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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (73)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OBITUARY Peter Peet Silvester 1935-1996 (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: No Abstract
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS FOR THE SCATTERED FIELDS FROM ROUGH SURFACES USING THE FULL WAVE GENERALIZED TELEGRAPHISTS' EQUATIONS (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 83-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A numerical method is used to solve the integro-differential generalized telegraphists' equations for the total (single and multiple) diffusely scattered radiation wave amplitudes. These equations were derived using a full wave approach. The singularities of the scattering coefficients are removed on integrating by parts. A stationary phase approximation is used to obtain the far fields. The numerical solutions are obtained for one-dimensional deterministic surfaces. The numerical results for the total (single and multiple) diffusely scattered fields are in good agreement with the earlier single scatter analytical results when the maximum surface slope is less than 30 degrees. The earlier single scatter analytical solutions are based on the assumption that the total field impressed upon a rough surface is associated with the incident field only. This assumption is not made for the evaluation of the numerical results presented here. The earlier analytical results are in total agreement with the small perturbation results when the rough surface height and slopes are of the same order of smallness. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GENERALIZED MODAL SCATTERING MATRIX OF DISCONTINUITY-DISTORTED WAVEGUIDE MULTIPORT JUNCTIONS (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 153-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A generalized modal scattering matrix formulation is presented for the calculation of discontinuity-distorted waveguide multiport junctions. Unlike common approaches based on three-plane mode-matching techniques, and modifications thereof, which calculate only the fundamental-mode scattering matrix, this algorithm computes the generalized modal scattering matrix of the junction. Therefore, the method allows the computation of components in which other structures are connected as closely as possible to the discontinuity-distorted junction as follows directly from the rigorous incorporation of all higher-order mode interactions. The method is demonstrated at three selected examples: the waveguide corner, the T-junction power divider and the orthomode transducer. Comparison with results obtained by other numerical techniques or measurements available from the literature are found to be in good agreement. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFICIENT HYBRID REPRESENTATION FORMULATION METHOD FOR COMPUTER SIMULATION OF LARGE CIRCUITS (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 205-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A hybrid representation formulation approach is presented. It avoids some numerical inconveniences and was successfully used as an intermediate step to obtain the differential algebraic equations of PWL modelled VLSI circuits. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    APPLICATION OF WAVELETS TO THE ANALYSIS OF ARBITRARY THIN-WIRE LOOP ANTENNAS AND SCATTERERS (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 193-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An analysis of arbitrary thin-wire loop antennas and scatterers using periodic orthogonal wavelets is presented. The periodic orthogonal wavelet expansion is applied to solve the thin-wire version of the electric-field integral equation (EFIE). The curved solution domains are mapped into the definition domain [0, 1] of the periodic wavelets. The unknown current over each loop wire is expanded in terms of a basis derived from a periodic orthogonal wavelet through the maps between the curved integration domains and the interval [0,1]. The integral equation under study is converted into a sparse matrix equation by this technique. Numerical examples are provided for a variety of thin-wire loop antennas and scatterers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    A NUMERICAL STUDY OF BEAM WAVE INTERACTION DEVICES USING THE TRANSMISSION LINE MODELLING (TLM) METHOD (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 231-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The suitability of the transmission line modelling method for studying field-particle interaction devices is assessed through an example of a simple two-cavity klystron amplifier. Two separate numerical studies are presented, covering both beam bunching in the buncher cavity and field generation in the catcher cavity. Also addressed are the possibility of modelling the effect of the finite thickness of the cavity wall and beam coupling. The modelling of these practical aspects has not only resulted in some important insights into the field-particle interaction problem, but also demonstrated that the computer code developed is a powerful and versatile design tool. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    SPECTRAL-DOMAIN MODELLING OF SUPERCONDUCTING MICROSTRIP STRUCTURES (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 217-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present an analysis of thin microstrip superconducting structures in which the effects of the superconducting material, of finite complex conductivity and finite thickness, are taken into account through the concept of sheet impedance coupled with an extension of the Spectral Domain Immittance Approach. The effect of the magnetic field on the penetration depth in the superconductor is included by solving the Ginzburg-Landau equations within the thin-film approximation (t/λ0 ≪ 1). The state of the material is determined self-consistently in such a way that when the critical field is exceeded, the material systematically shifts from the superconducting to the normal state. Special attention is paid to the behaviour of the system in the neighbourhood of the critical temperature, T/Tc ≃ 1. We report that, in some cases, the propagation constant of a superconducting microstrip line attains a maximum when the real and imaginary parts of the conductivity are approximately equal. Numerical results for a microstrip line and a patch resonator are presented and compared with available data to document the validity of the approach. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 8
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    Book Review: A posteriori error estimation and adaptive mesh-refinement techniques by Rüdiger Verfürth, Wiley-Teubner, 1996. ISBN 0-471-96795-5. No. of pages: 134. Price: £19.99 Hardback (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 371-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: No Abstract
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  • 9
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    APPLICATION OF CONFORMAL MAPPING IN MODELLING THE RESPONSE OF AN MSM PHOTODETECTOR (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 71-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper we present an efficient method for numerical solution of the transport equation of photogenerated carriers in MSM photodetectors. The method is based on conformal mapping of both the MSM photodetector structure and the system of transport equations into a new space. The mapping enables analytical calculation of the electric field, allowing one to take one of the co-ordinates as a parameter and thus reducing the problem to quasi-one-dimensional. In addition, the method of conformal mapping enables calculation of the normalized current response of a photodetector in the new space. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Whole field computation using Monte Carlo method (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 303-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Monte Carlo methods are generally known for solving field problems one point at a time, unlike other numerical methods such as the finite difference and finite element methods which provide the solution at all the grid nodes simultaneously. This paper provides a Monte Carlo technique for obtaining the solution everywhere at once. The technique uses absorbing Markov chains to obtain the transition probabilities for all of the grid nodes at once. The procedure is illustrated with some examples for homogeneous and inhomogeneous, rectangular and axisymmetric solution regions, and is found to be accurate. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 11
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    A tabu search strategy for an efficient solution of linear systems in electromagnetic problems (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 315-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A strategy is proposed to enhance the performance of some numerical methods used in the solution of electromagnetic problems. The strategy can be extended to any numerical method based on the partitioning of the spatial domain into elementary cells. Two different implementations of the strategy are compared: modified-reversed Cuthill-McKee and tabu search. While the former is well known, the latter is here applied for the first time to such problems. Their application is shown in conjunction with three different numerical methods: mode matching of complex MW circuits, finite difference solution of PDE and FEM analysis of microstrip lines. The efficiency and versatility of the approach is proved for each of the three numerical methods, reaching a reduction in the working times of up to 20 times. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 12
