ALBERT

Description: Neohattoria Kamim. is a monotypic genus of the Jubulaceae (= Frullaniaceae) with a single species, N. herzogii (Hatt.) Kamim., known from central to northern Japan and the southern part of the Kurile Islands. The present genus was segregated from Frullania by Kamimura (1961; sub. nom. Hattoria Kamim. nom. illeg., non Schust., 1961) on the basis of the branching type, the shape of the first leaf and underleaf on branch, the total lack of secondary pigmentation, the uniform cell structure of the stem in cross section, and the strongly toothed leaf lobes. The generic concept of Neohattoria was greatly expanded by Schuster (1970), who included eight species and classified them into two subgenera, subgen. Neohattoria (with a single species) and subgen. Microfrullania Schust. (with seven species); however, Hattori et al. (1972) transferred all species of subgen. Microfrullania to a newly segregated genus Schusterella Hatt. et al., thus retaining the monotypic status of Neohattoria. As already described and illustrated by Hattori (1955), Kamimura (1961), Mizutani (1961), Ladyzhenskaja (1963), Schuster (1970), and Hattori et al. (1972), Neohattoria herzogii is closely related to species of both Jubula and Frullania. Regarding the taxonomic desposition of Neohattoria, Mizutani (1961) and Mizutani & Hattori (1969) placed it with Jubula in a subfamily Jubuloideae of Lejeuneaceae and Hattori et al. placed it in Jubulaceae (s. lat.). But, Kamimura (1961), Schuster (1970, 1979), and Guercke (1978) placed it more close to Frullania, e.g. in a subfamily Frullanioideae of Jubulaceae (s. lat.); more recently, Asakawa et al. (1979b), admitting three distinct families, Jubulaceae, Frullaniaceae, and Lejeuneaceae, placed Neohattoria and Jubula in the Jubulaceae (s. str.) but Frullania and Schusterella in the Frullaniaceae.

Description: El género Plagiochila (hepatica) esta representada en las Islas Galapagos por ocho (8) especies diferentes: P. bursata (Desv.) Lindenbg., P. galapagona Inoue, P gradsteinii Inoue, P. guilleminiana Mont., P. inouei Grolle, P. scabrifolia Inoue, P. spinifera Ångstr. y P. subplana Lindenbg. El endemismo en este género es más alto que en otros géneros de las hepaticas, con cinco (5) especies que comienzan a conocerse solamente de los Galapagos ( P. galapagona, gradsteinii, scabrifolia, inouei, y spinifera). Las otras tres (3) son comunes y ampliamente distribuidas a lo largo de la America tropical. La mayoría de las especies estan restringidas a las zonas altas-húmedas de vegetación de las Islas Galapagos (matorrales de Zanthoxylum, Miconia y pampa) excepto P. guilleminiana muy común, la cual puede presentarse en la zona seca de transición de bosque. La más amplia variación de Plagiochila ha sido vista en Isabela (Cerro Azul), San Cristobal y Santa Cruz.

Description: The originally monotypic eastern Malaysian genus Schiffneriolejeunea Verdoorn 1933 has now become a widespread, pantropical group of about fifteen species by the inclusion of species from the genus Ptychocoleus Trev. nom. illeg. Six species are known from Asia, three of which constitute the sect. Saccatae (Verdoorn) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. These are the widespread Schiffneriolejeunea tumida (Nees) Gradst., the eastern Malaysian S. cumingiana (Mont.) Gradst. and S. nymannii (Steph.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. Schiffneriolejeunea tumida is a rather polymorphic species in which two not sharply defined varieties may be distinguished: S. tumida var. tumida with more or less involuted leaf margins, and S. tumida var. haskarliana (Gott.) Gradst. & Terken comb. nov. with plane margins.

Description: Nanocyperion communities (s.l.) are considered here as “warp-and-woof” communities; the Nanocyperion components are described separately as synusiae. On the Netherlands Frisian Islands, four main synusiae have been recognized. Raunkiaer life form spectra show few differences between the communities. Life strategy spectra of the Nanocyperion synusiae, based on systems for phanerogams (modified after Bakker 1966) and bryophytes, yield the clearest patterns. A comparison of the ecology of the communities and an interpretation of the spectra in terms of avoidance of stress or competition suggest that inundations and standing crop of the communities are the main factors determining the distribution of the synusiae. Winter inundations overrule the influence of differences in productivity level, which becomes prominent in drier situations.

Description: The Colombian representatives of the lichen family Parmeliaceae with linear lobes and marginal cilia have been revised. A key is given and morphology, chemistry and distribution are treated of 12 species in three genera: Cetrariastrum Sipm. gen. nov, with C. andense (Kärnef.) Sipm. comb. nov., C. dubitans Sipm. spec. nov. and C. equadoriense (Sant.) Sipm. comb. nov., Everniastrum with E. catawbiense (Degel.) Hale, E. cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale, E. columbiense (Zahlbr.) Hale, E. fragile Sipm. spec. nov., E. planum Sipm. spec. nov., E. sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale and E. vexans (Zahlbr.) Hale, and Parmelina cleefii Sipm. spec. nov. and P. swinscowii (Hale) Hale.

Description: A phytosociological survey based on methods of the Zürich-Montpellier School was carried out in the páramo vegetation of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. The study area covers about 10,000 and comprises the páramo between the Nevado de Sumapaz (3°55'N, 4250 m), the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (6°25'N, 5493 m) and the Páramo del Almorzadero (7°N, 4375 m). The páramo vegetation was studied along various altitudinal transects from the upper forest line (3000-3500 m) up to the lower limit of the snowcap (4800 m). A general description of the study area includes data on geology, geomorphology, soils, climate, flora, phytogeography, morphological characters of the vegetation, fauna and landuse. The evolution and Quaternary history of páramo vegetation and climate is reviewed, incorporating the first data from the Lateglacial and Holocene of the Páramo de Sumapaz. The general altitudinal zonation of the páramo vegetation was studied and is presented for both the dry and the humid side of the Cordillera. The zonal and azonal plant communities are described including their physiognomy, composition and syntaxonomy, habitat and distribution. Eighty five syntaxa from the rank of variant to that of the class are newly described, 17 of which are provisional. The vegetation is not ranked syntaxonomically yet, but described on the basis of preliminary tables. A number of azonal communities, part of them of lesser extent, are described in a similar way. The páramo vegetation is primarily determined by the tropical diurnal high mountain climate. The diversity of the páramo vegetation is related to temperature (altitudinal gradient) and to humidity (dry and wet climate). The presence of zonal bunchgrass páramo, bamboo-bunchgrass páramo or bamboo páramo mainly depends on the complex interrelation between these factors. Finally a synthesis is provided on ecology, morphology and phytogeography of the páramo vegetation of the study area.

Description: Isoëtes Palmeri with a distribution in the High Andes from the Páramo of Venezuela to the Páramo of Ecuador is described as a new taxon, and dedicated to the then American specialist of the genus, Thomas Chalkley Palmer (1860-1934). The new species belongs to the tropical-Andeanaustral-antarctic section Laeves, described as new here as well. The publication of the new species had to be anticipated to the projected monographic treatment of the South-American representatives of the genus Isoëtes, as A.M. Cleef, Utrecht intends to base a new association, the Isoëtetum Palmeri on this new taxon, observed and collected by him at many instances within the Colombian Páramo between 1971 and 1980 in the context of the preparation of his doctoral thesis now under way.

Description: Until recently relatively little attention has been paid to the study of chromosomes in liverworts. The first substantial contributions were made by Heitz (1927, 1928) and Lorbeer (1934). In the second half of this century chromosome studies on liverworts were mainly carried out in Europe (e.g. Fritsch 1972; Newton 1977, 1979) and Japan (e.g. Tatuno 1959; Segawa 1965a, b, c; Inoue 1968). Inoue (in Koponen 1979) reports that until now 28% of all bryophyte species in Japan have been investigated as to their chromosome complement. A comprehensive, but rather outdated, survey of chromosome numbers in Hepaticae and Anthocerotae was given by Berrie (1960). Work on a new, updated survey is now underway (Fritsch, in prep.). In the present article results are presented of a cytotaxonomic investigation of European species of the genera Aneura and Riccardia (Aneuraceae). Most specimens were gathered in the Netherlands, but some chromosome counts based on French and German plants are also included.

