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  • Articles  (3,558)
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  • 1995-1999  (730)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (2,792)
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Two large scale IS projects are examined using the differentiators of size, technology and structure. They serve to explain the very different outcomes of the Taurus project and Crest equity settlement system and may therefore provide a basis for understanding other IT applications development projects within the financial services sector.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Innovative and technology-based new and small firms have been the focus of rapid growth expectations, but the empirical evidence shows modest growth is the norm amongst such firms. This article provides an interpretation of the development of these firms which is intended to highlight some of the diversity which exists within this population of firms.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Considerable attention has been paid in recent years to the activity of innovation or technology centres and to their role in nurturing small firms. There is relatively little systematic evidence on the survival and performance of such firms, either during or after their tenancy of these centres. This article reports the preliminary findings of a survey of over fifty companies which ‘graduated’ from St John’s Innovation Centre in Cambridge over the first eight years of its existence.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article presents a case study of a kaizen in a UK diesel engine manufacturer. Kaizen is explained as an emergent strategy; its effective-ness in reducing costs is explained by its effects on the effort bargain and by the organisation of the work standardisation task. Kaizen–related changes, perceptions of the employees, and its effects of the competitive position of the firm are reviewed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Labour process writers tend to view the use of non-discretionary job tasks in Japanese style manufacturing as a form of de-skilling. The authors argue that the limits of human accuracy and the statistical realities of sequential production make non-discretionary job tasks a necessary condition for high quality engineered products. Cultural and scale barriers to achieving this condition are identified and analysed.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Shaping Women's Work: Gender, Employment and Information Technology. J. Webster Information Space. A Framework for Learning in Organizations, Institutions and Culture. Max H. Boisot The Industrial Craftsworker: Skill, Managerial Strategies and Workplace Relations. Peter Cook Towards a Competent Workforce. Bob Mansfield and Lindsay Mitchell Restructuring Within a Labour Intensive Industry. I. M. Taplin and J. Winterton (eds) Employee Participation in Europe. Herman Knudsen Technology Strategy for Business. David Ford and Mike Saren
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the labour implications of technology transfer and diffusion in American and Australian shipping. The authors argue that technology innovation and transfer has been inhibited in these two cases by a range of factors including public policy and trade union behaviour. The authors’ findings are related to general models of the impact of technology on labour.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The case study on which this article is based describes a two-and-a-half month long strike of Israeli academic staff members. During the strike, e-mail was used as the major means of communication between the strikers. Analysis of the e-mail messages demonstrates that e-mail served as a secret weapon, enabling the strikers to succeed in what was presumed to be a hopeless battle.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Here the author examines change to work organisation in a large domestic appliance factory over a twenty-five year period. After work study engineers attempted to improve the efficiency of assembly workers, the company more recently, has encouraged shopfloor workers to analyse their own activities utilising techniques associated with TQM.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the impact of CAD/CAM on the UK clothing industry. It questions the extent to which computerisation has led to a greater choice over production strategy and argues that upskilling has not occurred.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: To many observers, the introduction of electronic mail into a business organisation is an undramatic affair which is likely to have little impact beyond that on intra-organisational communication. Using insights from actor-network theory, this article demonstrates the more insidious and far-reaching impact of electronic mail on organisational power relations, knowledge and employee behaviour.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The experiences of men working in a computer-mediated workplace in Ontario are contrasted with men employed in a mass production paper mill in Qu"bec in order to analyse the association between technological change and male subcultures. Both statistical and interview data were used in this study.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    New technology, work and employment 12 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-005X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Clark, Jon, Managing Change and Innovation: People, Technology and StrategyCasey, Catherine, Work, Self and Society-After IndustrialismGrint, Keith, Gill, Rosalind, The Gender Technology Relation: Contemporary Theory and ResearchPhizacklea, A, Wolkowitz, C, Homeworking Women: Gender, Racism and Class at WorkHarding, R, Technology and Human Resources in their National Context: a study of strategic contrastsTaplin, I, M, Winterton, J, Restructuring Within a Labour Intensive IndustryLee, Eric, The Labour Movement and the Internet. The New Internationalism
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The paper defines entrepreneurship as about ‘self-competition’, the quest to test self-ability: Can a future self achieve greater goals than what has been so far achieved? Self-competition involves the development of ability and, hence, ex post assessment of ability is uncertain. Such uncertainty occasions either immobilizing anxiety (Buridan's ass) or entrepreneurial action. No such uncertainty surrounds the assessment of risk probability characterizing events such as floods and stock market crashes. An observable prediction of the proposed uncertainty/risk dichotomy is that insurance, which concerns risk, cannot crowd out religion and other belief systems which appeal to uncertainty.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn diesem Papier wird Unternehmertum im Sinne von ‘Selbst-Konkurrenz’ deftniert, als Streben, die eigenen Fähigkeiten unter Beweis zu stellen: Kann das zukünftige Ich höhere Ziele als bisher erreichen?Selbst-Konkurrenz beinhaltet die Entwicklung von Fähigkeiten, und daher ist deren ex post Einschätzung unsicher. Diese Unsicherheit führt entweder zu einer lähmenden Angst (Burdians Esel) oder zu unternehmerischer Aktivität. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Einschätzung der Risikowahrscheinlichkeit von Überschwemmungen oder Kursschwankungen an der Börse nicht von einer solchen Unsicherheit geprägt. Als beobachtbare Voraussage aus der vorgeschlagenen Unsicher-heit/Risiko-Dichotomie heraus ergibt sich, dass eine dieses Risiko betreffende Versicherung nicht in der Lage ist, Religion und andere Glaubenssysteme, die sich auf Unsicherheit bezichen, zu verdrängen.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCe papier définit ľesprit entrepreneur comrne ‘une concurrence de soi’, la quete d'éprouver la capacityé de soi: Est-ce possible qu'un futur-soi puisse achever de plus grands buts qu'il a déjà accomplis? Une concurrence de soi consiste du développcinent de sa capacityé, done, ľévaluation ex past de cette capacityé n'est pas certaine.Une telle incertitude mène à une anxiété paralysante (ľǎne de Buridan) ou àľ action entreprenante. Une incertitude de la sorte n'entoure pas ľévaluation de la probabilityé de risque qui caractérisent les événements tels comme ľ inondation ou la chute de la Bourse. Une prédiction qu'on petit observer de la dichotomie proposée incertitude/risque, c'est que ľ assurance, qui concerne le risque, doit laisser de place aux réligions et aux autres systèmes de croyance qui invoquent ľ incertitude.