Sicily, which we attributed to evaporitic rock dissolution. The fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.023 to 3.28 mg/l, while the highest values (only 3 exceeding the maximum admissible concentration of 1.5 mg/l) generally correlated either with the presence in the area of crystalline (volcanic or metamorphic) or evaporitic rocks or with contamination from hydrothermal activity. Apart from these limited cases of exceeding F- levels, the waters of public drinking water supplies in Sicily can be considered safe for human consumption for the analysed parameters. Some limited concern could arise from the intake of bromide-rich waters (about 3% exceeding 1 mg/l) because of the potential formation of dangerous disinfection by-products.
    Description: Published
    Description: 303-313
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: drinking water quality ; fluoride ; bromide ; chloride ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    On the suitability of 1 s geophone for ambient noise measurements in the 0.1–20Hz frequency range: experimental outcomes (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Following the ongoing debate about suitability of short-period sensor for seismic noise measurements at frequencies lower than 1Hz, in this study we compare recordings from two different seismometers (Güralp CMG-3ESPC and Mark L4C-3D) installed side by side in the GeoForschungsZentrum laboratory. The comparison carried out in terms of Power Spectral Density and coherency analysis shows an excellent agreement between the shortperiod and the broad-band recordings in the frequency band 0.2–20 Hz. Therefore, this result highlights that with a calibrated short-period sensor one can obtain the same results that would be obtained by using a broad-band seismometer in the band of engineering interest.
    Description: Published
    Description: 141-147
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Short-period sensor, Broad-band sensor, Noise measurements ; Coherency analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    A Glimpse into the Seismicity of the Ionian Islands between 1658 and 1664 (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Mostly based on traditional catalogues, without further research, several modern parametric catalogues are nevertheless straightforward, without question marks, and easily misleading (chronology, epicentre, epicentral intensity, not to speak of magnitude). The example of an Ionian time-window (1658-1664), with several major events, shows that the historical seismicity of the Ionian Islands, often thought to be well-known, actually needs a more or less drastic revision. A wealth of sources was collected, mostly from the Archives of the Republic of Venice, then ruling the main three islands of the Ionian Archipelago; it was ascertained that there are no important chronological gaps in the surviving documentation. Similarly outstanding, and in fact at the basis of a more balanced and precise view of one of the events in this time-window, are the souvenirs of Christoff von Degenfeld, a German nobleman at the service of the Republic of Venice. His manuscript, discovered at the library of Karlsruhe (Germany) in 1992, has been consulted again in the original, on the occasion of the preparation of this paper. Some question marks remain on the distributions of macroseismic effects of the earthquakes within this time-window, and this is due to the lack of information concerning the mainland. For this reason this study does not propose epicentres and, of course, magnitudes. An unusually long documentary appendix is provided, with the hope that it might contribute in discouraging authors of parametric earthquake catalogues from hasty exploitation and interpretation of often unreliable current catalogues.
    Description: Published
    Description: 43-91
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: open
    Keywords: Historical seismology ; Ionian Islands 1658-1664 ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 11
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    The fidelity of melt inclusions as records of melt composition (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A series of experiments created melt inclusions in plagioclase and pyroxene crystals grown from a basaltic melt at 1,150 C, 1.0 GPa to investigate diffusive fractionation during melt inclusion formation; additionally, P diffusion in a basaltic melt was measured at 1.0 GPa. Melt inclusions and melts within a few 100 microns of plagioclase– melt interfaces were analyzed for comparison with melt compositions far from the crystals. Melt inclusions and melt compositions in the boundary layer close to the crystal–melt interface were similar, but both differ significantly in incompatible element concentrations from melt found greater than approximately 200 microns away from the crystals. The compositional profiles of S, Cl, P, Fe, and Al in the boundary layers were successfully reproduced by a two-step model of rapid crystal growth followed by diffusive relaxation toward equilibrium after termination of crystal growth. Applying this model to investigate possible incompatible element enrichment in natural melt inclusions demonstrated that at growth rates high enough to create the conditions for melt inclusion formation, *10-9–10-8 m s-1, the concentration of water in the boundary layer near the crystal was similar to that of the bulk melt because of its high diffusion coefficient, but sulfur, with a diffusivity similar to major elements and CO2, was somewhat enriched in the boundary layer melt, and phosphorus, with its low diffusion coefficient similar to other high-field strength elements and rare earth elements, was significantly enriched. Thus, the concentrations of sulfur and phosphorus in melt inclusions may over-estimate their values in the bulk melt, and other elements with similar diffusion coefficients may also be enriched in melt inclusions relative to the bulk melt.
    Description: Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery grant; Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica and Vulcanologia, Italy
    Description: Published
    Description: 377-395
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Melt inclusions ; Phosphorus diffusion ; Crystal growth ; Diffusive Fractionation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Can earthquake size be controlled by the initial seconds of rupture? (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: It has been argued that the dominant period T_p derived from the initial seconds of a seismogram, hence only depending on the initial phases of earthquake rupture, seems to scale with the final size of the earthquake. We provide a physical interpretation for the observed scaling and explain how the final earthquake size could be controlled by the initial phase of rupture.
    Description: Published
    Description: 9-19
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: early warning ; fracture energy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 13
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    Effusive Activity at Mount Etna Volcano (Italy) During the 20th Century: A Contribution to Volcanic Hazard Assessment (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Mount Etna is an open conduit volcano, characterised by persistent activity, consisting of degassing and explosive phenomena at summit craters, frequent flank eruptions, and more rarely, eccentric eruptions. All eruption typologies can give rise to lava flows, which represent the greatest hazard by the volcano to the inhabited areas. Historical documents and scientific papers related to the 20th century effusive activity have been examined in detail, and volcanological parameters have been compiled in a database. The cumulative curve of emitted lava volume highlights the presence of two main eruptive periods: (a) the 1900–1971 interval, characterised by a moderate slope of the curve, amounting to 436 · 106 m3 of lava with average effusion rate of 0.2 m3/s and (b) the 1971–1999 period, in which a significant increase in eruption frequency is associated with a large issued lava volume (767 · 106 m3) and a higher effusion rate (0.8 m3/s). The collected data have been plotted to highlight different eruptive behaviour as a function of eruptive periods and summit vs. flank eruptions. The latter have been further subdivided into two categories: eruptions characterised by high effusion rates and short duration, and eruptions dominated by low effusion rate, long duration and larger volume of erupted lava. Circular zones around the summit area have been drawn for summit eruptions based on the maximum lava flow length; flank eruptions have been considered by taking into account the eruptive fracture elevation and combining them with lava flow lengths of 4 and 6 km. This work highlights that the greatest lava flow hazard at Etna is on the south and east sectors of the volcano. This should be properly considered in future land-use planning by local authorities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 407–443
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; effusive activity ; database ; lava flow length ; eruptive fractures ; vent elevation ; hazard zonation ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    Observatories in Italy (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Monitoring the Earth's magnetic field is carried out by geomagnetic observatories all over the world. In Italy, the first observatory was founded in 1880, when Pietro Tacchini, the director of the Central Meteorological Institute (Ufficio Centrale di Meteorologia), launched an initiative to study the distribution of the Earth's magnetic field over the Italian territory.
    Description: Published
    Description: 733
    Description: 1.6. Osservazioni di geomagnetismo
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: 5.3. Banche dati di geomagnetismo, aeronomia, clima e ambiente
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Earth's magnetic field ; Magnetic observatories ; Italy ; L'Aquila and Castello Tesino ; 01. Atmosphere::01.03. Magnetosphere::01.03.06. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.02. Geomagnetic field variations and reversals ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.03. Global and regional models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.08. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Geochemistry and potential use of groundwater in the Rocca Busambra area (Sicily, Italy) (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the Rocca Busambra area (mid-west Sicily, Italy), from November 1999 to July 2002, 23 water points including wells and springs were sampled and studied for their chemical and isotopic compositions. Two rain gauges were also installed at different altitudes, and rainwater was collected monthly to determine the isotopic composition. The obtained results revealed the Rocca Busambra carbonate complex as being the main recharge area on account of its high permeability value. From a chemical view point, two main groups of water can be distinguished: calcium– magnesium–bicarbonate-type and calcium–magnesium– chloride–sulphate-type waters. The first group reflects the dissolution of the carbonate rocks; the second group probably originates from circulation within flyschoid sediments. Three water wells differ from the other samples due to their relatively high Na and K content, which probably is to be referred to a marked interaction with the ‘‘Calcareniti di Corleone’’ formation, which is rich in glauconite [(K, Na)(Fe3+, Al, Mg)2(Si, Al)4O10(OH)2]. In accordance with WHO guidelines for drinking water (2004), almost all the samples collected can be considered drinkable, with the exception of four of them, whose NO3 -, F- and Na+ contents exceed the limits. On the contrary, the sampled groundwater studied is basically suitable for irrigation
    Description: In press
    Description: on line first
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Water quality ; Geochemistry ; Environmental isotopes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.03. Groundwater processes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Impact of extreme CO2 levels on tropical climate: A CGCM study (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A coupled general circulation model has been used to perform a set of experiments with high CO2 concentration (2, 4, 16 times the present day mean value). The experiments have been analyzed to study the response of the climate system to strong radiative forcing in terms of the processes involved in the adjustment at the ocean-atmosphere interface. The analysis of the experiments revealed a non-linear response of the mean state of the atmosphere and ocean to the increase in the carbon dioxide concentration. In the 16xCO2 experiment the equilibrium at the ocean-atmosphere interface is characterized by an atmosphere with a shut off of the convective precipitation in the tropical Pacific sector, associated with air warmer than the ocean below. A cloud feedback mechanism is found to be involved in the increased stability of the troposphere. In this more stable condition the mean total precipitation is mainly due to large-scale moisture flux even in the tropics. In the equatorial Pacific Ocean the zonal temperature gradient of both surface and sub-surface waters is significantly smaller in the 16xCO2 experiment than in the control experiment. The thermocline slope and the zonal wind stress decrease as well. When the CO2 concentration increases by about two and four times with respect to the control experiment there is an intensification of El Nino. On the other hand, in the experiment with 16 times the present-day value of CO2, the Tropical Pacific variability weakens, suggesting the possibility of the establishment of permanent warm conditions that look like the peak of El Nino.
