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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and purification of metal fluorides for crystals and glasses (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 109-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fluoride ; preparation ; purification ; glass ; fibre ; crystal ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The development of low-loss fluoride glass fibres for transoceanic telecommunications led to an increased demand for inorganic fluorides with ultrahigh purity in respect of transition metals, rare earths and oxygen. This review paper describes the Merck Ltd strategy for achieving a wide range of metallic fluorides using methods of preparation and purification selected for a combination of technical efficacy and economic practicability. General prepative methods involving aqueous and non-aqueous routes are described, togehther with purification methods such as ion exchange, zone refining and vacuum sublimation. The special role of ammonium fluoride complexes is discussed. The application of these general methods to the manufacture of fluoride glass components is described, with special reference to the ZBLAN formulation. Additional glass compositions and their individual requirements are also discussed. The parallel application of high-purity metal fluorides in the growth of optical crystals is emphasised, the history of fluoride ultrapurification having begun with the early demand for high-quality UV and IR crystals such as CaF2 and LiF.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050207
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050401
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterisation of TiN films prepared by electron shower, arc ion-plating and sputtering methods (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 191-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: TiN ; adhesion ; PVD ; electron shower ; arc ion plating ; sputtering ; wear ; surface ; morphology ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: It has been found that TiN films with high wear resistance and high adhesion can be prepared by electron shower deposition and arc ion plating on glass and austenitic stainless steel (SUS 316) substrates. The high wear resistance is principally explained by the grain size and surface morphology. Fine {100}-faceted crystals (10-150 nm) grew on the surface. The typical morphology of the crystals was triangular pyramidal. The crystallite size was changed by the bias voltage. Faceted crystals produced by arc ion plating were rounded and smoothed by a change in bias, but were unaltered in samples prepared by the electron shower process. The fine faceted surfaces had higher wear resistance than the granularly rounded ones. When TiO2 was formed at the interface of the glass substrate, the adhesion was lowered. The high-adhesion film prepared by electron shower deposition contained a small amount of TiO2 at the interface.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050403
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Irregular shifts of excitonic states in reflectivity and PL spectra of ZnSe crystals under uniaxial stress (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 215-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Excitons ; ZnSe ; twins ; strain ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Splittings and shifts of excitonic states in ZnSe crystals under uniaxial stress along [100], [111] and [110] directions were studied by spatially resolved spectroscopy of both the reflectivity and the photoluminescence (PL) at 5 K. These methods enabled us to check the local strains in different surface microareas of deformed crystals and as a result to reveal the irregular free and bound exciton state shifts related to the influence of the strain nonuniformity and to the presence of structural imperfections (twins) in the crystals. It is shown that elastic deformation of twinned crystals along directions not exactly [111] gives rise to a doublet structure for all the bound exciton lines in the PL spectra. New values of deformation potentials for ZnSe crystals were deduced. The anisotropic influence of the uniaxial stress on the free and bound exciton state splittings was determined.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050405
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050501
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical activity of iodine-diffused CdTe (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdTe ; iodine doping ; electrical activity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The electrical activity of iodine in CdTe is discussed when iodine is introduced into the CdTe by diffusion from the vapour phase. It is compared both with the total concentration of iodine in the diffused CdTe slices and with the electrical activity in CdTe slices which have been annealed under Cd- and Te-saturated vapour pressures.Iodine-diffused slices of CdTe were profiled by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to obtain the total iodine concentration and by capacitance-voltage (C-V) techniques to obtain the net concentration of electrically active iodine. After annealing with iodine in the form of Cdl2, the slices were p-type, similar to those obtained when CdTe was annealed in either excess Te or Cd vapour, and they showed no significant increase in electrical activity. If Cd was added to the Cdl2 diffusion source or the CdTe was given a subsequent anneal in cadmium vapour, the slices became n-type. The results indicated that in all cases a neutral layer composed of Cd nIm (m and n are integers) formed on the surface layers, whereas if Cd was involved in the diffusion, some of the iodine existed in an electrically active form deeper into the slice with a maximum concentration of active carriers given by ND - NA ≈ 1017 cm-3. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Peculiarties of the electronic and electron vibrational spectra of organic conductors: BEDT-TTF salts of alpha-type structurePaper presented at ERPOS-7, Polanica-Zdrój, Poland, 18-22 June 1996. (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 19-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic conductors ; optical spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised infrared reflectivity spectra of some ET-based conducting salts of alpha-type structure are measured and compared: (ET)2I3 (I), (ET)2TIHg(XCN)4 (X=S, Se) (II) and (ET)8[Hg4Br12(CH3C6H4CI)2] (III). For both I and II the electronic reflectivity is greater for the polarisation perpendicular to ET stacks. However, a resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed for II in the polarisation characterized by lower electronic reflectivity in contrast with the spectra of I. Another difference between I and II is the absence of the pronounced plasma edge in the region of 4 000 cm-1 in the spectra of II, which may be due to high electron damping. For III the electronic reflectivity is low and no resolved electron vibrational band in the region of 1 100-1 400 cm-1 is observed. The peculiarities of the electron-vibrational spectra of I, II and III may be due to the details of the crystal structure. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New BETS salts based on magnetic (CuCl3, FeCl4) and non-magnetic (GaCl4) anions (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 57-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: BETS ; salt ; synthesis ; structure ; conductivity ; magnetoresistance oscillations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: New BETS salts (where BETS is bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene) with (CuCl3)x, Cu2C6, Cu4Cl8 and Fe0.75Ga0.25Cl4 anions have been obtained. The crystal structures and electrical and magnetoresistance properties of Κ-BETS4Cu4Cl8, θ-BETS4Cu2Cl6 and Κ-BETS2Fe0.75Ga0.25Cl4 have been studied. The last two compounds have been found to exhibit Shubnikov-de Haas and angle-dependent magnetoresistance oscillations. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infrared spectra of β-Phase BEDT-TTF salts with hexacyanometalate anions (M(CN)3-6; M ≡ CoIII, FeIII, CrIII) (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 67-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: magnetic BEDT-TTF salts ; IR spectra ; Drude-Lorentz model ; charge transfer bands ; C = C stretching vibrations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polarised reflectance spectra of three charge transfer salts of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF), β(BEDT-TTF)5M(CN)6 · 10H2O (M ≡ Co, Fe, Cr), are measured in the infrared region 650-6500 cm-1 at room temperature. The reflectance is analysed in terms of the Drude-Lorentz model. Vibrational bands related to C = C stretching are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deposition, annealing and characterisation of high-dielectric-constant metal oxide films (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 163-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: ULSI ; high dielectric constant ; metal oxides ; deposition ; annealing ; characterisation ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Flims of metal oxides, such as Ta2O5, Nb2O5, Al2O3, HfO2, ZrO2 and TiO2 have been fabricated by use of different precursor materials, deposition techniques and annealing techniques. Several analytical methods were applied to study the layers. New data of fundamental properties of these metal oxides are reported and related to practical features that are of importance in device design and manufacturing of advanced, highly integrated devices. This overview may facilitate the choice of an optimal combination of precursor material, deposition technique and corresponding annealing procedure for a specific application of these metal oxide films in microelectronics.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050305
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical investigations of strained InGaAs quantum wells (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 307-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoreflectance ; photoluminescence ; InGaAs/GaAs quantum well ; type I and II excitonic transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: InGaAs/GaAs MOCVD-grown quantum wells have been investigated. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements have shown heavy-hole-related excitonic transitions within the temperature range from 10 to 100 K for all samples. In room-temperature photoreflectance (PR), sharp heavy- and light-hole excitonic transitions in the quantum wells have been observed. The transition energies obtained have been compared with values derived from theoretical considerations using the envelope function model including lattice-mismatch-related stress. The heavy- and light-hole transitions have been identified as excitonic transitions of types I and II respectively. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050201
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of CdxHgi-xTe composition depth profiles using auger electron spectrometry on bevelled sections (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 79-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CMT ; composition ; AES ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The width of the band gap in the ternary system CdxHgI-xTe (CMT) is a function of the value of x and the assessment of device structures requires reliable techniques for the measurement of x both laterally and with depth. This work describes the development of an Auger electron spectrometry (AES) method for the measurement of CMT composition depth profiles, based on measurement of the Cd/Te ratio along shallow-angle bevelled sections through epitaxial layers. Results are accurate to within 3% relative and the depth resolution (Δz = 2σ) is about 0.04 μm even through layer structures with a total thickness of about 20 μm. Techniques for making the bevel sections are described together with the AES measurement and calibration techniques. A composition depth profile is given for a heterostructure grown by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE), showing the interface width (Δz = 2σ) at the composition change to be 0.3 μm. The CdTe/CMT interface widths in material grown by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE), MOVPE and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are shown to be highly dependent on growth temperature, with widths of 1.5, 0.2 and ≤ 0.04 μm respectively.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050204
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anni Berger-Schunn. Practical Color Mesurement, Wiley, Chichester, 1994, ISBN 0471004170 175 pp. £45.50 (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 135-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050209