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The paper results from interviews held among economists from Central and Eastern Europe. It tries to get an inside view on the profession under communist rule. As expected, the results depend upon period and country under analysis. Poland and Hungary did not lose contact with Western developments, while the Soviet Union and the GDR and also Czechoslovakia after 1968 isolated themselves completely. In Russia there was an own development in the sphere of optimal planning theory. In the GDR strict political control and adherence to dogmatism led to sterility. Reform thinking became stronger in the 1980s, with the exception of the GDR and Russia. The results are corroborated by the personal situation of the individual economist. Asked where they see the lasting contribution of economics under communism, most respondents are rather pessimistic: it is more the abortive practice of Soviet-type central planning which taught a lesson than the theoretical developments of the period.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Studie ist das Ergebnis von Interviews, die unter Wirtschaftswissenschaftlern aus Mittel- und Osteuropa gehalten wurden. Sie sucht einen Blick von innen auf die Entwicklung einer Wissenschaft unter kommunistischer Herrschaft zu gewinnen. Das Resultat hängt von der jeweiligen Periode und dem jeweiligen Land ab. Polen und Ungarn haben den Kontakt zum Westen nicht verloren. Russland und die DDR, ebenso die CSSR nach 1968, haben sich dagegen vollständig isoliert. Russland kannte eine eigene Entwicklung in der Planungstheorie. In der DDR führten dagegen politische Kontrolle und Dogmatismus zur Sterilität. Mit Ausnahme dieserbeiden Länder wuchs das Reformdenken in den 80er Jahren stetig an. Die Ergebnisse spiegeln sich auch in der persönlichen Situation der einzelnen Wissenschaftler wider. Nach dem bleibenden Beitrag der Ökonomie unter dem Kommunismus befragt, zeigen sich die Antworten eher pessimistisch: nicht die theoretischen Errungenschaften der Periode sind lehrreich, vielmehr aber das abschreckende Beispiel des sowjetischen Zentralplansystems.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉL' article rend compte des résultats d'interviews réalisés auprès d'économistes des pays de l'Europe Centrale et Orientale. II présente une vision de l'intérieur sur le développement de la science économique sous le régime communiste. Les résultats dépendent de la période et du pays analyses. La Pologne et la Hongrie n'ont jamais perdu le contact avec la science économique occidentale, tandis que la Russie, l'Allemagne de l'Est et, après 1968, la Tchécoslovaquie s'en sont isolés complètement. Avec la théorie de la planification optimale, la Russie a connu son propre développement. En RDA, le contrǒle politique et le dogmatisme ont abouti à une stérilité théorique. À l'éxception de ces deux derniers pays, la pensée réformiste s'est renforcée continument au cours des années 80. Ces résultats se reflètent aussi dans la situation personnelle faite aux économistes. Quant a la contribution durable de la science économique sous le communisme, les réponses sont peu optimistes: ce ne sont pas tellement les développements théoriques qui survivront à la periode soviétique, mais plutöt (‘experience avortée de la planification centrale de type soviétique.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents the results of an overlapping-generations experiment on the individual choice between intergenerational transfers and savings. One dominant finding of our experiment is that if savings are possible individuals choose to (gradually) opt out of the intergenerational transfer system. In that case the average individual pay-offs are lower but their distribution among individuals is less volatile. This suggests that risk aversion is a driving force behind the decline of intergenerational transfers. The willingness to give to previous generations does not disappear completely, however. Moreover, the degree of cohesion between successive generations, measured by (lie correlation between current and past transfers does not diminish significantly after the introduction of (he savings option.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMIENEASSUNGDicser Artikcl präsentierl die ErgebnisseeinesOvcrlapping-Generations-Experitnents, indent sich die Tcilnehmer zwisehen tnlergenerationalcn Transfers und Sparen entscheiden mussten. Eines der Hauptergcbnisse besteht darin, dass die Einführung der Mögliehkeit zur individuellen Zukunfts-vorsorge durch Sparen zu einer (allmählichen) Zurückdrängung von intergencrationalen Transfers führt. Im Fall des Sparens isl die durehschnittliche individuclle Auszahlung zwar geringer, dafür aber weniger unsieher. Die Zurückdrangung intergenerationaler Transfers lässt sich dahcr durch Risikoaversion erklären. Dennoch verschwindct die Bereitschaft, an die vorausgehende Generation abzugeben, nicht völlig. Ausserdein vennindert sich die Stärke des Zusatnnienhalts zwisehen aufcinanderlolgcnden Generalionen, getnessen durch die Korrelation zwisehen gegenwärtigen und früheren Transfers, nicht wesentlich durch die Einführung der Mögliehkeit des Sparens.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉLe papier présente des résultats expérimentaux sur les choix individuels entre transferts inter-génération et épargnc. Un des résultats principaux est que s'il est possible d'épargncr, alors (progressivement) les agents passent du système de transfer! inter-générationnelausystème d'épargne. Dans de cas le payoff moyen des agents est plus faible mais la distribution des payoffs est inoins volatile. Ceei suggère que l'aversion pour le risque est l'une des prineipales causes du déclin des transferts intergénération. Cependant, les transferts inter-génération ne disparaissent pas totalement. De plus, le degré de cohesion entre les génération successives, mesuré par la corrélation entre les transferts présents et passés, ne diminue pas significativemenl apres l'introduction de la possibilityé d'épargncr.
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  • 32
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
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    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 33
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    Kyklos 50 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates spatial disparities in unemployment in three Member States of the EU. It attempts to identify the factors responsible for the persistence of regional unemployment disparities in Germany, Italy and the UK during 1984-94. The empirical results indicate that a substantial proportion of the variation in unemployment rates between NUTS2 level regions can be explained by regional disparities in three key variables: unit labour costs, the industry mix and employment density. The findings are consistent with the view that regional unemployment disparities are explained primarily by regional disparities in economic competitiveness.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNODieser Artikel untersucht die räumlichen Unterschiede in der Höhe der Arbeitslosigkeit in drei Mitgliedsstaaten der EU. Er basiert auf dem Versuch, die Faktoren zu bestimmen, die im Zeitraum zwischen 1984 und 1994 für die Persistenz von regionalen Unterschieden der Höhe der Arbeitslosigkeit in Deutschland, Italien und Grossbritannien verantwortlich waren. Die empirischen Ergeb-nisse zeigen, dass ein wesentlicher Teil der Unterschiede in der Höhe der Arbeitslosigkeit zwischen NUTS2 Regionen durch eine regional unterschiedliche Ausprägung von drei wichtigen Variablen erklärt werden kann: Lohnstückkosten, Wirtschaftsstruktur und Zahl der Arbeitsplätze pro Quadratkilometer. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen die Ansicht, dass die regional unterschiedlich hohe Arbeitslosigkeit hauptsächlich durch Unterschiede der regionalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu cr-klüren ist.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCe document examine les disparités géographiques du chǒmage dans trois États membres de l'Union Européenne. Nous essayerons d'identifier les facteurs responsables de la persistance des disparités en chǒmage régional en Ailemagne, en Italie el au Royaume-Uni pendant la période 1984-94. Les résultats empiriques indiquent qu'une proportion importante de la variation du taux de chǒmage entre les régions de la catégorie NUTS2 peut s'expliquer par des disparités régionales en trois variables prépondérantes: le coǔt unitaire d'emploi, la structure industrielle et la densité d'emploi. Les résultats coïncident avec l'avis que les disparités du chǒmage régional s'expliquent surtout par les disparités régionales en compétitivitééconomique.