    Description: Published
    Description: 743-758
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: coupled model ; CO2 increase ; climate sensitivity ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.04. Processes and Dynamics
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  • 17
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    Jean Vogt 1929-2005. His Life as a Seismologist, Geologist, Geographer, and Historian (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Jean Vogt was born in 1929 in Strasbourg (France), where he attended primary and secondary school. At the University of Strasbourg, he graduated in Geography, and majored in Geomorphology. His professor was the geographer Jean Tricart, who taught him the importance of both geological field work and archive investigation. In 1955 he joined the French West-Africa Geological Service and later the French Bureau for Geology and Mines (BRGM). Along the following 20 years he lived as a “geological” globetrotter in a number of countries, dispensing his time between the field and the archives. In these years, he was concerned mainly with mining geology, geomorphology, superficial deposits, and landslides. This unique experience led him in 1975 to the responsibility of the “Seismo-Tectonic Project”, the BRGM project in relation with the French nuclear power programme. From 1975 to 1984, he gave a substantial impulse to the study of French historical earthquakes, and since then he visited almost every public archive in France, and several major archives and libraries in Europe and abroad. He took care at the same time of the follow-up of macroseismic studies of present-day earthquakes. After he retired in 1984, he continued on a personal basis his investigations of historical earthquakes, in Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and the Caribbean area. Alongside and for about 50 years, Jean Vogt investigated uninterruptedly the agrarian history of Northeastern France and Southwestern Germany. He published in scientific journals and in local learned societies bulletins more than 500 notes and articles devoted to a variety of subjects, such as soil erosion, agriculture, cattle trade, and social conflicts. Jean Vogt died on 5 June 2005 in Strasbourg. His scientific legacy consists of a wealth of published papers, manuscripts, documentation related to history and seismology, awaiting to be further exploited, as he would have done.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-16
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Jean Vogt ; biography ; historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    Strong Earthquakes in North-Western Africa in the Second Half of the 17th Century, AD: A Critical Reappraisal of the Historical Evidence (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The recent seismological literature recorded three strong earthquakes in Algeria, Libya and Tunisia between 1656 and 1694 AD. The historical evidence for these derives from European sources only (gazettes, journalistic pamphlets, missionary literature). Considering the kind of sources involved, their likely biases and the geographical distances that divided their places of production from the places that they spoke about, it is possible that some of these accounts could be less than reliable, and therefore have little use as materials from which to assess earthquake parameters. To answer these doubts, we have retrieved, cross-checked and critically analysed the original historical sources quoted in previous compilations and studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 163-184
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Historical Seismicity ; North Africa Earthquakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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    The occurrence of Mt Barca flank eruption in the evolution of the NW periphery of Etna volcano (Italy) (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Geological surveys, tephrostratigraphic study, and 40Ar/39Ar age determinations have allowed us to chronologically constrain the geological evolution of the lower NW flank of Etna volcano and to reconstruct the eruptive style of the Mt Barca flank eruption. This peripheral sector of the Mt Etna edifice, corresponding to the upper Simeto valley, was invaded by the Ellittico volcano lava flows between 41 and 29 ka ago when the Mt Barca eruption occurred. The vent of this flank eruption is located at about 15 km away from the summit craters, close to the town of Bronte. The Mt Barca eruption was characterized by a vigorous explosive activity that produced pyroclastic deposits dispersed eastward and minor effusive activity with the emission of a 1.1-km-long lava flow. Explosive activity was characterized by a phreatomagmatic phase followed by a magmatic one. The geological setting of this peripheral sector of the volcano favors the interaction between the rising magma and the shallow groundwater hosted in the volcanic pile resting on the impermeable sedimentary basement. This process produced phreatomagmatic activity in the first phase of the eruption, forming a pyroclastic fall deposit made of high-density, poorly vesicular scoria lapilli and lithic clasts. Conversely, during the second phase, a typical strombolian fall deposit formed. In terms of hazard assessment, the possible occurrence of this type of highly explosive flank eruption, at lower elevation in the densely inhabited areas, increases the volcanic risk in the Etnean region and widens the already known hazard scenario.
    Description: INGV-DPC V3_6 project UR V3_6/07
    Description: In press
    Description: on line first
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Etna volcano ; unconformity ; tephostratigraphy ; 40Ar/39Ar age determination ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous
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    Chemical and isotopic compositions of thermal springs, fumaroles and bubbling gases at Tacaná Volcano (Mexico–Guatemala): implications for volcanic surveillance (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This study presents baseline data for future geochemical monitoring of the active Tacaná volcano–hydrothermal system (Mexico–Guatemala). Seven groups of thermal springs, related to a NW/SE-oriented fault scarp cutting the summit area (4,100m a.s.l.), discharge at the northwest foot of the volcano (1,500–2,000m a.s.l.); another one on the southern ends of Tacaná (La Calera). The near-neutral (pH from 5.8 to 6.9) thermal (T from 25.7°C to 63.0°C) HCO3–SO4 waters are thought to have formed by the absorption of a H2S/SO2–CO2-enriched steam into a Cl-rich geothermal aquifer, afterwards mixed by Na/HCO3-enriched meteoric waters originating from the higher elevations of the volcano as stated by the isotopic composition (δD and δ18O) of meteoric and spring waters. Boiling temperature fumaroles (89°C at~3,600m a.s.l. NW of the summit), formed after the May 1986 phreatic explosion, emit isotopically light vapour (δD and δ18O as low as −128 and −19.9‰, respectively) resulting from steam separation from the summit aquifer. Fumarolic as well as bubbling gases at five springs are CO2-dominated. The δ13CCO2 for all gases show typical magmatic values of −3.6 ± 1.3‰ vs V-PDB. The large range in 3He/4He ratios for bubbling, dissolved and fumarolic gases [from 1.3 to 6.9 atmospheric 3He/4He ratio (RA)] is ascribed to a different degree of near-surface boiling processes inside a heterogeneous aquifer at the contact between the volcanic edifice and the crystalline basement (4He source). Tacaná volcano offers a unique opportunity to give insight into shallow hydrothermal and deep magmatic processes affecting the CO2/3He ratio of gases: bubbling springs with lower gas/water ratios show higher 3He/4He ratios and consequently lower CO2/3He ratios (e.g. Zarco spring). Typical Central American CO2/3He and 3He/4He ratios are found for the fumarolic Agua Caliente and Zarco gases (3.1 ± 1.6 × 1010 and 6.0 ± 0.9 RA, respectively). The L/S (5.9 ± 0.5)and (L + S)/M ratios (9.2 ± 0.7) for the same gases are almost identical to the ones calculated for gases in El Salvador, suggesting an enhanced slab contribution as far as the northern extreme of the Central American Volcanic Arc,Tacana
    Description: In press
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Tacaná volcano ; Fluid geochemistry ; Volcano–hydrothermal system ; Bubbling gases ; Fumaroles ; Isotopes ; Volcanic surveillance ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
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  • 21
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    Hardware in the Loop Tuning for a volcanic Gas Sampling UAV (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Significant advances have been made in recent years in volcanic eruption forecasting and in understanding the behaviour of volcanoes. A major requirement is improvement in the collection of field data using innovative methodologies and sensors. Collected data are typically used as input for computer simulations of volcanic activity, to improve forecasts for longlived volcanic phenomena, such as lava flow eruptions and sand-rain. This research was conducted in cooperation with OTe Systems Catania, Italy [16].
