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  • Springer  (110,875)
  • 2015-2019  (106,098)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969
  • 1960-1964
  • 1925-1929  (4,777)
  • 2015  (106,098)
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  • 2015-2019  (106,098)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969
  • 1960-1964
  • 1925-1929  (4,777)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-12-23
    Description: Although human behavior is the crucial factor in the degree of vulnerability and the likelihood of disasters taking place, preparedness and prevention programs are not mandatory in all countries around the world. Within the framework of UPStrat-MAFA (Urban disaster Prevention Strategies using MAcroseismic FAults), we have defined the disaster prevention strategies based on education management information and actions taken in Iceland, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. A detailed comparative study shows that compulsory school in these four participating countries is greatly unprepared with regard to hazard education, and these results are in line with worldwide studies. Moreover, when hazards are addressed, this is not done at an early age, which results in a missed chance to intervene in the noncognitive side of awareness, which decreases at later ages. To comply with the urge to take actions towards training and education at an early age, we used hands-on tools and learn-by-playing approaches in an informal learning environment. To reach the older population, the audio- visual media appears to be the best and lowest cost alternative to promote risk perception, awareness and education.
    Description: Published
    Description: 77-80
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Disaster prevention ; Education ; Seismic hazard ; Information strategies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-11-25
    Description: This chapter provides an overview of last two decades, European experiences in educational seismology and describes the different contexts in which they have been developed. The basic idea of these educational projects is that Seismology may represent an efficient communication vehicle for teaching a wide range of basic Earth sci-ence topics through laboratory practices and educational activities. Moreover it is also an effective tool to raise in the young citizens the awareness on the earthquake risk and possible mitigation actions. In this frame several seismic stations with different technologies were installed in schools across Europe. The scientific support of re-searchers and the need to establish strong links between teachers and researchers attribute to the school an active role in the knowledge process using the scientific laboratory practice by adopting the “learning by doing” modern approach of science communication (R. Schank and C. Cleary, 1995, Engines for Education, Ed. Routledge, 248 pp). Some educational activities correlated with seismological projects are presented, following different strategies depending on the country, but all aimed at building a new way to communicate science in the schools. The new vogue is the opening toward social networks and blogs. This generalizes the concept of an educational Geoscience website making it an e-platform for science communication and multimedia data sharing, where researchers, teachers, students and education op-erators can interact and constantly be kept informed of ongoing activities and relevant events. All of these 'seismology at school' initiatives rely on the concept of school networking and will merge in the European project NERA (Network of European Research Infrastructures for Earthquake Risk Assessment and Mitigation, http://www.nera-eu.org/) where a spe-cific workpackage is dedicated to networking school seismology programs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 145-170
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: educational seismology ; educational projects ; learning by doing ; science communication ; school seismology ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-12-23
    Description: The Disruption Index is used here for the assessment of urban disruption in the Mt. Etna area after a natural disaster. The first element of the procedure is the definition of the seismic input, which is based on information about the historical seismicity and seismogenic faults. The second element is the computation of the seismic impact on the building stock and infrastructure in the region considered. Information on urban-scale vulnerability was collected and a geographic information system was used to organize the data relating to buildings and network systems (e.g., typologies, schools, strategic structures, lifelines). The central idea underlying the definition of the Disruption Index is the identification and evaluation of the impacts on a target community, considering the physical elements that contribute most to the severe disruption. The results of this study are therefore very useful for earthquake preparedness planning and for the development of strategies to minimize the risks from earthquakes. This study is a product of the European “Urban Disaster Prevention Strategies using Macroseismic Fields and Fault Sources” project (UPStrat-MAFA European project 2013).
    Description: Published
    Description: Torino
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic impact ; Disruption index ; Urban system ; Risk measures ; Mt. Etna area (Italy) ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: A new climate model has been developed that employs a multi-resolution dynamical core for the sea ice-ocean component. In principle, the multi-resolution approach allows one to use enhanced horizontal resolution in dynamically active regions while keeping a coarse-resolution setup otherwise. The coupled model consists of the atmospheric model ECHAM6 and the finite element sea ice-ocean model (FESOM). In this study only moderate refinement of the unstructured ocean grid is applied and the resolution varies from about 25 km in the northern North Atlantic and in the tropics to about 150 km in parts of the open ocean; the results serve as a benchmark upon which future versions that exploit the potential of variable resolution can be built. Details of the formulation of the model are given and its performance in simulating observed aspects of the mean climate is described. Overall, it is found that ECHAM6–FESOM realistically simulates many aspects of the observed climate. More specifically it is found that ECHAM6–FESOM performs at least as well as some of the most sophisticated climate models participating in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. ECHAM6–FESOM shares substantial shortcomings with other climate models when it comes to simulating the North Atlantic circulation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Balanced information and education are fundamental prerequisites for risk prevention and preparedness. Among others, children embody our best chance to implant appropriate behaviors that will be recalled during hazardous situations and to involve adults according to a knowledge chain reaction. In this work, scientists challenge their communication skills to built a set of hands-on and learn-by-play based laboratory activities, for primary and secondary schools, addressing three major issues: (1) the location of earthquakes and volcanoes on Earth; (2) earthquakes and eruptions mechanisms; (3) earthquakes unpredictability. Students are asked to place volcanoes and earthquakes epicenters (issue 1) on a wooden plate puzzle according to Plate dynamics. To addresses eruption mechanisms (issue 2) and related hazard, we use backing soda forced blowing out from a volcano vent and suggest that a pyroclastic flow is fast, it can spread over a large area and raise high up to the stratosphere. Earthquake mechanisms (issue 2) are discussed describing the energy buildup, release, and transfer, using a wooden sticks bendand- break analogy. The display of acoustic waves caused by the breakage in different situations allows understanding of both the rupture energy and the wave attenuation. Earthquakes occurrence (issue 3) is addressed using steadily pulled blocks sliding on a frictional surface, where pins simulate asperities. These activities were tested, involving thousands of students. Discussions with students and teachers and the analysis of the answers to specific questionnaires gave us confidence that we proposed proper tools to raise risk awareness
    Description: Published
    Description: 89-93
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Seismic and volcanic hazards, Outreach, Education ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On October 25th 2011 a devastating flood hit the Vara and Magra valleys in Italy and left an unforgettable scratch in the inhabitants’ minds. Cloudy with a Chance of ideas! (Piovono idee!) is an active journey of discovery and training on hydrogeological risk and climate change. Land preservation and safety of people living on it are issues, which we would like to help citizens get perception about, in order to instill awareness on the actions that can be taken towards risk mitigation. Cloudy with a Chance of ideas! stemmed from this belief, and it is the result of a collaborative planning in which primary and secondary school students, living within cities heavily hit by the flood, took actively part. Children were helped by experts and scientists to build an exhibition devoted to hydrogeological risk. Here interactive workspaces, games and educational laboratories, allow visitors explore concepts, phenomena and their consequences on land and inhabitants. Issues are addressed from a daily actions perspective, where everybody might make the difference towards sustainability and trigger good practices on natural hazards risk reduction.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121-124
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: hydrogeological risk, climate change, prevention, environmental impact, territory. ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The paper examines the correlations to obtain rough estimates of the shear wave velocity VS from nonseismic dilatometer tests (DMT) and cone penetration tests (CPT). While the direct measurement of VS is obviously preferable, these correlations may turn out useful in various circumstances. The experimental results at six international research sites suggest that the DMT predictions of VS from the parameters ID (material index), KD (horizontal stress index), MDMT (constrained modulus) are more reliable and consistent than the CPT predictions from qc (cone resistance), presumably because of the availability, by DMT, of the stress history index KD.