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    Kyklos 31 (1978), S. 0 
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    Notes: Black Stanley W.: Floating Exchange Rates and National Economic Policy.Willett Thomas D.: Floating Exchange Rates and International Monetay Reform.Bork Robert H.: The Antitrust Paradox: A Poliy at War with Itself.Cass David and Shell Karl (Eds.): The Hamiltonian Approach to Dynamic Economics.Cornwall John: Modern Capitalism. Its Growth and Transformation.Dauphin Roma: The Impact of Free Trade in Canada.Elton Edwin J. and Gruber Martin J. (Eds.): International Capital Markets.Garms Walter I., Guthrie James w., and Pierce Larence C.: School Finance: The Economics and Politics of Public Education. Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall Inc., 1978. 466 pages. £14.95Grubel Herbert G. and Scott Anthony: The Brain Drain. DeterminantsInternational Labour Office: Meeting Basic Needs.Intriligator Michael D. (Ed.): Frontiers of Quantitative Economics, Vol. III A.Issing O.: Einfühmng in die Geldtheorie.Kühne Karl: Geschichtskonzept und Profitrate im Marxismus.Lewis Arthur W.: The Evolution of the International Economic Order.Milward Alan S. and Saul S.B.: The Development ofthe Economies of Continental Europe 1850–1914.Morishima Michio: Walras' Economics.Opp Karl-Dieter und Schmidt Peter: Einführung in die Mehruariablenanalyse.Phillips D. C.: Holistic Thought in Social Science.Pincus Jonathan J.: Pressure Groups and Politics in Antebellum Taraffs.Posner Michael (Ed.): Public Expenditure.Salvatore Dominick and Dowling Edward T.: Development Economics.Sauvant Karl P. and Lavipour Farid G. (Eds.): Controlling Multinutional Enterprises.Schwödiauer Gerhard (Ed.): Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in Economic Theory.Steedman Ian: Marx after Srafa.Steinberg Eleanor and Yager Joseph A. with Brannon Gerard: New Means of Financing International Needs.Stern Fritz: Gold and Iron.Voigt Fritz und Budischin Jörg: Grenzen der stuatlichen Wirtschufts-politik im gesellschajllichen und sozialen Wandel.Westaway A. J, and Weyman-Jones T. G.: Macroeconomics, Theory, Evidence and Policy.Woll Artur, Faulwasser Bernd und Ramb Bernd-Thomas: Beschäiftigung, Geld und Preisniveaustabilität.
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    Notes: Alchian Armen: Economic Forces at Work.Allais Maurice: L'impǒt sur le capital et la réforme monétaire.Anderson Lee G.: The Economics of Fisheries Management.Benson Charles S.: The Economics of Public Education.Dinkel Reiner: Der Zusammenhang zwischen der ökonomischen und politischen Entwicklung in einer Demokratie.Drulović Milojko: Arbeiterselbstverwaltung auf dem Prüfstand.Frey Bruno S.: Moderne Politische Ökonomie.Furniss Norman and Tilton Timothy: The Case for the Welfare State.Jungnickel Rolf, Krägenau Henry, Lefeldt Mattftias und Holthus Manfred: Einfluss multinationaler Unternehmen auf Aussenwirtschaft und Branchenstruktur der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.Kantowsky Detlef (Hrsg.): Evaluierungsforschung and -Praxis in der Entwicklungshilfe.Klaus Joachim: Stadtentwicklungspolitik.Barnbrock Jörn (Hrsg.): Materialien zur Ökonomie der Stadtplanung.Fürst Dietrich (Hrsg.): Stadtökonomie.Krause Lawrence B. and Salant Walter S. (Eds.): Worldwide Inflation.Lowe Adolph: The Path of Economic Growth.Marglin Stephen A.: Value and Price in the Labour-Surplus Economy.Michaely Michael: Theory of Commercial Policy.Mitra Ashok: Terms of Trade and Class Relations.Moore Mark Harrison: Buy and Bust.Nove Alec: The Soviet Economic System.O'Driscoll Gerald P., Jr.: Economics as a Coordination Problem: The Contributions of Friedrich A. Hayek.Ott Claus: Recht and Realität der Unternehmenskorporation.Pasinetti L.L.: Lectures on the Theory of Production.Persell, Caroline H.: Education and Inequality New York.Richardson H.W.: The New Urban Economics: and Alternatives.Sauvant Karl P. and Hasenpflug Hajo (Eds.): The New International Economic Order.Stolz Peter: Basler Wirtschaft in vor- and frühindustrieller Zeit.Vajna Thomas: Prognosen für die Politik.Zeller Willy: Die unuollendete Union, Qualitätsmängel der Europäischen Gemeinschaft.Zeppernick Ralf: Staat and Einkommensverteilung.
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    Notes: In der Literatur zur Umweltökonomie werden zahlreiche Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Instrumenten Standards and Steuern behauptet; so etwa bezüglich der statischen and dynamischen Eflizienz, der Überwachungskosten, der Sicherheit der Reaktion auf ein eingesetztes umweltpolitisches Instrument usw. Einigedieser Unterschiede werden hier kritisch analysiert. Das Ergebnis ist, dass häufig (ausser im Fall der bekannten statischen allokativen Ineffizienz von Standards) unzulässige Vergleiche angestellt werden and die Unterschiede bei korrekter Analyse verschwinden. Aberes wird auch eine Situation beschrieben, in der sich Standards and Steuern tatsächlich voneinander unterscheiden and in der die Wahl des richtigen Instruments wichtig ist.
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    Notes: In trade negotiations under fixed exchange rates governments insist on reciprocity mainly to ensure that the adverse impact of import barrier reductions on the balance-of-payments and on employment is offset through concurrent trade liberalization abroad. In negotiations under floating currencies reciprocity is not necessary for these purposes because governments can then liberalize unilaterally and let the resulting depreciation equilibrate payments and stimulate a reallocation of resources. In such negotiations reciprocity serves to reduce the political costs of trade liberalization. Applying Downss' economic theory of democracy, the paper shows that governments can win majority support for freer trade only if they subsidize the acquisition or use of information enabling producers and consumers benefitting from the reduction of import barriers to decide to favour the measures. Governments prefer to liberalize trade on a reciprocal basis because this creates easily demonstrable benefits for narrow interest groups and therefore reduces the need for such subsidization.