    Description: Published
    Description: 473-493
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Unmanned aerial vehicle ; volcanic plume sampling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.01. Geochemical exploration ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.07. Instruments and techniques
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  • 22
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    Volcanological inferences from seismic-strain tensor computations at Mt. Etna Volcano, Sicily (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Kostrov's (1974) algorithm for seismic-strain tensor computations, in the version implemented by Wyss et al. (1992a) for error estimates, has been applied to shear-type earthquakes occurring beneath the Etna volcano during 1990-1996. Space-time variations of strain orientations and amplitudes have been examined jointly with ground-deformation and gravimetric data collected in the same period and reported in the literature. Taking also into account the information available from volcanological observations and structural geology, we propose a model assuming that hydraulic pressure by magma emplaced in nearly north-south vertical structures produces the E-W orientation of the maximum compressive strain found in the upper 10 km beneath the crater area. In contrast, regional tectonics deriving from the slow, north-south convergence between the African and European plates appear to play a dominant role in the generation of stress and strain fields at crustal depths deeper than 10 km below the volcano. According to our interpretation, the progressive ascent of magma through the upper crust prior to eruption produces the observed gravity changes, cone inflation and unusual seismic strain rate in the upper 10 km associated with a more sharply defined seismic deformation regime (i.e. very small confidence limits of the epsilon 1 orientation). In agreement with this model, deflation revealed by ground-deformation data during the course of the major 1991-1993 eruption was accompanied by a practically nil level of shallow seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 318-330
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; Italy ; Earthquakes ; Seismic strain ; Stress inversion ; Volcanic processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
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    BET_EF: a probabilistic tool for long- and short-term eruption forecasting (2008)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a Bayesian event tree model for eruption forecasting (BET_EF). The model represents a flexible tool to provide probabilities of any specific event at which we are interested in, by merging all the relevant available information, such as theoretical models, a priori beliefs, monitoring measures, and any kind of past data. BET_EF is based on a Bayesian procedure and it relies on the fuzzy approach to manage monitoring data. The method deals with short- and long-term forecasting, therefore it can be useful in many practical aspects, as land use planning, and during volcanic emergencies. Finally, we provide the description of a free software package that provides a graphically supported computation of short- to long-term eruption forecasting, and a tutorial application to the recent MESIMEX exercise at Vesuvius.
    Description: Published
    Description: 623-632
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: eruption forecasting ; event tree ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 24
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    Fluorine speciation in topsoils of three active volcanoes of Sicily (Italy) (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Fluorine is one of the many environmental harmful elements released by volcanic activity. The content of total, oxalate extractable and water extractable fluorine was determined in 96 topsoils of three active volcanic systems of southern Italy (Mt. Etna, Stromboli and Vulcano). Total fluorine content (FTOT) ranges from 112 to 7430 mg kg-1, F extracted with oxalate (FOX) ranges from 16 to 2320 mg kg-1 (2 – 93 % of FTOT) and F extracted with distilled water (FH2O) ranges from 1.7 to 159 mg kg-1 (0.2 – 40 % of FTOT). Fluorine in the sampled topsoils derives both from the weathering of volcanic rocks and ashes and from enhanced deposition due to volcanic gas emissions either from open-conduit passive degassing (Mt. Etna and Stromboli) or from a fumarolic field (Vulcano). Fluorine accumulation in the studied soils does generally not present particular environmental issues except for a few anomalous sites at Vulcano where measured contents could be dangerous both for vegetation and for grazing animals.
    Description: Published
    Description: 413-423
    Description: 4.5. Degassamento naturale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: soil fluorine ; oxalate extractable F ; water extractable F ; environmental impact of volcanic F ; Sicily ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
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  • 25
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    Investigation of pre-1700 Earthquakes Between the Adda and the Middle Adige River Basins (Southern Alps) (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: While the seismicity of the Southern Alps is high in the Eastern sector, corresponding to the Veneto and Friuli regions, it decreases towards West up to the Adda River. In the sector between the Lessini Mts. and Eastern Friuli the damaging earthquakes are clustered in a well defined seismic belt, where seismogenic sources responsible for earthquakes with Mw 6 have been defined in recent works. In contrast, the knowledge of the Southalpine sector West of this area is sparser; the area experienced some earthquakes with Mw〉5.5 and varied events with 4.8≤Mw≤5.5 the distribution of which is, apparently, random. For the area roughly defined by the basins of the Adda River to the West and the middle Adige River to the East, this paper reappraises the background knowledge of the earthquakes occurred before 1700. The investigation and the results are presented according to two successive periods, up to 1995 and from 1995 on. In the research performed up to 1995, the most important achievements concerned two different aspects: i) the assessement of several “fake quakes”, some of which were the object of paradigmatic case-histories; ii) the resizing and relocation of several, presumed damaging earthquakes. Though this round of investigation changed significantly the picture of the seismicity with respect to the Seventies, the research continued. For the period from 1995 on, the discussion focuses on the reliability of the available information; material that received little or no consideration before, new historical findings and comments to the seismological interpretation as in the most recent literature are also presented. This part includes also the discussion of archaeoseismological evidence of damage related to past earthquakes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 93-129
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: historical seismology ; Adda and Middle Adige River Basins ; Southern Alps ; archaeoseismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 26
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    In Troubled Times, in a Divided Country: The 1789 Valtiberina Earthquake (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: The Valtiberina region (central Italy) has a seismic record going back to the Middle Ages and including five Io 〉 VIII MCS earthquakes, the earliest of which (1352, 1389, 1458). though recently and extensively studied, remain rather poorly known. This makes it all the more important to ensure that the later ones (1789, 1917) are as throughly studied as possible. The 1789 earthquake is listed by the current Italian catalogue (CPTI Working Group 2004) with Io VIII-IX MCS and Mm 5.8. These parameters were assessed from a database of 28 macroseismic intensity data points (Castelli et al. 1996), which is less than plentiful for a late 18th century earthquake. An analysis of the historical context of the 1789 earthquake and its influence on the production of contemporary accounts evidences a few research paths that previous studies either did not or could not take. Following them, the macroseismic database of the 1789 earthquake can be noticeably improved, providing the catalogue compiler with a mean to check the reliability of its current parameters.
    Description: Published
    Description: 249-260
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: open
    Keywords: Historical Seismicity ; 1789 Valtiberina Earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
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  • 27
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    Volcanic Eruptions:Cyclicity during Lava Dome Growth (2008)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We consider the process of slow extrusion of very viscous magma that forms lava domes. Dome-building eruptions are commonly associated with hazardous phenomena, in- cluding pyroclastic flows generated by dome collapses, explosive eruptions and volcanic blasts. These eruptions commonly display fairly regular alternations between pe- riods of high and low or no activity with time scales from hours to years. Usually hazardous phenomena are asso- ciated with periods of high magma discharge rate, thus, understanding the causes of pulsatory activity during ex- trusive eruptions is an important step towards forecasting volcanic behavior, especially the transition to explosive ac- tivity when magma discharge rate increases by a few orders of magnitude. In recent years the risks have increased be- cause the population density in the vicinity of many active volcanoes has increased.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: open
    Keywords: Volcanic Eruptions ; Cyclicity ; During Lava ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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    Simulating Earthquake Scenarios in the European Project LESSLOSS: The Case of Lisbon (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-30
    Description: Within the framework of the European LESSLOSS Project “Risk Mitigation for Earthquakes and Landslides”, finite-fault seismological models have been proposed for the computation of earthquake scenarios for three urban areas: Istanbul (Turkey), Lisbon (Portugal) and Thessaloniki (Greece). For each case study, ground motion scenarios were developed for the two most probable events with different return periods (generally 50 and 500 years), locations and magnitudes that were derived from historical and geological data. The ground motion simulations were performed in the frequency band of engineering interest (0.5-20 Hz) by two numerical finite-fault methods: a hybrid deterministic-stochastic method, DSM, used for all of the cases investigated, and a non-stationary stochastic finite-fault simulation method, RSSIM, applied only in the case of Lisbon. In the present study, the results with respect to bedrock and surface are presented in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) for the city of Lisbon and the surrounding area, using earthquake scenarios from the onshore source area of the Lower Tagus Valley, and from the offshore source area of the Marques de Pombal fault, which is one of the possible sources of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. Site effects are evaluated by means of a properly designed equivalent stochastic non-linear one-dimensional ground response analyses of stratified soil profile units. The requirements of the users (e.g., engineers, local administrators) constrain the choice of the scenario that can be adopted as input for disaster scenario predictions and loss modelling; in the case of Lisbon, the maximum values of shaking were assumed as the criteria for the reference scenarios.
