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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 73-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone cells ; Cyclic GMP ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP, cGMP) was localized in bone cells by the use of an immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge method. We observed that in cat alveolar bone most osteoblasts did not stain for cGMP, while adjacent periodontal cells displayed cytoplasmic as well as nuclear staining. Numerous osteocytes contained diffuse reaction products over most or all of the cellular area. The method used in this study may be helpful in identifying specific hard tissue cell types whose function(s) involve cGMP.
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  • 2
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    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 83-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Tupaia ; Somatostatin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Somatostatinergic nerves in the spinal cord of the monkey were investigated utilizing immunohistochemistry with various antibodies against synthetic somatostatin. In contrast to earlier investigations, it is shown that somatostatinergic nerve endings occur in most of the areas of the grey matter of the spinal cord. The somatostatinergic axons are, however, characteristically distributed in three main regions: (1) Densely-packed endings are seen in lamina II of the substantia gelatinosa, forming a crescent-shaped pattern in the columna dorsalis. Somatostatin immunoreactivity is also seen in lamina I and in the Lissauer tract. (2) A fine network of fibers is observed around the central canal; the endings are concentrated on special cell bodies. Some single perikarya are also stained in this region. (3) A loose network of single fibers is found ending on perikarya of the columna lateralis or ventralis. The perikarya of the nerve axons, with the exception of those terminating in the columna dorsalis, have as yet not been identified. In order to better understand the somatostatinergic system of the spinal cord, these newly-detected somatostatinergic nerves must be studied and their exact pathways analyzed.
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  • 3
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 529-551 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic islets ; Correlative light and electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Insulin ; Glucagon ; Xiphophorus helleri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cinq catégories cellulaires sont décrites dans l'îlot endocrine du poisson téléostéen Xiphophorus helleri. Chacune est définie par un ensemble de caractères histochimiques et ultrastructuraux, ce qui peut être fait avec certitude grâce à l'étude comparée de coupes ultra-fines et sémi-fines successives. Les techniques d'immunofluorescence ont été appliquées à du matériel préparé pour la microscopie électronique, à l'aide de sérums anti-glucagon et anti-insuline de porc. Un des résultats les plus intéressants est la démonstration de l'existence de 2 catégories de cellules A2: les cellules Adams positives, qui ont des grains de sécrétion amorphes et de section circulaire (≪ cellules à grains ronds ≫) et les cellules Adams négatives, dont de nombreux grains sont des cristaux (≪cellules à grains cristallins≫). Les cellules B et les cellules A1 constituent deux autres types cellulaires. Les ≪cellules claires≫, qui ne réagissent à aucune des techniques employées, représentent un type cellulaire distinct des précédents. L'influence de la fixation se révèle très importante, aussi bien sur les affinités tinctoriales des cellules que sur leurs caractères ultrastructuraux. The authors are grateful to Mrs. L.G. Heding, Novo Industri A/S, Bagsvaerd, for antiporcine insulin and glucagon sera, to Dr. S. Syed Ali, Elektronenmikroskopie, Zentrum für Anatomie und Cytobiologie, Universität Giessen, for preparing FITC-labeled γ-globulin, and to Mr. D. Streicher, Laboratoire de Zoologie et Embryologie expérimentale, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, for technical assistance
    Notes: Summary By means of correlative light and electron microscopy, five pancreatic islet cell categories are described in the teleost fish, Xiphophorus helleri, each of which has specific light microscopic appearance and fine structure. Different histochemical techniques have been used, including immunofluorescence with antiporcine insulin and glucagon sera. In addition to B- and A1-cells, two categories of A2-cells have been observed, both reacting with antiporcine glucagon serum: A2-cells with round granules gave a positive reaction for tryptophan; A2-cells with crystalline granules gave a negative reaction with the same staining technique on the same section. The “clear cells”, the last category, were not specifically stained by any of the staining methods carried out in this investigation. The influence of fixation on staining affinities and on ultrastructure was shown to be considerable.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LH-RH neurons ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Immunohistochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of the perikarya of LH-RH neurons in the rat hypothalamus and their pathways to the median eminence were studied by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay after placing stereotaxic electrolytic lesions in several parts of the hypothalamus. The principal location of the cell somata was found to be in the ventral part of the medial preoptic area; their pathways were classified into a main baso-lateral pathway and an accessory descending pathway branching off from the former. The main pathway was found to cross in the vicinity of the corresponding neuronal perikarya. The central median eminence and the dorsal and ventral walls of the tubero-infundibular sulcus of the caudal part of the median eminence are innervated mainly by the baso-lateral pathway. On the other hand, the rostral and most caudal portions of the median eminence are innervated principally by the descending pathway and have a subsidiary dual innervation. The projection of LH-RH neurons to the OVLT is believed to originate from perikarya adjacent to this circumventricular organ.
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  • 5
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 703-705 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enterochromaffin cells ; Serotonin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the human fundic mucosa was investigated at the lightmicroscopic level by means of the unlabeled peroxidase anti-peroxidase method, with the use of a highly specific anti-serotonin serum. EC-cells in the human fundic mucosa were sparsely distributed below the neck portion of the gland, but were found to be rather numerous in its lower half. Immunohistochemistry revealed marked pleomorphic and seemingly polynuclear EC-cells or cells with long, sometimes multipolar cytoplasmic processes. In addition, luminal contacts and contiguity between EC-cells, or interglandular connections were also encountered. The present immunohistochemical procedure permits, for the first time, a clear-cut morphological visualization of the entire population of EC-cells, and reveals the distinctive morphological features of these cells in the human fundic mucosa. These morphological findings imply that EC-cells in the fundic mucosa may be crucial in gastric function.