Description: Because of their fleshy nature, thin leaves and membranous sepals and petals, Impatiens tend to make particularly poor herbarium specimens. If dried while still attached to the leafy part of the plant the flowers generally become badly crumpled and brittle. In such a state their more important characters become unrecognisable, and it is rarely possible to restore them to any useful degree. The leaves may also become badly crushed especially if they are not pressed absolutely flat. The collectors’ time may thus be completely wasted.

Description: Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy and his companions on the Celebes Expedition, Dr. E. Hennipman, Mr. G.J. de Joncheere and Dr. E.F. de Vogel left Leiden on 5 April 1979, visited the SING and BO-Herbaria on the way. In Celebes visit was paid to Hasanudin University at Ujung Pandang (olim Makassar), in Bali to the Botanical Garden at Bedugul. In the course of August they returned to Holland. See also Exploration. The Botanical Survey of India kindly sent the following list of changes: D.K. Banerjee: to the Industrial Section of the Indian Museum at Calcutta; N. Bhargava: to the Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; U.C. Bhattacharyya: Deputy Director, Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.N. Chakraborty: Assistant curator, Industrial Section, Indian Museum, Calcutta; U. Chatterjee: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; Mrs. Dr. S.J. Das: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; P.K. Hajra: to HQ, Howrah; B. Krishna: to HQ, Howrah; Ram Lall: Botanist, Central Circle, Allahabad; C.L. Malhotra: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; P.C. Pant: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.B. Pramanick: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah; M.K.V. Rao: to Andaman Circle, Port Blair; Dr. G.P. Roy: to Central Circle, Allahabad; B.D. Sharma: Deputy Director, Western Circle, Poona; Dr. R.C. Srivastava: Systematic Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; C.R. Tarafder: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah. Proficiat to all!

Description: Loss of species is the key issue of conservation. Contrary to misuse of land which is visible to anybody with eyes to see, the issue of extinction is sly, treacherous, and open to clear perception only for experts. It touches on quality, and reaches far out in time: hard things to grasp for non-biologists. Thus an extra responsibility devolves on those who are in a position to know and to speak. The value of the genetic resource base has been set forth in e.g. the book by O.H. Frankel & E. Bennett, Genetic resources in plants (1970), and in the BIOTROP symposium edited by J.T. Williams e.a., South East Asian plant genetic resources (1975); Myers adds many striking facts: half the prescriptions in the U.S.A. contain a drug of natural origin. The cardiac drug reserpine, from Rauvolfia, costs $ 1.25 per gram to synthesize, $ 0.75 from natural sources. The anti-polio vaccin was developed in experiments in chimpanzees. The Amerindians in Amazonia know 750 medicinal plant species. Now the possibility of massive destruction of tropical forests — where most species are located — casts some frightening shadows on the future. The question how to cope with the threat appears to be connected with human ethics and the international order. Consequently, most publications on the subject suffer from a partial lack of maturity: don’t look to Myers for ethics, nor to the Routleys for biology. It seems therefore advisable that on the part of all disciplines a common fund of knowledge and insight be built up. In my efforts, great stimulation was received from correspondence with Dr. Willem Meijer (Botany, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 40506, U.S.A.), who in his disinterested manner never fails to come up with things true and shocking.

Description: Several aspects of the sexuality in Mucorales are discussed. It is stated that neither heterothallism nor homothallism are absolute conditions and that a continuum exists between zygospores and azygospores. Mating type switching as known in ascomycetous yeasts would explain several up to now inexplicable phenomena.

Description: During an ecological study of fungi of the tidal mudflats in Kuwait, a Sporothrix species has been recorded twice, in 1977 and 1980. It differs from other species of the genus (de Hoog, 1974, 1978) in several characters and is here described as a new species. A comparison with similar species of the genus is added.

Description: Among the collections of Knema acquired by the Rijksherbarium since the publication of my new account of the genus Knema, in Blumea 25, 1979: 321 — 478, a few specimens caused problems with the identification, and at closer examination these yielded facts of interest which are published here. Some specimens represented stages not yet known, for instance fruits, or male flowers, while other specimens meant a significant range extension of the species. Two new species and one new subspecies are described. For easy reference, the sequence and numbers of the species presently treated correspond with the numbers as used in the account of 1979. The new species bear the number of the species after which they appear in the general key of 1979, with the addition ‘-bis’.

Description: The early development (ontogeny) of the carpels of 20 species belonging to 8 apocarpous families was investigated with the scanning electron microscope. The results indicate that on the floral apex a circular or a convex meristem develops into an obliquely ascidiate primordium by unequal growth of its periphery. By further unequal growth it develops into a young carpel. The terminal mouth of a cup becomes the lateral cleft of a carpel. The different forms of the young carpels in different species are defined by the varying degree of development of the adaxial region of the initial meristem and/or its margin on the side of the floral apex. This hypothesis is theoretically evaluated.

Description: The stomata as occurring on the fronds of the sporophytes of a large number of Polypodiaceae s.s. (Filicales) are investigated. A number of different stomatal types is recognised, (newly) described, and their ontogeny investigated. The different types of stomata are discussed in relation to their possible significance for tracing phylogenetic relationships in the Polypodiaceae following a cladistic analysis.

Description: A world-revision of Arthraxon Beauv. ( Gramineae) is presented. Three wide-spread species, A. hispidus (Thunb.) Makino, A. lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst., and A. lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. are very variable and have caused the description of a great number of taxa, most of which are here reduced to synonomy. There are now 7 species and 9 varieties; for 6 of the latter new combinations are proposed. No new taxa are described.

Description: In the present work details are given in the first place for the Malesian Olacaceae, representing the basis of my forthcoming treatment of the family in ‘Flora Malesiana’, in which full descriptions of the Malesian genera and species will be given. As the Olacaceae of Malesia are connected with those of South and Southeast Asia on the one, and those of Australia and the Pacific on the other side, it has been necessary to study the respective materials too. A part of the Malesian genera is represented also in Africa inch Madagascar, and even in Central and South America; the appertaining species have been studied but are not mentioned in this paper. A critical elaboration of the family for Africa and America is urgently needed, but will, as far as can be seen, be of no influence of the delimitation and scientific names of the Asiatic-Malesian Olacaceae.

Description: The Australian genus Wilkiea is recorded for Papua New Guinea. One species, W. foremanii, is described from the Wharton Range.

Description: Being engaged during several years with a revision of the grasses preserved in the Rijks-Herbarium at the University of Leyden, my attention was called to the group of the Stipeae, and especially to the very difficult genus of Aristida. After an exhaustive study of the literature, I thought it desirable to have a monograph of this genus, containing extensive keys for the determination of all the species hitherto known, and I resolved to prepare such a work. It has been my good fortune that I had at my disposal not only the valuable collections of the Rijks-Herbarium, but that by the courtesy of the directors of the great herbaria in Europe and in America, I could study many thousands of specimens, among them authentic specimens and types. So several years elapsed before the revision was finished. Before I am going to publish my work, it seemed desirable to prepare a preliminary paper on the subject, dealing with the literature studied and the results of the critical examination of the types, moreover the new species found in herbaria are included in this paper. To find easily the original description and the type specimen, I give in alphabetical order all the species and varieties hitherto described, no matter if they are accepted in my monograph as valid or not.

Description: This publication presents a catalogue of the taxa of the neotropical family Loricariidae, the mailed catfishes, including about 600 described species and 70 genera. An attempt is made to assign each species to its proper genus and to arrange the genera into an approximate phylogenetic order. Numerous new combina tions have become necessary. A new tribe, consisting of two new subtribes, and three new genera are herein established. Notes on type-material, recorded in the literature subsequent to an original description, are added. Literature references aim to include all publications containing original descriptions and proposals of new names.