    Description: Published
    Description: 233-243
    Description: 3T. Storia Sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: Simulating Earthquake Scenarios ; European LESSLOSS project ; The Case of Lisbon ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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    Heavy metals distribution of soils around mining sites of cadmium-rich marine sedimentary phosphorites of Kpogamé and Hahotoé (Southern Togo) (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Metal concentrations of 37 soil samples taken from mining areas (abandoned mine pits and transport routes) in Kpogamé and Hahotoé (southern Togo) range from 0.2-43 ppm for Cd, 15-115 ppm for Pb, 182-1,029 ppm for Cr, 18-356 ppm for Cu, 15-342 pm for Ni, 90-513 ppm for V, 35-536 ppm for Zn, 80-469 ppm for Zr and 266-3,161 ppm for Sr. The tropical alteration of the ore waste plays an important role in the distribution of trace elements in the studied soils. Because the alteration affects the element mobility, generally old abandoned mining areas, which , together with soils near the transport routes, show a higher degree of contamination. Under low pH and oxidising conditions in studied soils Cd, Ni and Zn are generally easily mobilised and are thus available to the environment.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Heavy metals ; Pollution ; Heavy metals ; Mining ; Phosphorite ; Pollution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
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    VLNDEF Project for Geodetic Infrastructure Definition of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-30
    Description: Scientific investigations in Antarctica are, for many different reasons, a challenging and fascinating task. Measurements, observations and field operations must be carefully planned well in advance and the capacity of successfully meeting the goals of a scientific project is often related to the capacity of forecasting and anticipating the many different potential mishaps. In order to do that, experience and logistic support are crucial. On the scientific side, the team must be aware of its tasks and be prepared to carry out observations in a hostile environment: both technology and human resources have to be suitably selected, prepared, tested and trained. On the logistic side, nations, institutions and any other organisation involved in the expeditions must ensure the proper amount of competence and practical support. The history of modern Italian Antarctic expeditions dates back to the middle 80’s when the first infrastructures of “Mario Zucchelli Station”, formerly Terra Nova Bay Station, were settled at Terra Nova Bay, Northern Victoria Land. Only a few years later, the first geodetic infrastructures were planned and built. Italian geodetic facilities and activities were, ever since, being constantly maintained and developed. Nowadays, the most remarkable geodetic infrastructures are the permanent Global Positioning System (GPS) station (TNB1) installed at Mario Zucchelli and the GPS geodetic network Victoria Land Network for DEFormation control (VLNDEF) entirely deployed on an area extending between 71° S and 76° S and 160° E and 170° E. These facilities do not only allow carrying out utmost geodetic investigations but also posses interesting capacities on the international multidisciplinary scientific scenario. In order to fully exploit their potentiality, management and maintenance of the infrastructure are crucial; nevertheless, in order to perform high quality scientific research, these abilities must be coupled with the knowledge concerning a proper use and a correct processing of the information that these infrastructures can provide. This work focuses on the different methods that can be applied to process the observations that are performed with GPS technique in Northern Victoria Land, aiming at reaching the highest accuracy of results and assuring the larger significance and versatility of the processing outcomes. Three software were used for the analysis, namely: Bernese v.5.0, Gipsy/Oasis II and Gamit/Globk. The working data sets are (i) the permanent GPS station TNB1 observations continuously performed since 1998 and (ii) the five episodic campaigns performed on the sites of VLNDEF. The two infrastructures can be regarded as neat examples of standard geodetic installation in Antarctica. Therefore, the technological solutions that were adopted and applied for establishing the GPS permanent station and the VLNDEF geodetic network as well as the data processing strategies and the data analysis procedures that were tested on their observation will be illustrated in detail. The results will be presented, compared and discussed. Furthermore, their potentials and role in geodetic research will be carefully described; their versatility will also be highlighted in the foreground of a multidisciplinary Antarctic international scientific activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 37-72
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Antarctica ; Geodesy ; Geodetic Infrastructures ; GPS ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques
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    Correlation between damage distribution and ambient noise H/V spectral ratio: the SESAME project results (2008)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-24
    Description: In the framework of the SESAME project one of the taskswas the compilation of all available ambient noise measurements within urban environments affected by historical or/and recent strong earthquakes in Europe. The aim of such a task was to give an answer to the question; “How does horizontal-to-vertical ambient noise spectral ratio compare with damage in modern cities?”. For this purpose five European urban areas, namely, Angra do Heroismo (Portugal), Fabriano and Palermo (Italy), Thessaloniki and Kalamata (Greece) were selected for which spatial damage information was available either in terms of modified Mercalli intensity or in EMS98 damage grades. The geological setting of the examined sites as well as the causative earthquakes are satisfactorily known. Ambient noise recordings compiled for all examined sites have been homogeneously processed by a technique developed and agreed upon SESAME project. Using a standard multivariate statistical analysis, namely, factor analysis and canonical correlation, the horizontal-to-vertical ambient noise spectral ratio (HVNSR) is correlated with damage pattern observed within examined urban areas. Results show that, in some cases (Thessaloniki, Palermo), the HVNSR seems to be able to differentiate between areas previously shown to be associated with higher damage. In other cases however (Angra do Heroismo, Fabriano, Kalamata), the correlation is not statistically significant indicating thus the complex character of the parameters involved, implying that currently there is no a straightforward way that a value of HVNSR can correctly predict the extent to which a given region will be associated with increased damage.
    Description: Published
    Description: 109–140
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ambient noise ; Site effect ; Macroseismic intensity ; Factor and canonical analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 32
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    Deriving vulnerability curves using Italian earthquake damage data (2008)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-24
    Description: The concerted effort to collect earthquake damage data in Italy over the past 30 years has led to the development of an extensive database from which vulnerability predictions for the Italian building stock can be derived. A methodology to derive empirical vulnerability curves with the aforementioned data is presented herein and the resulting curves have been directly compared with mechanics-based vulnerability curves. However, it has been found that a valid comparison between the empirical and analytical vulnerability curves is not possible mainly due to a number of shortcomings in the database of surveyed buildings. A detailed discussion of the difficulties in deriving vulnerability curves from the current observed damage database is thus also presented.
    Description: DPC — Dipartimento della Protezione Civile MIUR – Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca - project AIRPLANE
    Description: Published
    Description: 485–504
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: vulnerability curves ; damage data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Progress, prospects and pitfalls in primate biogeography (2008)
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    In:  Primate Biogeography, Progress and Prospects vol. 77 no. 2, pp. 135-138
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Keywords: primates ; biogeography
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
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    Neue Spezialforschungen im Allgäu (Molasse und Flysch) (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 189-221 
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    Topics: Geosciences
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    Die Steinkohlen in der Schwarzmeer-Umrandung, insbesondere bei Heraklea-Zonguldag (Nordanatolien) (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 1-37 
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    Zum Aufsatz von Herrn F. Münichsdorfer: Der Löß als Bodenbildung (Geol. Rundschau XVII, 1926, S. 328) (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 60-60 
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    Vereinsnachrichten (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 239-239 
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    Topics: Geosciences
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    Persönliches (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 239-240 
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    Neue Spezialforschungen im Allgäu (Molasse und Flysch) (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 263-298 
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  • 40
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    Die Klufttektonik der cambro-silurischen Schichtentafel Estlands (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 241-263 
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    ISSN: 1437-3262
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die cambro-silurische Schichtentafel von Estland zeigt zwei Kluftsysteme: das eine mit Klüften in NW-SO- und NO-SW-Richtung, das andere mit solchen in N-S- und O-W-Richtung. Das erste ist das ältere und seine Anlage dürfte in der Zeit der jungkaledonischen Faltung zu suchen sein, zu der auch die Einmuldung der Schichtentafel erfolgte. Zur Zeit der varistischen Faltung erfuhren diese Richtungen eine erneute Betonung. Das zweite Kluftsystem dürfte jüngeren, tertiären Alters sein. In diese Zeit, wahrscheinlich in noch jüngere Zeitabschnitte gehören dann auch die Brüche, die die Estländische Tafel heute begrenzen.
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    Zur Lößkörnung (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 298-298 
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    Zum Vortrag von Herrn Dr. Breddin: Löß, Flugsand und Niederterrasse im Niederrheingebiet, ein Beitrag zur Frage der Entstehung des Löß (1927)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 298-299 
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  • 43
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    Verzeichnis der geologischen, paläontologischen, petrographischen und mineralogischen Vorlesungen an den deutschen Hochschulen im S.-S. 1927 (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 134-138 
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    Desgl. im W.-S. 1927/28 (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 302-305 
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    Der geologische Bau und die tektonische Bedeutung der Balearischen Inseln (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 308-320 
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    Verzeichnis der geologischen, paläontologischen, petrographischen und mineralogischen Vorlesungen an den deutschen Hochschulen im S.-S. 1927 (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 300-301 
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    Persönliches (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 306-307 
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    Balkanforschungen des geologischen Instituts der Universität Leipzig. 1. Reise 1926 (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 350-395 
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    Zweimaliger Ausbruch weißer Bimssteine oder jungalluviale Verwehungen im Neuwieder Becken? (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 402-405 
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    Internationale Geologen-Versammlung zu Kopenhagen (1927)
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    International journal of earth sciences 18 (1927), S. 415-416 
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    Notiz über einen geplanten Versuch zur Prüfung der Äthertheorie des Lichtes (1927)
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    The European physical journal 41 (1927), S. 18-19 
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    Ein Satz über räumliche Quantelung (1927)
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    The European physical journal 41 (1927), S. 20-23 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein einfacher, von physikalischen Voraussetzungen freier Beweis dafür gegeben, daß man stets zu den gleichen inneren Quantenzahlen des Atomzustandes kommt, in welcher Reihenfolge man auch die Koppelung der einzelnen Elektronen vorgenommen denkt.