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  • 6
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    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 239-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Islet A cell ; Catecholamine ; Combined microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to identify pancreatic islet cells emitting formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), the pancreatic islets of the domestic fowl were studied by combined fluorescence, ultrastructural, silver-impregnation and immunohistochemical methods in the same section or in consecutive semi-thin and ultra-thin sections. The results indicate that islet cells emitting intense FIF exhibit a strongly argyrophil reaction with the Grimelius' silver method and also immunohistochemical reaction with anti-glucagon serum, but not with anti-5-HT serum. Therefore, the fowl islet A cell, a peptide hormone-producing cell, stores simultaneously catecholamine as biogenic amine. The islet B and D cells did not display any FIF, any argyrophil reaction with the Grimelius' silver method, or any immunoreactivity with anti-glucagon or anti-5-HT sera. The fluorescent but non-argyrophil cells dispersed in the exocrine acinus may well be PP cells.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal complex (pineal and parapineal organs) ; Development, ontogenetic ; Photoreceptor cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Serotonin (5-HT) ; Opsin ; Teleost (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin)- and opsin-immunoreactive sites were studied in the developing pineal complex of the stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., by use of light-microscopic indirect immunoperoxidase techniques. 5-HT immunoreactivity first occurs in the pineal organ at the age of 80 h after fertilization and appears to be localized in cells of the photoreceptor type. The outer segments of a few pineal photosensory cells exhibit opsin immunoreactivity at the age of 84 h after fertilization. The number of cells seems to increase until the pineal organ is completely developed. The increase in the number of 5-HT immunoreactive perikarya runs parallel in time to that of the opsinimmunoreactive outer segments. The cells of the parapineal organ show neither opsin nor 5-HT immunoreactivity. The retina of the embryonic stickleback does not display opsin immunoreactivity until after hatching, which takes place about 144 h after fertilization. These results suggest, in the three-spined stickleback, an earlier light-perception capacity for the developing pineal organ than for the retina.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 238 (1984), S. 421-423 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut endocrine cells ; Ontogeny ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Insect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ontogeny of the endocrine cells of the gut of the cockroach Periplaneta americana was studied by immunohistochemistry. During embryogenesis, the midgut begins to be formed as an outgrowth of the foregut and hindgut invaginations. Gut endocrine cells with pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-like immunoreactivity begin to appear at the anterior and posterior ends of the forming midgut. These cells are restricted to the midgut epithelium, and no mitotic cells with PP-like immunoreactivity are observed. These results strongly suggest that the gut endocrine cells, at least those with PP-like immunoreactivity, are derived from precursor cells they have in common with other epithelial cells of the midgut.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Calbindin D28k ; Circumvallate papilla ; Taste buds ; Development ; Degeneration ; Regeneration ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The distribution of calbindin D28k (CB)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) in the circumvallate papilla (CVP) was examined during development and regeneration following bilateral crush injury to the glossopharyngeal nerve in the rat. In the adult CVP, CB-like immunoreactive (-IR) nerve fibers were observed in the subgemmal region and some penetrated into the taste buds. CB-LI was also detected in the cytoplasm of the spindle-shaped gustatory cells in the lower half of the trench epithelium, which contained numerous synaptic vesicles and bundles of intermediate filaments. These CB-IR gustatory cells made synapse-like contacts with CB-IR nerve terminals. Some CB-IR nerve terminals made contacts with the gustatory cells negative for CB-LI. At least three developmental stages were defined with regard to the developmental changes in the distribution of CB-LI: (1) Stage I (embryonic day (E) 18–postnatal day (P)5): CB-IR nerve fibers appeared in the lamina propria just beneath the newly-formed CVP at E18, but the gustatory epithelium of the CVP contained no CB-IR structures. Taste buds with taste pores appeared at P1. (2) Stage II (P5–10): thin CB-IR nerve fibers began entering the trench epithelium, but no CB-IR cells were observed. (3) Stage III (P10–adult): in addition to the intragemmal and perigemmal CB-IR nerve fibers, very few CB-IR cells appeared in the taste buds around P10, and their numbers increased progressively. The changes in the distribution of taste buds and CB-LI following glossopharyngeal nerve injury were similar to those observed during development. On post-operative day (PO) 4, the taste buds and CB-IR cells decreased markedly in number. These CB-IR cells became round in shape, and the number of CB-IR nerve fibers decreased markedly. On PO8, both taste buds and CB-IR cells disappeared completely. The regenerated taste buds were first observed on PO12, increased rapidly in number by PO20, and increased slowly thereafter. CB-IR nerve fibers accumulated at the subgemmal region and began penetrating into the trench wall epithelium around PO16. CB-IR cells appeared between PO20 and PO24, and their numbers increased progressively and reached the normal level on PO40. The topographical localizations of the taste buds and CB-IR cells during development and regeneration were comparable to those of normal animals. The delay of the time courses for appearance of CB-IR nerve fibers and CB-IR cells compared to the appearance of taste buds during development and regeneration suggests that CB in the gustatory epithelium may participate in the survival of the taste bud cells rather than in the induction of the taste buds.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Nervous system ; enteric ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Myotomy ; Descending projections ; Gadus morhua (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The projections of enteric neurons showing immunoreactivity for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and galanin were investigated in the myenteric plexus of the intestine of the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Quantification of immunoreactive material on the proximal and distal side of a myotomy was performed by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy. NOS immunoreactivity was reduced anal to the myotomy, whereas there was an accumulation of immunoreactivity for VIP and for galanin oral to the cut. These results suggest the presence of VIP, NOS and galanin in neurons with oral–to–anal projections along the intestine of the cod. Since descending neurons in the myenteric plexus of many other vertebrates also contain these substances, we conclude that the oral–to–anal projections of neurons containing VIP, NOS and galanin are highly conserved features and important for the descending phase of intestinal peristalsis on an evolutionary basis.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 253-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Myenteric plexus ; Benzalkonium chloride ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymphocytes ; Macrophages ; Glia ; Oncoproteins ; Guinea pig (Rodentia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Ablation of rat myenteric plexus with benzalkonium chloride has provided a model of intestinal aganglionosis, but the degenerative responses are not well understood. We examined the effects of this detergent on neurons and glia, including expression of c-Myc, c-Jun, JunB, and c-Fos, and on immunocytes in the guinea-pig ileum. Benzalkonium chloride (0.1%) or saline was applied to the serosal surface of distal ileum. Tissues were analyzed 2, 3, or 7 days later and compared with cyclosporine-treated and untreated animals. More than 90% of myenteric neurons were destroyed in ileal segments 3–7 days after benzalkonium-chloride treatment. Glia withdrew processes from around neurons after 2 days and were mostly gone after 3 days. Neuronal c-Myc began to disappear while c-Fos, c-Jun, and JunB were evident in some neuronal nuclei after 2 or 3 days. After 3 days, widespread apoptosis was evident in the myenteric plexus. Populations of T cells, B cells, and macrophage-like cells in untreated and saline-treated myenteric plexuses were substantially increased 3 and 7 days after benzalkonium-chloride treatment. Cyclosporine delayed significant neuronal loss. We conclude that a variety of degenerative mechanisms may be active in this model, including an immune response which may actively contribute to tissue destruction.