Description: Owing to their limited possibilities for either active or passive dispersal, their association with the soil habitat, their vulnerability towards a dry atmosphere, and, in fact, on account of their general ecology and ethology, Diplopoda among arthropods are surely one of the most important classes in relation to the study of historical biogeography. For the class as a whole the sea appears to be an unsuperable barrier as is proved by the almost complete absence of endemic taxa on oceanic islands. In many cases lowland plains also act as severe obstacles against the dispersal of millipedes. The presence or absence of diplopods on islands or continents, therefore, may give a strong argument in favour or against any supposed former land connection. The long geographical isolation of the Australian continent and the absence of endemic higher taxa seems to imply that most, if not all, of its diplopod fauna dates from the time this continent was solidly attached to other southern continents, i.e. the Mesozoic. Subsequent penetration of fauna elements from the north or northwest seems utterly unlikely, although perhaps not entirely impossible.

Description: In der obersenonen Mastrichter Tuffkreide finden sich kleine Zähne, die durch ihre glatten Kauflächen und die Furchen an den Seiten des oberen Teiles an Kauplatten von Myliobatis erinneren, einen Rochentypus, der ein an durophage Lebensweise angepasstes Gebiss hat. Niemals findet man aber die für diese Familie so typische langgestreckte Form der Zahnplatten; die Zahnoberfläche hat immer rhombische Form. Dames hat eine ausführliche Beschreibung von diesen Zähnen gegeben, die er für Reste eines Cestracion-artigen Namen Rhombodus Binkhorsti Haies hielt, dem er den gab. Ich möchte hier nur noch einige kurze Bemerkungen hinzufügen. Die Abbildungen (fig. 1) zeigen den typischen rhombenförmigen Umriss der Kaufläche (d). Die durch eine in der Richtung der kurzen Diagonale verlaufende, tiefe Rinne in zwei Hälften geteilte Wurzel hat ebenfalls die Gestalt eines Rhombus (fig. 1, b, e). An der Grenze von Krone und Wurzel findet sich an der einen Seite eine Rinne, an der anderen Seite eine vorspringende Leiste (fig. 1 c). Zusammen mit den verticalen Furchen, mit denen die Seiten versehen sind, hat diese Leiste zur Verbindung der Zähne untereinander zu einem Mahlpflaster gedient. Neben dieser regelmässigen Form, die besonders den grösseren Zähnen eigen ist, fanden sich aber Exemplare, die eine Abweichung zeigen, indem nämlich entweder zwei Seiten eines spitzen Winkels des Rhomboïds länger sind wie die beiden anderen, oder das Rhomboïd unsymmetrisch zusammengepresst ist. Es scheint mir, dass dies nicht eine zufällige Variation ist, sondern dass wir gerade durch diese Eigentümlichkeit etwas mehr über die ganze Zusammenstellung des Gebisses erfahren können. Wie ich unten noch näher auseinandersetzen werden, muss man nämlich Rhombodus zu den durophagen Stachelrochen stellen. Bei diesen findet man sehr oft gerade die grössten Zähne in der Mitte des Kiefers. Wenn man nun die Zahl der Zahnreihen, wie es gewöhnlich bei den grosszähnigen Rochen der Fall ist Rhombodus-Unterkiefers zu 7 bis 9 annimmt, so könnte man das Gebiss eines auf eine Weise rekonstruieren, wie es fig. 3 A zeigt, (wobei die verschiedenen obengenannten Formen vorkommen). Es wäre wohl ein grosser Zufall wenn man noch einige Zähne im ursprünglichen Verband finden würde. Wenn einmal die knorpeligen Kiefer aufgelöst sind, bieten die Seitenfurchen nicht genug Festigkeit und fallen die einzelnen Zähne auseinander.

Description: Recent investigations of the distribution of trace elements in metamorphic index minerals of metapelites have revealed, that the plurifacial character of the Hercynian metamorphism in this area is confirmed by the distribution of Yttrium in Hercynian garnets of the metamorphic series.

Description: The formation of thick piles of flysch-like sediments needs the existence of narrowed seas, active denouement of neighbouring continents, and generalized marginal subsidence. These conditions are present during the initial and final stages of Wilson’s perceptive cycle. In this context, the Late Precambrian flysch of the Iberian Massif must be related to the initial rifting, whilst the Culm of southwestern Iberia was accumulated during an episode of Upper Palaeozoic subduction that remained active after the impingement of Iberia against North America. Culm sediments shed from the uplifted collision zone and fed into a remnant ocean that remained at the nonsutured southern border of Iberia. This model of synorogenic flysch formation has been described elsewhere for similar plate arrangements. On other grounds this model provides a framework that explains the different structural and magmatic trends of the Ossa-Morena Zone (near the active margin) in the context of the rest of the Massif (basement reactivation). In addition to this, it seems to support a partly primary origin for the Iberian arc versus a secondary origin.

Description: Da die Originale der von Göppert aus dem Tertiär von Java beschriebenen Arten Piperites Hasskarlianus und Junghuhnites javanicus nicht mehr vorhanden sind, die vorliegenden Beschreibungen für eine Bestimmung aber nicht ausreichen, so sind sie aus der fossilen Flora Javas zu streichen. Das gilt auch von Miquelites elegans, dessen schlechte Erhaltung eine sichere Bestimmung unmöglich macht. Bredaea moroides dagegen ist ebenso wie Naucleoxylon spectabile Crié sowie ein bisher unbeschriebenes Kieselholz von Java eine Dipterocarpacee. Die Stücke werden beschrieben als Dipterocarpoxylon moroides, D. spectabile und D. Göpperti n. sp. Die Frage, ob es möglich ist, diese wie andere fossile Dipterocarpoxyla bestimmten rezenten Dipterocarpaceengattungen zuzuweisen, soll später erörtert werden. Frankfurt a/M. Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut der Universität.

Description: This compilation of stratigraphic and structural data accompanying the (re)issue of the 1:50000 sheets completes the project initiated by Prof. L.U. de Sitter in 1950. The total area mapped comprises about 400 km² in a strip more than 150 km from east to west. This part of the Hercynian tectogene is characterized by a very consistent sequence of Palaeozoic shelf sediments only interrupted by syn- to late-orogenetic flysch-molasse development. Neither of these sequences lend themselves to a simple geosynclinal model. Only the suprastructures of the orogene are exposed here; essentially decollement thrusting and folding. Fold and thrust vergences vary through 180° giving the centripetal pattern of the well-known Knee of Asturias. Very minor amounts of igneous rock have been mapped although activity in some form has been registered throughout most of the systems represented. The degree of metamorphism is so slight to have been negligible for the mapping.

Description: Larvae of the crabs Menippe mercenaria Say (Menippidae), Panopeus herbstii Milne-Edwards, Neopanope sayi Smith (Xanthidae), Sesarma cinereum Bosc (Grapsidae), and Libinia emerginata Leach (Majidae) were reared in the laboratory. Starvation periods different in length and timing within the first zoeal stage were studied as to their effects on later development and survival rate. After 1-3 days of initial feeding, most larvae had accumulated enough reserves to reach the second stage, independently of further food availability. The development of the survivors was delayed in the following stages, and their later mortality rate was higher than the fed controls. Starvation periods commencing directly after hatching of the larvae exert far stronger negative effects than those beginning later. All observations suggest a particularly sensitive phase in the beginning of larval life in brachyurans. When initial starvation periods exceed the point-of-no-return (PNR), the larvae will die later, even if feeding begins long before the energy reserves are depleted. Temporary lack of suitable prey may be an ecological factor controlling the survival of crab larvae as effectively as physical factors.

Description: Resistance to starvation in early larval stages of six species of brachyuran crabs representing four families was observed at various constant temperatures. In the optimal temperature range of 25-30°C for these warm temperate crab larvae, survival time of starved zoeae was longer than the development duration time in fed zoeae, while at lower temperatures the relationship of these two duration periods became inversed. This response pattern is found in larvae of the mud crab Rhithropanopeus harrisii and is considered to be typical for warm temperature brachyuran larvae. It indicates that reserved utilization is strongly controlled by temperature, but not to the same degree as development.