    Description: Published
    Description: 83-92
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: horizontal stress index ; shear wave velocity ; flat dilatometer test ; cone penetration test ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: In 2011 a research project on volcanic risk assessment at La Réunion Island (Project Aléa, Institute de Physique du Globe de Paris, France) was conducted in order to determine more efficient strategies to manage future volcanic crises. The project included the evaluation of volcanic scenarios through field and historical data analysis, as well as a survey on volcanic risk perception in resident population. A clear scientific information and an effective communication with public play a crucial role in risk mitigation strategies. In particular, the evaluation of the public perception during both volcanic crises and dormant periods is an important element in developing actions focused on specific social and cultural contexts. A questionnaire was developed based on the ones used in similar researches conducted on Italian active volcanoes. Items were designed to measure variables connected with personal perception of hazard and risk, trust in mitigation actions and in information received about these aspects. In addition, specific items related to the peculiarities of La Réunion Island environment were included. A total of 2,000 questionnaires were distributed taking into account factors such as the proximity to the volcano and the involvement of communities in recent volcanic emergencies. Main results coming out from this survey, if on the one hand show an adequate residents’ perception of natural hazards, on the other hand highlight their poor knowledge of the island’ active volcano, a similar lacking knowledge of emergency plan for volcanic crises, but also a high confidence in scientists to provide accurate and reliable information on volcanic risk and hazards in contrast with Local Authorities. Remarkable findings of this study assess some key elements that should be considered by the institutions in charge for defining policies aimed to volcanic risk mitigation and management of future volcanic crises.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: risk perception, volcanic hazards ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This book is one out of 8 IAEG XII Congress volumes, and deals with education and the professional ethics, which scientists, regulators, and practitioners of engineering geology inevitably have to face through the purposes, methods, limitations, and findings of their works. This volume presents contributions on the professional responsibilities of engineering geologists; the interaction of engineering geologists with other professionals; recognition of the engineering geological profession and its particular contribution to society, culture, and economy; and implications for the education of engineering geologists at tertiary level and in further education schemes. Issues treated in this volume are: the position of engineering geology within the geo-engineering profession; professional ethics and communication; resource use and re-use; managing risk in a litigious world; engineering and geological responsibility; and engineering geology at tertiary level. The Engineering Geology for Society and Territory volumes of the IAEG XII Congress held in Torino from September 15-19, 2014, analyze the dynamic role of engineering geology in our changing world and build on the four main themes of the congress: Environment, processes, issues, and approaches.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geoeducation ; Professional Ethics ; Engineering Geology ; Communication ; Society ; Risks management ; Georesources ; Geological responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book
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  • 10
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    Springer
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Published
    Description: 7A. Geofisica di esplorazione
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Gas seepage, methane ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Earth is a system of interconnected systems, whose complexity is far from being fully understood by a reductionist approach alone. In this chapter we introduce the concept of geosystemics and the use of the entropy to characterize some aspects of the phenomena under study. We will show how entropy and criticality of the system are central to better understand the most important general features of earthquakes. We will analyze two recent seismic sequences culminated with a main-shock (2009 L’Aquila and 2012 Emilia, both in Italy) to show the potential of this approach and to understand some important characteristics of the seismicity under scrutiny.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-20
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: geosystemics, earthquake, complexity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The defence against natural hazards involves many actors with different roles: geoscientists, decision makers, local authorities, mass media, citizens. A proper management of georisks requires that each role is well-defined and governed by shared operational protocols, especially during the emergency phase, so that overlapping and misunderstanding don’t jeopardize population safety and economic activities. To achieve good results in this direction, it is necessary to undertake a careful evaluation of the limits and expectations of each component of society and the respect of legitimate aspirations and prerogatives. An effective defence system against natural hazards should be planned rationally and based on scientific data, in order to avoid alarmism among citizens, misleading sensationalism by media, careless decisions by politicians, as well as approximation in managing different phases of the risk cycle. Taking into consideration geoethical aspects related to natural hazards can be helpful to make geoscientists aware of their responsibilities towards society and to clarify the role they can play in the interaction with other actors, aiming at more efficacious actions for georisk mitigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 59-62
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Natural hazards ; Risks ; Society ; Responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Risk perception is a fundamental element in the definition and the adoption of preventive counter-measures. In order to develop effective information and risk communication strategies, the perception of risks and the influencing factors should be known. This paper presents preliminary results of a survey on seismic risk perception in Italy. The research design combines a psychometric and a cultural theoretic approach. More than 5,000 on-line tests have been compiled from January 23rd till July 25th, 2013. The data collected show that in Italy seismic risk perception is strongly underestimated; 86 on 100 Italian citizens, living in the most dangerous zone (namely Zone 1), do not have a correct perception of seismic hazard. From these observations we deem that extremely urgent measures are required in Italy to reach an effective way to communicate seismic risk"This study has benefited from funding provided by the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri - Dipartimento di Protezione Civile (DPC). This paper does not necessarily represent DPC official opinion and policies".
    Description: Published
    Description: 69-75
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Risk perception ; Seismic hazard ; Hazard communication ; Seismic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Tritium is a naturally occurring radionuclide, due to interactions of cosmic-rays with the upper layers of the atmosphere; but its presence in the environment is mainly due to residual fallout from nuclear weapons atmosphere tests, carried out from 1952 till 1980. Tritium reaches the Earth’s surface mainly in the form of precipitation, becoming part of the hydrological cycle, then the interest of tritium content analysis in drinking water is both for dosimetry and health-risk and for using tritium as a natural tracer in the groundwater circulation system. This paper presents results from a survey carried out in the Mt. Etna area (east and west flanks) and in the southern side of Nebrodi in Sicily (Italy), in order to determine tritium activity concentrations in water samples by using liquid scintillation counter. The investigated areas show quite low tritium concentrations, much below the Italian limit of 100 Bq L-1 for drinking water and even comparable with the minimum detectable activity value. The effective dose due to tritium for public drinking water consumption was also evaluated.