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    Notes: Babatunde Thomas D.: Importing Technology into Africa.Becker Selwyn W. and Neuhauser Duncan: The Efficient Organization.Biermann Herbert: Ansatzpunkte einer allgemeinen Strukturpolitik.Blümle E. -B. und Wittmann W. (Eds.): Verbände.Bornstein Morris (Ed.): Economic Planning, East and West.Branson William H. and Litvack James M.: Macroeconomics.Cline William R.: International Monetary Reform and the Developing Countries.Decker Franz: Einführung in die Dienstleistungsökonomie.Delapierre Michel et Michalet Ch. -A.: Les Implantations étrangères en France: Stratégies et structures.Denison Edward F. and Chung William K.: How Japan's Economy Grew so Fast.Duwendag Dieter (Hrsg.): Der Staatssektor in der sozialen Marktwirtschaft.Flemming John: InflationHenderson W. O.: The Rise of German Industrial Power 1834–1914.Jacquemin A. P. and DE Jong H. W. (Eds.): Markets, Corporate Be-haviour and the State.Jones Richard: Supply in a Market Economy.Kleinewefers Henner: Inflation und Inflationsbekampfung in der SchweizKoghanek Stanley A.: Business and Politics in India.Latsis Spiro (Ed.): Method and Appraisal in Economics.Miller Merton H. and Upton Charles W.: Macroeconomics.Münch Klaus N.: Kollektive Güter und Gebühren.Panik Michael J.: Classical Optimization: Foundations and Extensions.Pfaff Martin, Gehrmann Friedhelm (Hrsg.): Informations- und Steuerungsinstrumente zur Schaffung einer höheren Lebensqualität in Städten.Recktenwald H. C.: Wörterbuch der Wirtschaft.Rosenberg Nathan: Perspectives on Technology.Sohmen Egon: Allokationstheorie und Wirtschaftspolitik.Stecher Bernd: Erfolgsbedingungen der Importsubstitution und der Exportdiversifizierung im Industrialisierungsprozess.Tancer Shoshana B.: Economic Nationalism in Latin America.Warren Samuels J. (Ed.): The Chicago School of Political Economy.Williamson Oliver E.: Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications.Yeager Leland B. and Tuerck David G.: Foreign Trade and U. S. Policy.
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    Notes: Bernholz Peter: Grundlagen der politischen Ökonomie.Bertin Gilles: L'industrie française face aux multinationales.—Prospectives des investissements étrangers en France—L'annuaire des participations étrangères en France (APEF)Biehl Dieter, Hussmann Eibe, Rautenberg Kord, Schnyder Sebastian und Südmeyer Volker: Bestimmungsgründe des regionalen Entwicklungspotentials.Bühlman H., Loeffel H. und Nievergelt E.: Entscheidungs- und Spieltheorie.Dewees D. N., Everson C. K., Sims W. A.: Economic Analysis of Environmental Policies.Esenwein-Rothe Ingeborg: Die Methoden der Wirtschaftsstatistik.Gray H. Peter: A Generalized Theory of International Trade.Hayward Jack and Watson Michael (Eds.): Planning, Politics and Public Policy.Helmstädter Ernst: Wirtschaftstheorie.Hildenbrand W. and Kirman A. P.: Introduction to Equilibrium Analysis.Kennedy Gavin: The Economics of Defence.Kock Heinz: Stabilitätspolitik im föderalistischen System der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.Mason Sandra: The Flow of Funds in Britain.McKenzie George W.: The Economics of the Euro-Currency System.Milbradt Georg H.: Ziele und Strategien des debt management.Molitor Bruno: Sozialpolitik auf dem Prüfstand.Molitor Bruno: Verteilungspolitik in Perspektive.Müller-Armack Alfred: Genealogie der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft.Napoleoni Claudio: Smith, Ricardo, Marx.Neldner Manfred: Die Bestimmungsgründe des volkswirtschaftlichen Geldangebots.Pearge David W.: Environmental Economics.Pitchford J. D.: The Economics of PopulationSalvatore Dominick: International Economics.Stein Jerome L. (Ed.): Monetarism.Sternlieb George and Hughes James W. (Eds.): Post-Industrial America: Metropolitan Decline and Inter-Regional Job Shifts.Vanek Jaroslav (Ed.): Self-Management: Economic Liberation of Man.Wykoff Frank C.: Macroeconomics.
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    Notes: In many settings, economic efficiency in law enforcement appears to require differential enforcement of the law. For example, as shown in the paper, crime prone populations warrant stronger sanctions than less crime prone populations if costly sanctions are to be meted out in an efficient manner. However, narrow economic analysis of efficient sanctions attributes an efficiency to modern democratic governments which can not be easily justified by analysis or experience. This paper demonstrates that constraining majority coalitions to write laws consistent with the principle of equal protection generally yields more desirable outcomes than obtained when majority coalitions are permitted to discriminate in an arbitrary manner. The efficiency case for equality before the law is based on political considerations rather than economic ones per se.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas Kriterium der ökonomischen Effizienz bei der Durchsetzung von Recht scheint in vielen Situationen eine differenzierende Durchsetzung des Rechts zu erfordern. Wie in diesem Artikel ge-zeigt werden kann, können beispielsweise für mehr zu Verbrechen neigende Bevölkerungsteile härtere Strafen gerechtfertigt sein, als für weniger zu Verbrechen neigende Bevölkerungsteile, wenn die mit hohen Kosten verbundene Bestrafung von Verbrechen effizient eingesetzt werden soil. Allerdings schreibt die ökonomische Analyse von effzienten Strafen modernen demokratischen Regierungen eine Effizienz zu, die durch Analyse oder Erfahrung nur schwer zu bestätigen ist. Dieses Papier zeigt nämlich, dass wünschenswertere Ergebnisse zu erzielen sind, wenn man Mehrheitskoalitionen dazu zwingt, Gesetze zu schreiben, die mit dem Prinzip der Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz übereinstimmen, als wenn man Mehrheitskoalitionen erlaubt, auf willkürliche Weise zu diskriminieren. Im Ergebnis lasst sich daher feststellen, dass die Effizienzargumente im Hinblick auf die Gleichheit bzw. Ungleicheit vor dem Gesetz lediglich auf politischen Überlegungen beruhen, aber nicht auf ökonomischen.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉDans beaucoup de situations, l'éfficience économique de l'application de la loi semble exiger une application différenciée. Par exemple, comme il est expliqué dans l'article, des lois plus restrictives peuvent ětre appliqués pour une partie de la population étant plus incliné a la criminalité que pour des parties moins inclinées, si les coǔts élevés de l'application de la loi doivent ětre utilisés avec éfficience. Pourtant, l'analyse économique sur la punition éfficiente attribue aux gouvernements démocratiques modernes une éfficience qui ne peut pas ětre justifyé aisément par l'analyse et l'expérience. Cet article montre que des résultats meilleures peuvent ětre atteints si des coalitions majoritaires peuvent ětre contraintes à concevoir des lois qui sont consistents avec le principe de la protection égale devant la loi, que si une coalition majoritaire permet de discriminer une partie de la population de manière arbitraire. L'éfficience du principe de l'égalité devant la loi est basé sur des considérations politiques, et non sur des considérations économiques.