Description: Parasitological investigations on herring gulls (Larus argentatus) and greater black-backed gulls (L. marinus) from Heligoland showed a high occurrence and abundance of the nematode species Cosmocephalus obvelatus, Paracuaria tridentate, Tetrameres fissispina and Capillaria contorta. The species specific distribution of the nematodes in distinct areas of oesophageal and stomach compartments, the morphological adaptations to their environment, as with the change of host tissue caused by heavy infestations, are the theme of the present article. The pathogenity is discussed. (German)

Description: Early diagenetic ultrastructural alterations of benthic foraminifers of the genera Elphidium and Ophtalmina from the shallow water sediments of the Kiel Bight were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Pure solution patterns were deduced from supplementary experiments.Several carbonate destroying processes can be specified by ultrastructural patterns of the shell surfaces. Based on these patterns three zones are established, each showing different mechanisms of shell fragmentation: 1) zone of abrasion, 2) zone of disintegration, 3) zone of corrosion. This zonation depends on the water depth and is caused primarily by water agitation and by undersaturation of the bottom water with respect to carbonate.

Description: Seasonal variations of size-frequency distribution, sex ratio, and percentage of egg-carrying females andjuveniles in a population of J. falcata inhabiting jetties at Helgoland Harbour are described. Reproductionoccurs all the year round, but 2 maxima and thus, 2 main generations per year can be observed: a weaker onein winter, and a more pronounced one in late spring/early summer. Biochemical composition and energycontents of J. falcata show only in part a seasonal cycle. There is an inverse relationship between the proteinand lipid fractions, whereas the former is negatively, the latter positively correlated with the amount ofsuspended food in the water. Protein, carbohydrates, lipid and the weight-specific energy equivalent show adecreasing trend with increasing size of the amphipods, while chitin significantly reveals an opposite trend.

Description: The influence of starvation on larval development of the spider crab H. araneus (L.) was studied in laboratory experiments. No larval stage suffering from continual lack of food had sufficient energy reserves to reach the next instar. Maximal survival times were observed at four different constant temperatures (2°, 6°, 12° and 18°C). In general, starvation resistance decreased as temperatures increased: from 72 to 12 days in the zoea-1, from 48 to 18 days in the zoea-2, and from 48 to 15 days in the megalopa stage. The conclusion, based on own observations and on literature data, is that initial feeding is of paramount importance in the early development of planktotrophic decapod larvae. Taking into account hormonal and other developmental processes during the first moult cycle, a general hypothesis is proposed to explain the key role of first food uptake as well as the response pattern of the zoea-1 stage to differential starvation periods.

Description: Data on structure and chemistry of oil bodies are being provided for twenty species of leafy Hepaticae, most of them belonging to Lejeuneaceae. Oil bodies are described as new for Symbiezidium, which stands out among Lejeuneaceae by its large, Bazzania-type oil bodies. The observed occurence of segmented as well as homogeneous oil bodies in Archilejeunea and Dicranolejeunea constitutes a further break-down of what was generally considered a stable generic character in Lejeuneaceae. Detected chemical compounds include a large number of unidentified terpenoids. Sesquiterpene lactones, traditionally considered important chemical markers for Frullaniaceae, were newly detected in Lepicolea (Lepicoleaceae), Clasmatocolea (Lophocoleaceae) and Omphalanthus (Lejeuneaceae). Of particular chemotaxonomic interest is the discovery of large quantities of pinguisane-type sesquiterpenes in Brachiolejeunea subg. Plicolejeunea, Trocholejeunea and Acrolejeunea, corroborating the close morphological relationship among these three groups, as well as the occurence of two morphologically and chemically distinct races in Gongylanthus granatensis. Obeserved intraspecific chemical variation in Marchesinia brachiata is considered dubious and possibly related to the different states of preservation of the material. Further taxonomic notes include new synonymy in Dicranolejeunea (D. cipaconea (Gott.) Steph. = D. circinnata (Spruce) Steph. syn. Nov.) as well as a key to the five Andean species of Omphalanthus Nees. The morphological circumscription of Omphalanthus is expanded by the inclusion of Brachiolejeunea paramicola Herz. (= O. paramicola (Herz.) Gradst. comb. nov.), characterised by the pluriplicate perianth.

Description: Descriptions and photographs of oil-bodies of Lopholejeunea subfusca, Marchesinia brachiata, Archilejeunea parviflora, Taxilejeunea asthenica, Echinocolea asperrima, Mastigolejeunea auriculata, Cheilolejeunea clausa and Stictolejeunea squamata are given. From the latter species sporophyte characters are reported for the first time.

Description: Daltonia fenestrellata Griffin was collected by A. M. Cleef in the Andes of Colombia in 1973. It is characterized by the cuspidate, incurved or recurved leaf tips, the elongated juxtacostal cells and the apically scabrous seta. It seems most closely allied to D. gomezii Crosby of Costa Rica.

Description: In the spring of 1966, the junior author (H. Inoue) made a bryophyte collecting trip to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) with the support of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The collections have served as a basis for reviews of individual liverwort genera or families occurring in Ceylon, e.g. Frullania (Hattori, 1979) and Plagiochila (Inoue, 1979). The present paper deals with the species of Lejeuneaceae subfamily Ptychanthoideae, which comprises the more robust members of this large tropical family. In his catalogue of the liverworts of Ceylon, Abeywickrama (1959) recorded 18 species of Ptychanthoideae, belonging to the genera Archilejeunea (1 sp.), Brachiolejemea (1 sp.), Lopholejeunea (2 sp.), Mastigolejemea (2 sp.), Ptychanthus (4 spp.), Ptychocoleus (5 spp.), Spruceanthus (1 sp.), Thysananthus (1 sp.), and Trocholejeunea (1 sp.). Unfortunately, his catalogue does not provide precise information on specimens or literature on which individual species records for Ceylon were based. Most of the species listed by Abeywickrama had been treated by Verdoorn (1934) in his monograph of Asiatic Ptychanthoideae. Some are now considered synonyms, however, whereas in other cases some doubts may be cast about the correctness of the identification. Since we have not been able to locate all specimens on which previous Ceylon records of Ptychanthoideae were based, the present review should be considered preliminary.

Description: In plots B1, 2, and 4 in 1978 only a single species once covered over 12.5% of the surface: Leontodon hispidus. A few species covered sometimes about 5-10%, like Briza media, Triselum flavescens, Lotus corniculatus, Leontodon hispidus, and Knautia arvensis. In the course of the study the occasional dominance of certain species disappeared (Table 2). Most species covered less than 5%, but the number of individuals often fluctuated strongly from one species to another. In plots B3 and B5 a much stronger dominance could be observed than in the non-fertilized plots (Fig. 5). In 1978 the grasses Festuca rubra and Dactylis glomerata covered from 10—40% of the surface, the coverage of other species, particularly forbs, amounting to less than 1%, e.g., Ononis repens, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus acris, and Chrysanthemum leucanthemum. A few constantly present forbs, initially covering about 25%, like Centaurea pratensis and Lathyrus pratensis in plot B5 did not keep up this high coverage. This also holds for forbs that established themselves in the fertilized plots after a few years and attained a rather high coverage, like Heracleum sphondylium in plot B3.

Description: The rice weeds project. In 1976, a joint project was set up under the aegis of the Netherlands University Foundation For International Cooperation (NUFFIC, Box 90734, The Hague), by the universities of Utrecht and Amsterdam and the Royal Tropical Institute (KIT) on the Dutch side, and BIOTROP (Box 17, Bogor) on the Indonesian side. Coordinators are Professor R. van der Veen and Mr. P.J. van Rijn. Its objective is the study of weeds and their ecology in the rice fields of Indonesia. A sharp distinction between dry and wet rice fields cannot be made for this kind of work: the dikes in the wet rice areas often carry dry rice weeds, and where locally fields are irrigated but part of the time, the weed flora assumes a mixed or successional character. More workable is the distinction between permanent rice fields on the one hand, and those under shifting cultivation regimes on the other; the latter have been excluded from the study.