    Description: Published
    Description: 861-866
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Tritium ; Tritiated water ; Liquid scintillation ; Mt. Etna ; Drinking water ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.07. Radioactivity and isotopes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This work presents a review of archeological evidence of strong earthquakes occurring in Sicily at a time of Greek and Roman colonization, a period of considerable political, economic and social instability. In this historical context, the earthquake effects may have been obscured or overlooked to some extent and consequently the documentary information on ancient earthquakes, when available, is often sparse and lacking objectivity. The studied cases combine historical and archaeological data together with the evidence of structural damage to archaeological sites. Looking into past, the vocation of archaeoseismology lies in the identification of past seismic events, and particularly what the ancient society knew on earthquakes, and what kind of seismic effects produced on buildings and sites.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 491-504
    Description: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Archaeoseismology ; Historical seismicity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Abstract In this study, we describe two experiments of seismic noise measurements carried out in Naples, Italy. The site allowed measurements to be obtained both at the surface and in a tunnel that is 120-m-deep. The main goal was to compare the seismic response evaluated at the surface to the in-tunnel response, through spectral, polarization, and resonance directivity analyses. In the 1 to 20 Hz frequency band, the noise level was up to 15 dB higher at the surface than in the tunnel. The polarization properties and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios appear not to be influenced by the tunnel geometry or by the topography. Some preferential alignments were observed in the polarization azimuths computed at the surface, which are likely to be due to local sources, rather than morphological features. The absence of directivity effects and the low noise levels in the tunnel make this site suitable for installing seismic stations. We also studied how the subsoil structure affects the seismic motion at the surface. The dispersive properties of the Rayleigh waves were investigated using the spatial autocorrelation method. A joint inversion of the dispersion data and the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios provided the subsurface Vs profile. The derived model has a low velocity contrast at depth, such as to generate moderate and broad H/V spectral ratio peak amplitude. The normalized spectral ratio appears more appropriate to identify the soil-resonance frequencies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 385 - 400
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: seismic noise ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: The results of a detailed seismic microzonation study performed at Canazei (Trentino—Northern Italy) are here presented. We investigated the local seismic response of this small village using a Level 3 seismic microzonation, the most accurate according to the Italian Code of Seismic Microzonation. This method consists of gradual steps of knowledge to consider different aspects of the amplification phenomena. A multidisciplinary approach has been performed, including a local geological study, geophysical investigations, geotechnical characterization of lithologies and numerical analyses. The obtained elastic response spectra were compared to the spectra prescribed by the Italian Building Code. Our results show the geologic and geophysical subsoil heterogeneities, responsible for different local seismic responses in terms of acceleration spectra and amplification factors.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1085-1089
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismic microzonation ; Response spectra ; Amplification factor ; Canazei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: The communication process between the geoscientists and native communities in risk areas can significantly affect disaster prevention and land use planning. In Peru, the problem of disaster prevention is a fundamental policy due to unfamiliarity and deficiency of the associate information on the population. It is possible that talk of disaster prevention it will be an unlikely ideal in a country where most towns have settled on unplanned projects by the constant change and the lack of interest from the authorities in such topics. However, it is anachronistic that the rural communities and towns continue to live without a plan to enable them to improve their quality of life. The correct use of geoscience information in the mass media can help in this work. The characteristics of the enterprise in Peru require more training by professionals in the geosciences and support communication specialists. In this paper, we analyze the problem of communication for disaster prevention in Peru, with the aim of contributing to the articulation of a disaster prevention strategy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 81-83
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Communication process ; Disaster prevention ; Risk management ; Peru ; Geoethics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2017-01-03
    Description: Submarine channel systems on and off glaciated continental margins can be up to hundreds of kilometres long, tens of kilometres wide and hundreds of metres deep. They result from repeated erosion and various downslope processes predominantly during glacial periods and can, therefore, provide valuable tools for the reconstruction of past ice-sheet dynamics. The Kongsfjorden Channel System (KCS) on the continental slope off northwest Svalbard provides evidence that downslope sedimentary processes are locally more dominant than regional along-slope sedimentation. It is a relatively short channel system (*120 km) that occurs at a large range of water depths (*250–4000 m) with slope gradients varying between 0 and 20. Multiple gullies on the Kongsfjorden Trough Mouth Fan merge to small channels that further merge to a main channel. The overall location of the channel system is controlled by variations in slope gradients and the ambient regional bathymetry. The widest and deepest incisions occur in areas of the steepest slope gradients. The KCS has probably been active since *1 Ma when glacial activity on Svalbard increased and grounded ice expanded to the shelf break off Kongsfjorden repeatedly. Activity within the system was probably highest during glacials. However, reduced activity presumably took place also during interglacials.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2016-02-28
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Pteropods are important organisms in highlatitude ecosystems, and they are expected to severely suffer from climate change in the near future. In this study, sedimentation patterns of two pteropod species, the polar Limacina helicina and the subarctic boreal L. retroversa, are presented. Time series data received by moored sediment traps at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Observatory HAUSGARTEN in eastern Fram Strait were analyzed during the years 2008 to 2012. Results were derived from four different deployment depths (200, 1,250, 2,400, and 2,550 m) at two different sites (79°N 04'200E; 79°430N 04'300E). A species-specific sedimentation pattern was present at all depths and at both sites showing maximal flux rates during September/October for L. helicina and in November/December for L. retroversa. The polar L. helicina was outnumbered by L. retroversa (55–99 %) at both positions and at all depths supporting the recently observed trend toward the dominance of the subarctic boreal species. The largest decrease in pteropod abundance occurred within the mesopelagic zone (*200–1,250 m), indicating loss via microbial degradation and grazing. Pteropod carbonate (aragonite) amounted up to *75 % of the total carbonate flux at 200 m and 2–13 % of the aragonite found in the shallow traps arrived at the deep sediment traps (*160 m above the seafloor), revealing the significance of pteropods in carbonate export at Fram Strait. Our results emphasize the relevance and the need for continuation of long-term studies to detect and trace changes in pteropod abundances and community composition and thus in the vertical transport of aragonite.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 22
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    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Free Preview Impact of Climate Changes on Marine Environments, Book, Springer, 15 p., pp. 23-37, ISBN: 978-3-319-14282-1
    Publication Date: 2020-03-05
    Description: This book contributes to the current discussion on global environmental changes by discussing modifications in marine ecosystems related to global climate changes. In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate changes are associated with shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen concentration and ocean acidification, which have significant biological effects on a regional and global scale. Knowing how these changes affect the distribution and abundance of plankton in the ocean currents is crucial to our understanding of how climate change impacts the marine environment. Ocean temperatures, weather and climatic changes greatly influence the amount and location of nutrients in the water column. If temperatures and currents change, the plankton production cycle may not coincide with the reproduction cycle of fish. The above changes are closely related to the changes in radiative forcing, which initiate feedback mechanisms like changes in surface temperature, circulation, and atmospheric chemistry.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics, Springer Briefs in Earth System Sciences, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 89-95, ISBN: 978-3-319-00692-5
    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: This study aims to understand the dust deposition changes on the Antarctic ice sheet in different climatic stages. To this end high resolution dust concentration and size profiles from the EPICA-DML ice core over the transition from the last Glacial to the Holocene (T1) were combined with model experiments for four interglacial time slices and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). A strong decrease in dust concentration (factor 46) and a slight increase in dust size was observed during T1. A strong coupling between transport and intensified sources during the Glacial could be derived from the seasonal variability of concentration and size and its phase-lag. This strong coupling vanishes during the Holocene. The model simulates increased dust deposition in Antarctica for all past interglacial time slices compared to the pre-industrial period. The major cause for the increase is enhanced Southern Hemisphere dust emission, but changes in atmospheric transport are also relevant. The maximum dust deposition in Antarctica is simulated for the LGM, showing a 10-fold increase compared to preindustrial conditions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    In:  EPIC3Ocean Dynamics, Springer, 65(1), pp. 33-47, ISSN: 1616-7341
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Finite-volume discretizations can be formulated on unstructured meshes composed of different polygons. A staggered cell-vertex finite-volume discretization of shallow water equations is analyzed on mixed meshes composed of triangles and quads. Although triangular meshes are most flexible geometrically, quads are more efficient numerically and do not support spurious inertial modes of triangular cell- vertex discretization. Mixed meshes composed of triangles and quads combine benefits of both. In particular, triangular transitional zones can be used to join quadrilateral meshes of differing resolution. Based on a set of examples involving shallow water equations, it is shown that mixed meshes offer a viable approach provided some background biharmonic viscosity (or the biharmonic filter) is added to stabilize the triangular part of the mesh.