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen addition on optical properties of fluorozirconate glasses (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 265-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fluorozirconate glass ; linear and non-linear properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The linear and non-linear optical properties of fluorozirconate glasses with and without nitrogen, namely ZrF4—BaF2—LaF3—AIF3 and ZrF4—BaF2—LaF3—AIF3—AIN, have been studied. The glass containing nitrogen exhibits a 5 nm shift of the transmittance edge in the UV region towards longer wavelength, whereas there is no change in the IR transmittance. Measurements show a small increase in the linear index of refraction in the visible region and a small decrease in the non-linear (intensity-dependent) refractive index coefficient n2. Longitudinal and transverse sound velocities estimated from Brillouin-scattering experiments for both glasses amount to 6311 and 4514 ms-1, respectively.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050504
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrosynthetic immobilisation of proteins for bioanalysis (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 101-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: biosensor ; protein immobilisation ; protein modification ; electrochemistry ; nitrotyrosine ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Use of electrosynthetic methodology allows the production of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) either mononitrated at tyrosine 23 or bisnitrated at tyrosines 20 and 23, but never nitrated at tyrosine 53. This is a different sequence from that obtained by the chemical nitrating agent tetranitromethane, and when reduced by dithionite, the selectively modified enzyme can be anchored at pH 5 via the unique aromatic amino group to magnetic beads or other suitable matrices. HEWL so immobilised loses less than 10% of cell-wall lytic activity compared with the approximately 50% loss of activity when immobilised by conventional methodology at pH 9 via essentially random reaction at lysine residues and other functionalities which are nucleophilic at this pH. This result offers promise as a general method for selective protein immobilisation in biosensors and similar applications. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conference Report: Molecular Electronics-Science and Technology. 14-18 December 1997, Humacao, Puerto Rico (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 157-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical assessment of a fouling-resistant surface (PHEMA/ benzalkonium chloride) after exposure to a marine environment (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 187-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: antifouling ; biofouling ; hydrogel ; benzalkonium chloride ; ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy ; underwater optics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A hydrogel based on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) containing benzalkonium chloride (BAK) can be used as an environmentally acceptable, fouling-resistant material in the marine environment. The loaded hydrogel system is transparent and has the potential to be used in the protection of optical ports in underwater instruments. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy was used to study the optical properties of the material after a marine exposure period. The optical transmittance of PHEMA/ BAK was higher for 10 weeks than that detected for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a material currently used in commercial instruments, which confirmed the superior fouling resistance of the PHEMA/ BAK combination. The UV-vis spectroscopic method was quick, relatively cheap and accurate enough to allow the effects of the development of marine fouling on transparent surfaces for use in marine underwater optical applications to be monitored. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrical, optical and photoelectrochemical properties of natural enargite, Cu3AsS4 (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 289-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: natural enargite ; semiconductor material ; electrical and optical properties ; photoelectrochemistry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The semiconducting properties of natural samples of enargite, a copper and arsenic suphide (Cu3AsS4), have been studied. They have been found to be p-type semiconductors with a resistivity of about 7 Ω cm, a doping level of about 1017 cm-3 and a mobility of 9 cm2V-1 s-1. The variation of the resistivity as a function of temperature allows to determine an activation energy of 0.11 eV. Two optical transitions have been determined, an indirect one at 1.19 eV and a direct one at 1.44 eV. The samples, mounted as working electrodes in a photoelectrochemical set-up, are photosensitive and behave as p-type photocathodes. The two transitions are found again from the analysis of photocurrent spectra. The direct band gap value is close to the ideal value required for photovoltaic applications. However the quantum efficiencies obtained here are still low.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050602
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular design and properties of side chain liquid crystal polymers for applications in optoelectronics (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 247-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of a number of side chain liquid crystalline polymers for quadratic non-linear optical (NLO) applications is reported. The active chromophore is a charge transfer (CT) biphenyl derivative which possesses mesogenic properties itself. The liquid crystalline behaviour of these polymers was established by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The active chromophores were oriented by the standard corona poling technique and the degree of axial ordering was determined as a function of poling conditions by linear optical absorption. Growth of the second-harmonic generation (SHG) signal was used to probe the induction of polar order. These experiments clearly indicated that liquid crystallinity results in an enhancement of the polar order over that of isotropic materials. The second-order NLO susceptibility tensor components d31 and d33 were measured by the SHG technique. The ratio d33/ d31 was found to be much larger than 3, in agreement with molecular statistical models. Values of d33 up to 30-35 pm V-1 were obtained at 1064 nm fundamental wavelength. These values are essentially not resonance-enhanced, since the chromophore absorption occurs below 350 nm. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thin films of novel polysiloxane copolymers substituted with stilbene and biphenylene side-chains: response to nitrogen dioxide (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gas sensing ; nitrogen dioxide ; stilbene ; biphenyl ; UV-visible spectroscopy ; thin films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of a selection of stilbene and biphenyl side-chain substituted liquid crystal polymers based on polysiloxanes were deposited using an automated dip-coating technique and exposed to either 100 ppm NO2 gas and/or concentrated nitric acid vapour, the consequent effect being monitored by changes in the UV-visible spectra of the material. No effective response to NO2 was observed from the biphenylene analogue, but the stilbene derivatives showed spectral changes to suggest that an interaction occurs between the vapour and the bridge position of the stilbene side-chain. The stilbenes also show a marked pre-conditioning phenomenon upon exposure to nitric acid vapour prior to exposure to nitrogen dioxide. This procedure gives a material that has a more reversible response on exposure to NO2 gas than an anagolous film that has not been pre-treated. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface chemical sensitivity of polyaniline doped with palladium or platinum compounds This paper is part of the special issue: Part II of the Proceedings of the International Conference, Towards Molecular Electronics, TME'97, 23-28 June 1997,Śrem, Poland, edited by Prof. Jerzy J. Langer (Adv. Mater. Opt. Electron. 8, 213-284 (1998)) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 295-302 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: conductive polymers ; polyaniline ; palladium dopants ; platinum dopants ; catalytic hydrogenation ; active centres ; catalyst aging ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The chemical and structural surface-aging effects brought about by the presence of water in emeraldine base (EB) polyaniline (PANI) doped with Pd or Pt protonic acids were studied. IR spectroscopy, XRD, XPS and heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation (alkyne→alkene→alkane) were applied to characterise the PANI-Pd and PANI-Pt. Interpretation of the results gave the surface characteristics, structure, chemical catalytic activity and stability mainly of PANI-Pd specimens. The unique form of catalytically active centres therein was the surface complex [PdCl4]2- with Pd 3d5/2 BE=337·7 eV. The most promising among the PANI-Pd catalysts studied were those dried in a slow, long procedure (3 months, zeolite 5A). Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Redox reactions on TCNQ-modified self-assembled monomolecular films (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: self-assembly ; charge transfer ; electron-conducting monolayers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Suitably modified mono- and bimolecular films, including bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs), offer exceptionally good opportunities for probing electric field effects on charge transfer and redox reactions in biosensor and molecular electronics research and development.This work presents the redox reactions of tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ) molecules incorporated in a self-assembled octadecanethiol monolayer (SAM) on polycrystalline gold electrodes, depending upon the type of supporting electrolyte cations and their concentration. Our results show that TCNQ-modified Au-SAM electrodes exhibit selectivity versus alkali metal cations in aqueous supporting electrolyte (∽10 kJ mol-1 difference between K+ and Li+ and between Cs+ and K+). The slope of the ‘calibration curves’ for Li+ and K+ is about 59 mV per decade of concentration of the analyte. The explanation of this behaviour is based on the Donnan potential model; however, an ion-pairing effect can also be involved. Our preliminary results show also that the TCNQ molecules within the octadecanethiol monolayer may act as a molecular redox device. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Stoichiometric deviations along an ingot of CuGaSe2 (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: synthesization ; chalcopyrite ; CuGaSE2 single phase ; X-ray diffraction ; stoichiometric deviations ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of the structural parameters on compositional deviations of CuGaSe2 has been studied. These deviations have been induced along an ingot by a single fusion of the components at 1150 °C and subsequent slow cooling in a stationary ampoule in a vertical furnace. All along the sample a single chalcopyrite phase is present and a compositional gradient along the ingot was found by energy-dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) measurements, the upper part being rich in Ga (series B) and the lower part in Cu (series A), with Cu/Ga ratios of 0·95 and 1·1 respectively. A hypothesis of the existence of two phases in the melt is proposed to explain these facts. The unit cell parameters, anion displacement and Cu and Ga occupation numbers in their sublattices were analysed by X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld refinement methods. In series A the occupation numbers are near stoichiometry, while in series B a Cu defect appears. In both series, changes in unit cell parameter are related to changes in Cu content, suggesting the presence of a fraction of Cu ions either as interstitials or at Ga sites when Cu is in excess, or of Cu vacancies in its sublattice when there is a Cu deficiency. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Investigation of a planar chiral waveguide structure by a modified ATR method (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 195-199 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: chiral waveguides ; preparation of modified ATR method ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Chiral properties of planar waveguide structures with a core layer formed by a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) host matrix doped with chiral santonin were investigated by means of a modified attenuated total reflection (ATR) method. Distinct modification of the observed ATR spectra was revealed for right and left circularly polarised incident beams. From comparison of the experimental spectra with theoretical curves, the following specific rotation was obtained: [α]20633=11,200 deg cm2 g-1 (santonin/ PMMA mass ratio 2:1). The origin of the observed optical activity and its influence on the waveguide dispersion characteristics are briefly discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Preface (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 213-213 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: No abstract