Description: Dr. Peter S. Ashton of Harvard in June 1980 for three frantic weeks (re)named all Dipterocarpaceae in the BO-Herbarium and, thanks to great help from the staff, succeeded. Dr. R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr. can hardly be called a junior when on 11 September 1981 he will reach the age of 70. Although kidney failure necessitates dialysis twice a week, he can be regularly seen (as far as smoke permits) at the Rijksherbarium, with great kindness and enthusiasm applying his great memory to pre-identification work.

Description: BABU, C.R., Herbaceous Flora of Dehra Dun, 721 p., 1 map (1977, Publ. & Information Directorate, New Delhi). 8°. Rs. 144, $ 50.00, £ 22.00. A useful local Flora which will be very handy for schools, colleges, foresters, agriculturists and laymen as well. It is a very full flora, with a key to the families, and within the families keys to the genera and species respectively. Emphasis is on the species, which all carry a description; there are no generic descriptions, only a brief indication of the size of the genus and its occurrence in India.

Description: Cladobotryum penicillatum sp. nov. was isolated from Alnus twigs in New Forest, Hampshire, U. K., in 1971, and from Sebacina effusa in the Houtribbos Forest, O.- Flevoland Polder, Netherlands, in 1980. The species has conidia intermediate in dimension between C. varium and C. mycophilum, and it differs from both species by having rather slow-growing colonies and long conidiophores with apical penicillate branching. Conidiogenesis is basipetal and retrogressive.

Description: In this second report on types of entolomatoid fungi in the Velenovský Herbarium at Prague* (PRC and PRM) seven of Velenovský’s new species in Entoloma, two in Eccilia and one described in Clitocybe are treated. For each taxon microscopical characters are given, followed by a consize discussion on its status.

Description: Two species of Astrosporina and two species of Inocybe from the southern slopes of the Himalayas are described and illustrated. Astrosporina shoreae and I. claviger are described as new. The new combination A. calospora is proposed.

Description: The wood anatomy of 47 genera of the neotropical Melastomataceae is described in detail. The wood anatomy of the neotropical part of this pantropical family supports the subdivision into two groups: the subfamily Memecyloideae (the genus Mouriri) and the subfamily Melastomatoideae (all other genera). A relationship of Mouriri with other representatives of the family is not supported by the wood anatomical characters, because of differences in fibre type, vessel distribution, and the fibre length/vessel member length ratio, and the presence of included phloem in Mouriri. The subfamily Melastomatoideae is a fairly homogeneous group. Although some characters are very pronounced in some tribes and scarce or absent in other tribes, most tribes show a wide overlap in their wood anatomical features. An important means to distinguish to a certain extent between tribes is the size and shape of the intervascular pits combined with the size and shape of the vessel—ray and vessel—parenchyma pits. Three groups can be recognized: type 1. all pits round to slightly oval; type 2. intervascular pits round to oval, and the vessel—ray and vessel—parenchyma pits more elongated, oblong to scalariform; type 3. all pits round to oblong and scalariform. Other diagnostic characters are the parenchyma distribution, and the distribution of the fibre pits. The tribe Blakeeae can be separated from the other tribes due to the presence of druses and 2-4-seriate rays. The relationship between wood anatomical characters and habit and habitat, as well as possible phylogenetic trends in the family and classification of the neotropical tribes are discussed.

Description: Haines (1924), Fischer (1928), Mooney (1950), Panigrahi et al (1964), and other workers’ from their studies on the vegetation and flora of Orissa recorded 25 genera and 54 species belonging to the family Orchidaceae. Exhaustive collections made by me since 1968 have yielded a wealth of varieties of forms of orchids, which I have identified with 100 taxa (excluding certain novelties) belonging to 31 genera. I describe here one new species and a variety of the genus Habenaria Willd. Both the taxa resemble in general Habenaria foliosa A. Rich., but differ from it by a number of diagnostic characters.

Description: The article contains a discussion regarding the different identity of the specimens J. F. Duthie 3858 in the Kew (K), and the Calcutta (CAL) and Poona (BSI) herbaria. The specimens at CAL and BSI represent a new species of Arenaria, which is described here.

Description: Attention is drawn to the unusual distribution of flowers and inflorescences in a number of species, and to certain peculiarities of branching and phyllotaxy. The latter are explained by a heterophylly which so far has escaped notice, involving the formation and early disappearance of a pair of minute intercalary cataphylls. A similar branching pattern and flower distribution is evident in Helicanthes.

Description: Typhonium trilobatum, T. flagelliforme, T. roxburghii, and T. blumei are taxonomically distinct, but their epithets (including that of T. divaricatum, nom. illegit.) frequently have been interchanged, primarily because of nomenclatural problems involving synonymy and (mis)typifications. It is concluded that the last monographer (Engler, 1920) used the correct names for the four species, except for what he called T. divaricatum, here called T. blumei.

Description: Beside Saraca celebica from Celebes, presently a second species from East Malesia is described. As based on the revison by Zuyderhoudt (Blumea 15, 1967: 413 – 425), with 8 accepted species, there are now 9 species of Saraca, ranging from India and Indo-China into Malesia east to the Lesser Sunda I. (Flores) and the Moluccas (Halmaheira). The new species, Saraca monadelpha, was initially recognized through a specimen from Halmaheira which was difficult to determine as a Saracca because of its deviating partly fused stamens and its origin beyond the known area of the genus. Of S. celebica the pods were not known until recently collected in Central Celebes The fruits of S. monadelpha are still unknown.

Description: In this report narcotisation, fixation and preservation experiments with marine zooplankton are described. Narcotisation turns out to be useless for mixed plankton samples. M.S. 222 works well as narcotisation medium for organisms to be photographed. Fixation with 4% formalin proved to be a necessary treatment. Afterwards the best preservation method is to use a propylene phenoxetol plus propylene glycol solution in distilled water or a 2% formalin solution in filtered seawater. Further study is necessary of the use of sea-water as a solution medium, of the pH changes, the osmotic value of the solutions, the longterm use and the subsequent processability of the organisms for histological purposes.

Description: The present paper deals with the West Indian marine Haplosclerida incorporated in the collections of the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam. A total of 36 species is described and fully illustrated. Part of the material consists of the Duchassaing & Michelotti collection housed in Amsterdam; of all the Haplosclerid types of this collection an extensive redescription and a photographic illustration is given. Most of the type specimens are designated (para-)lectotypes. Eight new species are erected, viz. Reniera curaçaoensis, R. carmabi, Sigmadocia piscaderaensis, Niphates alba, Xestospongia wiedenmayeri, X. portoricensis, Petrosia weinbergi, and Strongylophora hartmani. The follwing new combinations are used: Niphates amorpha (for N. digitalis forma amorpha Wiedenmayer, 1977), Cribrochalina spiculosa (for Siphonochalina spiculosa Dendy, 1887), Pellina nodosa (for Phloeodictyon nodosum George & Wilson, 1919), and Pachypellina podatypa (for Haliclona podatypa De Laubenfels, 1934). Several new combinations are suggested for species not represented in the present collection, but studied for comparative reasons. A new classification of marine Haplosclerid families is proposed, based on the study of the present collection, and on the study of many type species of Haplosclerid genera. The new classification comprises five families, viz. Haliclonidae, Niphatidae (n.), Callyspongiidae, Petrosiidae (n.) and Oceanapiidae (n.). The proposed classification is discussed and some phylogenetic ideas are presented. The zoogeography of the West Indian sponges is studied and some ecological data are given.