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    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Springer Earth System Sciences, Heidelberg, Springer, 9 p., pp. 197-205, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Publication Date: 2016-11-14
    Description: Knowledge of snow accumulation rates of the large polar ice sheets and their variability over time is crucial for mass budget studies and sea level predictions. Here we present mean long-term snow accumulation rates of 12 shallow ice cores drilled by the North Greenland traverse in the northern part of Greenland. The ice core records cover the last 500 to 1000 years. We find a trend of decreasing accumulation rate from the southwest (~180 mmWE/a) to northeast (~95 mmWE/a). Ice divide sites show higher accumulation rates but also higher variability (up to 20%) than sites off the ice divides (less than 10%). Unlike a recent modeling study our results indicate no change in the accumulation in the north of Greenland during the last 400 years
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    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, (Springer Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg [u.a.], Springer, 251 p., pp. 173-182, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Publication Date: 2015-02-11
    Description: Understanding the climate of the past is essential for anticipating future climate change. Palaeoclimatic archives are the key to the past, but few marine archives (including tropical corals) combine long recording times (decades to centuries) with high temporal resolution (decadal to intra-annual). In temperate and polar regions carbonate shells can perform the equivalent function as a proxy archive as corals do in the tropics. The bivalve Arctica islandica is a particularly unique bio-archive owing to its wide distribution throughout the North Atlantic and its extreme longevity (up to 500 years). This paper exemplifies how information at intra-annual and decadal scales is derived from A. islandica shells and combined into a detailed picture of past conditions. Oxygen isotope analysis (δ18O) provides information on the intra-annual temperature cycle while frequency analysis of shell growth records identifies decadal variability such as a distinct 5-year signal, which might be linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation.
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    In:  EPIC3Marine Geophysical Reseach, Springer, 36, pp. 281-291
    Publication Date: 2015-11-06
    Description: Deep sea sediment budgets can be used to constrain erosion rates in the neighboring continents from which the material was derived. Here we construct a sediment budget for the Transkei Basin, offshore South Africa using an existing seismic reflection survey and dated by correlation of seismic attributes to dated sections in nearby basins. Backstripping of the sections reveals that sediment accumulation rates fell from 110 to 11 Ma, with a possible period of rapid accumulation from 36 to 34 Ma that may be driven by strengthening of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). The long term trend is linked to erosional degradation of the onshore continental escarpment, formed as a consequence of continental break-up. No change is noted at 30 Ma, coincident with proposed uplift of southern Africa driven by plume activity. The basin shows a significant increase in sediment accumulation after 11 Ma, which we interpret to reflect strengthening and rerouting of the AABW from the south into Transkei Basin, as a far field effect of the start of closure of the Indonesian Throughflow.
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    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences, Germany, Springer, 5 p., pp. 31-35, ISBN: 978-3-319-00693-2
    Publication Date: 2015-06-05
    Description: In an attempt to assess trends of Holocene sea-surface temperature (SST), two proxies have been compiled and analyzed in light of model simulations. The data reveal contrasting SST trends, depending upon the proxy used to derive Holocene SST history. To reconcile these mismatches between proxies in the estimated Holocene SST trends, it has been proposed that the Holocene evolution of orbitally-driven seasonality of the incoming radiation is the first-order driving mechanism of the observed SST trends. Such hypothesis has been further tested in numerical models of the Earth system with important implications for SST signals ultimately recorded by marine sediment cores. The analysis of model results and alkenone proxy data for the Holocene indicate a similar pattern in temperature change, but the simulated SST trends underestimate the proxy-based SST trends by a factor of two to five. SST trends based on Mg/Ca show no correspondence with model results. We explore whether the consideration of different growing seasons and depth habitats of the planktonic organisms used for temperature reconstruction could lead to a better agreement of model results with alkenone data on a regional scale. We found that invoking shifts in the living season and habitat depth can remove some of the model–data discrepancies in SST trends. Our results indicate that modeled and reconstructed temperature trends are to a large degree only qualitatively comparable, thus providing at present a challenge for the interpretation of proxy data as well as the model sensitivity to orbital forcing.
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    In:  EPIC3Social recognition in invertebrates - The knowns and the unknowns, Springer, 16 p., pp. 85-100, ISBN: 978-3-319-17599-7
    Publication Date: 2015-06-02
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Geo-Marine Letters 35 (2015): 135-144, doi:10.1007/s00367-014-0392-0.