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Neuropeptide Y ; Brain (CNS) ; vertebrate ; Terminal nerve ; FMRF amide ; Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ; Immunohistochemistry ; Polypterus senegalus (Polypteriformes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in the brain of the bichir, Polypterus senegalus, was examined immunohistochemically. NPY-like immunoreactivity was distributed widely in the brain, with the highest density in the diencephalon. NPY-positive perikarya were found in various areas, including the terminal nerve, the pallial zones of the telencephalon, the periventricular preoptic nucleus, the thalamic nucleus, the ventral hypothalamus of the diencephalon, the tegmentum of the mesencephalon, and the area intermedioventralis of the rhombencephalon. In the hypothalamus, NPY-positive liquor-contacting neurons were frequently observed. Immunoreactive neuron-like cells also appeared in the distal lobe of the hypophysis. NPY fibers were densely distributed in the ventral telencephalon, the hypothalamus, and the ventrolateral area of the rhombencephalon. They were also demonstrated in the terminal nerve. In the hypophysis, NPY fibers were dense in the median eminence, but sparse in the neural lobe. Electron-microscopic double immunostaining of the terminal nerve revealed the coexistence of NPY-like antigen with gonadotropin-releasing hormone-like and molluscan cardioexcitatory tetrapeptide-like antigens in the same cytoplasmic granules. These results suggest that NPY or a related substance is involved in neuroregulation of various areas of the bichir brain, by mainly acting as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: FMRF amide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Olfactory system ; Sensory neurons ; Neuromodulators ; Limax marginatus (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The distribution of FMRF amide-like immunoreactivity was investigated in the olfactory organs in the tentacle tip of the terrestrial slug, Limax marginatus. Approximately 0.7% of the neurons in the lobules of the tentacle ganglia demonstrated FMRF amide-like immunoreactivity. Most of the FMRF amide-like-immunoreactive somata lay at superficial positions within the lobules, and dendritic processes extended to the outer surface of the sensory epithelium, whereas the axons traveled toward the cerebral ganglion through the ventral part of the tentacle nerve. From their morphological features, FMRF amide-like-immunoreactive cells were considered to be primary sensory neurons.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 439-444 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Neurocalcin ; Calcium-binding protein ; Adrenal medulla ; Nerve terminal ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse (ddY)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Neurocalcin is a novel calcium-binding protein found in bovine brain tissue. We investigated immunoreactivity for neurocalcin in the mouse adrenal medulla using light and electron microscopy. The immunoreactivity was present in nerve fibers, nerve terminals, and ganglion cells in the adrenal medulla, but chromaffin cells, sustentacular cells, and Schwann cells were negative in reaction. Nerve bundles containing neurocalcin-immunoreactive fibers passed through the adrenal cortex and extended into the medulla. Immunopositive nerve fibers branched off and projected varicose terminals around the chromaffin cells. These varicose terminals contained small and large-cored vesicles and made synapses with the chromaffin cells. We performed paraformaldehyde-induced fluorescence-histochemical studies for catecholamine combined with immunohistochemical studies for neurocalcin. Neurocalcin-immunoreactive nerve terminals were more abundant at noradrenaline (fluorescent) cell-rich regions than at adrenaline (non-fluorescent) cell-rich regions. These results show that neurocalcin-immunoreactive nerves mainly innervate noradrenaline-containing chromaffin cells in the mouse adrenal medulla and that neurocalcin may regulate synaptic function in the nerve terminals.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Interferon-γ-inducing factor (”interleukin-18”) ; Intestine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mucosal immunity ; Mouse (CD1)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The novel cytokine interferon-γ-inducing factor (”interleukin-18”) is produced by macrophage-like cells in mice with endotoxin shock and induces the production of interferon-γ by T cells in vitro. To determine the physiological role for mouse interferon-γ-inducing factor, we studied its tissue distribution in several organs (intestine, spleen, thymus, kidney, and liver) in healthy mice of different ages, including fetal stages. Activity of the cytokine in the organ extracts of adult mice was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the cellular distribution of interferon-γ-inducing factor in organs from fetal and adult mice was determined by immunohistochemistry. Intestinal extracts of adult mice showed the highest concentrations among the organs studied. Other organ extracts of adult mice showed lower concentrations of the cytokine. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that interferon-γ-inducing factor was localized in the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells from fetal and adult mice. These results show for the first time that intestinal epithelial cells may be the main producers of interferon-γ-inducing factor under normal physiological conditions and suggest that its constitutive expression in intestinal epithelial cells may have an important role in the induction of mucosal immunity.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 547-551 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuron-glia interaction ; Cortex ; Polydactyly mutant mouse (Pdn/Pdn; Pdn/+; +/+)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Homozygotes of a mouse strain with genetic polydactyly (Pdn) show disrupted cortical lamination and a significant decrease of S-100β-immunoreactive elements in a particular area of the brain. In order to understand the abnormal cortical formation at the cellular level, the migration of cortical neurons and the development of glial cells were studied using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), S-100β, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry. Homozygous mice (Pdn/Pdn) displayed a variable pattern of abnormalities. Irregular GFAP-positive radial glial cells and disturbance of neuronal migration were found in a circumscribed area of the caudo-dorsal cortex of newborn Pdn mouse. The number of S-100β-positive cells was reduced in this area. The present results suggest that abnormal cortical lamination closely correlates with disturbance of neuronal migration and abnormalities of glial cells, especially a significant decrease of S-100β-immunoreactive cells.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Interstitial cells of Cajal ; Gastrointestinal motility ; Enteric nervous system ; Smooth muscle ; Rhythmicity ; Immunohistochemistry ; Proto-oncogene ; Tyrosine kinase ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) of various morphologies have been described in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of mammals. Different classes of ICC are likely to have different functional roles. ICC of the mouse GI tract have been shown to express c-kit, a proto-oncogene that codes for a receptor tyrosine kinase. We have studied the distribution of ICC within the guinea pig GI tract using antibodies to c-Kit protein and immunohistochemical techniques. c-Kit-like immunoreactivity revealed at least 6 types of ICC: (1) intramuscular ICC (IC-IM1) that lie within the muscle layers of the esophagus, stomach, and cecum, (2) ICC within the myenteric plexus region (IC-MY1) in the corpus, antrum, small intestine, and colon,(3) ICC that populate the deep muscular plexus of the small intestine (IC-DMP), (4) ICC at the submucosal surface of the circular muscle layer in the colon (IC-SM), (5) stellate ICC that are closely associated with the myenteric plexus (IC-MY2) and orientated toward the longitudinal muscle layer in the colon, and (6) branching intramuscular ICC (IC-IM2) in the proximal colon within the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. c-Kit immunohistochemistry appears to be an excellent and selective technique for labeling ICC of the guinea-pig GI tract. Labeling of these cells at the light-microscopic level provides an opportunity for characterizing the distribution, density, organization, and relationship between ICC and other cell types.