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    Die wellenmechanische Interpretation der Boltzmannschen Statistik neben der der neueren Statistiken (1927)
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    The European physical journal 41 (1927), S. 24-26 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Wellenmechanik gestattet die Boltzmann-Plancksche Statistik genau ebensogut zu interpretieren, wie die Bose-Einsteinsche oder die Pauli-Fermi-Diracsche. Nur erst, wenn es feststünde, daß an die wellenmechanischen Lösungen in der Tat bestimmte Symmetrieforderungen zu stellen sind, käme die Boltzmannsche Zählweise in Gefahr.
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    Zur Theorie des Photoeffekts (1927)
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    The European physical journal 41 (1927), S. 443-452 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß sich die Theorie des lichtelektrischen Effekts aus der Schrödingerschen Wellengleichung deduzieren läßt. Es ergibt sich die Einsteinsche Gleichung und die räumliche Verteilung der austretenden Photoelektronen, in Übereinstimmung mit der Erfahrung. Ferner ergibt sich auch eine Deutung der Wienerschen Versuche.
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    Beobachtungsergebnisse über die Lichtzerstreuung in Suspensionen (1927)
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    The European physical journal 41 (1927), S. 493-506 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Zusammenstellung der Beobachtungsergebnisse über die Lichtzerstreuung und Polarisation des Lichtes in Suspensionen von größeren Teilchen (nahe der Wellenlänge des Lichtes) mitgeteilt und mit der Theorie verglichen. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei den untersuchten Suspensionen die Lichtzerstreuung nur qualitativ mit der Streuung an Elementarkugeln stimmt und eine bedeutende Beimengung von unpolarisiertem Lichte zu beobachten ist.
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    Präzisionsmessungen in derK-Serie der Elemente Palladium und Silber (1927)
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    The European physical journal 41 (1927), S. 516-523 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit dem neuen Siegbahnschen Tubusspektrometer sind folgende K-Linien des Silbers und des Palladiums in erster Ordnung ausgemessen worden:α 2,α 1,β 3,β 1,β 2. Die Linienα(1 undβ 1 sind auch in der zweiten Ordnung absolut gemessen, und die Brechungsindizes in Kalkspat für die betreffenden Wellenlängen berechnet.
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    Eine neue Schaltung zur Messung des Abkühlungseffektes (1927)
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    The European physical journal 41 (1927), S. 530-534 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Schaltung zur Messung des bei der thermischen Emission geladener Teilchen auftretenden Abkühlungseffektes unter Angabe einiger Messungen sowie weiterer Meßmöglichkeiten erläutert.
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    Oxydation von Phosphordämpfen bei niedrigen Drucken (1927)
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    The European physical journal 41 (1927), S. 548-550 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird versucht, die ungewöhnlichen Ergebnisse der genannten Arbeit darauf zurückzuführen, daß Druckmessungen an dem verwendeten heißkalten System mit gewöhnlichen Manometern unmöglich sind.
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    Zur Theorie des Kathodendunkelraumes (1927)
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    The European physical journal 41 (1927), S. 535-547 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine kritische Diskussion der Arbeiten von Güntherschulze über die Vorgänge vor der Kathode zeigt, daß von einer befriedigenden Theorie des Fallraumgebietes zurzeit wohl noch nicht die Rede sein kann und von dieser Seite her eine irgendwie eindeutige Beantwortung der Frage nach dem Ursprung der Lichtemission nicht zu geben ist. — Das Fehlen eines Wiedervereinigungsleuchtens in der positiven Säule und in den flachen Rümpfen erklärt sich einfach dadurch, daß in diesen Gebilden die Trägerkonzentrationen zu klein sind. Im Glimmlicht liegen die Verhältnisse sicher ganz anders und eine Übertragung der Befunde an der Säule auf die kathodischen Entladungsteile ist nicht ohne weiteres möglich. — Die Gründe für und gegen das Auftreten eines Wiedervereinigungsleuchtens in den einzelnen Teilen der Glimmentladung werden ausführlicher besprochen. Die Diskussion führt zu einem wenig erfreulichen Bild von dem derzeitigen Stand unserer Kenntnisse und mahnt zu Vorsicht bei allen apodiktischen Behauptungen.
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    Zur Frage der lichtelektrischen Ionisierung des Quecksilberdampfes (1927)
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    The European physical journal 41 (1927), S. 619-635 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Ionisation des Hg-Dampfes durch Licht wird nach der Methode von Rouse und Giddings untersucht. Dabei ergibt sich quadratische Abhängigkeit der Ionisation vom Kern der Resonanzlinie λ 2537 Å. Durch Argonzusatz zeigt sich eine Verstärkung, durch geringste Wasserstoffmengen Zerstörung des Effekts. Daraus wird auf Mitwirkung metastabiler Zustände beim Zustandekommen der Ionisation geschlossen.
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    Zum Einsteinschen „Mischungsparadoxon“ (1927)
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    The European physical journal 41 (1927), S. 576-582 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Sowohl die Bose-Einsteinsche als die Fermi-Diracsche Statistik führt bei Anwendung auf ideale Gase zunächst zum Einsteinschen „Mischungsparadoxon“: für genügend tiefe Temperatur fällt der Druck oder die mittlere Energie vonN durchaus gleichen Molekülen diskontinuierlich anders aus als vonN beliebig wenig voneinander verschiedenen. — Wir zeigen, daß sich dieses Paradoxon vom Standpunkt der vieldimensionalen Wellenmechanik aus betrachtet durch folgende Bemerkungen löst: A. SindN voneinander zunächst durchaus verschiedene Moleküle (Massen MIMII ...M N) in ein Gefäß von allgemeiner Form eingeschlossen und entsprechen also wellenmechanisch den verschiedenen zulässigen Bewegungszuständen dieses Gases die verschiedenen Eigenschwingungen eines 3N-dimensionalen Hohlraumes, so hat man bei dem Aufbau des kanonischen Ensembles jede dieser Eigenschwingungen konsequent mit dem Gewicht 1 zu zählen. Fallen dann bei einer kontinuierlichen Veränderung, sei es der Gefäßform, sei es der Molekülmassen die Eigenwerte mehrerer Eigenschwingungen zusammen, so hat man im kanonischen Ensemble die entsprechenden Energieniveaus entsprechend vielfach zu zählen. Dabei kann offenbar nie die für das Mischungsparadoxon charakteristische diskontinuierliche Veränderung solcher Größen, wie mittlerer Energie oder Druck, auftreten. — B. Für wechselseitig durchdringliche Moleküle führt die 3N-dimensionale Wellenmechanik mit der unter A. angegebenen Zählweise zur Boltzmannschen Statistik, falls die Massen MIMII ...M N) durchaus oder gruppenweise gleiche Werte haben. — O. Für wechselseitig undurchdringliche Moleküle sind die 3N-dimensionalen Eigenschwingungen an die „Diagonalforderung“ gebunden. Für durchaus gleiche Moleküle gelangt man so 1) zur Heisenberg-Diracschen Erweiterung des Paulischen Verbotes und also zur Fermischen Statistik. Für durchaus oder gruppenweise verschiedene Molekülmassen läßt sich wegen rechnerischer Schwierigkeiten die Statistik nicht näher ausführen, das Nichtauftreten des Mischungsparadoxons ist aber bei der zugrunde gelegten Zählweise (siehe A.) bestätigt.
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    Über ein Problem der Diffusion im Schwerefelde (1927)
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    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 351-363 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Berechnung der Dichteverteilung als Funktion der Höhe und der Zeit in einer Lösung endlicher Höhe unter der Wirkung von Schwere und Diffusion. Abschätzung der „Sedimentationszeit“. Aufklärung scheinbarer experimenteller Widersprüche.
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    Anwendung der Fehlerrechnung auf ein Problem unsymmetrischer Verteilung (1927)
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    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 364-367 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf die Verteilungsformel für die Gesamtheit der Höhenlagen eines schweren Brownschen Teilchens über einem ebenen Boden, die eine unsymmetrische Fehlerverteilung darstellt, werden einige Betrachtungen der Fehlerrechnung bezüglich der Ermittlung des wahrscheinlichsten Mittelwerts aus einer empirischen Beobachtungsreihe und das Präzisionsmaß für denselben angestellt.
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    Einige Bemerkungen zur Heisenbergschen Quantenmechanik (1927)
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    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 402-402 
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    Zur Wellenmechanik des Stoßvorganges (1927)
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    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 399-402 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird die Theorie des Stoßes zwischen einem Massenpunkt und einem Rotator entwickelt. Diese Theorie läßt sich in einfacher Weise auf die optische Theorie der Diffraktion eines linearen Gitters zurückführen.