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    Notes: Argy, Victor and Leslie Stein (1997). The Japanese Economy. Basingsto-ke/London: Macmillan. 379 pp. £47.50. ISBN 0-333-6756-5. £17.50. ISBN 0-333-67566-5.Balasubramanyam, V. N. and D. Greenaway (eds.) (1996). Trade and Development. Essays in Honour of Jagdish Bhagwati. Basingstoke/London: Macmillan. 217 pp. £45.00. ISBN 0-333-65616-4.Blejer, Mario I. and Teresa Ter-Minassian (eds.) (1997). Macroeconomic Dimensions of Public Finance. Essays in Honour of Vito Tanzi. London/New York: Routledge. 506 pp. £65.00. ISBN 0-415-14111-7.Blejer, Mario I. and Teresa Ter-Minassian (eds.) (1997). Fiscal Policy and Economic Reform. Essays in Honour of Vito Tanzi. London/New York: Rout-ledge. 305 pp. £60.00. ISBN 0-415-13739-X.Brömmelhörster, Jörn and John Frankenstein (eds.) (1997). Mixed Motives, Uncertain Outcomes. Defense Conversion in China. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. 275 pp. $ 55.00. ISBN 1-555-87710-9.Constanza, Robert, Charles Perrings and Cutler J. Cleveland (eds.) (1997). The Development of Ecological Economics. Cheltenham, UK/Brookfield, USA: Edward Elgar. 777 pp. £160.00. ISBN 1-85898-386-X.Craig, Lee A. and Douglas Fisher (1997). The Integration of the European Economy, 1850-1913. Basingstoke/London: MacMillan Press. 327 pp. ISBN 0-333-58036-2.Davies, Stephen and Bruce Lyons (1996). Industrial Organization in the European Union. Structure, Strategy and the Competitive Mechanism. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 287 pp. £40.00. ISBN 0-19-828973-1.Fratianni, Michele and Franco Spinelli (1997). A Monetary History of Italy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 305 pp. £40.00. ISBN 0-521 -44315-6.Gandolfo, Giancarlo (1996). Economic Dynamics, 3rd ed. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/London: Springer. 610 pp. DM 178.-. ISBN 3-540-60988-1.Garfinkel, Michelle R. and Stergios Skaperdas (eds.) (1996). The Political Economy of Conflict and Appropriation. Cambridge/New York/Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 182 pp. $ 49.95. ISBN 0-521-56063-2.Kemp, René (1997). Environmental Policy and Technical Change. A Comparison of the Technological Impact of Policy Instruments. Cheltenham, UK/Brookfield, USA: Edward Elgar. 360 pp. £55.00. ISBN 1-85898-506-4.Klamer, Arjo (ed.) (1996). The Value of Culture. On the Relationship between Economics and Arts. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 243 pp. £21.95. ISBN 90-5356-218-4.Llau, Pierre (1996). Economie financeère publique. Paris: Presses Universitai-res de France. 546 pp. 168 FF. ISBN 2-13-047774-7.Mueller, Dennis C. (ed.) (1997). Perspectives on Public Choice. A Handbook. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 672 pp. $79.95. ISBN 0-521-55377-6 (he.). $ 29.95. ISBN 0-521-55654-6 (pbk.).Pritzl, Rupert F.J. (1997). Korruption und Rent-Seeking in Lateinamerika. Zur Politischen Ökonomie autoritärer politischer Systeme. Baden-Baden: Nomos. 318 S. ISBN 3-7890-4692-2.Schmidt-Trenz, Hans-Jörg (1996). Die Logikkollektiven Handelns bei Delegation. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck). 293 S. ISBN 3-16-146607-1.Xepapadeas, Anastasios (ed.) (1996). Economic Policy for the Environment and Natural Resources. Techniques for the management and Control of Pollution. Cheltenham, UK/Brookfield, USA: Edward Elgar. 245 pp. £59.95. ISBN 1-85898-413-0.
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    Notes: After overall entry deregulation, regulation of market power can only be justified in local telecommunication networks as long as they constitute monopolistic bottlenecks. Technical progress leads to a gradual disappearance of monopolistic bottlenecks, pointing out the large potential for economically efficient phasing out of sector-specific regulation. In contrast, all forms of asymmetric regulation containing an intrinsic bias towards some firms or technologies have a strong tendency towards overregulation. The new telecommunications laws in Germany and Switzerland are shown to be prominent examples of asymmetric regulatory frameworks. Since the new telecommunications law in Switzerland is less restrictive and more transparant than its German counterpart, it seems to be more suitable to tackle the potential for phasing out sector specific regulation in telecommunications.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGNach einer umfassenden Marktoffnung ist eine Marktmachtregulierung in der Zukunft lediglich noch in Ortsnetzen gerechtfertigt, solange diese monopolistische Engpassbereiche darstellen. Der technische Fortschritt in Ortsnetzen führt allerdings allmahlich zu einer Auflösung dieser Engpassbereiche und schafft dadurch ein zunehmendes Potential für die Abschaffung sektorspezifischer Regulierungseingriffe. Demgegenüber beinhalten alle Formen asymmetrischer Regulierung eine immanente Verzerrung zugunsten spezieller Firmen oder Technologien und damit einhergehend eine starke Tendenz zur Uberregulierung. Die neuen Telekommunikationsgesetze in Deutschland und in der Schweiz stellen bedeutende Beispiele für asymmetrische Regulierungsrahmen dar. Allerdings erweist sich das neue schweizerische Telekommunikationsgesetz als weniger restriktiv und transparenter als sein deutsches Gegenstück. Es ist daher zu erwarten, daß das zunehmende Potential für ein ‘phasing out' sektorspezifischer Regulierungseingriffe in der Schweiz rascher ausgeschöpft wird als in Deutschland.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉA près une ouverture entière du marché de télécommunication une régularisation de la domination du marché ne sera justifiée à l'avenir que dans les réseaux locaux aussi longtemps qu'ils constituent des goulots d'étranglement monopolistiques. Le progrès technique dans les réseaux locaux mène peu à peu à la disparition des ces goulots détranglement en créant ainsi un potentiel croissant de suppression de la régularisation sécteur-spécifique. Par contre, toutes les formes de régularisation asymétrique contenant une distorsion immanente au profit de certaines firmes ou de certaines technologies ont une forte tendance à la sur-régularisation. Les nouvelles lois de télécommunication en Allemagne et en Suisse sont des exemples importants d'encadrements asymétriques de régularisation. Cependant, la nouvelle lot de télécommunication suisse se montre moins restrictive et plus transparente que la loi respective en Allemagne. Par conséquent, l'on peut s'attendre à ce que le potentiel croissant de suppression de régularisations sécteur-spécifiques sera épuisé plus vite en Suisse qu'en Allemagne.