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 235 (1984), S. 497-502 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Prolactin cell ; Mitosis ; Sex difference ; Aging ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The anterior pituitary of colchicine-pretreated male and female rats from 20 days to 12 months of age was stained immunohistochemically with anti-rat prolactin serum. Immunoreactive mitotic cells were identified in all groups of rats. In adult female rats the mitotic index of prolactin cells was higher at oestrus than at other stages of the oestrus cycle and than that in male rats of comparable ages. If adult female rats were ovariectomized on the second day of dioestrus or on the day of proestrus, the mitotic indices at presumptive oestrus were less than those in sham-operated controls at oestrus. Estrogen administration to ovariectomized rats significantly elevated the mitotic index of prolactin cells at 48 h after the treatment. The mitotic indices of prolactin cells in female rats reached a peak at 60 days of age, and then decreased with age. In male rats the mitotic indices showed a steady decrease from the value at 20 days of age. A sex difference in the mitotic indices of prolactin cells was noted from 60 days to 12 months of age. The present results clearly demonstrate that differentiated prolactin cells can undergo mitosis and that a sex difference in the mitotic activity of prolactin cells is present during adult life.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 25-36 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Uterine proteins (rabbit) ; Uteroglobin ; Blastocyst ; Immunohistochemistry ; Gel chromatography ; Disc electrophoresis ; Immunoelectrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Proteins of uterine fluid and lung homogenates of the rabbit were separated by gel and ion exchange chromatography. Purified protein fractions were used for immunisation and antiserum production. By means of several absorptions, six monospecific antisera against uteroglobin and five other proteins were obtained. Using immunohistochemistry, four of them could be localised in the uterine epithelium from oestrus and the first and the seventh day post coitum, and also in the blastocyst. The present study indicates the involvement of different endometrial cells in the synthesis and release of the various proteins of uterine secretion.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Serotonin ; Neuroendocrine regulation ; Monkey (Macaca fuscata) ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distributional pattern of serotonin-containing nerve fibers in the hypothalamus of the monkey (Macaca fuscata) was analyzed with the use of the peroxidaseantiperoxidase method in conjunction with a highly sensitive and specific anti-serotonin serum. The highest concentrations of serotonin-immunoreactive varicose fibers were found in the nucleus praeopticus medialis, nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami, and the complex of mammillary nuclei (nucleus praemamillaris, supramamillaris, mamillaris medialis et lateralis). However, the nucleus suprachiasmaticus, where numerous serotoninergic fibers have been reported to occur in the rat, appeared to be almost devoid of these fibers. The infundibular stalk, and the intermediate and posterior lobes of the pituitary contained considerable numbers of immunoreactive fibers. The present study provides a morphological basis for possible clarification of the influence of serotoninergic projections on various neuroendocrine mechanisms in primates. Furthermore, an attempt was made to clarify the differences and similarities concerning the distributional patterns of serotoninergic nerve fibers within the monkey hypothalamus in contrast to the rat hypothalamus.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 733-735 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: S-100 protein ; Adrenal medulla ; Sustentacular cells ; Human fetus ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adrenal glands of human fetuses were investigated by means of an immunohistochemical method with the use of an anti-S-100 serum. S-100-immunoreactivity was recognized in sustentacular cells located among the chromaffin cells. A characteristic circular arrangement of the immunostained cells was found in the central region of the adrenal glands. It surrounded aggregations of non-argyrophilic, small, round cells, which were identified as the remaining sympathoblasts (primitive sympathetic cells).
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 201 (1979), S. 343-348 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Merkel cell ; Sinus hair follicle ; Rat skin ; Enkephalin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Merkel cells from sinus hair follicles of rats were investigated by immunohistochemistry using different antisera against neuropeptides and gastroenteropancreatic (GEP)-hormones. For the first time it has been demonstrated that Merkel cells exhibit an immunoreactivity towards metenkephalin (methionine-enkephalin). The met-enkephalin immunoreactivity was restricted to Merkel cells and was not found in associated nerve axons or terminals. Denervation of Merkel cells did not affect the met-enkephalin immunoreactivity. Antisera against leu-enkephalin (leucine-enkephalin) and other polypeptides did not produce an immunoreaction. The demonstration of met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity supports the concept that the Merkel cell is a member of the paraneuronal system and a potential neuroreceptor cell.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Paraganglia ; Aging ; Catecholamines ; Catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase were examined by immunohistochemistry in hypertrophied paraganglia of aged male Fischer-344 rats. All paraganglionic cells reacted with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase. Dopamine β-hydroxylase was identified in most paraganglionic cells, indicating that they synthesized norepinephrine. A variable number of paraganglia were positive for phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, which suggested that they synthesized epinephrine. The formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method demonstrated greenish-yellow fluorescence or yellowish-brown fluorescence. The intensity of the fluorescence was in the same range as in adrenal medullary cells. The observations indicate that paraganglia are capable of synthesizing epinephrine.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pineal gland ; Laminin ; Cadherin ; Synaptophysin ; BrdU ; Immunohistochemistry ; Embryology ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Epithelial remodeling in the rat pineal during fetal development was immunohistochemically analyzed by using antibodies for laminin and cadherin as molecular markers of basal lamina and intercellular junctions, respectively. The proliferation and differentiation of pinealocytes were also investigated in relation to the advance of epithelial remodeling. The pineal anlage of embryonic day 16 is completely covered by basal lamina immunolabeled for laminin. After embryonic day 17, local dissolution of the basal lamina occurs on the epithelial folds, which develop predominantly in the rostral pineal wall. Some pineal cells migrate through these interruptions and form cellular aggregations outside the basal lamina. Cadherin immunostaining reveals focal dissolution of intercellular junctions in epithelial regions protruding into the pineal lumen. Dissolution of the basal lamina and intercellular junctions accompanied by cellular migration into the stromal tissue or into the pineal lumen continues until birth. The distribution of mitotic cells immunolabeled for BrdU is homogeneous throughout the organ during the fetal period, whereas that of differentiating pinealocytes immunoreactive for synaptophysin shows striking regional heterogeneity in close correlation with the remodeling of the pineal epithelium. The migrating cell populations located either outside the basal lamina or inside the pineal lumen are more liable to become synaptophysin-positive than the rest of the epithelium. These results suggest that epithelial remodeling in the fetal pineal is induced, at least in part, by epithelial infolding and that this remodeling promotes the differentiation of pinealocytes.