    Description: Multibeam bathymetry, collected during NOAA hydrographic surveys in 2008 and 2009, is coupled with USGS data from sampling and photographic stations to map the seabed morphology and composition of Rhode Island Sound along the US Atlantic coast, and to provide information on sediment transport and benthic habitats. Patchworks of scour depressions cover large areas on seaward-facing slopes and bathymetric highs in the sound. These depressions average 0.5–0.8 m deep and occur in water depths reaching as much as 42 m. They have relatively steep well-defined sides and coarser-grained floors, and vary strongly in shape, size, and configuration. Some individual scour depressions have apparently expanded to combine with adjacent depressions, forming larger eroded areas that commonly contain outliers of the original seafloor sediments. Where cobbles and scattered boulders are present on the depression floors, the muddy Holocene sands have been completely removed and the winnowed relict Pleistocene deposits exposed. Low tidal-current velocities and the lack of obstacle marks suggest that bidirectional tidal currents alone are not capable of forming these features. These depressions are formed and maintained under high-energy shelf conditions owing to repetitive cyclic loading imposed by high-amplitude, long-period, storm-driven waves that reduce the effective shear strength of the sediment, cause resuspension, and expose the suspended sediments to erosion by wind-driven and tidal currents. Because epifauna dominate on gravel floors of the depressions and infauna are prevalent in the finer-grained Holocene deposits, it is concluded that the resultant close juxtaposition of silty sand-, sand-, and gravel-dependent communities promotes regional faunal complexity. These findings expand on earlier interpretations, documenting how storm wave-induced scour produces sorted bedforms that control much of the benthic geologic and biologic diversity in Rhode Island Sound.
    Description: This work was supported by the Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Atlantic Hydrographic Branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Climate Dynamics 45 (2015): 3563-3591, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2557-6.
    Description: Part of climate changes on decadal time scales can be interpreted as the result of adiabatic motions associated with the adjustment of wind-driven circulation, i.e., the heaving of the isopycnal surfaces. Heat content changes in the ocean, including hiatus of global surface temperature and other phenomena, can be interpreted in terms of heaving associated with adjustment of wind-driven circulation induced by decadal variability of wind. A simple reduced gravity model is used to examine the consequence of adiabatic adjustment of the wind-driven circulation. Decadal changes in wind stress forcing can induce three-dimensional redistribution of warm water in the upper ocean. In particular, wind stress change can generate baroclinic modes of heat content anomaly in the vertical direction; in fact, changes in stratification observed in the ocean may be induced by wind stress change at local or in the remote parts of the world oceans. Intensification of the equatorial easterly can induce cooling in the upper layer and warming in the subsurface layer. The combination of this kind of heat content anomaly with the general trend of warming of the whole water column under the increasing greenhouse effect may offer an explanation for the hiatus of global surface temperature and the accelerating subsurface warming over the past 10–15 years. Furthermore, the meridional transport of warm water in the upper ocean can lead to sizeable transient meridional overturning circulation, poleward heat flux and vertical heat flux. Thus, heaving plays a key role in the oceanic circulation and climate.
    Keywords: Adiabatic motions ; Heaving ; Subtropical and subpolar gyres ; Southern oceans ; Baroclinic modes of heating content anomaly ; Wind-driven circulation ; Climate variability of heat content
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Estuaries and Coasts 38 (2015): 1719-1734, doi:10.1007/s12237-014-9885-3.
    Description: Estuarine residence time is a major driver of eutrophication and water quality. Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor (BB-LEH), New Jersey, is a lagoonal back-barrier estuary that is subject to anthropogenic pressures including nutrient loading, eutrophication, and subsequent declines in water quality. A combination of hydrodynamic and particle tracking modeling was used to identify the mechanisms controlling flushing, residence time, and spatial variability of particle retention. The models demonstrated a pronounced northward subtidal flow from Little Egg Inlet in the south to Pt. Pleasant Canal in the north due to frictional effects in the inlets, leading to better flushing of the southern half of the estuary and particle retention in the northern estuary. Mean residence time for BB-LEH was 13 days but spatial variability was between ∼0 and 30 days depending on the initial particle location. Mean residence time with tidal forcing alone was 24 days (spatial variability between ∼0 and 50 days); the tides were relatively inefficient in flushing the northern end of the Bay. Scenarios with successive exclusion of physical processes from the models revealed that meteorological and remote offshore forcing were stronger drivers of exchange than riverine inflow. Investigations of water quality and eutrophication should take into account spatial variability in hydrodynamics and residence time in order to better quantify the roles of nutrient loading, production, and flushing.
    Description: Funding was provided by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and the Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey.
    Keywords: Hydrodynamic modeling ; Residence time ; Particle tracking ; Back-barrier estuaries ; Eutrophication
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    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In recent years significant momentum has occurred in the development of Internet resources for decision makers and scientists interested in the coast. Chief among these has been the development of coastal web atlases (CWAs). While multiple benefits are derived from these tailor-made atlases (e.g., speedy access to multiple sources of coastal data and information), the potential exists to derive added value from the integration of disparate CWAs, to optimize decision making at a variety of levels and across themes. This paper describes the development of a semantic mediator prototype to provide a common access point to coastal data, maps and information from distributed CWAs. The prototype showcases how ontologies and ontology mappings can be used to integrate different heterogeneous and autonomous atlases, using the Open Geospatial Consortium’s Catalogue Services for the Web.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Coastal web atlas ; Coastal atlas ; Data semantics ; Semantic web technologies ; Information retrieval ; GIS ; Ontologies ; Catalogue services for the web (CSW) ; Mediation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Conference Material , Refereed
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    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), (SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg, Springer, 139 p., pp. 109-114, ISBN: 978-3-319-00692-5, ISSN: 2191-589X
    Publication Date: 2015-02-04
    Description: To achieve a better understanding of the hydrologic evolution of the North-West (NW) African monsoon system during the Holocene, in particular during inferred abrupt climate changes at the end of the African Humid Period (AHP), we investigated terrigenous plant lipids deposited in marine sediments offshore NW Africa. Changes in rainfall amount were estimated by compound-specific hydrogen isotope (δD) analyses. The spatial gradient of rainfall isotopic compositions is reflected in marine surface sediments. δD changes in plant waxes covering the last 100 years confirm the observed decrease in rainfall during the late twentieth century Sahel drought, and thus can be used for a quantitative calibration of δD and pre- cipitation. δD changes in sedimentary plant waxes show no abrupt change at the end of the AHP suggesting a gradual precipitation decline. These results are supported by Holocene climate simulations using a coupled atmosphere-land surface model, which includes an explicit modeling of isotopic fractionation within the hydrological cycle.
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    In:  EPIC3Heidelberg, Springer, 250 p., ISBN: 978-3-642-37008-3
    Publication Date: 2015-06-05
    Description: This work provides a short "getting started" guide to Fortran 90/95. The main target audience consists of newcomers to the field of numerical computation within Earth system sciences (students, researchers or scientific programmers). Furthermore, readers accustomed to other programming languages may also benefit from this work, by discovering how some programming techniques they are familiar with map to Fortran 95.