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    Notes: Tax evasion has been mainly studied as a problem of choice under uncertainty; like any portfolio manager, the taxpayer has to allocate her/his fixed gross income between two assets a risky asset, tax evasion, and a safe asset (with a zero return), tax payment. As suggested by the portfolio theory, the taxpayer's choice will be affected by her/his preferences — mainly by her/his attitude towards risk-taking — and by the return on the risky asset determined by the tax structure, which includes both the tax rate and the penalties in the case of evasion However, the pure gamble model appears unsatisfactory on various grounds. Among these and most importantly for our purpose, it neglects the psychological aspects of the decision to evade tax because it rules out any feeling of shame about evading or being detected and punished, and it ignores any intrinsic pleasure from successful evasion In other words, the pure gamble model does not take full account of the moral constraints involved in the tax evasion decision. The main objective of the experiment presented here was therefore to investigate the role played by moral constraints in determining the decision to evade taxes. The experimental evidence supports the thesis that the taxpayer's decisional process involves not only monetary elements but also psychological and moral factors.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Steuerhinterziehung wurde bisher überwiegend als Problem von Entscheidungen unter Unsicherheit untersucht Wie jeder Portfoliomanager muss auch der Steuerzahler sein Bruttoeinkommen zwischen zwei Anlageformen verteilen eine risikoreiche Anlageform. Steuerhinterziehung, und eine sichere Anlageform (ohne Gewinn), Steuerzahlung. Nach der Portfoliotheorie wird die Entscheidung des Steuerzahlers von seinen Praferenzen beeinflusst — vor allem von seiner Risiko-bereitschaft — und von der Gewinnaussicht der risikoreichen Anlageform, die vom Steuersystem abhangt, d.h. vom Steuersatz und den Strafen bei Steuerhinterziehung. Dieses Lotteriemodell ist jedoch aus mehreren Grunden unbefriedigend: es vernachlässigt die psycholgischen Aspekte der Steuerhinterziehung, weil es jegliches Schamgefühl bei der Steuerhinterziehung bzw. der Entdeckung und Bestrafung ausschliesst und ein intrinsisches Vergnugen bei erfolgreicher Steuerhinterziehung ignoriert. Das Lotteriemodell zieht also nicht in Betracht, dass moralische Restriktionen die Entscheidung zur Steuerhinterziehung beeinflussen konnten Das hier vorgestellte Experiment wollte daher in erster Linie untersuchen, welche Rolle moralische Restriktionen bei der Entscheidung zur Steuerhinterziehung spielen. Die Ergebnisse des Experiments bestatigen die Hypothese, dass der Entscheidungsprozess des Steuerzahlers nicht nur durch monetare Elemente beeinflusst wird, sondern auch durch psychologische und moralische Faktoren.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉL'évasion fiscale a été principalement étudiée en tant qu'un problème de choix dans des conditions d'incertitude, comme n'importe quel gestionnaire de portfolio, le contribuable doit répartir son revenu brut fixe entre deux actifs un actif risqué, l'évasion fiscale, et un actif sǔr (avec un taux d'intérét zéro), le payement des taxes. Comme suggéré par la théorie du portfolio, le choix du contribuable sera affecté par ses préférences — principalement par son attitude vis-à-vis du risque — et par le bénéfice déterminé par la structure fiscale qui inclut à la fois le taux de taxation et les pénalités prévues en cas d'évasion Cependant, le modèle pur de jeu apparait insatisfaisant pour plusieurs rasisons Parmi celles-ci, le modèle néglige les aspects psychologiques de la décision, limitation spécialement importante pour notre objectif, puisqu'il écarte tout sentiment de honte associé à la découverte de l'évasion et à la punition ou encore il ignore le plaisir découlant d'une évasion fiscale réussie. En résumé, le modèle pur de jeu ne prend pas pleinement en compte les contraintes morales qui influencent la décision. L'objectif principal de l'expérimentation présentée ici était d'analyser le rǒle joué par les contraintes morales dans la prise de décision d'évasion fiscale. Les résultats confirment l'hypothèse que le processus décisionel du contribuable dépend non seulement des aspects financiers mais également des facteurs psychologiques et moraux.
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    Notes: This paper shows two points: (1) there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the real value of the agricultural minimum wage and the level of agricultural output in Morocco, for eight important crops; (ii) the latter may be explained using a theoretical model where the productivity of the laborers depends on their consumption level, and where wage incomes are shared among family members to fund consumption. The Nash equilibrium is then inefficient.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDieser Artikel zeigt zweierlei: a) Für acht Feldfnichte existiert eine statistisch sigrufikante Beziehung zwischen realem Mindestlohn und Produktionsniveau in der marokkanischen Landwirtschaft; b) Diese Beziehung lasst sich mit einem theoretischen Modell erklären. Darin hangt die Produktivitat der Arbeiter von ihrem Lebensstandard ab. Zur Konsumfinanzierung werden die Lohneinkunfte zwischen den Mitgliedern der Familie aufgeteilt. Das Nash-Gleichgeèicht ist somit ineffizient.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCet article montre deux choses: (a) il y a une relation statistiquement significative entre la valeur réelle du salaire minimum agricole et le niveau de la production agricole au Maroc, pour huit cultures importantes; (b) celle-ci peut s'expliquer au moyen d'un modèle théorique où la productivité des travailleurs dépend de leur niveau de consommation, et où les revenus salariaux sont partagés entre les membres de la famille pour financer la consommation. L'équilibre de Nash est alors inefficient.