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 287 (1997), S. 335-342 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Lysosomal membrane antigen ; Immunohistochemistry ; Biosynthesis ; Prostate-membrane-specific antigen ; Apocrine secretion ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The tissue distribution, preferentially in the human male genital system, and the subcellular localization of the lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (lamp 2) was studied immunohistochemically using a mouse monoclonal antibody, 2D5. Strong immunoreactivity was present in the tubular system of the kidney, in acinar cells of salivary glands and pancreas, prostate, mammary glands, placenta and in cutaneous sweat glands. Moderate immunoreactivity was observed in cerebral neuronal cells, epidermal cells, testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle and endometrium. Very low immunoreactivity was found in liver. In some of the tissues mentioned, the distribution pattern of immunoreactivity is smooth and homogeneous, while in others it is granular and concentrated in the supra- or perinuclear cytoplasm. The subcellular distribution was studied on ultracryosections and on pre-embedding-processed chopper sections of human prostate. In the latter gland, the protein is not restricted to epithelium, but is also present in stromal cells. Ultrastructurally, the immunoreactivity in secretory cells was localized in electron-translucent vacuoles and granules, including the secretory granules. A close association with cell membranes was not generally the case. Only part of the immunoreactive material was linked to the apical plasma membrane pointing to a biosynthesis independent from an association step with the apical plasma membrane. As shown by immunoelectron microscopy and Western blotting, a high amount of lamp 2 is secreted and is found in so-called prostasomes. The findings indicate that in the human prostate most of the membrane-bound lamp 2 is released from the secretory cells, presumably in an apocrine fashion.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Epithelia ; Intermediate filaments ; Cytokeratins ; Cytoskeleton ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mesenchyme ; Tissue fixation ; Cyprinus carpio (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Cytokeratin expression in mammals is generally restricted to epithelial cells and has been utilized to differentiate epithelial from nonepithelial tissues in these species. Since cytokeratins have been shown to be highly conserved during vertebrate evolution, the objective of the present study has been to ascertain the expression pattern of cytokeratins in tissues of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). A panel of 10 anti-human cytokeratin antibodies was evaluated using a streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex detection system. Tissues were fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin, 100% ethanol or methacarn. Only formalin-fixed tissues were pre-digested with trypsin prior to immunostaining. Formalin-fixed tissues generally resulted in a less intense, more diffuse staining pattern with considerable background compared with ethanol and methacarn and was therefore the least desirable fixative. The diverse staining pattern observed with the various antibodies used in this study was consistent with previous findings in other teleosts. The results confirm that cytokeratin expression in teleosts is fundamentally different from that in mammals and therefore should be used as a method to differentiate epithelial cell types in these species only with discretion.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Transthyretin ; Albumin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Development ; Choroid plexus ; Opossum ; Monodelphis domestica (Marsupialia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The distributions of transthyretin and albumin in the choroid plexus during brain development have been compared. The South American opossum was chosen because the young are born around the time of choroid plexus formation. Previous work showed that in the adult opossum, transthyretin is expressed in the choroid plexus cells. However, systematic studies of transthyretin in the choroid plexus during development have not been carried out before. Transthyretin was present in 90–95% of the choroidal cells from birth to adulthood. In most cells, transthyretin immunoreactivity was concentrated in the apical region of the cytoplasm. Double labelling of choroid plexus sections with antibodies to albumin and transthyretin showed that 1–2% of cells were positive for both proteins. These findings suggest that from the very earliest stage of choroid plexus formation most epithelial cells both synthesize and contain transthyretin, and a few of these transthyretin-synthesizing cells also contain albumin that is probably being transferred from blood to the cerebrospinal fluid.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 236 (1984), S. 99-105 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoclonal antibodies ; Spermatozoa ; Surface antigens ; Reproductive organs ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eleven monoclonal antibodies that recognize membrane determinants on spermatozoa of the carp Cyprinus carpio L. have been produced. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed that these determinants are uniformly distributed on the surface of head and midpiece. Most of them are also present on the outer membrane of precursor sperm cells. Although none of the monoclonal antibodies reacted with carp somatic tissue, five monoclonal antibodies were positive for surface membrane determinants of oogonia and early prophase oocytes in carp ovary. Preliminary analysis of the testis and ovary of three other species of fish showed that some carp determinants are shared with germ cells from Barbus conchonius, Clarias lazera, or Salmo gairdneri.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Uterine epithelium ; Uterine proteins ; β-Glycoprotein ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two antigens of the β-glycoprotein fraction from rabbit uterine secretion of the seventh day post coitum were purified firstly by gel filtration on Sephadex G 150, then either by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE Sephacel or chromatofocusing on PBE 94. By the use of a specific antiserum, raised in female sheep, two antigens with α 2- and β 2-mobility in agar gel electrophoresis could be demonstrated. Immunohistochemical staining of the uterine epithelium at the seventh and eighth day post coitum showed the antigens to be localized in a ciliated cell type of conspicuous shape, which is supposed to be the site of synthesis. Stain accumulated mainly in the apical part of the cell, but there were also small deposits around the nucleus.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary gland (Ambystoma) ; Neoteny ; Thyrotropes ; Lactotropes ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prolactin-producing cells are the first hormone-producing cells of the pars distalis to be differentiated within Ambystoma gracile. They first appear when the larvae attain a length of approximately 3.0 cm snout to vent length (SVL). Thyrotropes are observed as the next chromophilic cells to appear, and they occur when the larvae are approximately 4.5 cm SVL. Both thyrotropes and lactotropes increase in numbers until metamorphosis. Gonadotropes begin to appear when larvae attain a size of 5.0 cm SVL and become extremely abundant when larvae are in excess of 7.0 cm SVL. Animals, generally, exhibit the greatest number of thyrotropes just prior to the mean size for metamorphosis, and metamorphosing animals exhibit a dramatic reduction in the number of thyrotropes. Neotenous larvae have an abundant number of thyrotropes which are mainly located along the caudal periphery of the pituitary.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic islets ; Adrenergic innervation ; Insulin secretion ; Chemical sympathectomy ; Adrenalectomy ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Morphological changes in the adrenergic innervation of pancreatic islets after chemical sympathectomy by use of 6-hydroxydopamine and the influence of the sympatho-adrenal system on insulin secretion were investigated in the mouse and rat. Fluorescence histochemistry revealed a clear-cut reduction in the number of adrenergic nerve fibers in the pancreatic islets 2 days after administration of 6-hydroxydopamine; the reduction was more pronounced in the rat than in the mouse. In the rat, a partial regeneration was seen after 6 weeks. In the pancreas of the mouse, after administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, a severe damage of unmyelinated nerve fibers was revealed electron microscopically. However, no ultrastructural or immunohistochemical alterations could be demonstrated in the endocrine cells of the islets. 