Description: Zwischen der Sierra de San Luis und der Sierra de Cordoba ragt im Süden der Senke des Rio Conlara eine Scholle des alten kristallinen Untergrundes aus den Aufschüttungen der Pampa hervor. Ganz in der gleichen Weise wie die beiden grossen benachbarten Gebirge trägt sie auf ihrer Höhe eine alte Einebnungsfläche über die sich plötzlich ein kleiner Gebirgsstock erhebt, die Sierra del Morro. Schon durch Ave Lallemant und Brackebusch war bekannt, dass sich junge Eruptivgesteine am Aufbau dieses Gebirges beteiligen, das sich bis zu einer Höhe von 1600 m erhebt, während die Abtragungsfläche an seinem Fusse durchschnittlich eine Höhe von 1000 m besitzt. Brackebusch hat auch bereits auf die kraterförmige Gestalt dieses Gebirges aufmerksam gemacht und erkannt, dass der Rand des Kraters grösstenteils aus kristallinen Gesteinen besteht und ebenso wie sein Boden nur an einigen Stellen von Effusivgesteinen durchbrochen wird. Im Jahre 1911 besuchte ich zusammen mit Herrn Pastore in Buenos Aires die Sierra del Morro und letzterer hat das interessante Gebirge, dessen Probleme wir bei unserem dreitägigem Besuch nicht restlos lösen konnten, später noch einem eingehenderen Studium unterworfen und eine geologische Detailkarte im Masstabe 1:25000 aufgenommen. Bei meinen Ausführungen stütze ich mich neben meinen eigenen Aufzeichnungen vor allem auf die Ausführungen und Aufnahmen des Herrn Pastore, von dessen Karte ich hier eine vereinfachte Skizze gebe.

Description: It is well known that many tropical marine shrimps live in close association with the larger members of a variety of marine phyla, although the precise status of the association in most cases is not established (BALSS 1957). The association between shrimps and other marine invertebrates in the Caribbean region has been little studied. At present following species are known to associate with Octocorallia and Antipatharia in this region: Pseudocoutierea antillensis Chace, 1972; two as yet undescribed species of Pseudocoutierea (Criales in press), Neopontonides beaufortensis (Borradaile) and undescribed species of Pseudocoutierea and Neopontonides (R. HEARD, pers. comm.). All these belong to the subfamily Pontoniinae. The hippolytid shrimps Tozeuma carolinensis, and species of the genus Hippolyte have been observed on octocorals (VOSS 1956, CHACE 1972).

Description: Within the strongly migmatized axial zone of the Hesperian massif in western Galicia a graben-like structure has been distinguished, characterized essentially by the presence of non-migmatic rocks that comprise orthogneisses with blastomylonitic textures, leucocratic gneisses, plagioclase-blastbearing paragneisses, pelitic schists, and numerous amphibolitic layers and lenses. In the southern and central part of the graben and at the borders in the north the majority of the amphibolites are metamorphosed mafic dike swarms that intruded in the Early Palaeozoic after the emplacement of biotite granites but before the intrusion of subalkaline and peralkaline granites. Few amphibolites are of sedimentary origin. The other amphibolitic rocks in the north are of inferred Proterozoic age and have a different appearance. They consist of retrograde eclogite facies mafites and garnet- and epidote-amphibolites that are typically associated with leucocratic gneisses and younger subalkaline orthogneisses. It is inferred that the northern part of the graben mainly represents a lower basement segment that underwent Precambrian and Early Palaeozoic catazonal metamorphism and subsequent retrogradation, while the central and southern parts represent higher basement levels of mesozonal metamorphic grade.

Description: Bei den zahlreichen Rekonstruktionen der klimatologischen Verhältnisse, die man für das Ende des Palaeozoikums gemacht hat, ist man fast immer von der Kohlenbildung, der Florenverbreitung und den Vereisungserscheinungen ausgegangen. Der marinen Tierwelt hat man bei der Behandlung dieser Fragen meist nur wenig Beachtung geschenkt, zum Teil fand dies seine Erklärung darin, dass uns die marine Fauna am Ende des Palaeozoikums bis vor kurzem noch recht unvollkommen bekannt war. Die Entdeckung reicher permischer Marinfaunen in den letzten Jahrzehnten hat aber unsere Kenntnis von der permischen, marinen Evertebratenfauna nicht nur ganz erheblich erweitert, sondern vor allem gezeigt, dass in den meisten Tiergruppen die Entwicklung ununterbrochen weitergeht und keine Einschnürung oder gar Unterbrechung erleidet, wie man früher so oft geneigt war anzunehmen. Ja selbst eine in ihren Lebensbedingungen so anspruchsvolle Tiergruppe wie die Korallen hat durch die permische Vereisung offenbar ebensowenig wie durch die quartäre eine erhebliche Unterbrechung in ihrer Entwicklung erfahren, nur ihre Verbreitung wurde auf eine etwas schmalere Zone zu beiden Seiten des Aequators eingeschränkt. Die meisten Forscher, die sich mit klimatologischen Fragen am Ende des Palaeozoikums beschäftigt haben, und eine Erklärung für die scheinbar unipolare Vereisung des Perm zu geben versuchten, kommen schliesslich zu der Annahme, dass die Pole zu dieser Zeit eine andere Lage gehabt haben müssen als heute. Man suchte den Südpol gewöhnlich im Centrum des Gebietes aus dem die glazialen Erscheinungen bekannt geworden waren. So nahm Koken 1) den Pol inmitten des indischen Oceans an, zu einer Zeit als die Vereisungserscheinungen aus Südamerika noch nicht bekannt waren und man auch noch nicht mit der Möglichkeit von Kontinentalverschiebungen rechnete. Wegener 2), der die Kontinente der Südhalbkugel zu einer einheitlichen Kontinentalmasse zusammenschiebt, lässt den Pol von der Ostküste Afrikas im Carbon über den Nordrand des antarktischen Kontinentes nach der Südküste Australiens im Perm wandern. Weder die eine noch die andere Annahme lässt sich nun mit dem Vorkommen einer reichen permischen Warmwasserfauna auf Timor, im malayischen Archipel, vereinbaren. Diese Fauna, die durch niederländische und deutsche Expeditionen auf dieser Insel vor dem Weltkriege gesammelt wurde, ist die reichhaltigste permische Marinfauna, die wir überhaupt kennen. Sie müsste bei der Pollage, die Köppen und Wegener für das Perm annehmen, in einer Breite von etwa 45° gelebt haben. Das Vorkommen einer ausgesprochenen Warmwasserfauna in solcher Nähe eines von einer mächtigen Eiskappe bedeckten Pols scheint mir ausgeschlossen. Wir wissen, dass die intensive Kalkabscheidung, wie sie für Riffkorallen, die grossen Foraminiferen mit kompliziertem Skelett und Kalklagen so charakteristisch ist, nur bei beträchtlich hoher Wassertemperatur stattfinden kann. Für die lebenden Riffkorallen beträgt die Minimumtemperatur etwa 20°, aber für die Nummuliten des Alttertiärs ist sie jedenfalls noch höher gewesen, und das Gleiche dürfen wir auch für die Fusulinen des Carbon und Perm annehmen. Zweck der folgenden Zeilen soll nun sein, zu zeigen, dass es sich bei der Permfauna von Timor wirklich um eine Warmwasserfauna handelt und zweitens, dass diese sicher gleichzeitig mit der permischen Vereisung dort gelebt hat. Als Beweis für die erste Behauptung will ich hier eine Tiergruppe herausgreifen, die als besonders feinfühliger Indikator für die Wassertemperatur zu gelten hat, nämlich die Korallen. Die Anthozoenfauna von Timor ist die reichste, die wir bis jetzt aus dem Perm kennen; sie besteht aus Vertretern der Familien der Zaphrentidae, Axophyllidae und der sogenannten Tabulata und ist mindestens ebenso mannigfaltig, wie die karbonische Korallenfauna 1). Wohl sind unter den eigentlichen Korallen koloniebildende Formen ziemlich selten und nur durch de Gattungen Lonsdaleia und Lonsdaleiastraea vertreten, die noch dazu nicht an denselben Fundstellen gefunden wurden wie die übrige Korallenfauna, die nur aus Tabulaten und Einzelkorallen besteht. Aber auch diese war zweifellos eine typische Warmwasserfauna, eine Art Riffauna, wenn es auch im Perm nicht zur Entwicklung mächtiger Korallenriffe sondern nur ausgebreiteter Korallenrasen kam. Auch auf den älteren palaeozoischen Korallenriffen des Devon und Silur spielen die Einzelkorallen eine viel grössere Rolle als auf den lebenden Riffen. Gegenwärtig sind solitäre Korallen, vor allem in der tieferen See, unterhalb der Riffzone, zu Hause, und nur bestimmte Arten kommen als Riffbewohner auch auf den Riffen selbst vor. Im Palaeozoikum und in geringerem Masse auch im Mesozoikum bildeten Einzelkorallen einen wesentlichen Anteil der Riffauna. Wenn auf Timor gewisse Arten von Timorphyllum, Clisiophyllum und Dibunophyllum leicht mit tausenden von Exemplaren gesammelt werden können, so müssen diese Korallen da doch in grossen Mengen gelebt haben, selbst wenn wir annehmen, dass sie an den Fundstellen noch zusammengeschwemmt sind. Vor allem spricht aber die grosse Mannigfaltigkeit der koloniebildenden Tabulaten dafür, dass wir hier mit einer typischen Riffauna zu tun haben. Diese heterogene Gruppe, die auch auf den älteren palaeozoischen Riffen eine so grosse Rolle spielt, ist am Ende des Palaeozoikums nicht im Erlöschen begriffen, wie man immer noch, auch in den neuesten Auflagen von Lehr- und Handbüchern, lesen kann, sondern mit einer Mannigfaltigkeit entwickelt, die der im älteren Palaeozoikum zum mindestens gleichkommt. Zum Teil schliessen sich die Formen eng an ältere Gattungen an wie die Favosites-, Pachyporaund Michelina-Arten, z. T. lassen sie noch Beziehungen zu älteren Gattungen, aber doch eine deutliche Weiterentwicklung in bestimmter Richtung erkennen, wie Pseudofavosites, Heterocoenites, Aulohelia; ein grosser Teil der Formen stellt jedoch ganz neuartige Typen dar, von denen es vorläufig überhaupt noch nicht möglich ist, sie an Bekanntes anzuschliessen, wie z. B. Trachypsammia, Dictyopora, Schizophorites usw. Viele der Arten, besonders der Pachyporen, sind ausgezeichnet durch eine starke Verdickung des Skelettes. So werden z. B. bei vielen dieser Formen die Polypenröhren in der Tiefe ganz mit Skieroplasmamasse aufgefüllt, sodass die Zweige der Stücke im Innern eine ganz dichte Struktur bekommen. Hierdurch wurde den verzweigten Kolonien eine grössere Festigkeit verliehen. Solche Skelettverdickungen sind typische Anpassungserscheinungen an das Leben in stark bewegtem Wasser in der Riffzone, wie sie übrigens nicht nur die Korallen sondern auch die permischen Crinoiden von Timor in vielen Fällen erkennen lassen. Dazu kommt noch, dass wir von der eigentlichen Korallenfauna von Timor bis jetzt nur eine Auslese kennen. Das Material besteht ja an den Hauptfundplätzen nur aus Bruchstücken von verzweigten Kolonien und den langen gewundenen Einzelkorallen, die zusammengeschwemmt und dabei nach der Grösse sortiert wurden. Das vereinzelte Vorkommen von Bruchstücken grosser Favositesund Lonsdaleia-Kolonien lässt uns aber annehmen, dass auf den permischen Korallenrasen, neben Einzelpolypen und verzweigten Stöcken, auch massige Kolonien vorkommen. Die Art der Zusammensetzung dieser jungpalaeozoischen Riffauna dürfte daher von den älteren Riffaunen dieses Zeitalters nur wenig verschieden gewesen sein. Aber nicht allein die Korallen des Perm von Timor deuten darauf hin, dass wir hier mit einer typischen Warmwasserfauna zu tun haben. Das Gleiche ist der Fall mit der so überaus reichen Crinoidenfauna, ein grosser Teil ihrer Arten dokumentiert sich durch die charakteristischen Anpassungen an das Leben in stark bewegtem Wasser als echte Riffbewohner 1). Unter den Brachiopoden gehören die Gattungen Lyttonia und Richthofenia zu den Indikatoren einer Warmwasserfauna, da ihre Verbreitung auf eine aequitoriale Zone beschränkt bleibt, und sie in den brachiopodenreichen Ablagerungen Australiens bereits fehlen. Endlich müssen wir auch, wie schon erwähnt, die Fusulinen zu den Warmwasserbewohnern rechnen. Jungpalaeozoische Fusulinenkalke kommen auf Timor vor, jedoch ist ihr Verband mit den fossilreichen Permschichten noch nicht aufgeklärt. Die Fauna dieser Kalke ist von dem Bearbeiter auf Grund des Vorkommens von Fusulina granum avenae für karbonisch gehalten worden 1), aber diese Art ist neuerdings in Japan gerade zusammen mit Arten der jüngeren permischen Fusulinenfauna gefunden worden, wie Doliolina lepida und Verbeekina Verbeeki; auch auf Sumatra besitzen die Fusulinenkalke aus denen die F. granum avenae zuerst beschrieben wurde, nach neuern Untersuchungen, permisches Alter. Dazu kommt noch, dass Doliolina lepida auf der Timor benachbarten Insel Letti vorkommt, sodass es wohl nur ein Zufall ist, dass diese und andere typische Permformen auf Timor selbst noch nicht nachgewiesen wurden 2).