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    Some new synthetic low-dimensional semiconductors based on inorganic units (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 263-267 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: semiconductors ; low-dimensional systems ; crystal structure ; optical properties ; photoluminescence ; Raman spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The structural, optical and related properties (i.e. photoluminescence and resonance Raman spectra) of some synthetic (i.e. unconventional) low-dimensional semiconductor systems such as K2Cd3S4, [CH3SC(NH2)=NH2]3PbI5 and [H3N(CH2)6NH3]BiI5 are reported. They are compared with the properties of the corresponding higher-dimensionality systems. A blue shift of the excitonic bands and an enhancement of their binding energy and intensity were observed by decreasing the dimensionality or the size of the materials active part. The results are similar to those obtained from conventional semiconductors by decreasing the dimensionality or the size and are attributed to quantum confinement of excitons. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Nitrogen dioxide gas-sensing studies on dip-coated films of novel chromophoric siloxane copolymers employing azo derivatives as side-chains (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 309-316 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: optical gas sensing ; polysiloxane ; azobenzene ; NO2 ; molecular modelling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Siloxane copolymers having as side-chains azobenzene derivatives bearing different electron-withdrawing and donating substituents were deposited as thin films by dip coating, and their behaviour upon exposure to 100 pm NO2 was studied by UV/visible spectroscopy. Electron-donating substituents at the ortho positions on the aromatic rings in the azo unit have significant influence on the absorbance changes produced by exposure to NO2, and this is explained by modelling, which suggests that interaction between the electrophilic nitrogen atom in NO2 and the electron clouds of the azobenzene skeleton is responsible for the sensing process, rather than the formation of a Wheland intermediate or other product of chemical reaction. Especially effective substituents are methoxy groups in either aromatic ring ortho or the azo linkage, which also produce a significant increase in intensity of the long-wavelength n-π* transition. This moves the optical interrogation signal to a wavelength range of particular benefit for potential applications. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Influence of polyaniline on electrode materials (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 303-308 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyaniline ; emeraldine base ; carbon fluoride ; lithium cells ; aprotic solvent ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polyaniline (PANI) has been used for modification of the electrochemical behaviour of a carbon fluoride ((CFx)n) cathode in a lithium cell. PANI and (CFx)n powders were carefully mixed and the electrochemical properties and kinetic parameters of the composite (CFx)n-PANI cathode were evaluated by galvanostatic and potentiodynamic techniques. An increase in exchange current has been found for electrodes with addition of polyaniline in the form of emeraldine base (EB). During the reduction process of carbon fluoride using 1 M lithium perchlorate solution in organic solvent, the ternary intercalation compound CLixF is formed and then irreversibly decomposed into carbon and lithium fluoride. The insertion of lithium cations into the (CFx)n layered structure is diffusionally controlled, hence improvement in electronic properties of this fluoride material by the presence of conducting PANI chains and enhancement of discharge performance were found for 25% addition of PANI. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Theory of organic field effect transistors (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 285-294 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Field effect transistors with an organic material as active layer are at present essentially used to determine the mobilities in these materials. Until now, in analysing the measured current characteristics, only the simplest (Shockley) model has been used which accounts neither for this type of thin film transistor (TFT), which operates in depletion and accumulation, nor for the nature of the carriers. Starting from two-dimensional simulations for the analogous silicon TFT, we have developed an analytical model for the TFT that accounts for several peculiarities of the current characteristics of this type of transistor. In addition, a first modification has been developed which describes the situation when the charged states are polarons and bipolarons, as is the case in organic materials. Applications to published experimental current characteristics show that a general reanalysis is needed. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systems. 6: Processing half-tone images and neural network architecture of excitable media (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 171-182 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The processing of half-tone images by excitable media functioning based on non-linear dynamic mechanisms was studied. The image-processing operations proved to be somewhat more complicated than in the case of black-and-white images. Analogies between the architecture of neural networks and the structural features of excitable media are discussed. The basic information capabilities of excitable media proved to be close to the capabilities of shunting on-centre off-surround feedback networks. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Conformational properties of quasi-particles in poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 111-119 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: PPV ; conjugated polymers ; quasi-particles ; ab initio calculation ; infrared spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We investigate the quasi-particle conformational defects (excitons, polarons and bipolarons) in phenylene vinylene oligomers (PVOs) consisting of up to 12 repeat units. The conformations are determined by minimisation of the total Hartree-Fock energy calculated at 3-21G level. The Hartree-Fock calculations of the excited states are followed by the CI-Singles calculation. The bond length alternation along the oligomer chain is discussed. On the basis of these results the vibrational transitions are calculated. To correct the basis set truncation error, the vibrational frequencies are multiplied by a uniform scaling factor. The types of vibrations are assigned. The theoretical spectra are in good agreement with the experimental infrared vibrational spectrum of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV). © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Microstructural characterisation of nanocrystalline GaN prepared by detonations of gallium azides (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 135-146 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gallium nitride ; nanocrystallites ; detonation ; gallium azide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: High quality nanoscale, phase-pure hexagonal gallium nitride (GaN) crystallites have been synthesized by the thermal induced detonation of molecular precursors of the type (R3N)Ga(N3)3 (R=CH3, C2H5, etc.). The method allows the control of the particle size regime from 2 to about 1000 nm. X-ray diffraction and Rietveld simulations revealed an anisotropic platelet-like shape of the particles. The obtained GaN material was as well characterized by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction, photoluminescence spectroscopy, SEM, IR, RAMAN, thermal gas effusion/mass spectrometry, thermal analysis, elemental analysis. Gas absorption measurements (BET method) showed a specific surface area of about 90 m2 · g-1. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Determination of the electroaffinity and potential barrier heights at polymer/ metal interfaces of poly(4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) (PBTV) (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 181-186 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: poly(4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) ; polymer interfaces ; conjugated polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we determine the LUMO level position of poly(4,7-benzothiophene vinylene) (PBTV), a heterocyclic poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) analogue, using tunnelling current measurements. We compare the energy level positions with those measured for PPV and determine their shifts. The experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions and good agreement is observed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Optical spectra of C60 and C70 complexes: their similarities and differences (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 215-228 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fullerene ; fullerides ; charge transfer complexes ; spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Some possible uses of vibrational and electronic spectroscopies in characterising the basic interactions in C60 and C70 complexes are pointed out. We report on the wealth of infrared spectra of (usually) single crystals of C60 and C70 clathrates and complexes with organic donors. The changes in the spectral parameters of the complexes in comparison with those of the neutral fullerene molecules are attributed to redistribution of the charge on the spherical C60 or elongated C70 molecules in their compounds. Some general considerations on the origin of the IR, NIR, VIS and UV spectral variations are also given. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Towards the application of charge transfer salts and conducting polymer wires to electronic devices and sensors (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 269-276 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic charge transfer salts ; conducting polymers ; electronic properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We are exploring the electronic properties of novel materials such as conducting polymer-coated polyester fibres and charge transfer complexes configured in resistive, gated (FET) and diode configurations. In this paper we will consider several areas where we are attempting to make sensors and/ or primitive devices from molecular materials. Our most successful result so far is the temperature-dependent resistivity of polypyrrole-coated polyester fibres. Here we find that the conductivity is thermally activated and produces a reliable, highly sensitive indicator of temperature in a cryogenic environment. Using parallel configurations of fibres, sensors with different limiting resistances can be fabricated. We have also placed insulated electrical gates on single crystals of various metallic and insulating charge transfer salts and have attempted to alter the charge transfer character by the application of high electric fields. With polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) insulating layers, gate voltages up to 150 V have been acquired with no leakage or heating. Similar measurements on diode devices fabricated from charge transfer complexes with different electronic structures are also in progress, and our preliminary results will be presented. Prospects and plans for developing these materials into viable sensors and devices are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Charge transfer complexes involving calix[4]resorcinarenes: potential candidates for non-linear optics (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 277-284 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: calix[4]resorcinarenes ; charge transfer (CT) complexes ; tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) ; tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) ; non-linear optical (NLO) materials ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Lipophilic calix[4]resorcinarenes - condensation products of resorcinol and lauryl aldehyde comprising four resorcinol units - form electron donor-acceptor complexes with electron acceptors tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in organic solvents. Their formation was confirmed by EPR and UV-vis spectroscopy, except for compounds c1 and c3 which did not form charge transfer (CT) complexes with TCNE. Titration experiments involving calixarenes and electron acceptors indicated the presence of species of different stoichiometries. Complexes with ligands c1-c4 were characterised spectroscopically. CT bands appeared in most cases. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995) 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050101
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    Electrical conductivity of 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone and the complex silver/dihydroxyanthraquinone (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 31-35 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Quinizarin (1,4-DHAQ) and Ag/I,4-DHAQ thin films deposited under vacuum were investigated by I-V measurements at various temperatures. It is shown that when submitted to an electric field of 5 × 105 V cm-1 or less, the I-V characteristics of AI/DHAQ/AI sandwich structures are ohmic. The temperature dependence is I ∝ exp(-ΔE/kT). The measured activation energy is 0.3 eV in the case of pure DHAQ and 30meV in the case of Ag/DHAQ. Therefore we can imagine that in the former case the conductivity is controlled by thermally activated hopping above intermolecular barriers, while in the latter case the conductivity can be attributed to tunnelling between silver grains.