6-Hydroxydopamine induced a depression of basal plasma insulin concentrations in mice and an elevation in rats. Adrenalectomy depressed basal plasma insulin levels in mice. The α-adrenoceptor antagonist phentolamine enhanced insulin secretion in normal mice. The secretory response of insulin to phentolamine was diminished by chemical sympathectomy and almost abolished by adrenalectomy or the combination of chemical sympathectomy and adrenalectomy. Thus, the effect of phentolamine is probably mediated by liberated catecholamines. It is concluded that basal insulin secretion is partially regulated by the sympatho-adrenal system and that species differences exist in this respect. In addition, the results suggest that endogenous catecholamines have the ability to promote insulin secretion.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Immunohistochemistry ; Thyrotrophs ; Postnatal development ; Classification of basophils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The postnatal development of rat pituitary thyrotrophs was investigated immunohistochemically on days 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 25. Fetal thyrotrophs are strongly immunoreactive. In the postnatal period, however, weakly immunoreactive thyrotrophs increase in number to constitute clusters on days 3–5. The numbers and dimensions of the clusters reach a maximum on day 10. Thereafter the clusters break down to give rise to single, scattered neogenic thyrotrophs. Thyrotrophs in clusters on day 10 were investigated by electron microscopy in adjacent sections. They can be characterized as an immature type of basophil, according to the classification of Yoshimura et al. (1977): 1) Type I basophils, which are irregularly shaped with elongate processes, and characterized by rows of secretory granules about 100 nm in diameter. 2) Type I/II basophils, i.e., forms intermediate between Types I and II, containing less numerous secretory granules about 100–150 nm in diameter. Type II basophils which correspond to the classical thyrotrophs are not fully developed on day 10. Thus, most thyrotrophs develop from the clusters in the neonatal period. Such neogenic thyrotrophs retain the immature characteristics of Type I and I/II cells and may develop into Type II cells during subsequent maturation.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; Human tonsil ; T-lymphocytes ; B-lymphocytes ; Quantitative morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes are identified in tissue sections of human tonsils by applying the unlabelled antibody enzyme method. The epithelium of the tonsils contains a majority of immunoglobulin-positive cells and fewer T-lymphocytes. In the subepithelial zones, areas composed of B-cells predominate, however, regions containing T-lymphocytes are also present. The latter are mainly arranged in the lamina propria around high-endothelial venules and often include plasma cells containing immunoglobulin. Follicles containing germinal centres display a complex structure which changes during development. The lymphocytic cap consists of densely packed lymphocytes, labelled heavily by anti-IgM and anti-IGD, and of individual T-lymphocytes. Germinal centres show a framework of immunoglobulin-positive dendritic reticular cells; they contain some heavily labelled lymphoid cells and several cells weakly labelled by anti-IgM and anti-IgA, as well as a small number of T-lymphocytes. Furthermore, the total areas of T- and B-lymphocytes measured by planimetry may differ considerably between different tonsils. Especially total areas of germinal centres vary to a great extent. The quantitative data on amounts of T- and B-cells achieved by planimetry are comparable to those reported in cellular suspensions of tonsils.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Exocytotic proteins ; Synaptophysin ; Synaptotagmin ; Syntaxin ; Secretory granule ; Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Proteins participating in vesicular docking and fusion have been identified in the nervous system. Such proteins appear to be important for the molecular regulation of exocytosis also in non-neuronal cells. The enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells of the gastric acid-secreting (oxyntic) mucosa secrete histamine and chromogranin A-derived peptides, such as pancreastatin. Using immunohistochemistry, we have examined whether the ECL cells of the rat stomach, identified with antibodies to histidine decarboxylase (HDC, the histamine-forming enzyme), express the same exocytotic proteins as neurons. The ECL cells displayed immunoreactivity for synaptophysin, synaptotagmin III, vesicle-associated membrane protein-2 (VAMP-2), cysteine string protein (CSP), vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT-2), synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25), syntaxin, and Munc-18, but not for synaptotagmin I/II and VAMP-1. Synaptophysin and VMAT-2 could be detected not only in the ECL cells, but also in a population of HDC-negative cells. The demonstration of synaptotagmin III in only a limited number of ECL cells suggests the existence of a subpopulation of ECL cells. The results show that several exocytotic proteins, previously identified in neurons, are present in rat stomach ECL cells. Hence, proteins engaged in vesicular docking and in the fusion of granule/vesicle membrane with plasma membrane seem to exist in both neurons and endocrine cells.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Central nervous system ; Vasotocin ; Mesotocin ; Comparative evolution ; Immunohistochemistry ; Typhlonectes compressicauda (Gymnophiona)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. To further assess primitive and derived conditions, we have studied the vasotocinergic (AVT) and mesotocinergic (MST) systems by immmunohistochemistry in the brain of Typhlonectes compressicauda. This species belongs to a separate order of amphibians which differs in several morphological and behavioral aspects from anurans and urodeles which have been studied previously. Nevertheless, the vasotocinergic and mesotocinergic systems of T. compressicauda are largely comparable to those of other amphibians. Apart from a well-developed hypothalamo-hypophysial system, extrahypothalamic AVT-and MST-immunoreactive groups of cells and extensive networks of fibers were found. A major difference, however, is that neuropeptidergic cells in the caudal hypothalamus and the midbrain tegmentum of T. compressicauda contain MST, whereas those in corresponding locations contain AVT in anurans and urodeles. This suggests that certain neuropeptidergic cell groups in the gymnophionan brain have switched from AVT to MST gene expression, and, thereby, offers a new view on the functional significance of these neuropeptidergic systems.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Spermatogenesis ; Testis ; Cell cycle ; Immunohistochemistry ; Macaca mulatta (Primates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A comparatively low yield of germ cells has been reported for the spermatogenic process in primates. Kinetic studies of spermatogenesis and the spermatogenic cycle are needed to investigate this phenomenon but require the application of radioactively labeled compounds or irradiation. We have therefore investigated the suitability of a non-radioactive approach, viz., administration of 5-bromodeoxyuridine, for the determination of the kinetics of the spermatogenic cycle in a non-human primate, the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Four adult in-season animals received a bolus of 33 mg/kg 5-bromodeoxyuridine, one testis from each monkey was removed 3 h later and the other testis after 10 days and 11 h. Tissue was fixed in Bouin’s solution and embedded in Paraplast. 5-Bromodeoxyuridine was localized by immunogold-silver staining with a monoclonal antibody. PAS-hematoxylin counterstaining was used for spermatogenic stage identification. At 3 h, the leptotene and zygotene spermatocytes in stages VII–IX were the most advanced 5-bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells. At 10 days 11 h, the label had advanced and pachytene spermatocytes in stages VI–IX contained 5-bromodeoxyuridine. The duration of the spermatogenic cycle was 10.42±0.07 days (range: 10.25–10.62 days). Peritubular cells and interstitial cells were rarely 5-bromodeoxyuridine-positive, and Sertoli cells were consistently negative for 5-bromodeoxyuridine. Importantly, our kinetic data closely resemble those obtained by means of the application of irradiation for this macaque species. We conclude that administration of 5-bromodeoxyuridine represents a non-radioactive reliable approach for studying kinetic aspects of the spermatogenic process in primates.