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    Notes: This paper reports the results of a comparison of employment adjustment in Japan, the United States and four major EC countries. Output and real wages are used in explaining the optimal employment level and change in employment. Short- and long run responses to alterations of the exogenous variables are estimated and compared. Surprisingly, Germany has a quite rapid adjustment of labor while France and Italy show a much slower adjustment pattern. Even in comparison with the United States. Great Britain demonstrates the fastest adjustment to changes in the economic environment. By far the slowest adjustment pattern is realized in Japan. Overall the difference between the US and Europe seems not to be too large and European labor markets are not as sclerotic as occasionally assumed.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASUNGDieser Artikel gibt die Ergebnisse eines Vergleichs der Beschäftigungsanpassung in Japan, den Vereinigten Staaten und den vier wichtigsten EU-Landern wieder. Das Produktionsniveau und der Reallohn sind die erklarenden Variablen für das optimale Beschaftigungsniveau wie auch Veranderungen der Beschäftigung. Es werden kurz- und langfnstige Beziehungen zwischen den exogenen und der endogenen Vanablen geschatzt und verglichen Uberraschenderweise hat Deutschland eine relativ rasche Beschaftigungsanpassung, während Frankreich und Italien eine viel langsamere Anpassung aufweisen. Großbntannien hat auch im Vergleich zu den USA die schnellste Reaktion auf Veränderungen der ökonomischen Umwelt. Das bei weitem inflexibelste Anpassungsverhalten wird für Japan registriert. Zusammenfassend scheinen die Unterschiede zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und Europa nicht so groß und der europaische Arbeitsmarkt nicht so sklerotisch zu sein wie erwartet.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCet article présente les résultats d'une comparaison de la vitesse d'adaptation de l'emploi au Japon, aux Etats-Unis et dans les quatre pays les plus importants de l'UE. Le niveau de l'emploi optimal ***ainsi que les variations de l'emploi sont expliquées par le niveau de production et les salaires réels. Les variations à court et long terme des changements des variables exogènes ont été estimés et comparés. Étonnamment, l'Allemagne a une vitesse d'adaptation de l'emploi relativement rapide par rapport à celles de la France et de l'Italie. L'Angleterre montre měme, en comparaison avec les Etats-Unis, une plus grande flexibilité envers les modifications de l'environnement économique. L'adaptation la plus lente est observée au Japon. Pour conclure les différences concernant la vitesse d'adaptation de l'emploi entre les Etats-Unis et l'Europe ne semblent pas si grandes et les marchés de travail européens sont moins sclérosés que ce que l'on attendait.
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    Notes: This paper uses both single-equation and multi-equation systems to examine whether fiscal policy ‘crowds out’ private investment. It is found that, for both the United States and Canada, this is in fact the case. In addition, it is shown that this crowding out leads to long term inflation.
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    Notes: This paper deals with the occurrence of fiscal illusion and its effect on public expenditures. Fiscal illusion is here taken to be a systematic misperception by individuals of both the public revenue burden borne by them and the amount of benefit they derive from public expenditures. Taking the revenue structure and public outlays of the 110 largest Swiss cities as an example, it is shown that there is in fact empirical evidence for the existence of fiscal illusion (presently defined for the most part in the literature as a systematic underestimation of fiscal burden) and, as a result, for higher public expenditures when it occurs than when it is absent. By dividing the Swiss cities according to the degree of citizen participation in the making of public decisions, we were able to formulate hypotheses predicting to what degree fiscal burden illusion (understood as systematic underestimation) will occur under each system. These hypotheses have been empirically confirmed. Further analysis of the results has indicated that in cities in which the citizens can only indirectly participate in public decision-making, the government and public bureaucracy have more freedom to act independent of the wishes of the voters with respect to expenditures, though these are taken more and more into consideration as elections approach. This expenditure behavior and particularly the concrete manner in which expenditures are adjusted to approaching general elections leads us to the conclusion that illusion with respect to the benefit derived from public expenditures also exists.
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    Notes: The paper contains empirical tests of the monetary approach to exchange rate determination for the price of Italian banknotes in terms of Swiss francs quoted in Zürich. The exchange rate was chosen because it is less influenced by government intervention than the official rate. In addition, there is little reverse causation between the chosen exchange rate and its explanatory variables due to the small size of the market analyzed. The tests indicate that the exchange rate analyzed adjusted in only two months to relative rates of monetary expansion between Italy and Switzerland. This fast adjustment is not implausible considering that the market involves to a large extent illegal capital outflows from Italy. Since data on monetary aggregates are published on average with a lag of about two months, he tests do not exclude that the market considered was efficient in a semi-strong form. The price of Italian banknotes in Zürich was also significantly affected by relative inflationary expectations and by seasonal factors connected with the inflow of foreign tourists to Italy.
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    Notes: This paper investigates some of the determinants of the decline in corporate profits as a share of national income in six industrial countries. First, it presents evidence that much of the decline in the profits share has resulted from changes in the distribution of gross profits among dividends, interest, and retained earnings, apparently due to rising corporate debt/equity ratios. Second, the paper examines the cyclical behavior of the gross profits share. Estimates of the normal cyclical behavior of profits shares suggest that much of the recent decline in profits shares is a normal response to weak economic activity. Finally, the techniques used to estimate cyclically normal profits shares suggest that in most of these countries the profits share has been below its full-employment level during the 1970's.
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    Notes: Die gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Wirtschaft and Politik wird durch politisch-ökonomische Modelle empirisch erfasst. Es fragt sich, welche wirtschaftspolitischen Möglichkeiten bestehen, wenn die Regierung einen endogenen Bestandteil des politisch-ökonomischen Systems bildet. Als Ansatzpunkte bieten sich die Information and Beeinflussung der Präferenzen der Wähler und der Regierung, die Veränderung der wirtschaftlichen Einschränkungen des Handlungsspielraumes der Regierung and der Verfassungsvertrag an. Die Ratschläge werden grundsätzlich im Interesse der wirtschaftspolitischen Entscheidungsträger gegeben – und nicht unabhängig oder gegen sie. Diese neue Sicht wird der herrschenden Lehre der (quantitativen) Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik (insbesondere der Theorie optimaler Steuern) sowie der Theorie rationaler Erwartungen gegenübergestellt.
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    Notes: Colonial rule reflects itself in disproportionately strong trade ties between the colonies and their mother country. The example of the old British Dominions is sometimes cited to suggest that this is the result of cultural and linguistic ties rather than of colonialist exploitation. To evaluate the effect of such cultural ties on trade we examine the trade share held by Spain in the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America. It is shown that in the early 1960s no effects of cul-tural ties were visible. They had however, become apparent by the beginning of the following decade, in the wake of Spain's rapid industrial growth. Thus while cultural ties are conducive to trade, they are by no means a sufficient condition for it.