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    Über Kohärenz und Konsonanz des Lichtes (1927)
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    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 420-450 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung In diesem Kapitel werden einige allgemeinere Fragen, die die optische Abbildung von Nichtselbstleuchtern im Mikroskop betreffen, behandelt. Es wird nicht in allen Teilen grundsätzlich Neues geboten; es müssen vielfach historische Tatsachen gestreift werden, um schließlich alles vereinend das Problem der optischen Abbildung von Nichtselbstleuchtern in genügender Stärke zu beleuchten, mit dem Ziele, die Unzulänglichkeit der traditionellen Einstellung in diesen Fragen zur Evidenz zu bringen.
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    Über einen neuen Effekt der anomalen Glimmentladung und seine Beziehung zum Pseudohochvakuum (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 414-419 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wird im Gebiet des anomalen Kathodenfalles die Anode der Kathode genähert, so fällt die Spannung zwischen den Elektroden unmittelbar vor ihrem durch zu große Elektrodennähe bedingten schnellen Anstieg noch einmal stark ab. Die Ursache wird darin gesehen, daß die von der Kathode ausgehenden schnellen Primärelektronen bei genügender Nähe der Anode in der auf dieser befindlichen adsorbierten Gas- und Wasserdampfhaut mehr Ionen zu bilden vermögen, als wenn sie im freien Gas ionisieren müßten. — Dieser Effekt bietet auch eine Erklärung für die von Janitzki beobachteten Erscheinungen des Pseudohochvakuums im erweiterten Sinne, wonach durch Entgasen der Anode die Stromstärke einer Entladung bei sehr geringem Gasdruck (Röntgenröhren) weitgehend verringert wird. Sie tritt damit als zweite Erklärung des Pseudohochvakuums neben die früher vom Verfasser gegebene, auf der Wirkung von Wandladungen beruhende, die bei größeren Gasdrucken vorzugsweise gilt, während die jetzt gegebene bei sehr geringen Drucken eine wichtige Rolle spielt.
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    Erwiderung auf die letzte Bemerkung des Herrn W. Kast zu meiner Arbeit „Zur Bornschen Dipoltheorie der anisotropen Flüssigkeiten“ (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 477-478 
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    Topics: Physics
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    Über nicht kombinierende Terme in der neueren Quantentheorie (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 492-500 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird in einem System mit drei Elektronen der Zerfall der Terme in mehrere, untereinander nichtkombinierende Gruppen bewiesen. Die Eigenrotation des Elektrons ist nicht berücksichtigt.
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    Zur Deutung der Molekelspektren. I (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 742-764 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Als Analogon zur mehratomigen Molekel wird mit Hilfe der Quantenmechanik ein System von einem Freiheitsgrad untersucht, dessen potentielle Energie mehrere Minima hat. Es ergibt sich die Möglichkeit der Zuordnung der stationären Zustände eines solchen Systems zu denen von Teilsystemen, die durch unendliches Entfernen der Minima voneinander oder durch Unendlichwerden der potentiellen Energie zwischen ihnen entstehen. Entsprechend ergibt sich (im Gegensatz zur klassischen Theorie) ein adiabatischer Zusammenhang zwischen den Zuständen zweier getrennter Atome oder Ionen, den Zuständen einer zweiatomigen Molekel und den Zuständen eines Atoms, das durch Vereinigung der Kerne entstanden gedacht werden kann. Dieser Zusammenhang gestattet die Angabe eines qualitativ gültigen Termschemas der Molekel und erlaubt eine Erläuterung der Begriffe „polare Molekel“ und „Ionengitter”.
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    Über die Satelliten der Röntgendiagrammlinien (1927)
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    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 765-774 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Röntgenröhre für Fluoreszenzerregung beschrieben. Mit dieser Röhre angestellte Versuche zeigen, daß es möglich ist, die Satelliten auf der harten Seite der Diagrammlinien („Funkenlinien” nach Wentzel) auch in Fluoreszenz zu erhalten. Ihre Intensität relativ zu derjenigen der Diagrammlinien ist aber sehr viel geringer als bei Kathodenstrahlerregung. Das Auftreten dieser Satelliten in Fluoreszenz deutet auf das Vorkommen von Absorptionsprozessen, bei denen zwei Elektronen zu gleicher Zeit aus dem Atominnern entfernt werden. Die Satelliten auf der weichen Seite der Diagrammlinien treten in Fluoreszenz mit normaler Intensität auf. Es wird versucht, diese Linien zu deuten.
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    Über die Natur der dielektrischen Verluste (1927)
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    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 786-803 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Von der experimentell bestimmten elektrischen Leitfähigkeit des Isolators und von der in diesem Isolator bei angelegter Spannungsdifferenz auftretenden Gegenspannung ausgehend, wird versucht, eine Theorie der dielektrischen Verluste aufzubauen. Das Problem wird mathematisch behandelt, und es wird gezeigt, daß die Theorie nicht nur imstande ist, die experimentell gefundenen Abhängigkeiten von der Frequenz und der Temperatur zu erklären, sondern auch eine Berechnung der absoluten Werte der dielektrischen Verluste ermöglicht.
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    Die Serien des Argonspektrums. II. (1927)
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    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 839-875 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Fortsetzung der Analyse des Argonspektrums. Den 10p-Termfolgen können in Analogie mit dem Neonspektrum vier s- und 12 d-Termfolgen an die Seite gestellt werden. Nur wenige dieser Termfolgen lassen sich durch eine Formel darstellen.
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    Bemerkungen zu der Arbeit von Herrn G. von Gleich: Zur Massenveränderlichkeit im Zweikörperproblem (1927)
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    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 893-894 
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    Die Ventilwirkung des Silbers in wässerigen Lösungen von Kaliumsilbercyanid (1927)
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    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 876-882 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Silber zeigt in wässerigen Lösungen von KAg(CN)2 ElektronenventilWirkung von der gleichen Art wie Zn und Cd in Lösungen von K2CO3 oder Sb und Bi in den meisten Elektrolyten. Die Formierung setzt erst nach einer Latenzzeit ein, die mit abnehmender Formierungsstromdichte zunimmt. Die Formierungsgeschwindigkeit ist der Stromdichte proportional, nimmt mit der Konzentration des Elektrolyten ab und ist von der Temperatur des Elektrolyten nur wenig abhängig. Die Funkenspannung liegt etwas niedriger als die des Tantals in den gleichen Lösungen. Die Funken erzeugen ebenso wie beim Tantal Strahlen kleiner Gasperlen, die explosionsartig aus dem Funken herausgeschleudert werden. Wird die Silberanode dauernd an eine unter der Funkenspannung liegende Spannung geschaltet, so sinkt der Strom asymptotisch auf sehr geringe Beträge, denen Widerstände von mehr als 10 Millionen Ohm pro Quadratzentimeter Oberfläche entsprechen. Die elektrostatische Kapazität der die Ventilwirkung bedingenden Schicht ist sehr viel geringer als bei Tantal und infolge großer Energieverluste nicht genau meßbar. Bei Belastung mit Wechselstrom formiert sich eine Silberelektrode in Kaliumsilbercyanidlösung nicht, eine mit Gleichspannung formierte verliert ihre Wirksamkeit sofort. Der Grund liegt darin, darin das anodisch gebildete Paracyansilber kathodisch wieder zu Silber reduziert wird.
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    Winkelvariable und kanonische Transformationen in der Undulationsmechanik (1927)
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    The European physical journal 40 (1927), S. 193-210 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Übertragung der Transformationstheorie der Matrizenmechanik auf die Schrö-dingersche Eigenwerttheorie führt zu einer sehr generalisierten Auffassung derselben (und der Theorie linearer Differentialgleichungen überhaupt) unter den allgemeinen Gesichtspunkten einer Invariantentheorie linearer Funktional-operationen (§ 1). Diese Operationen lassen sich darstellen als Drehungen im Hilbertschen Funktionenraume, welcher von dem Orthogonalsystem der ΨK ausgespannt wird. Die kanonischen Transformationen der Matrizen-mechanik sind dann die von diesen Drehungen auf lineare Operatoren induzierten Transformationen (§ 2). Die Transformation auf Winkelvariable insbesondere liefert eine allgemeine Darstellung sämtlicher Systeme von Orthogonal-funktionen und bringt sie in einfachen Zusammenhang mit den trigonometrischen Funktionen. So erhält man Ψn (q)=ei/h. S (q, nh), wenn S (q, J) die Erzeugende der Transformation auf Winkelvariable (in der Jacobischen Form) bedeutet (§ 4). § 5 und § 6 Beispiele und Anwendungen.