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    Surface analytical techniques (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 53-70 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: AES ; XPS ; SIMS ; SNMS ; laser Raman microscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: This review briefly describes some of the techniques available for analysing surfaces and illustrates their usefulness with a few examples. In particular, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), sputter neutral mass spectroscopy (SNMS) and laser Raman spectroscopy are all described. In analysing a surface, AES and XPS would normally be considered first, with AES being applied where high spatial resolution is required and XPS where chemical state information is needed. SIMS and SNMS can be performed together and can detect smaller surface concentrations. Laser Raman spectroscopy is useful for determining molecular bonding. Techniques which give topographic information, such as scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), have not been considered.
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    Impurity study of CdZnTe substrates used for LPE HgCdTe (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 87-99 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: purity ; CdZnTe ; characterization ; IR ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Impurites were tracked from raw material purification through to CdZnTe processing in an effort to identify the sources of elements which impact on IR photodetector performance. Chemical analyses by GDMS and ZCGFAA effectively showed the levels of impurities introduced into CdZnTe substrate material from the manufacturing processes. A new purification process (ISDZR) for raw materials was developed, resulting in improved CdZnTe substrate purity. Substrate CU contamination was found to have detrimental effects on LPE layer and device electrical properties for lightly doped HgCdTe.
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    Structural investigation of four-centre photopolymerisation of bis-phthalamic bis-chalcone derivative in the crystalline state (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 9-17 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photopolymerisation ; electron microscopy ; molecular modeling ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: By combining the results obtained from an electron diffraction tilting series with solid state NMR and powder X-ray diffraction, it was possible to determine the unit cell parameters and space group of BPABC crystals grown from DMAA solution both before and after irradiation. Subsequently semi-empirical quantum mechanical and packing energy calculations led to a model structure which agreed well with all the electron diffraction data and thus provided insight into the cross-linking mechanism. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systems. 5: Processing images with several levels of brightness and some application potentialities (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 161-170 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Excitable media of Belousov-Zhabotinsky type were used for processing images with several levels of brightness. In this case the image-processing operations proved to be somewhat more complicated than in the case of black-and-white pictures. Excitable media seem to be useful tools for handling some practical applications such as aerial picture processing. Belousov-Zhabotinsky-type media are also simple and convenient experimental models for investigation of the information-processing capabilities of biomolecular systems with complicated non-linear dynamics. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    In situ studies of epitaxial silicon growth by gas source molecular beam epitaxy (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 215-224 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: silicon ; epitaxy ; kinetics ; dynamics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The value of in situ monitoring to study growth dynamics and surface reaction kinetics in a gas source molecular beam epitaxy process is illustrated with reference to the growth of Si films on Si(001) substrates using a beam of disilane (Si2H6). By using a combination of reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS), we show first how morphological (long-range order) and local electronic structure effects can be separated in the evaluation of growth dynamics. This involves the measurement of step density changes by RHEED concomitantly with the variation in domain coverage on the Si(001) (2×1)+(1×2) reconstructed surface by RAS. This approach is then extended to investigate the kinetics of hydrogen desorption, which is the rate-limiting step in Si growth from Si2H6. It is shown that over a significant temperature range, zeroth-order kinetics are obeyed and this is explained on the basis of a step-mediated desorption process. Finally we show how this influences the growth rate on substrates of differing degrees of vicinality. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    The use of an adduct in improved syntheses of nanoparticulate chalcogenide semiconductors containing cadmium (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 277-279 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: semiconductor nanoparticles ; adduct ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: An improved organometallic route to passivated, high-quality crystalline nanodispersed semiconductors has been developed. Thermolysis of the 1:1 triethylamine adduct of dimethylcadmium and a chalcogenide source can be used to grow 3 nm diameter II-VI quantum dots capped with trioctylphosphine oxide. Samples have been characterised by absorption spectroscopy, luminescence spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Coupling monolayers for protection of microelectronic circuits (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 199-213 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: encapsulation ; coupling agents ; self-assembly ; monolayers ; leakage currents ; corrosion ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Two polymeric coatings, a silicone gel (Dow Corning 6646) and an epoxy resin (Dexter FP 4402), were glob-top coated onto representative microelectronic circuits, AT&T Triple Track Testers (TTTs), and subjected to the Pressure Cooker Test (PCT). Coupling monolayers were self- assembled on the TTTs prior to encapsulation to improve the moisture protection capabilities of the coatings. Leakage current measurements were made to evaluate the effect of applied monolayers on the moisture protection capability. The moisture protection capability was assessed in short-term and long-term leakage current measurements. MHDA (16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid) and APS (gamma-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) monolayers, in combination with silicone gel and epoxy resin respectively, exhibited very good moisture protection performance.
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systrems. 3: Some operational characteristics of excitable light-sensitive media used for image processing (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 223-231 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Operational features of excitable Belousov-Zhabotinsky-type light-sensitive media that can be used to implement image-processing operations are discussed. They embrace (i) the main primitive responses of such media to light excitation as a function of medium acidity, temperature and light exposure, (ii) the characteristics of temporal evolution of stored media and (iii) the resolution and information content inherent in images stored by excitable media. It is shown that controlling the acidity of the medium, its temperature and the duration of light exposure enables one to get reproducible results.
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    Molecular image-processing devices based on chemical reaction systems. 4: Image-processing operations performed by active media functioning in the oscillating mode (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 233-241 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: molecular computing ; molecular neurocomputer ; molecular image-processing devices ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Basic primitive image-processing operations performed by chemical dynamic media functioning in the oscillating mode are discussed. These operations have rather high computational complexity and can be considered as simulation of human vision capabilities.
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    Ion-selective langmuir blodgett films of a chromoionophore (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 137-143 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: sensor ; Langmuir-Blodgett film ; chromoionophore ; crown ether ; complex formation ; stability constant ; absorbance ; water ; metal cation ; silver ; mercury ; lead ; barium ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Langmuir-Blodgett films built up from an amphiphilic derivative of benzothiazolium styryl dye containing a 1,10-dithia-18-crown-6 ether group have been found to complex with ‘soft’ polarisable ions such as Ag+ and Hg2+ in water. The films exhibited high sensitivity (stability constant of complex formation K ≈ 105 M-1) and high selectivity (e.g. K(Ag+)/K(Pb2+)〉 105) compared with aqueous solutions of similar ionophores. This was attributed to the predominant formation of complexes with ligand-cation stoichiometries of 2:1 in the films.