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    SIMULATION OF AMORPHOUS SILICON THIN-FILM TRANSISTOR INCLUDING ADAPTED GUMMEL METHOD (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 3-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an adapted Gummel method (AGM) used in the two-dimensional device simulation of an amorphous-silicon (a-Si) thin-film transistor (TFT). Firstly, the AGM for amorphous silicon is developed by modifying the Gummel method (GM) for crystalline silicon. Secondly, the AGM is implemented into a two-dimensional device simulator for the simulation of a-Si TFTs. The simulation results show that the AGM converges well while the GM fails to converge for the simulation of a-Si TFTs. Hence, the AGM is a useful technique for the simulation and analysis of a-Si TFTs. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 13
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    A TRANSMISSION LINE SIMULATOR FOR EMC IN COMPLEX ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS (EMCSIM) (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 13-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Specifying electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) is a crucial step in the performance evaluation of electrical and electronic systems. This paper describes a circuit formulation for the EMC assessment of large and complex systems.The proposed method is based on breaking the actual structure down into an aggregation of multiport devices: lumped-parameter circuits and distributed-parameter multiports. The multiconductor transmission line (MTL) model is used for the description of signal propagation along system interconnects: uniform, twisted and shielded lines are considered. Accurate prediction models (including line losses and dispersion) are utilized for the quantitative evaluation of both intrasystem compatibility and susceptibility to radiated interference.The description of the network topology makes use of the concept of an incidence matrix which is widely used in lumped-circuit theory. It is extended here to the more general case of distributed networks. The entire analysis is carried out in the frequency domain and a transient response is obtained by using inverse Fourier and Laplace transforms.Noteworthy characteristics of the method can be seen in the simplicity and effectiveness of the prediction models and in the minimal effort required for system description. The proposed method is especially significant for complex systems, where the number of connecting structures can be quite large. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 14
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    A NEW METHOD FOR SOLVING IONIZED FIELDS OF UNIPOLAR HVDC LINES INCLUDING EFFECT OF WIND. PART II: ITERATIVE TECHNIQUES AND NUMERICAL TESTS (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The modified Gaussian algorithm is introduced for solving the ionized fields of unipolar HVDC lines including the effect of wind. Specific techniques of incorporating in the algorithm the special structure of the optimization problem of the ionized field have been developed to economize the requirements for the computer memory and CPU time. Numerical tests are carried out on a coaxial cylindrical geometry and on a line-plane geometry both in the absence and in the presence of wind. Comparison with available experimental data shows good agreement. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 15
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    A PARALLEL IMPLEMENTATION OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL FOR MICROWAVE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE INCLUDING INERTIA EFFECTS IN MOMENTUM RELAXATION (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 107-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A self-consistent numerical transport model based on the hydrodynamic equations obtained from Boltzmann's transport equation (BTE) is presented. The model includes both the temporal and spatial variation in electron velocity. A parallel implementation of the solution method, using FDTD techniques, is illustrated. Numerical results for a GaAs MESFET device are generated using this complete hydrodynamic model (CHM) and compared with results obtained from the more commonly used energy or simplified hydrodynamic model (SHM). The results indicate that for short gate-lengths (less than 0⋅5 μm) the two models lead to different DC steady-state results which in turn lead to different microwave small-signal models for the device. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 16
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    MODELLING OF P-I-N PHOTODIODES UNDER HIGH ILLUMINATION CONDITIONS (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 139-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The response of a p-i-n photodetector made from gallium arsenide to both steady-state and transient illumination has been modelled. Both an ensemble Monte-Carlo model and a drift-diffusion model were used, the latter with the choice of two different mobility models. The effects of high intensity steady-state illumination on the field and carrier distributions in the photodetector were calculated, and a comparative study of the models made. The transient response to pulsed illumination has also been calculated and the different results obtained from the models explained. The effect of high illumination on the response speed of the detector has been demonstrated. In addition, an expression for obtaining the photocurrent from the Monte-Carlo simulation, with much reduced statistical noise over the conventional estimate, has been derived and successfully tested. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 17
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    OPTIMIZED ENTIRE-DOMAIN MOMENT-METHOD ANALYSIS OF 3D DIELECTRIC SCATTERERS (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 177-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: When compared with commonly used subdomain moment-method analysis, entire-domain analysis of 3D dielectric scatterers results in a greatly reduced number of unknowns. Unfortunately, the expressions for matrix elements tend to be quite complicated and their calculation extremely time-consuming if evaluated directly. It is shown in the paper that, in a Galerkin-type solution with large trilinear hexahedral basic volume elements and three-dimensional polynomial approximation of volume current inside them, these expressions can be manipulated analytically for optimized rapid non-redundant integration. Consequently, a method for the analysis of 3D dielectric scatterers is obtained that is efficient, rapidly converging with increasing degree of approximation for current, remarkably accurate and very moderate in computer memory requirements. The applicability of the method of moments is thereby extended to bodies of electrical sizes greatly exceeding those that can be dealt with by subdomain methods. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 18
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    QUASI-STATIC MoL-BASED APPROACH FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MULTILAYER TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURES (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 209-216 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a generalized approach for the analysis of multistrip multidielectric layer transmission line structures based on the Method of Lines (MoL) is presented. The proposed algorithm is not limited either by the number of dielectric layers or by the number of metallic strips that can be positioned at different interfaces. The program we have written has been successfully tested on various structures and the obtained results are compared with those published by other authors. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 19
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    MODAL ABSORPTION IN THE FDTD METHOD: A CRITICAL REVIEW (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 245-264 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with absorbing boundary conditions for the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method applied to homogeneous lossless waveguide structures. A theoretical formulation of the so-called ‘modal absorption’ (MA) is developed. On the basis of this theory different implementations available in the literature have been derived and compared. Then, some techniques to enhance the efficiency of the method have been proposed and tested. It is demonstrated that, with the proposed methods, the high level of accuracy of the original formulations is retained, while the computational cost is strongly reduced. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 20
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    A NEW METHOD FOR SOLVING IONIZED FIELDS OF UNIPOLAR HVDC LINES INCLUDING EFFECT OF WIND. PART I: FEM FORMULATION (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 47-56 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a finite element method for solving ionized fields is developed based on a novel solution philosophy. Employing the Galerkin finite element method, the solution problem of an ionized field has been formulated as an optimization problem, i.e. as a problem of minimizing an objective function whose minimum gives the solution. The effect of wind is taken into account by introducing a scalar potential of its velocity. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 21