Description: The Magnetic Metallogenic Province of southwestern Spain has a large number of iron mines, in which magnetite and pyrite are the main ores. The largest of these mines, the Cala Mine, is placed in a Lower Cambrian environment, in the contact between a granitic apophysis and limestones. As a result, an important zone of skarn rocks (bearing pyroxene, amphiboles, garnet, epidote, etc.) is formed, and dealing with these rocks are the main stratiform orebodies. There is an old discussion about the origin of the mineral deposits. Some authors believe in a sedimentary genetic type, while others propose a contact-pneumatolitic process, related with the granitic stock. In this paper we try to prove that a primary sedimentary origin is possible for the magnetite. So, we discuss three points: – The environment of the possible deposition, that was a shallow sea, low energy and closed environment, with a high degree of elementary life. – The most probable atmosphere in the Cambrian time, with which the superficial waters would be in equilibrium. – The theoretical, thermodynamical model related with the precipitation of iron ores in this environment. As a conclusion, the simultaneous sedimentation of magnetite and pyrite can be theoretically proved, and the possible variations of temperature, partial pressure of CO2, Eh and pH are also considered. Some interesting considerations about the Precambrian Banded Iron Formations, and their possible origin in an anoxigenic atmosphere are also provided in this paper.

Description: Von der „Bataafschen Petroleum Maatschappij” erhielt das Leidener Museum eine reichhaltige Sammlung von Fossilien, die durch die Herren Ganz, Gsell u. Freylink in der Umgebung von Payta gesammelt worden waren. Die Fauna ist dadurch besondere interessant, dass sie einen ganz neuartigen Charakter besitzt, der von dem der bis jetzt aus Südamerika bekannten oberen Kreide stark abweicht. Da sich die endgültige Bearbeitung des umfangreichen Materials noch etwas verzögern wird, möchte ich das Vorkommen und seine Fossilführung kurz schildern, vor allem aber die neue Pironaea-Art beschreiben, da das Auftreten dieser interessanten Gattung in Südamerika von besonderer Bedeutung ist, zumal es sich um den ersten Hippurit handelt, der aus diesem Kontinent bekannt wird. Die obere Kreide tritt in der Umgebung von Payta in zwei getrennten Gebieten auf. Das eine befindet sich am Westabhang der Sa. de Amotape. Die Kreide wurde dort zuerst von Bravo 1) aufgefunden und neuerdings von Iddings und Olsson 2) gegliedert. Bei Pan de Azucar und El Muerto liegen schollenförmige Erosionsreste diskordant auf jungpalaeozoischen Schichten, die die ersten Erhebungen der Sa. de Amotape aufbauen. Ein vollständigeres Profil ist im Oberlauf der Quebrada Parinas aufgeschlossen, wo die Kreideschichten in einer grabenförmigen Senke tiefer in das Gebirge eingreifen. Iddings und Olsson unterscheiden von oben nach unten:

Description: Vários autores descreveram, em vários sectores do Noroeste Peninsular, a sucessão de fases de delormacão penetrativa que afectaram os terrenos do Paleozóico, e tentaram estabelecer as relacões entre a deformacão e o metamorfismo regional plurifacial. É possível correlacionar aquelas diferentes fases de deformacão seguindo-as lateralmente e tendo em conta as referidas relacões deformacãometamorfismo regional. Assim reconhece-se a sucessão de três etapas de deformacão F1, F2, F3. Nos níveis estruturais superiores F1 está bem conservada e F2, F3 sao essencialmente deformacões pós-cristalinas, mas nos níveis estruturais inferiores as estruturas F1 foram transpostas por F2 que dá a xistosidade regional. Nestes últimos domínios o pico do metamorfismo regional é atingido durante ou após F2. A idade das diferentes fases é variável consoante as zonas paleogeográficas e tectónicas, sendo sempre mais recente de Oeste para Leste, escalonando-se do Devónico médio(?) ao Estefaniana. Conclui-se pela inexistência de uma fase de orogenia Caledónica no Paleozóico do Noroeste Peninsular, que outros autores têm pretendido evidenciar.