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    Diary of Conferences and Symposia (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 186-190 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Announcement (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. ii 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Diary of Conferences and Symposia (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 243-244 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050408
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    Organic molecular rectifiers (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 305-320 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: rectification ; Langmuir-Blodgett films ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In the field of molecular scale electronics the drive is towards the fabrication of self-assembled, organic, nanoscale architectures which will have an active role to play in novel electronic devices. As a formative step towards this goal the creation of an organic analogue to the p-n junction was proposed by Aviram and Ratner in the 1970s. In their proposal a monomolecular layer of a charge transfer species controls current flow between a pair of metal electrodes, allowing easy flow for only one polarity of the applied voltage. Such metal/molecular layer/metal structures have now been fabricated, utilising the self-ordering properties of Langmuir-Blodgett films to form the organic layer, with one dimension of the device being reduced to the molecular scale. The fabrication techniques involved in the generation of these M/LB/M junctions are now described along with the present understanding of conduction mechanisms through such nanoscale thickness junctions. These structures clearly show that the organic molecular layers can control current passage in electronic devices emulating some of the characteristics of an inorganic semiconducting p-n junction.
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    Optically synaptic films using spiropyran J-aggregates (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 37-43 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Spiropyran ; J-aggregates ; H-aggregates ; LB film ; non-linear photochromism logic ‘AND’ function ; optical neural network system ; Hopfield model ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Spiropyran SP1822 J-aggregate LB films show a non-linear photochromic response with a threshold against the incident light intensity of a CW dye laser. Using two laser beams operating below the threshold level intensity, the logic ‘AND’ function was found to be optically stored as an overlapping region of two incident patterns. We proposed the adoption of an LB film of spiropyran J-aggregates to store the memory matrix Tijkl as an overlapping region of learning input pattern Vij and multi-image input pattern Vkl in order to construct an optical neural network system based on Hopfield model.
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    Impurity survey analysis of CdxHgi-xTe by laser scan mass spectrometry (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 71-78 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: analysis ; laser ; spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A laser scan mass spectrometry (LSMS) technique has been applied to the analysis of epitaxial layers and bulk CdxHg1-xTe (CMT) materials. The samples are raster scanned under a focused Q-switched Nd-YAG laser beam which ionises all elements with approximately unit sensitivity. The ions are extracted into a high-resolution mass spectrometer and interpretation of the mass spectra gives a complete impurity survey of the material with detection limits down to 1 part in 109 (3 × 1013 cm-1) in bulk materials and 5 parts in 109 in epitaxial layers. Surface impurities are effectively removed in the first scan and subsequent scans over the same area give a true measurement of the impurities present in the material. Successive erosion of the sample surface gives impurity depth profiles with the thickness of material eroded in each scan variable between 1 and 4 μm. Results are given for impurities found in bulk CMT grown by standard Bridgman and ACRT (accelerated crucible rotation technique) processes and in epitaxial CMT produced by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE), metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Bulk material is shown to be purer in general than epitaxial material. Semiquentitative depth profiles of dopants in CMT, such as iodine, arsenic and phosphorus, can also be obtained and comparative LSMS and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiles showing good agreement are given for arsenic in an MOVPE layer.
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995) 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Diffusion of iodine into CdTe at room temperature (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 157-161 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdTe ; iodine doping ; diffusion ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Studies on the diffusion of iodine into CdTe at a temperature of 20°C using four widely differing types of diffusion sources are compared and discussed. The concentration profiles were measured using either a radiotracer sectioning (RTS) technique or secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS).The profiles were composed of four parts to which a computer package consisting of the sum of four complementary error functions (erfc) gave accurate fits, providing four empirical values of the diffusivity. The diffusivities for the fastest component in all four cases were in agreement (∼2 × 10-14 cm2 s-1) and were consistent with previously published data. These results indicate that when iodine is diffused from the vapour it is not a suitable long-termstable dopant in devices where sharp junctions are required.
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    Controllable transmission of information in excitable media: The 2+ medium (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 145-155 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: excitable media ; information transmission ; cellular automata ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we address the problem of how to implement directed dispatching of information in homogeneous excitable media. To do this, we surveyed cellular automaton models which reveal spatial oscillating patterns of excitation. Thus we discovered a medium where any element at rest was excited if just two of its nearest neighbours were excited. A medium of this kind, the 2+ medium, does not support the spreading of ordinary autowaves, but in its evolution one can find compact movable groups of excited states. Here we demonstrate that such solitary waves with particle-like behaviour will change their velocity vectors as a result of external singular stimulation. Thus they can be used as objects with controllable movement which transmit information in disordered surroundings. The results of this work can be utilised in the design of molecular computers.
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    New cubane MOCVD precursors for gallium sulphide and gallium selenide: Synthesis of [(Et2MeC)GaS]4 and [(Me2EtC)GaS]4: Structural determinations of [(Et2MeC)GaS]4 by X-ray diffraction and [(tBu)GaSe]4 by electron diffraction (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 177-185 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gallium ; selenide ; sulphide ; CVD precursor ; electron diffraction ; X-ray diffraction ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The gallium sulphide cubane compounds [(Me2EtC)GaS]4 and [(Et2MeC)GaS]4, have been synthesised, and their potential as MOCVD precursors for GaS is discussed. The molecular structure of [(Et2MeC)GaS]4 has been determined by X-ray diffraction. In addition, the vapour phase structure of the GaSe precursor, [(tBu)GaSe]4 has been determined by gas phase electron diffraction and is compared with that previously determined in the solid state by X-ray diffraction.
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    Demonstration of unimolecular electrical rectification in hexadecylquinolinium tricyanoquinodimethanide (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 229-245 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: unimolecular rectifier ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Asymmetries in the macroscopic and the nanoscopic DC electrical conductivity through Langmuir-Blodgett multilayers and monolayers of γ-(n-hexadecyl)quinolinium tricyanoquinodimethanide (HDQ-3CNQ, 1) are due to a transition from the ground-state zwitterion to a probably neutral excited-state conformer, thus confirming without a shadow of a doubt the rectification of electrical current by a single molecule. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Sensitive thermoelectric power and conductivity measurements on implanted polyparaphenylene thin films (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 281-293 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyparaphenylene ; ion implantation ; doping ; thermoelectric power ; conductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A sensitive apparatus for determining the conductivity and thermoelectric power of conducting polymer films at temperatures between 150 and 450 K is described. Brittle polyparaphenylene films doped by ion implantation with either alkali (caesium, sodium) or halogen (iodine) ions are studied by this method. Analysis of the temperature dependence of both conductivity and thermopower shows that the doping process of this conjugated polymer is efficient only when low parameters of implantation are selected and appears around room temperature. At higher temperatures the thermopower exhibits an anomalous evolution that we attribute to oxygen migration. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Optimisation of the electrochemical bath for growing device-quality CuInSe2 thin films (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: electrodeposition ; copper-indium-selenide ; thin films ; layer-by-layer deposition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The electrochemical bath used for growing device-quality CIS (CuInSe2) thin films by co-deposition as well as layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition was characterised and optimised with respect to the film properties. The bath composition was varied by changing the Cu, In and Se ion concentrations in specific ratios in both co-deposition and LBL deposition. The film properties were analysed using techniques such as SEM (scanning electron microscopy), EPMA (electron probe microanalysis), AES (Auger electron spectroscopy) and XRD (X-ray diffraction). The structural, morphological and compositional properties of the films were characterised and their variation is attributed to the bath composition and growth conditions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Remote plasma-enhanced CVD of silicon nitride films: effects of diluting nitrogen with argon. Part I: effect on nitrogen plasma parameters studied by emission spectroscopy (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 13-22 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: remote PECVD ; silane ; nitrogen ; silicon nitride ; argon dilution ; emission spectroscopy ; metastable states ; atomic nitrogen ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In a series of two papers we describe the effect of argon dilution of the nitrogen passed through the RF discharge region on the plasma composition, growth rate and some characteristics of silicon nitride films deposited by remove PECVD. In this part we report the results of an emission spectroscopic study of the plasma obtained in an SiH4-N2-Ar mixture. It is shown that argon in metastable electronic excited states plays an important role during the RPECVD of silicon nitride films by providing a high concentration of atomic nitrogen which is necessary for the promotion of film growth. In Part II the influence of argon dilution on the growth rate, composition and some properties of silicon nitride films deposited by capacitively and inductively coupled remote PECVD is discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Preparation and purification of metal fluorides for crystals and glasses (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 45-51 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: fluoride ; preparation ; purification ; glass ; fibre ; crystal ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The development of low-loss fluoride glass fibres for transoceanic telecommunications led to an increased demand for inorganic fluorides with ultrahigh purity in respect of transition metals, rare earths and oxygen. This review paper describes the Merck Ltd strategy for achieving a wide range of metallic fluorides using methods of preparation and purification selected for a combination of technical efficacy and economic practicability. General preparative methods involving aqueous and non-aqueous routes are described, together with purification methods such as ion exchange, zone refining and vacuum sublimation. The special role of ammonium fluoride complexes is discussed. The application of these general methods to the manufacture of fluoride glass components is described, with special reference to the ZBLAN formulation. Additional glass compositions and their individual requirements are also discussed. The parallel application of high-purity metal fluorides in the growth of optical crystals is emphasised, the history of fluoride ultrapurification having begun with the early demand for high-quality UV and IR crystals such as CaF2 and LiF.