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    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 37-42, ISBN: 978-3-319-00692-5, ISSN: 2191-589X
    Publication Date: 2016-05-13
    Description: Environmental changes in the region connecting the Arctic Ocean and the northern North Atlantic were studied for the last 9,000 years (9 ka) by a combination of proxy-based paleoceanographic reconstructions as well as transient and time-slice simulations with climate models. Today, the area is perennially ice-covered in the west and ice-free in the east. Results show that sea-ice conditions were highly variable on short timescales in the last 9 ka. However, sea-ice proxies reveal an overall eastward movement of the sea-ice margin, in line with a decreasing influence of warm Atlantic Water advected to the Arctic Ocean. These cooling trends were rapidly reversed 100 years ago and replaced by the general warming in the Arctic. Model results show a consistently high freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean during the last 7 ka. The signal is robust against the Holocene cooling trend, however sensitive towards the warming trend of the last century. These results may play a role in the observed Arctic changes.
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    In:  EPIC3Springer, 206 p., ISBN: 9401793972
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: This volume contains studies on the evolution and function of lightweight constructions of planktonic and other organisms, and examples of how they can be used to create new solutions for radical innovations of lightweight constructions for technological application. The principles and underlying processes responsible for evolution and biodiversity of marine plankton organisms are highly relevant and largely unresolved issues in the field of marine science. Amongst the most promising objects for the study of evolution of stable lightweight constructions are marine organisms such as diatoms or radiolarians. Research in these fields requires interdisciplinary expertises such as in evolutionary modelling, paleontology, lightweight optimization, functional morphology, and marine ecology. Considerable effort and expert knowledge in production engineering or lightweight optimization is necessary to transfer knowledge on biogenic structures and evolutionary principles into new lightweight solutions. This book shows methods and examples of how this can be achieved efficiently.
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    In:  EPIC3Berlin, Springer, 447 p., ISBN: 978-3-319-16510-3
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: This book describes how manmade litter, primarily plastic, has spread into the remotest parts of the oceans and covers all aspects of this pollution problem from the impacts on wildlife and human health to socio-economic and political issues. Marine litter is a prime threat to marine wildlife, habitats and food webs worldwide. The book illustrates how advanced technologies from deep-sea research, microbiology and mathematic modelling as well as classic beach litter counts by volunteers contributed to the broad awareness of marine litter as a problem of global significance. The authors summarise more than five decades of marine litter research, which receives growing attention after the recent discovery of great oceanic garbage patches and the ubiquity of microscopic plastic particles in marine organisms and habitats. In 16 chapters, authors from all over the world have created a universal view on the diverse field of marine litter pollution, the biological impacts, dedicated research activities, and the various national and international legislative efforts to combat this environmental problem. They recommend future research directions necessary for a comprehensive understanding of this environmental issue and the development of efficient management strategies. This book addresses scientists, and it provides a solid knowledge base for policy makers, NGOs, and the broader public.
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    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, (Springer Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg [u.a.], Springer, Toward, 251 p., pp. 139-148, ISBN: 978-3-319-13865-7
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Sea-ice elevation profiles and thickness measurements have been collected during summer 2011 in the Central Arctic. These two different data sets have been combined in order to obtain surface and bottom topography of the sea-ice. From the bottom profile, the keels of ridges are detected. Then, a parameterization of oceanic drag coefficients that accounts for the keels depth and density is applied. The calculated oceanic drag coefficients are highly variable (between about 2 × 10−3 and about 8 × 10−3) within the range of observed values. In order to estimate the contribution of variable drag coefficients on the Ekman pumping, the calculated drag coefficients are used in an idealized model experiment, where sea ice is drifting at constant velocity on an ocean at rest. The resulting variations of the Ekman vertical velocity are in the same order of magnitude as for variable ice velocity at the surface. In most state-of-the-art general circulation models, the variations of drag coefficients are not taken into account. The simple experiment carried out in the present study suggests that neglecting this contribution can lead to an incorrect representation of the momentum exchange between ice and ocean and to an underestimation of the Ekman pumping, with consequences for the large scale ocean circulation.
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    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Earth System Science—Past Experiences and Future Trends, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 3-7, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0, ISSN: 2197-9596
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Earth System Science has developed over the last two decades from an interesting concept in Earth sciences education to a fully integrative science focussed on understanding the complex system Earth. This evolution is partially due to the radical and far reaching anthropogenic changes and the general feeling of helplessness with regards to the possible consequences and future impacts on the Earth System. This paper proposes that a paradigm shift in undergraduate and graduate education is needed to further develop Earth System Science. Graduate programs such as the Earth System Science Research School (ESSReS), which are intrinsically trans- and interdisciplinary will help to change rigid subject specific mind-set among faculty and students. The health and sustainability of our planet is at stake
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    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 161-170, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0, ISSN: 2197-9596
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Components of the climate system, such as ice sheets and marine sediments serve as invaluable archives, which can be tapped into, to reconstruct paleoclimate conditions. The relative abundance of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in ice cores is a proxy for past local temperature evolution. However the translation of these proxies into temperature is not straightforward. Complex interdependencies in the climate system can hide or override the local climate signal at which the ice core was drilled. Using 3D ice sheet modelling in concert with passive tracer advection one can simulate the isotopic distribution in ice sheets and compare them to ice core data. Combining this method in a coupled climate model environment, containing atmosphere and ocean components, one can theoretically simulate the isotopic cycle from the source to the actual ice record. Such an approach would greatly support the interpretation of proxy data whilst constraining the output of 3D ice sheet models (ISMs). We present the implementation of passive tracer advection in our 3D ISM RIMBAY (Thoma et al. in Geosci Model Dev 1:1–21, 2014, Goeller et al. in Cryosphere 7:1095–1106, 2014) and asses the potential of the method to reproduce chronologies of the polar ice sheets
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    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, (Springer Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg [u.a.], Springer, 251 p., pp. 207-217, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The Weddell Sea basin is of particular significance for understanding climate processes, including the generation of ocean water masses and their influence on ocean circulation as well as the dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheets. The sedimentary record, preserved below the basin floor, serves as an archive of the pre-glacial to glacial development of these processes, which were accompanied by tectonic processes in its early glacial phase. Three multichannel seismic reflection transects, in total nearly 5,000 km long, are used to interpret horizons and define a seismostratigraphic model for the basin. We expand this initial stratigraphy model to the greater Weddell Sea region through a network of more than 50 additional seismic lines. Information from few boreholes are used to constrain sediment ages in this stratigraphy, supported by magnetic anomalies indicating decreasing oceanic basement ages from southeast to northwest. Using these constraints, we calculate grids to depict the depths, thicknesses and sedimentation rates of pre-glacial (145–34 Ma), transitional (34–15 Ma) and full-glacial (15 Ma to present) units. Sedimentation thicknesses and sedimentation rates were calculated at the 12 selected points in the entire basin to give a brief overview of the deposition history, which will contribute to the understanding of the Antarctic ice sheet development and dynamics from the greenhouse to icehouse world in the Cenozoic.