Description: Les plus importantes relations biométriques pour les juvéniles de Penaeus (Melicertus) aztecus subtilis, P. (M.) brasiliensis et P. (M.) duorarum notialis de la mangrove guadeloupéenne, ont été calculées. Les relations concernant les tailles (longueur céphalothoracique – longueur totale – longueur abdominale) ont montrée peu de différences entre les espèces. Toutefois, certains indices biométriques se sont révélés très utiles pour la détermination spécifique des jeunes crevettes. Une étude de la croissance a été réalisée à partir de la distribution hebdomadaire des classes de tailles des crevettes, en utilisant la méthode des progressions modales de Petersen et l’équation de Von Bertalanffy. Cette croissance a été comparée avec celle obtenue par des élevages au laboratoire.

Description: In their classical studies on the Alpine glaciation Penck and Brückner gave a small blockdiagram to illustrate the arrangement and shape of the deposits at the lower end of a former glacier: the fluvioglacial series. This diagram has been reproduced in so many text-books, that it may be worth-while pointing out a fault in its construction. The case represented by the authors is that of two terminal amphitheatres lying within eachother (fig. 1) 1). The manner in which the outer moraine with its fluvio-glacial fan of sediments is drawn in on top of the inner moraine proves it to be the younger of the two. In this case the glacier must have ridden over the inner circle, thereby destroying its ridge; but in the drawing this ridge is represented as having been left perfectly intact. On the glacier receding again the material of the older moraine would be found buried under the newer deposits, and only one frontal moraine would be left (fig. 2, A).

Description: This paper is based on field data collected during a basic survey of mining exploration carried out by the authors for the Instituto Geologico y Minero de España. The investigated area belongs to the southeastern part of the Ordenes Complex and is mainly composed of metabasites and ultramafic rocks. Inside the area, three great ultramafic bodies can be mainly considered. They are more or less parallel and trend in a NNE direction, being separated by zoisite-bearing amphibolites. Asbestos showings are numerous in the eastern ultramafic body, which forms the Careon range, the length of the fibra ranging up to 14 mm. Only two minor asbestos occurrences have been found in the central body, and, finally, a few asbestos veinlets have been seen in the western ultramafic body, with fibres not reaching 1 mm in length. Chrysotile asbestos mineralization in the area always belongs to the ‘cross-fibre’ type. Brief descriptions of asbestos occurrences and geological framework are made, and hypotheses about asbestos genesis in the area are finally set up.

Description: The phylogeny and biogeography of the western Palaearctic species of Nephrotoma are analyzed. Phylogeny is dealt with in a cladistic sense. Briefly outlined are criteria developed for polarity decisions as well as the rôle assigned to parallelisms. Representatives of fourty-one Holarctic (sub)genera were examined in order to establish the sistergroup of Nephrotoma. The internal hypopygial stuctures of these taxa are discussed and the following cluster of closely related taxa is recognized: Dolichopeza s. str., Oropeza, Nesopeza, Prionocera, Trichotipula, and Scamboneura, Nephrotoma. The two last-mentioned taxa are considered sistergroups. The western Palaearctic Nephrotoma species are assigned here to four monophyletic groups: cornicina group, dorsalis group, brevipennis group, and crocata group. In the section dealing with biogeography, an attempt is made to correlate the phylogeny of the cornicina and crocata groups with glacial-interglacial cycles. In a further account the distribution patterns of all Palaearctic species are discussed in relation to Pleistocene and Holocene climatic fluctuations. The origin of the genus is situated in early Tertiary East Asia. The brevipennis group, restricted to Madeira, is assumed to date back from at least Pliocene times. The dorsalis group, widespread throughout the Holarctic, apparently achieved its present range before the late Pliocene. It is intimated that the Pleistocene climatic oscillations had little effect on speciation within groups adapted to northern temperate or even cooler climates. This in contrast to the southern temperate and Mediterranean species groups such as the flavescens and crocata subgroups. The relative success of these two subgroups in post-Cromerian times may well be associated with their shift to more open habitats.

Description: Cantharus (Pollia) vermeuleni n. sp. (Buccinidae) is described from material collected off St. Louis, Senegal, West Africa. Additional specimens from off the Cape Verde Islands and Ghana are recorded. The problems of classification of the genus are briefly reviewed. It is concluded that the species has a non pelagic development. Notes on associated organisms are given: four species of bryozoans Antropora tincta, A. minus, Rhyncozoon bispinosa and Hippopetraliella africana) and one species of cirriped were found on the gastropod shells, which also may be attacked by a boring bivalve (Lithophaga aristata).

Description: In the Autumn of 1979, bird observations were made in the Azores during a marine biological expedition within the scope of the CANCAP-Project of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. Six out of the nine islands of the archipelago were visited

Description: Three new species are described from the Cameroun-Gabon-area : Ficus abscondita C. C. Berg, F. oresbia C. C. Berg and F. subsagittifolia Mildbraed ex C. C. Berg. A key to these and related species is given. F. gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) A. Rich. is reduced to a subspecies of F. sycomorus L.

Description: Isoëtes Cleefii, known so far from four localities in the Colombian Páramo of the Cordillera Oriental between 3745 m s.m. and 4245 m s.m., is described as a further new taxon of the section Laeves. It is dedicated to the Dutch botanist and collector Antoine Marie Cleef (1941 – x ) who added substantially to the knowledge of ecology and distribution of the Colombian Quill-worts thanks to his rich collections gathered between 1971 and 1973.

Description: The genus Nipponolejeunea Hattori was established by Hattori (1944) based on Pycnolejemea pilifera Steph. from Japan. Its primary important generic characters include 1) the two gynoecial innovations, 2) the triplicate perianth, and 3) the long cilia on leaf- and underleaf-margin. Hattori (1944) also assigned Pycnolejeunea subalpina Horik. to Nipponolejeunea, thus admitting two Japanese species in that genus. Since then, the genus Nipponolejeunea has been repeatedly discussed, especially by Mizutani (1961) and Schuster (1963) from taxonomic points of view. The branching and innovation types of Nipponolejeunea were described by Mizutani (1970); Inoue (1976) proposed the subgeneric separation of the two species, as subgen. Nipponolejeunea (with N. pilifera) and subgen. Mizutania (with N. subalpina). Surprisingly, Grolle (1981) recently found a fossil species of this genus in Europe, N. europaea Grolle, embedded in an amber, from the southern part of Scandinavia. The species belongs in the subgen. Mizutania and, according to Grolle (1981), might even prove to be conspecific with N. subalpina. Regarding the taxonomic position of Nipponolejeunea, Mizutani (1961) placed the genus in the subfamily Jubuloideae together with Jubula and Neohattoria, but Schuster (1963) proposed an independent subfamily in the Lejeuneaceae for this genus, Nipponolejeuneoideae Schust. & Kachroo, which has now become generally accepted (cf. Gragstein, 1979; Schuster, 1979).

Description: A lamellate paraphyllium on the dorsal side of the shoots in Brachiolejeunea laxifolia is described and its origin discussed. It is probably a useful species character, unique in the Lejeuneaceae.