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    Macro- and microsegregation of Zn in bridgman-grown CdZnTe (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 101-108 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdZnTe ; Zn segregation ; Bridgman ; ACRT ; substrates ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: One of the remaining problems in the use of CdZnTe material as substrates in liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) of CdxHg1-xTe (CMT) layers is that of variation in lattice matching, i.e. Zn content, across substrates. This wil become increasingly important in the future as larger focal plane arrays of infrared detectors are required. The basic Bridgman growth process for CdTe/Cd0.96Zn0.04Te has been extended by applying the accelerated crucible rotation technique (ACRT). A marked reduction in axial Zn segregtion is seen in 50 mm diameter ACRT material, but this effect is smaller in the case of 75 mm diameter crystals. Radial variations in Zn content are small in both sizes of crystal, demonstrating the benefits obtained from ACRT stirring. Both macro- and microsegregation effects have been studied in these crystals in an attempt to understand the growth mechanism. Zinc distributions have been assessed by near-infrared transmission, X-ray lattice parameter measurements, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and Auger electron spectrometry (AES). The last technique was used for the microsegregation studies, while AAS provides the absolute calibration for Zn content. Comparisons with segregation behaviour found in the literature will be given. It will be shown that the low temperature gradient and low growth rate lead to a degree of supercooling in the first-to-freeze region and this leads to significant Zn segregation in both radial and axial directions. As the crystals reach full diameter, the radial variation is decreased, presumably by the action of the ACRT, and axial segregation is also reduced.
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    The single-molecule approach to the deposition of compound semiconducting materials by MOCVD and related methodsBased on a lecture presented at IWMP-4 Fourth International Workshop on Purification of Materials for Crystal Growth and Glass Processing, Bristol, September 1993. (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 117-134 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: MOCVD ; precursors ; CdS ; ZnS ; GaAs ; InP ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The last 10 years have seen a number of chemists begin to take a serious interest in the deposition of materials such as compound semiconductors. Chemical deposition routes have a number of potential advantages, many of which arise from the fact that growth can take place well away from equilibrium. Chemists are particularly attracted by the idea that a volatile single molecule can deliver the elements of a compound semiconductor to the reaction site. In the present article recent advances in the deposition of compound semiconductors, principally II/VI (12/16) or III/V (13/15) materials, from single-molecule precursors will be reviewed. The chemistry of these precursors will be discussed in terms of both their synthesis and properties and the effect of the mechanism of their decomposition on the quality of deposited material.
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    MOCVD of group III chalcogenides (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 245-258 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: gallium ; indium ; metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) ; precursors ; selenium ; sulphur ; tellurium ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A review is presented of recent advances in the metal organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) of thin films of group III chalcogenides, including their application for the passivation of GaAs surfaces. The majority of studies involve the deposition of thermodynamic phases of composition ME and M2E3 (M=Ga, In; E=S, Se, Te), however, MOCVD allows for the growth of either high-pressure (tetragonal InS) or non-thermodynamic phases (metastable cubic phases of GaS and InSe). Based on the results to date, a series of goals for molecular control over the structure of deposited films is discussed.
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    ZnCdS films for solar cell and photodetector applications deposited by In Situ chemical doping of CdS with Zn (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 269-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: ZnCdS ; CdS ; ZnS ; photodetector ; chemical doping ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: ZnCdS films were formed by in situ chemical doping of CdS with Zn in a chemical bath. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of CdS films after Zn doping showed a more disordered nature, consisting of reflections from Zn0.049Cd0.951S (JCPDS 40-834) as well as CdS greenockite (hexagonal, JCPDS 41-1049) and hawleyite (cubic, JCPDS 10-0454) phases. A comparison of the optical transmittance spectra for undoped and Zn-doped films showed that the cut-off wavelength was modified after Zn doping, indicating the presence of impurity states in the band gap. Zn-doped films showed an increase in dark conductivity after annealing at about 200°C. These films exhibit promising characteristics for application in solar cell and photodetector structures.
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    Diary of Conferences and Symposia (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 287-288 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050511
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    Masthead (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995) 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050601
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    Deposition of cadmium sulphide thin films from the single-source precursor bis(diethylmonothiocarbamato)cadmium(II) by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 311-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: monothiocarbamate ; MOCVD ; cadmium sulphide ; precursor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of CdS were grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (LP-MOCVD, 10-2 Torr) on GaAs(100) and borosilicate glass using the novel single-source precursor bis(diethylmonothiocarbamato)cadmium(II). The deposition of CdS was observed at substrate temperatures of 300 °C and above. Uniform adherent films of CdS were grown on GaAs(100) at temperatures between 350 and 450°C. CdS films deposited on glass were generally transparent with small crystallites (∽50 nm). Films were characterised by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy and shown to be of hexagonal phase. A band gap of 2.39 eV was measured for the films of CdS. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Remote plasma-enhanced CVD of silicon nitride films: effects of diluting nitrogen with argon. Part II: effect of nitrogen plasma parameters on layer characteristics (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: remote PECVD ; silane ; nitrogen ; silicon nitride ; argon dilution ; hydrogen content ; stoichiometry ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In Part I we reported the results of an emission spectroscopic study of the plasma obtained in an SiH4-N2-Ar mixture. It was shown that argon in metastable electronic excited states provides a high concentration of atomic nitrogen. In this part we report the results of a study of the influence of argon dilution on the growth rate, composition and properties of silicon nitride films. The exact influence of nitrogen dilution with argon depends on the process parameters and on the method of coupling of the RF power, but it is found in general that a high concentration of atomic nitrogen leads to changes in the relative amounts of Si-Hj and N-Hi bonds and in the Si/N ratio of deposited films. In particular, it is shown that hydrogen incorporation can be reduced and improved stoichiometry can be obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Molecular conductors and magnets: different strategies and achievements (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 61-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: magnetic molecular materials ; conducting molecular materials ; polyoxometalates ; TTF ; ET ; conducting polymers ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The different approaches used by the authors for the synthesis of new molecular materials exhibiting simultaneously magnetic and conducting properties are presented here. The aim is to prepare materials where a magnetic and a conducting sublattice coexist and/or interact in order to obtain either coexistence of properties or coupling between them. The strategy described is a hybrid one that combines various types of inorganic metal complexes with planar organic π-electron donors of the TTF family or with organic matrices made of conducting polymers. There are four main combinations: (i) magnetic polyoxometalates with organic donors - this strategy has already produced more than 10 radical salts where a magnetic character coexists with a conducting or semiconducting one; (ii) small magnetic anions with organic donors - in this case one of the most promising results has been the synthesis of one of the very few known examples of magnetic molecular metals; (iii) ferro- and ferrimagnetic oxalate-bridged bimetallic layers with organic donors; (iv) magnetic polyoxometalates incorporated into electrodeposited films of conducting polymers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Effect of dopant counter-anion on tribological properties of polypyrrole (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: friction coefficient ; wear coefficient ; tribology ; conducting polymers ; 2,6-naphthalenedisulphonate (2,6-NDS) ; 1,5-naphthalenedisulphonate (1,5-NDS) and 2-naphthalenesulphonate (NS) polypyrroles ; sliding test ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: It is known that, with careful control of conditions, polypyrrole films with counter-ions of toluene sulphonic acid sodium salt and methane phosphonic acid sodium salt can be produced with friction coefficients comparable with or even better than PTFE. Here we now report a systematic study of polypyrrole with various planar anions for tribological bearing applications. Thus naphthalene disulphonate-doped polypyrrole has a kind of laminar structure with very good adhesion to the surface. Polymer films were electrodeposited on glass lenses and tested in a friction apparatus for friction and wear measurements. The film orientation was measured by low-angle X-ray diffraction and the surface structure was evaluated by both AFM and SEM for different film thicknesses. The friction coefficient and wear rate of such bearings were measured under loads up to 5 N and at speeds up to 30 mm s-1 and were found to be 0·06 and 0·04 nm mm-1 respectively. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    A robust gel-bilayer channel biosensor (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 47-52 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: ligand gated ; channel protein ; biomembrane ; biosensor ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We demonstrate a novel protective configuration for a gated channel biosensor. The bilayer membrane containing the channel proteins is formed by a simple self-assembly technique ensuring continuous coverage of the interface between two slabs of agarose gel by a biomimetic lamella in a fluid state. The gel protects both membrane surfaces from mechanical shock and contact with low-energy media while allowing diffusion of biomolecules up to 10 MDa in weight. The technique has been demonstrated using both dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and a phosphatidylcholine lipid cross-linked with a short polysiloxane chain (PSPC). The conductance per unit area of the channel-free membrane produced by this method was less than 25 S m-2 for DOPC and 2 S m-2 for PSPC, and the bilayer nature of the barrier in both cases has been demonstrated by measurement of the capacitance. The applicability to sensors has been confirmed using gramicidin-D, a 1·1 kDa unilamellar lipid bilayer pore former, and partially confirmed using valinomycin, a selective ion transporter. On incorporation of gramicidin the membrane conductance increased by over an order of magnitude. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    [TTF]2[Fe(tdas)2]: a molecular conductor containing magnetic counter-ions (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: ithiolene ; tetrathiafulvalene ; molecular conductor ; molecular magnetism ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The salt [TTF]2[Fe(tdas)2] has been prepared by electocrystallisation and its conductivity and magnetic properties are reported. The X-ray structure has been determined. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Preface (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 45-45 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: No Abstract
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    Optical absorption behaviour of metal/semiconductor hybrid nanoparticle composites (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 173-180 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: coated hybrid particles ; nanoparticle composites ; surface plasmon resonance ; optical properties ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Semiconductor/metal hybrid nanoparticle composites have been prepared in a glass host by a modified melt/quench process and examined with respect to their optical properties. The coated hybrid nanoparticles exhibit surface plasmon resonance absorption spectra which are red-shifted compared with that of a dispersion of homogeneous Ag nanoparticles in the same host. The position of the plasmon resonance was a sensitive function of the heat treatment schedule. A theoretical model based on effective medium theory for the coated hybrid particles was used to describe the shift of the plasmon position in the optical spectra as a function of the coating thickness. The calculated absorption spectra of the coated hybrid particles agree well with the experimental results. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Nitrogen Lewis base adducts of group 12 alkyls: Molecular structure of poly[1,3-bis (4-pyridyl) propane]dimethylzinc, [Me2Zn (C5H4N)CH2CH2CH2(C5H4N)]n (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 23-28 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: dimethylzinc ; purification ; adduct ; non-chelating diamine ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The structure of the dimethylzinc adduct with the bidentate amine 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane, [Me2Zn(C5H4N)CH2CH2CH2(C5H4N)]n, 1, has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystals of 1 are monoclinic, space group P21/m, with two molecules within a unit cell of dimensions a=5.364(3) Å, b=12.839(3) Å, c=10.618(3) Å and β=92.76(3)°. The structure is polymeric, being composed of [Me2Zn(C5H4N)CH2CH2CH2(C5H4N)] units with the nitrogens within a specific 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane ligand bonding to adjacent zinc centres. The zinc atom is four-co-ordinate, bonding to two carbon and two nitrogen atoms, with the C - Zn - C angle of 145.5(2)° intermediate between that of a linear and tetrahedral bond arrangement. As far as we know, this is the first example of a polymeric alkyl zinc/cadmium amine adduct to have been structurally characterised. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Dioxo- and aminooxopyrimidotetrathiafulvalenes: π-electron donors for design of conducting materials containing intramolecular hydrogen bonds of nucleic acid base pair typePaper presented at ERPOS-7, Polanica-Zdrój, Poland, 18-22 June 1996. (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 39-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: tetrathiafulvalenes ; cation radical inner salts (betaines) ; intermolecular hydrogen bonds ; uracil derivatives ; guanine analogues ; DC electrical conductivity ; organic semiconductors ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Dimethyl[2,4-dioxo(1 H,3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (1) and dimethyl-[2-amino-4-oxo(3 H)pyrimido]tetrathiafulvalene (4) form unusual inner salts by oxidation in the presence of bases. The insoluble black-green betaines 2 and 5 react with acids to form cation radical salts. Betaine 2 in the presence of acid and bis-(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene forms the unexpected double salt 8. In order to synthesise the cation radical salts of 1 and 4, it is necessary to use the ultrasonic method owing to the insolubility of the starting compounds. Electrical measurements of the betaines and cation radical salts in pressed samples show an unexpectedly low resistivity with semiconducting character: for betaine 2 ρ(RT) = 840 Ο cm, for betaine 5 ρ(RT) = 10 Ο cm, for salt 7 ρ(RT) = 40 Ο cm, but for double salt 8 ρ(RT) = 50 Ο cm. In the case of salt 8, very low values of activation energy of electrical conductivity of the order of kT were observed. The synthesis and purification of tetrathiafulvalene 4 from 5-amino-7-oxo(6 H)-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-d]pyrimidineselone-2 are described. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Photoexcitations in linear trans-quinacridone (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 83-86 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: photoluminescence ; time-resolved fast spectrocopy ; photoinduced absorption spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: We have studied the photophysics of linear trans-quinacridone films by applying a variety of transient and continuous wave photomodulation techniques. Our experimental results demonstrate the ultrafast formation of excimer species which are responsible for the emission. The excimer decay kinetics seems to suggest a predominantly charge transfer character of these emitting species. This is consistent with the long-lived states which we detected on the millisecond time scale. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Monte Carlo simulation of the Fréedericksz transition in nematic liquid crystals (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 71-77 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Monte Carlo simulation method ; nematic liquid crystal ; electric-field-induced Fréedericksz transition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we present results of the Monte Carlo simulation of a 2D nematic liquid crystal model in the presence of an externally applied electric field. The molecular interactions were described by the Lebwohl-Lasher Hamiltonian. The boundary conditions employed in the simulations corresponded to the experimental configuration frequently used for establishing the Frank elastic constants. The results are compared with the predictions of the phenomenological Ericksen theory. Preliminary results of simulations of an experimentally important case corresponding to the nematic interacting with a spatially modulated electric fluid are presented. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Vapour Pressure Studies of Some Nitrogen Donor Adducts of Dimethylzinc Used in the Deposition of Materials by MOCVD (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 117-121 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: precursor ; MOCVD ; vapour pressure ; adduct ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The vapour pressures of mixtures of dimethylzinc with triethylamine (1), 1,3,5-trimethyl- (2) and 1,3,5-triethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (3) have been studied using static measurement at various mole ratios of ligand to alkyl at 0°C. The results obtained are useful in assessing the suitability of these compounds as precursors for the deposition of group-12-containing materials by MOCVD. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Polyaniline Microrods (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 149-156 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polyaniline ; synthesis ; surface tension effect ; morphology ; SEM ; ESR ; electrical conductivity ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Polyaniline (PANI) prepared in water or a water-methanol (1:1) mixed solvent by anodic oxidation of aniline hydrochloride at a potential of 0.8 V (and higher) vs. Ag/AgCl appears to form microrods of almost uniform shape and dimensions: a diameter of 0.7 μm and a length of 2-3 μm or more. A surface point contact Pt or Ir electrode has been used as the working electrode to get a better ordering in the product due to the surface tension effect. The structure observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is complex: the sample is highly porous and looks like a coral reef; the average channel diameter is 1.5 and 2.5 μm for narrow and wide channels respectively. The rods appearing in great number in the sample are surprisingly uniform, particularly with respect to the diameter. The electrical conductivity is of the order of 10-1 S cm-1 for most samples examined. The electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra consist of a strong singlet line (g = 2.0030-2.0039, ΔH =;0.12-0.50 mT); similarly, the infrared (IR) spectra show a strong and broad absorption due to electron excitations and electron-lattice interactions, which we have observed previously for many PANI samples examined in our laboratory. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Direct observation of the stacked structure in substituted copper phthalocyanine LB films with STM (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 259-263 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: scanning tunnelling microscopy ; Langmuir-Blodgett films ; substituted phthalocyanines ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The in-plane molecular structures of octa-alkyl substituted copper phthalocyanine LB films deposited on graphite have been resolved with a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM). The face-to-face stacking of Pc macrocycles has been observed in the topographies of R8PcCu monolayers. The stacking period was found to be 3.8-4 Å and the molecular rows were separated by 19 Å and 16 A for (C6H13)PcCu and (C5H11)PcCu respectively.