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    ANALYSIS OF A GRID DIPOLE ARRAY PLACED INSIDE A WAVEGUIDE CAVITY WITH A RECTANGULAR COUPLING APERTURE (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 35-46 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The circuit and coupling properties of a dipole grid array placed inside a rectangular cross-section waveguide are analysed when also a rectangular aperture is used to couple the resonator energy into a semi-infinite waveguide. A Green function approach is employed to determine the current distribution on the dipole elements by solving an integral equation and taking into account the boundary conditions on the rectangular cavity walls. Both mutual and self-impedance terms are calculated for the dipole grid array, and the effects of the rectangular coupling aperture are also examined. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 22
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    OBITUARY Peter Peet Silvester 1935-1996 (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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  • 23
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    COMPUTER SIMULATION OF RANDOM SIGNALS AND ROUGH SURFACES WITH GIVEN STATISTICAL CHARACTERISTICS (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 101-105 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Recurrence relations are developed to determine the weighting coefficients used in the simulation of random signals and rough surfaces with given statistical characteristics. These results can provide (in real time) straightforward, accurate solutions to the system of non-linear, algebraic equations associated with the method of moving summations. Three possible numerical methods have been reported to obtain approximate solutions to the system of non-linear, algebraic equations. However, none of them is straightforward, and they all require a large amount of computing time. This work can be applied to the numerical solution of the generalized telegraphist's equations used to analyze vertically and horizontally polarized radio wave scattering problems from permeable media with random rough interfaces. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 24
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    SOLUTION OF THE COUPLED POISSON-SCHRÖDINGER EQUATIONS USING THE MULTIGRID METHOD (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 121-136 
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    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a multigrid method for numerically solving the coupled Poisson-Schrödinger equations in one dimension for a multilayered HEMT device structure. It is shown that this method produces a good speed-up factor over the non-multigrid approach. This should make it suitable for incorporating into the two-dimensional HEMT model involving coupled Poisson, Schrödinger, current continuity and energy transport equations, with the Schrödinger equation being solved in slices perpendicular to the layer structure. The time taken to produce a multigrid solution depends on the size of the coarse grid and on the number of grids used. A method of predicting the time taken for any combination of these values is presented. The method is demonstrated for a 4-layer device. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A SOFTWARE TOOL FOR ACTIVE ANTENNA ARRAY DYNAMICAL EVALUATION (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 169-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a modelling strategy and a software tool for simulating the dynamical behaviour of an active antenna array. The array consists of active radiating elements placed in a chain, i.e. a collinear array arrangement. To assist modelling of the active antenna array a macro model has been used to represent each of the radiating elements in the array. This simplifies analysis and allows dynamical performance to be efficiently computed, the resulting dynamical behaviour of the array being presented as an animated visualization. A computer program is presented which can simulate the active array in the time domain so that various characteristics, such as mode formation and spacial coupling effects, can be observed. Experimental validation is given in order to justify the mode formation predictions of the simulator. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    BOOK REVIEW: FINITE ELEMENT SOFTWARE FOR MICROWAVE ENGINEERING, edited by Tatsuo Itoh, Giuseppe Pelosi and Peter P. Silvester, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1996. ISBN 0-471-12636-5. No. of pages: 483. Price: £60.00. (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 265-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
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    Book review: Methods and applications of linear models: regression and the analysis of variance by Ronald R. Hocking, Wiley, New York, 1996. No. of pages: 731. Price (cloth): $69.95. (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 313-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: No Abstract
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    Arbitrary wire antenna above lossy half-space: rapid accurate image solution (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 269-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple, approximate, but very rapid and accurate image method is proposed for the analysis of arbitrary wire antennas above a lossy half-space. The reflected field from vertical and horizontal Hertzian dipoles is approximated by the field of a few ‘optimally’ positioned simple elementary sources. The field of images is incorported into the Hallén-type equations for the current distribution, resulting in equations of essentially the same form as those for an isolated antenna. The equations are solved by the point-matching method and polynomial approximation of current along the antenna segments. The results for the impedance and admittance of antennas assembled of vertical, horizontal and/or oblique segments are in excellent agreement with the exact results (obtained from the Sommerfeld theory). The proposed method is conceptually very simple and on average 25 times faster than the exact method, although in some cases it was found to be faster for even two orders of magnitude. This makes it particularly suitable for numerical optimization and CAD of relatively complicated antennas and other wire structures above a lossy half-space. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A comparison of scalar singular finite elements applied to the analysis of homogeneous waveguides with sharp edges (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 343-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: When we solve the wave equation by the finite element method, the order of convergence and the accuracy of the solution are reduced by the presence of sharp edges. The employment of singular elements improves the solution and allows us to reduce the cost of computation.In this paper, three types of scalar singular finite elements with the capacity to handle singularities in the derivative, and which have previously been applied to mechanical problems, are examined, together with standard elements, in the context of homogeneous waveguide analysis.We solve two examples of homogeneous waveguides showing the different behaviour of the singular elements and obtaining information on the order of convergence and the approximation of the gradient of the unknown function. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Highly stable finite volume based relaxation iterative algorithm for solution of dc line ionized fields in the presence of wind (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 355-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a highly stable relaxation iterative algorithm for solving the ionized fields of unipolar HVDC transmission lines in the absence or in the presence of wind. The finite element method is employed to solve Poisson's equation, and the upwind finite volume method is applied to solve the current continuity equation. The algorithm has been tested up to a wind velocity of 45 m/s. Results obtained for a unipolar HVDC transmission line model show that the application of the upwind method increases the stability and convergence of the iterative algorithm when wind is stronger, while the implementation of a relaxation technique makes it possible for the iterative algorithm to cover a wide range of wind velocities, geometric parameters and ratios of the applied voltage to the corona onset value. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Modelling of printed discontinuities on open microstrip lines by mode matching techniques (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 329-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The dynamic analysis of discontinuities in printed circuits has been performed using the mode matching technique. This study concerns the open end of microstrip lines and suspended microstrip lines. The fields on either side of the discontinuity are described by means of the continuous (radiated and evanescent) and guided modes of the structure.The conditions of continuity of the electromagnetic fields are then applied in the plane of the discontinuity. By taking into account the relations of orthogonality of the modes of the same region, a system of coupled Fredholm integral equations is obtained and solved by the iterative method of Neumann's series.The study calls for the use of the continuous spectrum of microstrip lines, which can be obtained analytically only after a great amount of calculation and CPU time. Thus, the first approach consists in neglecting this continuous spectrum. This gives accurate results for the reflection coefficient but it is not sufficient for the derivation of the radiation pattern. So, two simple models for the continuous spectrum, both based on the physical behaviour of such discontinuities, are considered and discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Computer-aided analysis of power electronic circuits by stepwise topological identification (1997)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 10 (1997), S. 285-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Numerical Methods and Modeling