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    Notes: Abouchar Alan (Ed.): The Socialist Price Mechanism.Adler-Karlsson G.: The Political Economy of East-West-South Cooperation.Atlantic Council ofthe United States: GATTPlus-A Proposal for Trade Reform.Bohley Peter: Geühren und Beiträge.Borcherding Thomas E. (Ed.): Budgets and Bureaucrats.Borner Silvio: Die amerikanische Stabilitätspolitik seit 1946.Campbell Colin D. (Ed.): Income Redistribution.Chou Marylin, Harmon David P., Jr., Kahn Herman and Wittwer Sylvan H.: World Food Prospects and Agricultural Potential.Cipolla C. M. and Borchardt K. (Hrsg.): Die Industrielle Revolution.Claassen E. and Salin P. (Eds.): Recent Issues in International Monetaty EconomicsClaussen Peter: Einführung in die Theorie der Inflation.Gabor André: Pricing.Hankel Wilhelm: Weltwirtschaft.Hartley Keith: Problems of Economic Policy.Henderson W. 0.: The Life of Friedrich Engels.Howson Susan and Winch Donald: The Economic Advisory Council 1930–1939.Hutchison T. W.: Knowledge and Ignorance in Economics.International Monetary Fund: The Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments.Kolm Serge-Christophe: La transition socialiste.Lee Moon H.: Purchasing Power Parity.Macbean Alasdair I. and Balasubramanyam V. N.: Meeting the Third World Challenge.Müller Richard und Röck Werner: Konjunktur- und Stabilisie-rungspolitik.Peffekoven Rolf: Einführung in die Grundbegriffe der Finanzwissenschaft.Regul Rudolf (Hrsg.): Die Europäischen Gemeinschaften und die Mittelmeerländer.Schmitz Wolfgang: Die antizyklische Konjunkturpolitik - eine Illusion.Starbatty Joachim: Erfolgskontrolle der Globalsteuerung.Schumacher Harald: Diversifikation, Wettbewerb und Strukturflexibilität.Slater Lucy Joan: Gem. A General Econometric Matrix Program.Todaro Michael P.: Economic Development in the Third World.Tsoukalis Loukas: The Politics and Economics of European Monetary Integration.
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    Notes: Bairoch Paul: Commerce extërieur et développement économique de l'Europe au XIXe siècle.Blaug Mark (Ed.): The Economics of the Arts.Böckels Lothar, Scharf Bodo and Widmaier Hans Peter: Machtverteilung im Sozialstaat.Widmaier Hans Peter: Sozialpolitik im Wohfahrtsstaat.Bombach G., Ramser H.J., Timmermann M. and Wittmann W. (Hrsg.): Der Keynesianismus.Brown Murray, Sato Kazuo, and Zarenbka Paul (Eds.): Essays in Modern Capital Theory.Csepinszky A. (Ed.): Input-Output Techniques.Dürr Ernst: Wachstumspolitik.Giersch Herbert: Konjunktur- and Wachstumspolitik in der offenen Wirtschaft.Eckstein Otto (Ed.): Parameters and Policies in the U.S. Economy.Gordon Barry: Political Economy in Parliament 1819-1823.Hayek F. A.: Denationalisation of Money.Heertje Arnold: Economics and Technical Change.Henry Louis: Population: Analysis and Models.Herder-Dorneich Philipp and Groser Manfred: Ökonomische Theorie des politischen Wettbewerbs.Herring Richard J. and Marston Richard C.: National Monetary Policies and International Financial Markets.Horn Ernst-Jürgen: Technologische Neuerungen and internationale Arbeitsteilung.Nau Henry R.: Technology Transfer and U.S. Foreign Policy.Lesourne Jacques: Les systëmes du destin.Luhmann N., Becker H., Ronge V., Meissner W., Offe C. U. a.: Interaktion von Wissenschaft and Politik.Machlup Fritz (Ed.): Economic Integration Worldwide, Regional, Sectoral.Malinvaud Edmond: The Theory of Unemployment Reconsidered.Münnich Frank E.: Einführung in die empirische Makroökonomik.Pitchford John D. and Turnovsky Stephen J.: Applications of Control Theory to Economic Analysis.Posner Richard A.: Antitrust Law: An Economic Perspective.Prais S.J.: The Evolution of Giant Firms in Britain.Schultz Bruno: Kleine deutsche Geldgeschichte des 19. and 20. Jahrhunderts.Shonfield Andrew (Ed.): International Economic Relations of the Western World 1959-1971.Sijben Jac. J.: Money and Economic Growth.Stem Carl H., Makin John H., and Logue Dennis E. (Eds.): Eurocurrencies and the International Monetary System.
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    Notes: This article uses ordinary least squares to estimate the trade effects of the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA). Estimates are made for total LAFTA and for each member country. The basic models use income, foreign exchange and a proxy for economic integration. The findings indicate that economic integration promoted an expansion of intra-LAFTA trade for all member countries. And most of the increased intra-LAFTA trade was diverted from third countries. The findings also confirm the importance of the foreign exchange constraint for the trade of developing countries. An analysis of the reciprocity of concessions indicates that the effective concessions which Argentina received were less than those it granted to other LAFTA members. More pronounced were the similar findings for Chile and Colombia. In contrast, the ‘favored’, less developed LAFTA members (Ecuador, Paraguay, and Uruguay) received concessions worth many times the value of the concessions which they granted.
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  • 85
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: The paper analyzes the trade-off between environmental quality and the gains from trade. For a world with pollutants as a joint product of output it is shown that gains from trade by exporting a pollution-intensively produced commodity are accompanied by a loss of environmental quality and that improving environmental quality will adversely affect the gains from trade. The paper analyzes with a two sector model which adjustment processes occur, if a country untertakes environmental policy. The results are explained diagrammatically. A condition is specified for a positive change in welfare from environmental policy taking into consideration the reduction in the gains from trade. Finally, the paper suggests that in an open economy emission taxes have to be set according to the same rule as in a closed economy, namely in the optimum the emission tax must equal marginal environmental damage prevented.
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  • 86
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 87
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: This paper empirically investigates the hypothesis that the relationship between migration and welfare runs both ways, that is, welfare both influences and is influenced by welfare levels. The analysis deals with Dutch municipalities and United States cities over the 1960-1970 period. The findings support the hypothesis in both cases.
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 93
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 94
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: ‘[…] the opposing party is indispensable in the judicial process; not because he increases the animosity and belligerence between the parties and not because he permits counsel to give vent to greater eloquence, but in the interest of justice and the judge, for whom the best and easiest method of seeing the whole truth before him, illuminated from all sides, is through the juxtaposition of the opposing claims of the parties.This comparison between the judicial process, based on the opposition of two parties, and the parliamentary system, founded on the struggle between the majority and the opposition, has more than a purely theoretical value; that is, the similarity is more than purely aesthetic. […] To abolish the freedom of the parties and to transform the Parteiprozess into a procedure where all initiative would emanate from the judge […] is equivalent to […] a trial without a trial1.1
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Kyklos 30 (1977), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-6435
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
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