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    Die Abhängigkeit der Intensität der Röntgenspektrallinien von der Zahl der Kathodenelektronen (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 870-882 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In vorliegender Arbeit wird die Abhängigkeit der Intensität der Röntgenspektrallinien der K-Serie von Mo, Pd und Ag von der Anzahl der Kathodenelektronen untersucht. Als Maß der Anzahl der Kathodenelektronen wurde die Stärke des die Röntgenröhre durchfließenden Stromes angenommen. Die Arbeit stellt die Fortsetzung der Mitteilung dar, welche in dieser Zeitschrift früher erschienen ist und sich mit der Abhängigkeit der Intensität der Linien Cu Kα und Cu Kβ von der Anzahl der Kathodenelektronen befaßt hat. Es hat sich ergeben, daß die Proportionalität zwischen der Intensität der Linien Mo Kα, Mo K β, Pd Kα, Pd Kβ, Ag Kα und der Stromstärke nur bis 6 mA bestehen bleibt. Hier hört die Proportionalität auf, doch bleibt eine lineare Gesetzmäßigkeit bestehen. Der Übergangspunkt ist unabhängig von der Spannung an der Röhre, er ist aber, wie es scheint, mit der Atomnummer des Antikathodenelements verbunden.
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    Untersuchungen über Magnetisierungskurven und Vergrößerung der Empfindlichkeit des Scheringschen Deflektorenmagnetometers (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 883-898 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In vorliegender Arbeit wird die Abhängigkeit der Intensität der Röntgenspektrallinien der K-Serie von Mo, Pd und Ag von der Anzahl der Kathodenelektronen untersucht. Als Maß der Anzahl der Kathodenelektronen wurde die Stärke des die Röntgenröhre durchfließenden Stromes angenommen. Die Arbeit stellt die Fortsetzung der Mitteilung dar, welche in dieser Zeitschrift früher erschienen ist und sich mit der Abhängigkeit der Intensität der Linien Cu Kα und Cu Kβ von der Anzahl der Kathodenelektronen befaßt hat. Es hat sich ergeben, daß die Proportionalität zwischen der Intensität der Linien Mo Kα, Mo K β, Pd Kα, Pd Kβ, Ag Kα und der Stromstärke nur bis 6 mA bestehen bleibt. Hier hört die Proportionalität auf, doch bleibt eine lineare Gesetzmäßigkeit bestehen. Der Übergangspunkt ist unabhängig von der Spannung an der Röhre, er ist aber, wie es scheint, mit der Atomnummer des Antikathodenelements verbunden.
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    Untersuchungen über die glühelektrische Emission von Metallen bei Zustandsänderungen des Kathodenmaterials (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 329-374 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit wird mit der Veröffentlichung einer größeren Reihe langjähriger experimenteller Untersuchungen über die glühelektrischen Emissionsvorg änge bei Zustandsänderungen des Kathodenmaterials begonnen. Vor der Darstellung der eigentlichen Meßresultate ist wegen der außerordentlich großen Gefahr, bei diesem Untersuchungsgegenstand gefälschte Ergebnisse zu erhalten, eine eingehende Schilderung der Versuchsbedingungen und der erforderlichen Kautelen gebracht. Die vorliegende erste Mitteilung beschränkt sich außer einer Diskussion der Vorarbeiten des Verf. und von S. Seiliger daher auf die Beschreibung der Konstruktion eines Hochvakuumschmelzofens für Temperaturen bis zu 2000° C, einer fast fehlerfreien Bestimmung der Kathodentemperatur, der Trennung der glühelektrischen Emissionen seitens der Ofenwände und des Schmelzgutes, einer Einrichtung zur Erlangung beliebig großer künstlicher Wärmekapazitäten um Schmelzund Kristallisationsvorgänge über sehr große Zeitintervalle ausdehnen zu können und zweier gleichzeitig arbeitenden Registriereinrichtungen, von denen die eine Druck, Kathodentemperatur und Emissionsströme bis zu 10−10 Amp. als Funktion der Zeit, die andere den Sättigungsstrom direkt als Funktion der Temperatur zu messen gestattet. Die folgende Mitteilung, welche die Emissionsvorgänge ciner Reihe von Metallen schildert, wird in allernächster Zeit in Aussicht gestellt.
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    Die Absorption von optischen Gläsern und Borax unterhalb 4,1 μ (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 428-434 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bis etwa 2,7 μ ist die Absorption von optischen Gläsern verschwindend gering und steigt dann sehr rasch an. In borsäurehaltigen Gläsern treten bei etwa 2,8, 3,68 und 4,051 μ scharfe Banden auf, deren Stärke mit steigendem Borsäuregehalt zunimmt. Sie entsprechen den in Borax bei 2,95, 3,65 und 4,1 μ liegenden Banden. Der Kieselsäuregehalt der Gläser verursacht diffuse Banden bei 2,85 und 3,55 μ.
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    Notiz über die Herleitung der Minkowskischen Gleichungen für die Weltlinie eines Elektrons aus einem Variationsprinzip (1927)
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    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 443-447 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß, wenn man die Differentialgleichungen der Weltlinie eines Elektrons aus einem Variationsprinzip ableiten will, die vierdimensionale Lagrangesche Funktion notwendig die Ruhmasse des Elektrons enthalten muß; das von J. Frenkel in seinem Lehrbuch 1) angewandte Variationsverfahren, bei welchem die Masse des Elektrons als unbestimmter Faktor der Nebenbedingung auftritt, ist nicht zu Ende geführt; bei seiner Wahl der Lagrangeschen Funktion verschwindet dieser Faktor identisch.
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    Bandenspektra und periodisches System der Elemente (1927)
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    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 390-425 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Material von 100 Bandensystemen, die 68 verschiedenen Molekülverbindungen angehören, gestattet es, den Aufbau der Bandenspektren mit der Stellung der betreffenden Moleküle im periodischen System der Elemente zu vergleichen. Zu diesem Zwecke werden die Verbindungen zunächst in vier Hauptgruppen unterteilt: 1. Hydride (17 Verbindungen), 2. Oxyde und Nitride (19 Verbindungen), 3. Moleküle der Elemente (14 Moleküle), 4. Halogenverbindungen (18 Verbindungen). In diesen vier Gruppen werden dann miteinander verglichen 1. die Trägheitsmomente und Kernabstände, 2. die Eigenfrequenzen der Kernschwingungen und 3. die Aufspaltungen der Elektronenterme. — Die Kernabstände lassen, als Funktion der Ordnungszahl aufgetragen, durchweg den Schalenaufbau der Atome deutlich zutage treten, indem die sonst glatt verlaufende Kurve an den Stellen der Edelgase Diskontinuitäten durch Beginn neuer Elektronenschalen aufweist. — Um aus den Kernschwingungen Bindungskräfte der Molekel berechnen zu können, wird der einfache Potentialansatz P=−[c1/rp−c2/rq] gewählt, dessen vier Konstanten c1, c2, p und q sich aus den vier spektroskopisch ermittelbaren Größen des Kernabstandes, der Kernschwingung, ihrer Abweichung vom Grenzfall der rein harmonischen Bindung und der Dissoziationsenergie bestimmen lassen. Es zeigt sich hierbei, daß die Hydride polar aufgefaßt werden können, d. h. es gilt das Coulombsche Anziehungsgesetz mit p=1, während für das Potential der abstoßenden Kräfte sich Werte für q=3 bis 4 ergeben. Die übrigen Verbindungen erweisen sich als homöopolar mit p=3 bis 4 und q=6 bis 10. Die Kernschwingungen der Halogenide chemisch nahverwandter Elemente zeigen einen besonders regelmäßigen Gang, so daß für ihre Berechnung eine empirische Formel aufgestellt werden kann. Ferner ist es möglich, aus der Größe der Kernschwingungen hier das Trägheitsmoment abzuschätzen. — Auch zu der Frage der Termaufspaltung kann neues Material geliefert werden. Besonders für die Hydride ergibt sich aus einem neuen Verschiebungssatz die Folgerung, daß die Atome der Molekel durch eine impulslose Zweierschale miteinander verbunden sind.
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    Berichtigung (1927)
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    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 480-480 
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    Über die Lichtbrechung im reinen Elektronengas (1927)
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    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 89-90 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach A. Einstein und Leigh Page ist das Brechungsvermögen des reinen Elektronengases ein negatives, weil das Verhalten der freien Elektronen ausschließlich durch die Einwirkung des elektrischen Feldes und durch die Trägheit bedingt sei. Nun hat vor kurzem Gustav Mie die Ansicht geäußert, daß ein isoliertes Elektron, fern von jedem Atom, als „Oszillator“ füngieren könne. Sollte Gustav Mie recht haben, so ist die Beweisführung von A. Einstein und Leigh Page natürlich nicht mehr überzeugend.