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new approach for the time-domain simulation of power electronic circuits is developed. The methodology is based on stepwise identification of circuit topology. The simulation process automatically looks for a valid topology in every step. At each simulation instant, the circuit topology is transformed into a resistive network, giving another superior feature of this method: the avoidance of solving complicated s-domain or differential formulas. No small-signal approximation is assumed. Parasitic resistance of the reactive element is included in the circuit model. Several examples illustrating the generality and computational efficiency of this new method are presented. The simulated results are favourably verified with experimental measurements and available literature. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Electrical activity of iodine-diffused CdTe (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdTe ; iodine doping ; electrical activity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The electrical activity of iodine in CdTe is discussed when iodine is introduced into the CdTe by diffusion from the vapour phase. It is compared both with the total concentration of iodine in the diffused CdTe slices and with the electrical activity in CdTe slices which have been annealed under Cd- and Te-saturated vapour pressures.Iodine-diffused slices of CdTe were profiled by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to obtain the total iodine concentration and by capacitance-voltage (C-V) techniques to obtain the net concentration of electrically active iodine. After annealing with iodine in the form of Cdl2, the slices were p-type, similar to those obtained when CdTe was annealed in either excess Te or Cd vapour, and they showed no significant increase in electrical activity. If Cd was added to the Cdl2 diffusion source or the CdTe was given a subsequent anneal in cadmium vapour, the slices became n-type. The results indicated that in all cases a neutral layer composed of Cd nIm (m and n are integers) formed on the surface layers, whereas if Cd was involved in the diffusion, some of the iodine existed in an electrically active form deeper into the slice with a maximum concentration of active carriers given by ND - NA ≈ 1017 cm-3. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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    Peculiarties of the electronic and electron vibrational spectra of organic conductors: BEDT-TTF salts of alpha-type structurePaper presented at ERPOS-7, Polanica-Zdrój, Poland, 18-22 June 1996. (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 19-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic conductors ; optical spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised infrared reflectivity spectra of some ET-based conducting salts of alpha-type structure are measured and compared: (ET)2I3 (I), (ET)2TIHg(XCN)4 (X=S, Se) (II) and (ET)8[Hg4Br12(CH3C6H4CI)2] (III). For both I and II the electronic reflectivity is greater for the polarisation perpendicular to ET stacks. However, a resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed for II in the polarisation characterized by lower electronic reflectivity in contrast with the spectra of I. Another difference between I and II is the absence of the pronounced plasma edge in the region of 4 000 cm-1 in the spectra of II, which may be due to high electron damping. For III the electronic reflectivity is low and no resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed. The peculiarities of the electron-vibrational spectra of I, II and III may be due to the details of the crystal structure. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    New BETS salts based on magnetic (CuCl3, FeCl4) and non-magnetic (GaCl4) anions (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: BETS ; salt ; synthesis ; structure ; conductivity ; magnetoresistance oscillations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: New BETS salts (where BETS is bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene) with (CuCl3)x, Cu2C6, Cu4Cl8 and Fe0.75Ga0.25Cl4 anions have been obtained. The crystal structures and electrical and magnetoresistance properties of Κ-BETS4Cu4Cl8, θ-BETS4Cu2Cl6 and Κ-BETS2Fe0.75Ga0.25Cl4 have been studied. The last two compounds have been found to exhibit Shubnikov-de Haas and angle-dependent magnetoresistance oscillations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Infrared spectra of β-Phase BEDT-TTF salts with hexacyanometalate anions (M(CN)3-6; M ≡ CoIII, FeIII, CrIII) (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 67-69 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: magnetic BEDT-TTF salts ; IR spectra ; Drude-Lorentz model ; charge transfer bands ; C = C stretching vibrations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised reflectance spectra of three charge transfer salts of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF), β(BEDT-TTF)5M(CN)6 · 10H2O (M ≡ Co, Fe, Cr), are measured in the infrared region 650-6500 cm-1 at room temperature. The reflectance is analysed in terms of the Drude-Lorentz model. Vibrational bands related to C = C stretching are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Optical investigations of strained InGaAs quantum wells (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 307-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoreflectance ; photoluminescence ; InGaAs/GaAs quantum well ; type I and II excitonic transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: InGaAs/GaAs MOCVD-grown quantum wells have been investigated. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements have shown heavy-hole-related excitonic transitions within the temperature range from 10 to 100 K for all samples. In room-temperature photoreflectance (PR), sharp heavy- and light-hole excitonic transitions in the quantum wells have been observed. The transition energies obtained have been compared with values derived from theoretical considerations using the envelope function model including lattice-mismatch-related stress. The heavy- and light-hole transitions have been identified as excitonic transitions of types I and II respectively. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systems. 6: Processing half-tone images and neural network architecture of excitable media (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 171-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The processing of half-tone images by excitable media functioning based on non-linear dynamic mechanisms was studied. The image-processing operations proved to be somewhat more complicated than in the case of black-and-white images. Analogies between the architecture of neural networks and the structural features of excitable media are discussed. The basic information capabilities of excitable media proved to be close to the capabilities of shunting on-centre off-surround feedback networks. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Structural investigation of four-centre photopolymerisation of bis-phthalamic bis-chalcone derivative in the crystalline state (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 9-17 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photopolymerisation ; electron microscopy ; molecular modeling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: By combining the results obtained from an electron diffraction tilting series with solid state NMR and powder X-ray diffraction, it was possible to determine the unit cell parameters and space group of BPABC crystals grown from DMAA solution both before and after irradiation. Subsequently semi-empirical quantum mechanical and packing energy calculations led to a model structure which agreed well with all the electron diffraction data and thus provided insight into the cross-linking mechanism. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systems. 5: Processing images with several levels of brightness and some application potentialities (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 161-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Excitable media of Belousov-Zhabotinsky type were used for processing images with several levels of brightness. In this case the image-processing operations proved to be somewhat more complicated than in the case of black-and-white pictures. Excitable media seem to be useful tools for handling some practical applications such as aerial picture processing. Belousov-Zhabotinsky-type media are also simple and convenient experimental models for investigation of the information-processing capabilities of biomolecular systems with complicated non-linear dynamics. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    In situ studies of epitaxial silicon growth by gas source molecular beam epitaxy (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 215-224 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: silicon ; epitaxy ; kinetics ; dynamics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The value of in situ monitoring to study growth dynamics and surface reaction kinetics in a gas source molecular beam epitaxy process is illustrated with reference to the growth of Si films on Si(001) substrates using a beam of disilane (Si2H6). By using a combination of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS), we show first how morphological (long-range order) and local electronic structure effects can be separated in the evaluation of growth dynamics. This involves the measurement of step density changes by RHEED concomitantly with the variation in domain coverage on the Si(001) (2×1)+(1×2) reconstructed surface by RAS. This approach is then extended to investigate the kinetics of hydrogen desorption, which is the rate-limiting step in Si growth from Si2H6. It is shown that over a significant temperature range, zeroth-order kinetics are obeyed and this is explained on the basis of a step-mediated desorption process. Finally we show how this influences the growth rate on substrates of differing degrees of vicinality. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The use of an adduct in improved syntheses of nanoparticulate chalcogenide semiconductors containing cadmium (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 277-279 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: semiconductor nanoparticles ; adduct ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: An improved organometallic route to passivated, high-quality crystalline nanodispersed semiconductors has been developed. Thermolysis of the 1:1 triethylamine adduct of dimethylcadmium and a chalcogenide source can be used to grow 3 nm diameter II-VI quantum dots capped with trioctylphosphine oxide. Samples have been characterised by absorption spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Sensitive thermoelectric power and conductivity measurements on implanted polyparaphenylene thin films (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 281-293 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyparaphenylene ; ion implantation ; doping ; thermoelectric power ; conductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A sensitive apparatus for determining the conductivity and thermoelectric power of conducting polymer films at temperatures between 150 and 450 K is described. Brittle polyparaphenylene films doped by ion implantation with either alkali (caesium, sodium) or halogen (iodine) ions are studied by this method. Analysis of the temperature dependence of both conductivity and thermopower shows that the doping process of this conjugated polymer is efficient only when low parameters of implantation are selected and appears around room temperature. At higher temperatures the thermopower exhibits an anomalous evolution that we attribute to oxygen migration. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Deposition of cadmium sulphide thin films from the single-source precursor bis(diethylmonothiocarbamato)cadmium(II) by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 311-316 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: monothiocarbamate ; MOCVD ; cadmium sulphide ; precursor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of CdS were grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (LP-MOCVD, 10-2 Torr) on GaAs(100) and borosilicate glass using the novel single-source precursor bis(diethylmonothiocarbamato)cadmium(II). The deposition of CdS was observed at substrate temperatures of 300 °C and above. Uniform adherent films of CdS were grown on GaAs(100) at temperatures between 350 and 450°C. CdS films deposited on glass were generally transparent with small crystallites (∽50 nm). Films were characterised by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and shown to be of hexagonal phase. A band gap of 2.39 eV was measured for the films of CdS. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Nitrogen Lewis base adducts of group 12 alkyls: Molecular structure of poly[1,3-bis (4-pyridyl) propane]dimethylzinc, [Me2Zn (C5H4N)CH2CH2CH2(C5H4N)]n (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: dimethylzinc ; purification ; adduct ; non-chelating diamine ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The structure of the dimethylzinc adduct with the bidentate amine 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane, [Me2Zn(C5H4N)CH2CH2CH2(C5H4N)]n, 1, has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystals of 1 are monoclinic, space group P21/m, with two molecules within a unit cell of dimensions a=5.364(3) Å, b=12.839(3) Å, c=10.618(3) Å and β=92.76(3)°. The structure is polymeric, being composed of [Me2Zn(C5H4N)CH2CH2CH2(C5H4N)] units with the nitrogens within a specific 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane ligand bonding to adjacent zinc centres. The zinc atom is four-co-ordinate, bonding to two carbon and two nitrogen atoms, with the C - Zn - C angle of 145.5(2)° intermediate between that of a linear and tetrahedral bond arrangement. As far as we know, this is the first example of a polymeric alkyl zinc/cadmium amine adduct to have been structurally characterised. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Dioxo- and aminooxopyrimidotetrathiafulvalenes: π-electron donors for design of conducting materials containing intramolecular hydrogen bonds of nucleic acid base pair typePaper presented at ERPOS-7, Polanica-Zdrój, Poland, 18-22 June 1996. (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 39-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: tetrathiafulvalenes ; cation radical inner salts (betaines) ; intermolecular hydrogen bonds ; uracil derivatives ; guanine analogues ; DC electrical conductivity ; organic semiconductors ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Dimethyl[2,4-dioxo(1 H,3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (1) and dimethyl-[2-amino-4-oxo(3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (4) form unusual inner salts by oxidation in the presence of bases. The insoluble black-green betaines 2 and 5 react with acids to form cation radical salts. Betaine 2 in the presence of acid and bis-(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene forms the unexpected double salt 8. In order to synthesise the cation radical salts of 1 and 4, it is necessary to use the ultrasonic method owing to the insolubility of the starting compounds. Electrical measurements of the betaines and cation radical salts in pressed samples show an unexpectedly low resistivity with semiconducting character: for betaine 2 ρ(RT) = 840 Ο cm, for betaine 5 ρ(RT) = 10 Ο cm, for salt 7 ρ(RT) = 40 Ο cm, but for double salt 8 ρ(RT) = 50 Ο cm. In the case of salt 8, very low values of activation energy of electrical conductivity of the order of kT were observed. The synthesis and purification of tetrathiafulvalene 4 from 5-amino-7-oxo(6 H)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-d]pyrimidineselone-2 are described. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Photoexcitations in linear trans-quinacridone (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 83-86 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoluminescence ; time-resolved fast spectrocopy ; photoinduced absorption spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We have studied the photophysics of linear trans-quinacridone films by applying a variety of transient and continuous wave photomodulation techniques. Our experimental results demonstrate the ultrafast formation of excimer species which are responsible for the emission. The excimer decay kinetics seems to suggest a predominantly charge transfer character of these emitting species. This is consistent with the long-lived states which we detected on the millisecond time scale. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Monte Carlo simulation of the Fréedericksz transition in nematic liquid crystals (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 71-77 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation method ; nematic liquid crystal ; electric-field-induced Fréedericksz transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we present results of the Monte Carlo simulation of a 2D nematic liquid crystal model in the presence of an externally applied electric field. The molecular interactions were described by the Lebwohl-Lasher Hamiltonian. The boundary conditions employed in the simulations corresponded to the experimental configuration frequently used for establishing the Frank elastic constants. The results are compared with the predictions of the phenomenological Ericksen theory. Preliminary results of simulations of an experimentally important case corresponding to the nematic interacting with a spatially modulated electric fluid are presented. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Vapour Pressure Studies of Some Nitrogen Donor Adducts of Dimethylzinc Used in the Deposition of Materials by MOCVD (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 117-121 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: precursor ; MOCVD ; vapour pressure ; adduct ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The vapour pressures of mixtures of dimethylzinc with triethylamine (1), 1,3,5-trimethyl- (2) and 1,3,5-triethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (3) have been studied using static measurement at various mole ratios of ligand to alkyl at 0°C. The results obtained are useful in assessing the suitability of these compounds as precursors for the deposition of group-12-containing materials by MOCVD. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Polyaniline Microrods (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 149-156 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyaniline ; synthesis ; surface tension effect ; morphology ; SEM ; ESR ; electrical conductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polyaniline (PANI) prepared in water or a water-methanol (1:1) mixed solvent by anodic oxidation of aniline hydrochloride at a potential of 0.8 V (and higher) vs. Ag/AgCl appears to form microrods of almost uniform shape and dimensions: a diameter of 0.7 μm and a length of 2-3 μm or more. A surface point contact Pt or Ir electrode has been used as the working electrode to get a better ordering in the product due to the surface tension effect. The structure observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is complex: the sample is highly porous and looks like a coral reef; the average channel diameter is 1.5 and 2.5 μm for narrow and wide channels respectively. The rods appearing in great number in the sample are surprisingly uniform, particularly with respect to the diameter. The electrical conductivity is of the order of 10-1 S cm-1 for most samples examined. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra consist of a strong singlet line (g = 2.0030-2.0039, ΔH =;0.12-0.50 mT); similarly, the infrared (IR) spectra show a strong and broad absorption due to electron excitations and electron-lattice interactions, which we have observed previously for many PANI samples examined in our laboratory. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    On the application of thermoluminescence for probing the energetic disorder in amorphous molecular solids (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 99-103 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: amorphous molecular solids ; poly(N-epoxypropylcarbazole) ; thermoluminescence ; charge trapping ; charge transport ; energetic disorder ; dipole moments ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The low-temperature thermoluminescence (TL) technique has been applied for probing the energetic disorder in doped poly(N-epoxypropylcarbazole)(PEPC) polymer films. Strong polar dopants were used for varying the degree of dipolar disorder. It was found that (1) the TL of the studied systems can be well interpreted in terms of the disorder model and (2) TL spectroscopy can provide the shape of the deepest part of the localised state distribution and the degree of energetic disorder as well. The charge trap distribution on the high-temperature side of the TL peak appears to be a Gaussian function and its halfwidth correlates well with the disorder parameter obtained from charge transport measurements. An unusual electric field effect on the TL of PEPC doped with strong polar dopants was found and is explained in terms of the contribution of the charge-dipole interaction to the energy of localised states. This effect indicates that the TL phenomenon for the studied systems cannot be explained purely by molecular γ-relaxation in the polymer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Chemical Processor for Computation of Skeleton of Planar Shape (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 135-139 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: reaction-diffusion media ; chemical processors ; parallel computing ; cellular automata ; image processing ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we give a regular proof of the viability of the theory of reaction-diffusion computing. The test problem is to approximate the skeleton of a planar contour, i.e. select sites of centres of bitangent circles which lie wholly within the contour. We have designed both a cellular automaton model and a real prototype of a chemical processor that implement skeleton transformations. In the cellular automaton, segments of the discrete skeleton are computed via interactions of excitation waves, while in the chemical processor the underlying mechanism is the formation of Prussian blue in an agar gel film. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A few-monolayer organic photodiode (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 45-50 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular electronics ; photodiode ; rectifier ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A few-monolayer zwitterionic, non-centrosymmetric Langmuir-Blodgett film has been sandwiched between two electrodes, one of which is transparent. Curves of dark current density as a function of applied bias were observed to exhibit rectifier-like behaviour and to follow closely the dependences measured from junctions using two metallic electrodes. The transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode discussed here permitted illumination of the organic film during electrical characterisation and it was observed that the electrical behaviour was altered from the dark state. Illumination has the effect of generating a photocurrent even when no bias is applied to the electrodes; in addition, the junction conductance was increased. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Peculiarties of the electronic and electron vibrational spectra of organic conductors: BEDT-TTF salts of alpha-type structure (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 79-82 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic conductors ; optical spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised infrared reflectivity spectra of some ET-based conducting salts of alpha-type structure are measured and compared: (ET)2I3 (I), (ET)2TIHg(XCN)4 (X≡S, Se) (II) and (ET)8[Hg4Br12(CH3C6H4Cl)2] (III). For both I and II the electronic reflectivity is greater for the polarisation perpendicular to ET stacks. However, a resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed for II in the polarisation characterised by lower electronic reflectivity in contrast with the spectra of I. Another difference between I and II is the absence of the pronounced plasma edge in the region of 4 000 cm-1 in the spectra of II, which may be due to high electron damping. For III the electronic reflectivity is low and no resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed. The peculiarities of the electron-vibrational spectra of I, II and III may be due to the details of the crystal structure. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Space-charge-limited post transit currents spectroscopy in poly(methylphenylsilylene) (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 61-65 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: silicon backbone polymers ; transport properties ; transient photoconductivity ; light generation efficiency ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Transient space-charge-limited currents (T-SCLCs) were used as a method for examining drift mobility, recombination and transport mechanisms for a typical poly(silylene), poly(methylphenylsilylene) (PMPSi). It was found that T-SCLCs present a unique possibility for injecting constant charge into a material with strong dependence of the generation efficiency on the electric field strength. This charge is given by space charge limitations and is thus independent of the transport properties of the material. The post-transit T-SCLC hole emission signals from deep traps have been measured using post-transit T-SCLCs. A density-of-electron-states distribution for deep trapping hole states with a tail-like exponential and a Gaussian distribution centred at 0.55 eV were found. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Guest editorial (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 55-55 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: This issue contains papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Electrical and Related Properties of Organic Solids (ERPOS-7). It is a companion issue to Vol. 6. No. 5/6 which contained the bulk of the papers. Unfortunately, not all of the papers could be published in one special issue. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Photochromic Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites as Holographic Storage Media (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 123-133 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: nanocomposites ; sol-gel ; heteropolymetallates ; photochromics ; holographic data storage ; amplitude grating ; two-wave-mixing recording ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes the properties of some new organic-inorganic photochromic layers. They are based on a hybrid organic-inorganic matrix in which tungsten heteropolyoxometallates (SiW12O4-40, PW12O3-40) are entrapped in a network obtained from the reaction of 3-glycidoxy-propyltrimethoxysilane. The high homogeneity of these materials on the nanoscale leads to transparent monoliths and layers of controlled thicknesses up to 40 μm. The optical properties of the blend are emphasised and the construction of amplitude gratings in the materials by two-wave-mixing experiments is described. The results of the optical experiments and the comparison with the theoretical background are used as a model for photochromic holographic storage processes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Features of the exciplex mechanism of charge photogeneration in amorphous molecular semiconductors doped with the dye rhodamine 6G (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 207-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: amorphous molecular semiconductor ; dye ; triplet exciplex ; photoconductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Results of investigation of the processes of charge carrier photogeneration and relaxation within the exciplex absorption region in films of poly-N-epoxypropylcarbazole doped with the dye rhodamine 6G are given. When the films are illuminated with light from the dye absorption region, new centres of charge photogeneration appear that absorb within the exciplex absorption region. It is shown for the first time that these centres have a long lifetime at room temperature and their temporal concentration changes correlate with EPR photosignal changes. The concentration of centres is independent of the external electric field strength during their generation. These centres are identified as triplet exciplexes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Optical absorption behaviour of vanadium pentoxide thin films (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 225-231 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: vanadium pentoxide thin films ; electron beam evaporation ; optical properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of vanadium pentoxide have been prepared by the electron beam evaporation technique over a wide range of substrate temperatures. Spectrophotometric investigations have been made on these films in the wavelength range 350-1500 nm to determine the nature of the optically induced transition and the optical band gap. A better fit for the direct forbidden transition than for the indirect allowed transition is observed in all the films. The optical band gap is found to decrease with increasing substrate temperature and the subsequent appearance of a broadband absorption at about 1000 nm is attributed to the oxygen vacancies in the films. The effect of heat treatment in vacuum and oxygen ambient on the optical properties of these films is also reported. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Dissociation of electron-hole pairs interacting with triplet excitons in amorphous molecular semiconductors (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 255-261 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: amorphous molecular semiconductors ; electron-hole pairs ; excitons ; photoconductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The photoconductivity of films of amorphous molecular semiconductors increases upon simultaneous photogeneration of singlet electron-hole pairs (EHPs) and triplet excitons and decreases upon photogeneration of triplet EHPs and triplet excitons. An increase in external electric field strength leads to a decrease in the effect of triplet excitons on the film photoconductivity caused by EHP dissociation. It is concluded that under increasing external electric field strength the mobility of charge carriers increases and the velocity of EHP dissociation becomes comparable with the velocity of spin conversion of EHPs interacting with triplet excitons. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Electrochemical deposition and characterisation of CdTe thin films from an ethylene-glycol-based bath (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 29-34 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdTe ; thin films ; ethylene-glycol bath ; photocurrent ; flat-band potential ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: CdTe films were deposited on Ni and conducting glass (SnO2) substrates from an ethylene-glycol-based bath by galvanostatic and potentiostatic methods. The film composition and electrical properties depend on parameters such as working electrode potential current density, deposition temperature, substrate type and post-deposition treatments. It is possible to improve the grain size and stoichiometry of the film by post-deposition heat treatment in air. The conductivity type was determined from the photocurrent-working electrode potential behaviour of the film. Dark capacitance measurements in a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution at 10 kHz showed a linear behaviour, from which the flatband potential Vfb= -0.365 V vs. a saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and the doping density ND = 1.35 × 1018 cm-3 were determined. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Photoexcitations in linear trans-quinacridone (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 35-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoluminescence ; time-resolved fast spectrocopy ; photoinduced absorption spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We have studied the photophysics of linear trans-quinacridone films by applying a variety of transient and continuous wave photomodulation techniques. Our experimental results demonstrate the ultrafast formation of excimer species which are responsible for the emission. The excimer decay kinetics seems to suggest a predominantly charge transfer character of these emitting species. This is consistent with the long-lived states which we detected on the millisecond time scale. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Dioxo- and aminooxopyrimidotetrathiafulvalenes: π-Electron donors for design of conducting materials containing intramolecular hydrogen bonds of nucleic acid base pair type (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 93-97 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: tetrathiafulvalenes ; cation radical inner salts (betaines) ; intermolecular hydrogen bonds ; uracil derivatives ; guanine analogues ; DC electrical conductivity ; organic semiconductors ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Dimethyl[2,4-dioxo(1 H,3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (1) and dimethyl-[2-amino-4-oxo(3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (4) form unusual inner salts by oxidation in the presence of bases. The insoluble black-green betaines 2 and 5 react with acids to form cation radical salts. Betaine 2 in the presence of acid and bis-(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene forms the unexpected double salt 8. In order to synthesise the cation radical salts of 1 and 4, it is necessary to use the ultrasonic method owing to the insolubility of the starting compounds. Electrical measurements of the betaines and cation radical salts in pressed samples show an unexpectedly low resistivity with semiconducting character: for betaine 2 ρ(RT) = 840 Ω cm, for betaine 5 ρ(RT) = 10 Ω cm, for salt 7 ρ(RT) = 40 Ω cm, but for double salt 8 ρ(RT) = 50 Ω cm. In the case of salt 8, very low values of activation energy of electrical conductivity of the order of kT were observed. The synthesis and purification of tetrathiafulvalene 4 from 5-amino-7-oxo(6 H)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-d]pyrimidineselone-2 are described. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Electrical properties of 1,4-cis-polybutadiene (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 87-91 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: 1,4-cis-polybutadiene ; direct conduction ; hopping ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: This paper contains results on electrical conduction in 1,4-cis-polybutadiene. Measurements were performed for thin films of thickness from 1 to 10 um with gold and aluminium electrodes. Study was made in the temperature range from 15 to 325 K for two types of polybutadienes: (1) containing 100% of cis form, from Aldrich; (2) containing 96% of cis form, from Philips Petroleum Co. It was found that direct conduction is determined by the Poole-Frenkel effect with some hopping and the Schottky effect. Evaluation of activation energies gave results from 0.3 to 0.36 eV. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Optical Constants of Polycrystalline Cd1-xZnxTe Thin Films by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 109-115 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Cd1-xZnxTe thin films ; optical constants ; spectroscopic ellipsometry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Spectroscopic ellipsometry has been used to determine the optical constants - complex dielectric constant (ε* = ε1+ε2), refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), absorption coefficient (α) and normal incidence reflectivity (R) - of two-source vacuum-evaporated polycrystalline Cd1-xZnxTe thin films formed on Corning 7059 glass substrates. The experimental spectra were measured in the photon energy range 1.1-5.6 eV. The spectra revealed distinct peaks at energies corresponding to interband transitions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Controlled Ablation of Langmuir-Blodgett Films Made by Scanning Force Microscopy (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 141-148 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: atomic force microscopy ; thin molecular films ; lithography ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we present results concerning the development of a lithographic technique suitable for application to Langmuir-Blodgett films. Controlled ablations of well-defined portions of the film have been made by using a scanning force microscope (SFM). We report the values of the microscope operational parameters that have allowed us either to perform non-destructive imaging or to obtain reproducible ablations of controlled depth. In particular, our analysis has pointed out the importance of the scanning speed in giving rise to such surface modifications. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Monomolecular layer epitaxy of GaAs for ideal static induction transistor (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 183-193 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: GaAs ; redistribution of dopants ; ideal static induction transistor (ISIT) ; molecular layer epitaxy (MLE) ; SIMS ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: An ideal static induction transistor (ISIT) structure was fabricated using molecular layer epitaxy (MLE). The doping method of MLE enabled us to achieve a sufficiently high level of doping for ISIT fabrication. In the fabrication process a low growth temperature was very important for the device structure, which requires very sharp dopant profiles. For the ISIT, two MLE processes, namely source-drain growth and gate regrowth, were required. The electrical characteristics of the source-drain were changed after heat treatment at a temperature higher than 480°C. The effect of the redistribution of dopants of the source-drain structure (n++-i-p++-i-n+) during gate regrowth was clearly shown by SIMS (secondary ion mass spectroscopy) measurements for various temperatures of heat treatment. As a result the doped Se diffused from the n++ source region to the other layers and the doped Zn diffused from the p++ layer to the i-layers. The source was a heavily Se-doped layer at the doping level of (2-3)×1019 cm-3 containing a larger amount of interstitial Se atoms in the lattice. The redistribution of Se from the heavily doped region was detectable even after heat treatment at 480°C for 30 min. For the p++ layer the profile of the C-doped layer was stable even after heat treatment at 620°C for 30 min, but the profile of Zn changed markedly after heat treatment at 480°C for 30 min. In addition, the carbon-doped p++ layer acted as a gettering layer for diffused interstitial Se from the source region. The driving force of the redistribution of dopants results in the electric field in the device structures. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Thermal stability of group 13 metalorganic MOVPE and CBE precursors (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: thermal stability ; DSC ; group 13 metalorganic compounds ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal stabilities of a range of group 13 metalorganic compounds previously used as precursors in metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) or chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) have been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For the trialkyl compounds R3M the thermal stability decreases in the order M≡Al〉Ga〉In and R≡Me〉Et〉iPr〉tBu and the formation of adducts R3ML (L≡OR2, NR3, etc.) leads to an increase in thermal stability. Dialkylaluminium hydride compounds (e.g. Me2AlH) gave the largest energy release. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Electronic Resource
    Universal computation in excitable media: the 2 + medium (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: excitable media ; cellular automata ; universal computer ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we address the problem of how to build a universal computer in an excitable medium. We construct a cellular automata model of a two-dimensional excitable medium (the 2 + medium) evolving in discrete time, with the following properties: every element of the medium has three states (rest, excited and refractory); an element interacts with the eight closest elements; an element in the rest state becomes excited only if exactly two of its eight neighbours are excited. To prove that the 2+ medium is a minimal cellular automata model of a physical universal computing system, we design the minimal logical gates NOT, AND and NOT-AND. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Electronic Resource
    Studies of multiple-chain alkylaminomethyl p-cyanophenol derivatives for Langmuir-Blodgett films (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Langmuir-Blodgett film ; p-cyanophenyl ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Langmuir films and Langmuir-Blodgett deposition have been studied for 2,6-dioctadecyl-aminomethyl-4-cyanophenol (CPR2R2) and 2-dioctadecyl-aminomethyl-4-cyanophenol (CPR2). Stable Langmuir films were obtainable for both compounds at high pH, but only for CPR2R2 at low pH. Molecular modelling and semiempirical MNDO calculations suggest that high pH favours stability by disrupting intramolecular hydrogen bonding. X-ray diffraction on Y-type Langmuir-Blodgett films deposited on hydrophobic glass substrates gives layer spacings of about 56 A3 for both compounds, indicating that the alkyl chains orient perpendicular to the substrate. Modelling and MNDO calculations suggest that analogous compounds with a single octadecyl chain on nitrogen could be stable at both low and high pH. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Electronic Resource
    Morphological evolution, Raman and photoluminescence spectra in optically transparent cubic silicon carbide (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 195-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: cubic silicon carbide ; morphology ; photoluminescence ; micro-Raman ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Optically transparent cubic SiC crystals were grown via atmospheric-pressure chemical vapour deposition (APCVD) on graphite substrates from methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) in hydrogen in a cold-wall RF induction furnace at temperatures from 1500 to 2000°C. The morphology of the crystals was correlated to substrate temperature, H2/MTS ratio and hydrogen flow. Low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibited a zero-phonon line (2.3787 eV) attributable to an exciton bound to a neutral nitrogen donor, in addition to TA, LA, TO, and LO phonon replicas. The observed broadening and splitting of the PL spectral lines were associated with the morphological habit and internal strain of individual crystallites.Above about 1600°C preferential 〈110〉 growth directions were identified for the majority of the crystals. At intermediate deposition temperatures (1600-1700°C) the dominant morphology consisted of yellow prismatic crystals heavily twinned along {111} and {111¯}. At temperatures of about 1750°C hexagonally shaped {111}-oriented 3C-SiC platelets were formed with alternating {001}/{101} edges. A layer-by-layer growth model was used to rationalise the transition in preferred growth direction from 〈111〉 to 〈101〉 with increasing substrate temperature. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Electronic Resource
    Photoreflectance spectroscopy of low-dimensional GaAs/AlGaAs structures (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoreflectance ; low-dimensional structure ; GaAs ; AlGaAs ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Results of room-temperature photoreflectance measurements on three GaAs/Al0.33Ga0.67As multiquantum well (MQW) structures with three different widths of wells and on two GaAs/Al0.33Ga0.67As high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) structures are presented. Energy-gap-related transitions in GaAs and AlGaAs were observed. The Al content in AlGaAs was determined. MQW transition energies were determined using the first derivative of a Gaussian profile of the measured resonances. In order to identify the transitions in the MQS, the experimentally observed energies were compared with results of the envelope function calculation method for a rectangular quantum well. The Franz-Keldysh oscillation (FKO) model was also used to determine the built-in electric field in various parts of the investigated structures. The values of the electric fields allow us to hypothesise about the origin of these fields. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Electronic Resource
    Influence of laser wavelength on activation of ZrO2 ceramics for electroless metal plating (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 249-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: laser ablation ; ZrO2 ; electroless metallisation ; diffuse reflectance spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental results are presented on modifications of the surface properties of ZrO2 ceramics exposed in air to radiation of either a KrF laser (λ=248 nm) or an ArF laser (λ=193 nm) with a pulse duration of 15-20 ns. The modifications of their diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) are studied as a function of the laser beam parameters. The ablated parts of ZrO2 take on the ability to reduce metals (Cu or Ni) from their respective electroless plating solutions. The electrolessly deposited metal can be patterned via local annealing of the ablated areas with the help of a CW laser, either Ar+ or CO2. The catalytic activity of laser-treated ZrO2 ceramics towards the electroless deposition of metals is discussed from the viewpoint of the formation of an oxygen-deficient surface under laser ablation. The possibility of ZrO2 activation for electroless metal deposition using a scanning beam of a low-power CO2 laser is demonstrated. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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