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    In:  EPIC3Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Berlin, Springer, 447 p., pp. 201-227, ISBN: 978-3-319-16510-3
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Microplastics in aquatic ecosystems and especially in the marine environment represent a pollution of increasing scientific and societal concern, thus, meanwhile a substantial number of studies on microplastics exist. Although first steps towards a standardisation of methodologies used for the detection and identification of microplastics in environmental samples are made, the comparability of data on microplastics is currently hampered by a huge variety of different methodologies which result in the generation of data of extremely different quality and resolution. This chapter reviews the methodology presently used for assessing the concentration of microplastics in the marine environment with focus on the most convenient techniques and approaches. After an overview of non-selective sampling approaches, sample processing and treatment in the laboratory, the reader is introduced to the currently applied techniques for the identification and quantification of microplastics. The subsequent case study on microplastics in sediment samples from the North Sea measured with focal plane array (FPA)-based micro-Fourier transform infrared (micro-FTIR) spectroscopy shows that only 1.4 % of the particles visually resembling microplastics were of synthetic polymer origin. This finding emphasizes the importance of verifying the synthetic polymer origin of potential microplastics. Thus, a burning issue concerning current microplastic research is the generation of standards that allow for the assessment of reliable data on concentrations of microscopic plastic particles and the involved polymers with analytical laboratory techniques such as micro-FTIR or micro-Raman spectroscopy.
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    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 25-35, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0, ISSN: 2197-9596
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: To describe the progress in Earth System Science, a conceptual framework is proposed which includes hypothesis testing, the formulation of models with different complexity as well as expressing discoveries in terms of metaphors. The later approach is demonstrated by the conveyor belt concept in oceanography which influenced the discussion about abrupt climate changes where the ocean circulation may be involved. It is argued that the combination of different methodologies/complexities and independent results is necessary to prevent over-simplistic views in each discipline of Earth System Science. Emphasis is given on typical steps to obtain new ideas for a new discovery. Examples for over-simplistic views are mentioned for past climate information from proxy data. The recorder system of the proxy has to be taken into account, otherwise the climate information can be misinterpreted. It is concluded that in the field of Earth System Science, basic knowledge and true collaborative problem solving is necessary to make scientists aware of the underlying principles, the limitations and open questions. This is furthermore necessary to develop and sharpen our ideas about the complex Earth System.
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    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 9-17, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The Earth System Science Research School (ESSReS) is an international and interdisciplinary research school for 23 PhD students at the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) and their partner universities: University of Bremen and Jacobs University Bremen. ESSReS combines observations, modelling, and data analysis in order to decipher the Earth’s complex climate system. Structured training, international exchange and supervision support interdisciplinary research at an early stage of the scientific career.
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    In:  EPIC3Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Berlin, Springer, 447 p., pp. 141-181, ISBN: 978-3-319-16509-7
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Floating anthropogenic litter provides habitat for a diverse community of marine organisms. A total of 387 taxa, including pro- and eukaryotic micro-organisms, seaweeds and invertebrates, have been found rafting on floating litter in all major oceanic regions. Among the invertebrates, species of bryozoans, crustaceans, molluscs and cnidarians are most frequently reported as rafters on marine litter. Microorganisms are also ubiquitous on marine litter although the composition of the microbial community seems to depend on specific substratum characteristics such as the polymer type of floating plastic items. Sessile suspension feeders are particularly well-adapted to the limited autochthonous food resources on artificial floating substrata and an extended planktonic larval development seems to facilitate colonization of floating litter at sea. Properties of floating litter, such as size and surface rugosity, are crucial for colonization by marine organisms and the subsequent succession of the rafting community. The rafters themselves affect substratum characteristics such as floating stability, buoyancy, and degradation. Under the influence of currents and winds marine litter can transport associated organisms over extensive distances. Because of the great persistence (especially of plastics) and the vast quantities of litter in the world’s oceans, rafting dispersal has become more prevalent in the marine environment, potentially facilitating the spread of invasive species.
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    In:  Geotechnologien science report | Advanced Technologies in Earth Sciences
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
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    Zoomorphology 6 (1926), S. 287-332 
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    Zoomorphology 6 (1926), S. 553-585 
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    Zoomorphology 6 (1926), S. 588-624 