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    Über die Textur hartgezogener Drähte (1927)
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    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 779-794 
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den Zugtexturen verschiedener, flächenzentrierter Metalle werden Unterschiede beobachtet und — vor allem an Hand von Röntgenogrammen mit parallel zum einfallenden Röntgenstrahl liegendem Filmzylinder — näher beschrieben. Röntgenographisch wird zonenartiger Aufbau hartgezogener Drähte nachgewiesen. Bei einseitigem Zug ist die Längsachse polar. Die Faserachse schließt in den verschiedenen Schichten mit der Längsrichtung verschiedene Winkel ein, deren Größe von der Entfernung der Schicht von der Mitte des Drahtes und dem Winkel der verwendeten Ziehdüse abhängig ist.
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    Über die natürliche Breite der Röntgenemissionslinien. II. (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 823-831 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach der in dem vorangegangenen Aufsatz beschriebenen Methode wurde eine größere Zahl von Emissionslinien vermessen; die erhaltenen Zahlen sind in Tabelle 1 enthalten. Als Spektrometerkristall wurde Calcit verwendet.
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    Absolute Messung des Quantenstroms im Röntgenstrahl (1927)
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    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 832-834 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Anordnung, die die absolute Messung der in einem Röntgenstrahlenbündel enthaltenen Lichtquantenzahl erlaubt, wird in ihren Grundzügen beschrieben und als Beispiel eine Bestimmung des Verhältnisses von Ionisation und Energie bei Cu K α gegeben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01776680
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  • 88
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    Ein Fluorometer. Apparat zur Messung von Fluoreszenzabklingungszeiten (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 853-861 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Apparat wird beschrieben, der erlaubt, Fluoreszenzabklingungszeiten von der Größenordnung 10−9 sec mit 10% Genauigkeit zu messen. Die Abklingungszeiten von flüssigen Farbstofflösungen ergeben sich alle kleiner als 5.10−9 sec.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01776683
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  • 89
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    Der Einfluß von Temperatur und Konzentration auf die Abklingungszeit der Fluoreszenz von Farbstofflösungen (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 862-869 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe des neuen Fluorometers wird der Einfluß von Temperatur und Konzentration auf die Abklingungszeit festgestellt und quantitativ verfolgt. Es ist gefunden worden, daß alle Einflüsse, die die Ausbeute der Fluoreszenz vermindern, parallel damit auch die Abklingungszeit τ verkleinern. Die Abklingungszeit von allen Farbstoffen in allen flüssigen Lösungsmitteln, wenn die Ausbeute von der Größenordnung 1 ist, scheint von der Größenordnung τ=5.10−9 sec zu sein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01776684
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  • 90
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    Absorptionsvermögen von Atomkernen fürγ-Strahlen (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 43 (1927), S. 56-65 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Überlegung angegeben, nach welcher man zu einer Abschätzung gelangen kann für die Stärke der Absorption, die beim Auffallen von γ-Strahlen auf Atomkerne im Falle der Resonanz zu erwarten ist. Es wird dabei das Lise Meitnersche Bild für die Entstehung der γ-Strahlen zugrunde gelegt und mit Gleichgewichtsbetrachtungen, insbesondere mit den Forderungen des Strahlungsgleichgewichts kombiniert. Die Überlegungen würden das Vorhandensein einer merkbaren selektiven Absorption von γ-Strahlen, z. B. des ThC″ durch das ThD, wahrscheinlich machen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01397230
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  • 91
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    Resonanz-, Fluoreszenz- und Absorptionsspektra in der sechsten Gruppe des periodischen Systems (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 43 (1927), S. 69-130 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden in Dämpfen von Te2, Se2 und S2 Resonanzspektra erregt, welche im wesentlichen den bekannten R-Spektra des Jods analog sind. Die Bandenfluoreszenz- und Absorptionsspektra dieser Elemente werden analysiert und in Kantenschemata eingeordnet. Zwischen den Kernschwingungsfrequenzen dieser Moleküle und den Atomgewichten bzw. Ordnungszahlen, sind Beziehungen aufgefunden, die auch bei anderen Molekülen der 5., 6. und 7. Gruppe des periodischen Systems bestehen. Es sind nach der optischen Methode die Dissoziationswärmen von S2, Se2 und Te2 bestimmt worden.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01397232
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  • 92
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    Die Abhängigkeit des Brechungsexponenten der Gase vom Druck zwischen 1 und 10 Atm. (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 160-171 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Funktion (n−1)=f(p) wird für Luft und Kohlensäure unter Benutzung eines Perot-Fabryschen Interferometers in einem Druckintervall zwischen 1 und 10 Atm. untersucht, und es werden die Konstanten der Mascartschen Gleichung:n}-1=Kp(1+βp) ermittelt. Die Konstanteβ nimmt den Wert Null an, wenn der Druckp des Gases durch die Dichteϱ ersetzt wird, d. h. es gilt:n}-1/d=const. Die Messung höherer Drucke erfolgt unter Anwendung einer neuen Methode zur Druckbestimmung.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01397127
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  • 93
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    Eine Verfeinerung der Debye-Scherrerschen Methode für die Untersuchung der Kristallstruktur (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 43 (1927), S. 921-933 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Einwirkung der Größe des Röntgenstrahlenbündels und der Dicke des Objekts auf die Breite der Linien in dem Debyeschen Röntgenogramm untersucht. Ferner wurde eine Blende konstruiert, mit deren Hilfe man Linien von etwa 0,15 mm Breite erhalten kann, was eine genauere Messung der Gitterkonstanten gestattet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01397256
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  • 94
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    Die Fluoreszenzausbeute von Farbstofflösungen als Funktion der Wellenlänge des anregenden Lichtes. II (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 311-318 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Fluoreszenzausbeute von Fluoresceinlösungen wurde im Absorptionsgebiete von 250 bis 540 mμ gemessen. Von 250 bis 430 mμ ist die Ausbeute der Wellenlänge proportional. Von da an, bis etwa zur Wellenlänge, die dem Maximum des Fluoreszenzspektrums entspricht, ist die Ausbeute wesentlich konstant, später fällt sie steil ab. Die Fluoreszenzausbeute von Äsculinlösungen ist im Intervall von 250 bis 405 mμ, von der Wellenlänge unabhängig. Die Ergebnisse sind in Analogie zu einigen photochemischen Überlegungen von Franck gedeutet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01397622
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  • 95
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    Quantenmechanische Deutung der Theorie von Weyl (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 375-389 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01397316
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  • 96
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    Zu der Bemerkung von G. P. Thomson betr. Streuungsmessungen an Wasserstoffkanalstrahlen (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 323-326 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß die Kritik von Herrn G. P. Thomson an den Messungen von R. Conrad über die Streuung von Wasserstoffkanalstrahlen nicht zutrifft, und daß die ersten Messungen von Herrn Thomson, die erhebliche Unterschiede gegen die Ergebnisse von Conrad aufwiesen, unseres Erachtens Fehler besitzen. Es gilt das Gesetz von Coulomb für die Streuung von Wasserstoffkernen an Wasserstoffmolekülen bei den kleinen von Conrad benutzten Streuungswinkeln und Geschwindigkeiten mindestens in erster Näherung auf etwa 10 bis 20 Proz. Die Schwierigkeit, die verschiedenen Einflüsse, Wirkung der Elektronen, Mehrfachstreuung usw. exakt zu berechnen, ist die Ursache, daß nicht eine genauere Übereinstimmung mit dem Quadratgesetz statthat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01397624
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  • 97
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    Die Absorption von Quarz und Quarzglas unterhalb 4,1 μ (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 426-427 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Quarzbande bei 2,9 μ besitzt drei Maxima bei 2,91, 2,97 und 3,02 μ. Bei Quarzglas tritt an ihrer Stelle eine schmale, einfache Bande bei 2,75 μ auf, die sehr intensiv ist. Bei Quarz und Quarzglas findet sich eine kleine Bande bei 3,75 μ.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01397318
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  • 98
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    Über die Lumineszenz des Chininsulfats (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 435-442 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Es ist für das reversible Reaktionsleuchten eine Apparatur mit einer drehbaren Scheibe konstruiert worden, die die Möglichkeit gibt, die Lumineszenz des Chininsulfats mehr als 12 Stunden ununterbrochen auf einen bestimmten Fleck aufrecht zu erhalten. 2. Das Lumineszenzspektrum ist photographiert und analysiert worden: es besteht aus zwei breiten kontinuierlichen Banden, auf deren Untergrund noch 9 schmale (von 20 bis 30 Å breite) zwischen λ=4330 und λ=3580 Å gemessen wurden. 3. Die schmalen Banden konnten sowohl in Serien, als auch in ein Termniveauschema eingeordnet werden. 4. Es wird die Auffassung gestützt, daß es nur ein Leuchten bei der Wasserabgabe gibt. 5. Über den Energieumsatz wird diskutiert.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01397320
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  • 99
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    Über die Bewegung einer zähen Flüssigkeit um eine dünne Kreisscheibe, die in dieser Flüssigkeit um ihre Achse schwingt (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 448-474 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01397322
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  • 100
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    Zur Kristallstruktur des Thalliums (1927)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 42 (1927), S. 479-480 
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    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß Tl nicht hexagonal dichtest gepackt kristallisiert.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01397324
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