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    William M. Alvino. Plastics for electronics: Materials, properties, and design applications. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995, ISBN 0-07-001435-3 ca 350 pp (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 283-283 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050507
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    Didier Astruc. Electron transfer and radical processes in transition-metal chemistry. VCH, New Ork, 1995, isbn 1-56081-642-2, 630 pp., Price $140.00 (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 285-285 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Announcement (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. ii 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Laser-Assisted etching and metallisation of via-holes in polyethylene terephthalate (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 299-303 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: PET ; Cu vapour laser ; electroless deposition ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental results are presented on via-hole etching in a thick (100 μm) film of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with the help of a copper vapour laser (wavelength γ=510 nm, pulse duration 10 ns, repetition rate 8 kHz). The rate of via-hole formation is as high as 100 μms-1. The effective coupling of the polymer film to the laser radiation is due to the formation of highly absorbing graphitised regions in the bulk of the film, which is initially transparent at the laser wavelength. The side walls of the hole can be metallised by simultaneous decomposition of a Pd(acac)2 spun-on layer as a precursor for subsequent electroless Ni deposition. The activation of the inner surface of the hole is achieved as a result of the precursor vapour entering the hole during laser etching. The metallised via-hole provides a good electrical interconnection of the two sides of the PET film.
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    Diary of conferences and symposia (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 329-331 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    Editorial (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. iii 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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    The X-ray crystal and molecular structure of [Ba(TDFND)2.tetraglyme],[Ba(TDFND)2.tetraglyme] is 2,5,8,11,14-pentaoxapentadecane-bis (1′,1′,1′,2′,2′,3′, 3′,7′,7′,8′,8′,9′,9′,9′-tetradecafluorononane-4′,6′-dionato)barium(II). Full bond lengths and angles, atomic co-ordinates, isotropic temperature factors are available form the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre. For ordering instructions see Notes for Contributors. the first molten barium precursor for MOCVD applications (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: barium ; volatile ; β-diketone ; X-ray structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: At 150 K [Ba(TDFND)2, tetraglyme] crystallises in the P1/c space group with a = 17.15(2) Å b = 10.735(5) Å, c = 22.830(7) A, β = 97.56 (7)°, V = 4165 (5) Å3, Z=4. R1 = 0.0435, wR2 = 0.1079. The barium atom is nine-co-ordinate, with binding to all the O atoms. The two BaTDFND rings are planar but tilted by 26° from being co-planar. The five O atoms of the tetraglyme ligand are also essentially co-planar, but this plane subtends angles of 88.8(1)° and 67.4(1)° to the two BaTDFND planes. The Ba—O (TDFND) bond lengths are longer than for other related compounds, but the Ba—O (tetraglyme) bond lengths are similar to those in [Ba(HFA)2.tetraglyme] (HFA ≡ CF3C(O)CHC(O)CF3). The low melting point and the fact that [Ba(TDFND)2.tetraglyme], alone of barium complexes of this kind, can be evaporated without decomposition at 1 atm are attributed to lower intermolecular forces for this compound and to its greater thermal stability.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050103
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    On the application of thermoluminescence for probing the energetic disorder in amorphous molecular solids (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 99-103 
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    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: amorphous molecular solids ; poly(N-epoxypropylcarbazole) ; thermoluminescence ; charge trapping ; charge transport ; energetic disorder ; dipole moments ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The low-temperature thermoluminescence (TL) technique has been applied for probing the energetic disorder in doped poly(N-epoxypropylcarbazole)(PEPC) polymer films. Strong polar dopants were used for varying the degree of dipolar disorder. It was found that (1) the TL of the studied systems can be well interpreted in terms of the disorder model and (2) TL spectroscopy can provide the shape of the deepest part of the localised state distribution and the degree of energetic disorder as well. The charge trap distribution on the high-temperature side of the TL peak appears to be a Gaussian function and its halfwidth correlates well with the disorder parameter obtained from charge transport measurements. An unusual electric field effect on the TL of PEPC doped with strong polar dopants was found and is explained in terms of the contribution of the charge-dipole interaction to the energy of localised states. This effect indicates that the TL phenomenon for the studied systems cannot be explained purely by molecular γ-relaxation in the polymer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Chemical Processor for Computation of Skeleton of Planar Shape (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 7 (1997), S. 135-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: reaction-diffusion media ; chemical processors ; parallel computing ; cellular automata ; image processing ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: In this paper we give a regular proof of the viability of the theory of reaction-diffusion computing. The test problem is to approximate the skeleton of a planar contour, i.e. select sites of centres of bitangent circles which lie wholly within the contour. We have designed both a cellular automaton model and a real prototype of a chemical processor that implement skeleton transformations. In the cellular automaton, segments of the discrete skeleton are computed via interactions of excitation waves, while in the chemical processor the underlying mechanism is the formation of Prussian blue in an agar gel film. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Growth modes of solution-grown CdS thin films (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 11-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: CdS ; chemical deposition ; complexing agent ; sulfurising agent ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The growth modes of CdS thin films on glass in a chemical bath were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. The results of these studies show that the film growth occurs by ion-by-ion condensation and by colloidal particles of CdS adhering to the substrate. Both mechanisms are operative from the initial stages of film growth. The predominance of one or other of these two growth modes depends on the abundance of Cd and S ions present in the solution, which is determined by the amount of complexing and sulphurising agents and ammonia used for the controlled release of Cd and S ions into the solution. The growth mode influences the optical properties of the films.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050104
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    Electrically conducting and fluorising self-assembled monomolecular layers (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: self-assembled monomolecular layers ; chemical modification ; ATR/FTIR' electrical conductivity ; fluorescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Self-assembled monomolecular layers have been formed on a glass substrate with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The amino groups were chemically modified with either salicylaldehyde or 4-formylpyridine, then a TCNQ-pyridine CT complex was formed on a limited area of the surface, making a molecular conductive channel. This area is electrically conducting and we have observed it with the aid of SEM and direct measurements. ATR/FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopy were also used to monitor the monomolecular layer formation and modification processes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Electronic structure, insulator-metal transition and superconductivity in κ-ET2X salts (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: organic conductors ; electron correlations ; dielectric-metal transition ; superconductivity ; Fermi surface ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: The electronic structure and superconductivity of layered organic materials based on the bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene molecule (BEDT-TTF, hereafter ET) with essential intra-ET correlations of electrons are analysed. Taking into account the Fermi surface topology, the superconducting electronic density of states (DOS) is calculated for a realistic model of κ-ET2X salts. A d-symmetry of the superconducting order parameter is obtained and a relation is found between its nodes on the Fermi surface and the superconducting phase characteristics. The results are in agreement with the measured non-activated temperature dependences of the superconducting specific heat and NMR relaxation rate of central 13C atoms in ET. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Low-pressure-induced conformational transition in doped polypyrrole: optical and IR spectra (1998)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 8 (1998), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: conducting polymers ; polypyrrole ; optical absorption ; pressure ; piezochromism ; conformation ; infrared spectra ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: A pressure dependence of the optical absorption spectra of BF-4-doped polypyrrole has been observed at pressures below atmospheric pressure. The two absorption bands at photon energies of 1·2 and 3·0 eV depend on the pressure: a decrease in the high-energy absorption is accompanied by an increase in the low-energy absorption and its shift towards lower energies. The Fourier transformation infrared reflection spectra also depend on the pressure in this region of pressures. The results are interpreted as a pressure-induced conformational transition of the polypyrrole chain. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    H. Schneider, K. Okada and J. Pask. Mullite and mullite ceramics. Wiley, Chichester, 1994, ISBN 0-471-94249-9 251 pp., $49.95 (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 284-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050508
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    Implanted polymer junctions obtained with electrogenerated polythiophene films (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials for Optics and Electronics 5 (1995), S. 277-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1057-9257
    Keywords: polythiophene electrogeneration ; doping by ionic implantation ; Schottky and PN junctions ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Using polythiophene films (∼5 μm thick) electrogenerated by trapezoidal waves of potential, then partially reduced, we realised metal-polythiophene contacts on the one hand. The electrical characteristics of a steel/polythiophene/gold sandwich structure are presented. We consider that the rectifying contact takes place between steel and p-type polythiophene. On the other hand, we showed that p-type polythiophene could be compensated after an implantation of alkali ions (Cs+ or Na+) in order to lead to the realisation of PN junctions. We particularly prove that the use of Na+ ions results in junctions yielding currents which are higher than with Cs+ ions. Current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics have been presented so as to show that the junction effect is due to the efficiency of the doping by ionic implantation. These electrical measurements seem to be stable after several weeks in air.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/amo.860050506
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