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    Zoomorphology 6 (1926), S. 743-810 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Das Hirn der Hermione hystrix zeigt eine weitgehende Zentralisierung insofern als die einzelnen Hirnteile nicht wie bei anderen Polychäten lokal getrennt sind, sondern zu einem einheitlichen Organ von der Gestalt etwa einer bikonvexen Linse zusammentreten. 2. Die einzelnen Hirnteile treten also niemals an die betreffenden Sinnesorgane direkt heran, sondern entsenden zu ihnen Nerven. 3. Dieses lokale Abrücken der Hirnteile von der Kopfoberfläche bedingt eine vollständige Trennung des Hirns von der Hypodermis; das Hirn ist vollkommen von einer Neurogliahüllsubstanz umgeben. 4. Die Zentralisierung des Hirns stört aber eine weitgehende Differenzierung, die der hohen Organisation des Tieres entspricht, nicht. Es finden sich bei Hermione hystrix nicht nur die den Polychäten eigene Dreiteilung des Hirns: Vorderhirn, Mittelhirn, Hinterhirn wieder, sondern jeder dieser Abschnitte zeigt entsprechend der Differenzierung seiner Aufgabe auch eine morphologische Differenzierung. So zerfällt das Vorderhirn in drei Abschnitte: 1. das Zentrum des vorderen Sinnesepithels; 2. das sensible Palpenzentrum und 3. das stomatogastrische Nervenzentrum. Das Mittelhirn zeigt einen inneren und einen äußeren Teil, von denen ersterer wiederum eine, wenn auch unvollkommene Teilung aufweist. Die Innervierung der den mittleren Hirnabschnitten zugeteilten Sinnesorgane geschieht nur vom inneren Mittelhirn aus. Auch das Hinterhirn besteht aus zwei unvollkommen getrennten Abschnitten. Doch ist hier, bei dem kleinsten Hirnganglion, eine lokale Differenzierung seinen Aufgaben entsprechend (sensible Innervierung des Nuchalorgans und Entsendung des Nerven zum hinteren Sinnesepithel) scheinbar nicht scharf durchgeführt. 5. Histologisch ist im Hirn, abgesehen von der typischen Scheidung der Hirnrinde und der zentralen Hirnmasse innerhalb der Ganglien festzustellen, daβ das äuβere Mittelhirn aus kleinen, offensichtlich multipolaren Ganglienzellen besteht, während alle anderen Hirnganglienzellen durch ihre Gröβe und ihre Uni- höchstens Bipolarität sich von den erstgenannten Zellen unterscheiden. Hierbei ist zu beachten, daβ alle Ganglien mit groβleibigen Zellen zentrifugale Nerven entsenden, zum äuβeren Mittelhirn dagegen wohl nur intrazerebrale Kommissuren von sämtlichen anderen Ganglien zu kommen scheinen. Es erweckt den Eindruck, daβ das äuβere Mittelhirn die Zentrale im Zentralnervensystem vorstellt. 6. Durchbohrt wird das Hirn von einer Reihe von Muskeln, die zu den vom Hirn aus innervierten Sinnesorganen gehören. 7. Die Schlundkommissur ist auch bei Hermione hystrix jederseits zweiwurzelig. Sie hat ihren Ursprung im Vorderhirn und Mittelhirn, ohne daβ ich für sie in einem der beiden Hirnabschnitte ein besonderes Ganglion feststellen konnte. 8. Im Verlauf der äuβeren Schlundkommissurwurzel findet sich ein Ganglion, das deshalb als Hirnteil aufgefaβt werden muβ, weil es seine Nerven nur zu Sinnesorganen sendet, die im übrigen vom Hirn versorgt werden (Palpe, Nuchalorgan). 9. Unterhalb der Vereinigung der Schlundkommissurwurzeln besitzen die Kommissuren selbst ein Kommissuralganglion, dessen Zugehörigkeit zum Hirn oder Bauchmark nicht entschieden wird. Im übrigen sind die Schlundkommissuren in ihrem ganzen Verlauf frei von Ganglienzellen und sie entsenden keine Nerven. 10. Das Bauchmark beginnt mit einem besonders groβen Nodium, dem Unterschlundganglion. Die beiden Hälften des Bauchmarkes sind in den kurzen Internodien deutlich getrennt, in den Nodien verschmolzen. Seine Ganglien gehen nicht ineineinander über, auch nicht innerhalb desselben Nodiums. 11. Das stomatogastrische Nervensystem entspringt nur dem Vorderhirn. Es liegt am ösophagus, der Hauptsache nach dorsal, weiter hinten lateral, weist in der Gegend zwischen ösophagus und Magen mehrere Ganglien auf, umgibt hier ringförmig den Darm und entsendet mehrere Nervenäste. 12. Die Palpen empfangen auβer ihren sensiblen Vorderhirnnerven noch zwei andere Nerven, die dem Ganglion der äuβeren Schlundkommissurwurzel entstammen. 13. Die Ommatophore sind zusammengesetzte Sinnesorgane. Sie haben je zwei Augen und drei Sinnesepithelien. Ihre Innervierung geschieht durch zwei Nerven., die, vom inneren Mittelhirn kommend, beim Eintritt ins Ommatophor zusammentreten. Die Ommatophorennerven bilden im Hirn ein Chiasma. 14. Die unpaare Antenne wird ebenfalls von zwei Nerven innerviert, die im Ceratophor zu einem einheitlichen Nerven zusammentreten, und von denen jeder zwei Wurzeln zu haben scheint, eine innere und eine äuβere; die inneren Wurzeln zeigen gleich den Ommatophorennerven ein Chiasma. 15. Das Nuchalorgan ist deutlich ausgebildet und jederseits zweiteilig. Der sensible Nuchalnerv tritt, vom Hinterhirn kommend, dorsal in das Nuchalorgan ein, während die motorische Innervierung von dem Ganglion der äuβeren Schlundkommissurwurzel aus erfolgt. 16. Die Papillen zeigen keine von denen anderer Polychäten abweichende Ausbildung und Innervierung.
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    Zoomorphology 6 (1926), S. 694-742 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Einige der wichtigsten Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit seien im Folgenden nochmals kurz zusammengefaßt: 1. Von den Balearen sind bis jetzt — wenn man die zehn von mir neu gefundenen Arten dazurechnet — im ganzen 26 Ameisenarten bekannt, die sich wie auch im übrigen Mediterrangebiet im wesentlichen auf die beiden Unterfamilien der Myrmicinen und Camponotinen verteilen. Sie können als ein kleines Bruchstück der reicheren Myrmecofauna des benachbarten Spaniens bezeichnet werden. 2. Der hervorstechendste Charakterzug in der Ameisenfauna der Balearen ist das starke Überwiegen xerophiler Formen. 3. Die Messor-Arten bauen mehrstöckige Erdnester; die eingetragenen Körnervorräte dienen vor allem zur Ernährung der Brut, die während der insektenarmen Trockenzeit ihre Hauptentwicklung durchmacht. Der Hochzeitsflug findet vermutlich im Spätherbst statt und die Koloniegründung erfolgt auf unabhängigem Wege. 4. Cremastogaster scutellaris Ol. ist in ihrem Vorkommen streng an Baumbestand gebunden. Sie baut in der Rinde der Aleppokiefer charakteristische Nester mit hohen spaltförmigen Nestkammern, die bei Beschädigung mit einer harzartigen Kartonmasse ausgebessert werden. Die älteren Larvenstadien tragen jederseits eine Reihe von sechs bis acht papillenartigen Anhängen, die vielleicht als Exsudatorgane zu deuten sind. 5. Plagiolepis pygmaea Latr. wurde auf Mallorca nur im Nestbereich anderer Ameisen angetroffen, mit denen wahrscheinlich Beziehungen irgendwelcher Art bestehen.Sie scheint in ihrem Vorkommen weniger von dem ökologischen Charakter des Wohnorts als von dem Vorhandensein geeigneter Wirtsameisen abhängig zu sein. 6. Myrmica rolandi Bondr. kommt nur in feuchten Gebieten vor. Pheidole pallidula Nyl. gründet vermutlich ihre Kolonien unabhängig, worauf mehrere Funde isolierter Weibchen hinweisen. 7. Unter den Myrmecophilen ist Thorictus westwoodi Wollast. besonders erwähnenswert, der seither nur von Madeira bekannt war. Eine Spinne, Dipoena convexa Blackw. fertigt unregelmäßige Gespinste am Eingang der Messor-Nester an, in denen sie Ameisen fängt. In Gestalt und Farbe ist sie einem Ameisenabdomen sehr ähnlich und dadurch unter ihrer Beute fast unkenntlich. Aus ihrem übrigen Verbreitungsgebiet kennt man keine myrmecophilen Gewohnheiten dieser Art. 8. Die Herkunft der Ameisenfauna der Balearen läßt sich durch Einwanderung über Spanien und nachträgliche Isolierung erklären, ohne daß die Annahme einer Landverbindung mit dem tyrrhenischen Gebiet erforderlich wäre. 9. Das Fehlen der Gattung Formica auf den Balearen wie den übrigen Inseln des mediterranen Gebietes hat vermutlich in der abhängigen Koloniegründungsweise der meisten Angehörigen dieser Gattung seine Ursache.
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Naturwissenschaften 14 (1926), S. 214-219 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Naturwissenschaften 14 (1926), S. 219-223 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Naturwissenschaften 14 (1926), S. 225-231 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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