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: 2-Acetylaminofluorene ; Selective ductal cytotoxicity ; Submandibular gland ; Regenerative repair ; Immunohistochemistry ; Systemic effects ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Salivary glands of rodents are rarely affected with spontaneous and induced malignancies. This may be linked with low physiologic cell renewal and the infrequency of cytolethal actions by xenobiotics. The genotoxic 2-acetylaminofluorene, carcinogenic for other organs, causes acute damage in salivary ducts. In the submandibular glands the damage is limited to the granulated convoluted tubules. They produce and release regulatory peptides including epidermal growth factor and nerve growth factor. The partial chemical sialoadenectomy is repaired by sequential cell proliferation in the basal cell layer of interlobular ducts and in dilated intralobular ducts (day 4 and 6), in intermediate duct-like structures (day 6 and 8), and lastly in acini (day 8 and 12). This is associated with a transient loss of structural characteristics of striated ducts and acini (up to day 6) and of the immunoreactivity for S-100 protein (up to day 4). Actin immunoreactivity at the acinar base is increased from day 6 to 20. Analogous to the late postnatal differentiation of the granulated convoluted tubules, their structural characteristics and immunoreactivity for epidermal growth factor do not recover within 20 days. The acute lesion of the endocrine ductal segment is suggested to be causally involved with other systemic effects following treatment with 2-acetylaminofluorene. First, hypophagia with loss of body, liver and thymus weight may result from disturbed saliva production. Second, previous studies have shown a mitotic burst of the biliary epithelium and bloodborne lymphocyte-stimulating activities. Either effect could be brought about by regulatory peptides (see above), probably after elevated circulatory release from necrotic granulated convoluted tubules.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Liver ; Subcellular fractions ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This study, utilizing rats subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy or sham operation, was designed (1) to investigate the content of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the subcellular fractions of regenerating and sham-operated rat livers by immunoblot experiments and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), (2) to show that bFGF immunoreactivity and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity are markers for hepatocellular mitosis before and after partial hepatectomy, and (3) to observe the location and fine structure of the bFGF immunoreaction within the regenerating liver with special attention to bFGF immunoreactivity in the nuclei of regenerating hepatocytes. Immunoblot experiments and ELISA showed a transient increase in high-molecular-weight forms of bFGF in the nuclear subcellular fraction of regenerating liver 48 h after partial hepatectomy. By light microscopy, bFGF and PCNA immunoreactivities were detected in the nuclei of regenerating hepatocytes. Electron microscopy demonstrated bFGF-like immunoreactivity mainly in the nuclear euchromatin and rarely in the heterochromatin or nucleoli of regenerating hepatocytes. The transient increase in high-molecular-weight forms of bFGF in the nuclear euchromatin of regenerating hepatocytes, together with the concomitant expression of PCNA in the regenerating liver, suggests an important role of the high-molecular-weight forms of bFGF in hepatocyte proliferation and/or mitosis, although authentic bFGF with a molecular form of 18 kDa is not considered to be involved in hepatic regeneration.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 529-538 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Resident macrophages ; Follicle ; Ovary ; Cell culture ; Immunohistochemistry ; Cow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Ovarian macrophages may be involved in the degradation of the basal membrane after rupture of a preovulatory follicle, or in angiogenesis during follicle and corpus luteum development, or may support steroidogenesis. The present study describes easy access to macrophage-like cells in the ovary and characterizes them. Cells from bovine antral follicles with 1–4 ml of their naturally occurring fluid were plated on day zero. On day 10, the granulosa cell culture showed macrophage-like cells. They developed as non-adherent cells and also adhered to the monolayer as single cells or as hemopoietic-like clones. The macrophage-like cells contained strong activity of non-specific esterase, acid phosphatase or 3β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD). Only the steroid enzyme was absent on day 19. As detected by immunolocalization, macrophage-like cells of various sizes showed a response for the CD18 surface molecule of leukocytes, for the CD45 molecule related to hemopoietic progenitor cells, and for the CD14 molecule selectively expressed on cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. The macrophage-like cells exhibited a granular-like actin structure as revealed by fluorochrome-labeled phalloidin. The ultrastructure of small, intermediate or large macrophage-like cells was similar to that of monocytes or of macrophages. In situ immunolabeling of intact or regressing follicles revealed single cells positive for CD14, CD18 or CD45. In order to establish that in vitro proliferation of the macrophage-like cells had occurred, their number was assessed between days 1 to 19 of cultivation. The cultures derived from 23 follicles were classified into groups A, B, or C according to the number of non-adherent cells (〈5000, 〈12 500, or ≥12 500 per 16-mm well) on day 12 of cultivation. The total number of macrophage-like cells (non-adherent and adherent) increased approximately fourfold in all groups between days 1 to 12. The total number decreased to day 5 levels between days 15 to 19. Thus, the macrophage-like cells probably represent a subpopulation of the macrophage family. They proliferate in co-culture with granulosa cells.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 539-544 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Testis ; hsp60 ; Infertility ; Spermatogonia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The immunohistochemical localization of heat-shock protein 60 (hsp60) was investigated in testicular biopsies obtained from 121 adult men with disturbed fertility. In normal unaffected tubules, hsp60 immunoreactivity was localized to spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes and Sertoli cells. In spermatogonia, cytosolic and mitochondrial labelling could be differentiated. In general, the number of stained spermatogonia decreased with the loss of spermatogenic function. A significant (P〈0.01) reduction of stained spermatogonia was observed in testes with maturation arrest of spermatogenesis at the level of primary spermatocytes (30.2±21.6%) compared with testes exhibiting normal spermatogenesis. In addition, the decrease in the score correlated significantly with the diminution of cytosolic hsp60 immmunolabelling (coefficient r=0.25, P=0.03). There was a significant difference (P〈0.01) in the percentage of cytosolic-stained spermatogonia in testes with a score equal to or greater than 5 (14.7±9.8%) and a score less than 5 (8.9±6.9%). These observations suggest that a low level of hsp60 expression in spermatogonia may lead to a different pattern of protection, which in turn could be involved in low spermatogenic efficiency.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Complement Cls ; Neoantigen ; Cartilage ; Hypertrophic chondrocyte ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rheumatoid arthritis ; Decorin ; Syrian hamster ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The secondary ossification center of 14- to 16-day-old hamster tibiae was examined immunohistochemically with active and inactive Cls-specific antibodies, RK5 and RK4, respectively. At the ossification center, chondrocytes differentiate from proliferating and hypertrophic to degenerating stages, and their site is occupied by the bone marrow. Cls was strongly immunostained in hypertrophic chondrocytes. In order to discover whether Cls is activated at a particular site, the cartilage was immunostained with RK5 and RK4. RK5 mainly reacted with degrading matrix around invading vessels. In contrast, RK4 strongly stained hypertrophic chondrocytes. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed Cls on degrading fragments of chondrocytes and fibers of cartilage matrix. Decorin, one of the major matrix proteoglycans, was dose and time dependently degraded by Cls. Type II collagen and type I gelatin were also degraded. Articular cartilage from patients with rheumatoid arthritis was positively immunostained (11/12 cases) with an anti-Cls monoclonal antibody (mAb) PG11, whereas normal articular cartilage (5/5 cases) was negative, suggesting Cls participation in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Eisenia tetradecapeptide ; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ; Gut motility ; Immunohistochemistry ; Neuropeptide ; Peptide hormone ; Eisenia foetida (Annelida)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The quantity and localization of Eisenia tetradecapeptide which was isolated from the gut of the earthworm Eisenia foetida were examined in tissues of the same species by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. Analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that Eisenia-tetradecapeptide-like immunoreactivity was present in both the central nervous system (cerebral ganglion, subesophageal ganglion, ventral ganglia, and ventral nerve cord) and the gut (esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine). The central nervous system contained a higher amount of Eisenia-tetradecapeptide-like immunoreactivity (1.3 pmol/mg wet weight) than the gut (0.2–0.6 pmol/mg wet weight). Eisenia-tetradecapeptide-like immunoreactivity was scarcely detected in the body-wall muscle, nephridia, and sexual organs (testis, ovary, seminal vesicle, and ovisac). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that intense Eisenia-tetradecapeptide-like immunopositive cells and nerve fibers were present in the central nervous system. Immunoreactivity was found in the epithelial cells lining the esophagus and in the submucous plexus in various parts of the gut. Thus, the present study suggests that Eisenia tetradecapeptide is a neuropeptide and/or peptide hormone present in both the central nervous system and the gut of the earthworm and that its role involves the regulation of gut motility.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: TGF-β ; Condylar cartilage ; Postnatal development ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-βs) have been associated with the development and maintenance of articular cartilage. However, no studies have addressed their role in the postnatal development of mandibular condylar cartilage. This investigation represents the first immunohistochemical characterization of TGF-β isoforms and type II collagen in porcine mandibular condylar cartilage from various age groups. Furthermore, it is the first description of possible age-related changes in the expression of these proteins during postnatal development of this tissue. Condylar cartilage was dissected from freshly harvested temporomandibular joints of newborn, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month-old farm swine. TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, and type II collagen were localized via standard immunohistochemical procedures. An immunoblot technique was employed to compare the relative amount of each protein present in the various age groups. Immunoreactivity was detected in mandibular condylar cartilage for all three isoforms of TGF-β and for Type II collagen. All age groups demonstrated some evidence of immunostaining, primarily in the cytoplasm of cells from most zones of the cartilage. Immunoblot results indicated that TGF-β isoforms had individualized patterns of expression. When newborn protein levels were taken as the baseline, TGF-β1 demonstrated a significant increase at ages 24 and 36 months. TGF-β2 significantly increased at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months (peak levels at 24 months; similar levels at 6, 12, and 36 months), whereas TGF-β3 remained stable at all ages. Type II collagen demonstrated increases that paralleled the increased levels of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 at 24 and 36 months.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart, atrium ; Myoendocrine cells ; Cardiodilatin ; Peptide hormone ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A peptide hormone was extracted from the porcine right atrium following a bioassay for differential vaso-relaxant effects on smooth muscle strips from aorta and renal and inferior mesenteric arteries. The isolation procedure included several steps of gel-permeation and ion-exchange chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. During the isolation procedure, other peptides of smaller molecular weight were also found, which, in relation to cardiodilatin-126 (CDD-126), are shorter at their N-terminal. Among these, CDD-88 has also been isolated and characterizied, and has been established as a prominent member of the cardiac hormone family. The N-terminal and C-terminal segments of the 126 amino acid-containing molecule were synthesized and used to raise region-specific antibodies. The natural peptide was then localized within myoendocrine cells of the right atrium where specific atrial granules are located. Renal effects of cardiodilation were studied in conscious dogs and showed strong diuretic and natriuretic activities. According to our functional studies, cardiodilatin-126 and cardiodilatin-88 possess qualities of a significant hormone family regarding the regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary basophils ; Gonadotrophs ; LH Cells ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pars anterior ; Cell identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pituitaries from normal, young and adult male rats were fixed either in sublimate-formalin or in glutaraldehyde-osmium. In adjacent Paraplast sections, almost all the gonadotrophs were immunostained with both LH and FSH antisera. The rat LHβ and FSH antisera used were shown to be highly specific by the absorption test and by double antibody radioimmunoassay. Thin and thick adjacent Epon sections were prepared for EM and immunohistochemical examination. Cells stained with the rat LHβ antiserum were identified by LM, and then observed in detail by EM. On the basis of these observations we suggest that the LH cells are arranged in a sequence of basophils, i.e., Types II/III, III, III/IV and IV: Type II/III basophils are elongate with a cytoplasmic process and less vesiculated. They have morphological features of Type II (classical thyrotrophs) and also of Type III basophils. Type III basophils are oval in shape and moderately vesiculated. Both Types II/III and III basophils can be divided into two classes of cell characterized mainly by the existence of only small secretory granules (150–220 nm in diameter) (Type A) or by the coexistence of small and large (350–500 nm) (Type B). Type III/IV basophils are cells intermediate between types III and IV basophils, and moderately vesiculated with an abundance of secretory granules (150–300 nm in diameter). Type IV basophils are large, spherical or oval cells whose RER cisternae are conspicuously dilated; they contain less numerous secretory granules (150–300 nm in diameter). It is concluded that LH cells are not a single cell type, but include a wide range of subtypes.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melatonin ; Pineal gland ; Retina ; Harderian gland ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of melatonin is demonstrated in the pineal gland, the retina and the Harderian gland in some mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates, using a specific fluorescence labelled antibody technique. Four different potent antibodies against melatonin have been used and compared. In the pineal gland of hamsters, mice, rats and snakes, specific fluorescence, mostly restricted to the cytoplasm of the cells, is detected in pinealocytes. Fluorescence is also detected in the pineal organ of fishes, tortoises and lizards, but it has not been possible, from cryostat sections of fresh tissue, to assert which kind of cell is reacting (photoreceptor cells or interstitial ependymal cells). In the retina, fluorescence is almost exclusively restricted to the outer nuclear layer. In the Harderian gland of mammals and reptiles, fluorescence is localized in the secretory cells of the alveoli and mostly restricted to the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus. These results are discussed in relation to the concept of melatonin synthesis at extrapineal sites independent of pineal production.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Collagen ; Combined non-radioactive in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry ; Gastric ulcer ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The restoration of gastric tissue after ulceration involves cellular and matrix components. Our aim was to investigate the kinetics of collagen expression and cellular proliferation in an animal model of gastric ulcer. To demonstrate the expression of type I and IV collagen mRNAs by proliferating cells, a method combining in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry was devised. In order to avoid the disadvantages of radioisotopes, digoxigenin-labeled RNA-riboprobes were utilized and combined with single-step immunohistochemistry. This method proved sensitive enough to detect type I and IV procollagen mRNA transcripts in the submucosal area beneath the ulcer crater or adjacent to the ulcer rim. In addition, a subset of cells transcribing either procollagen type I or IV RNA was concomitantly positive for proliferating cell nuclear antigen by immunohistochemistry. Focal proliferation of cells simultaneously expressing extracellular matrix components may therefore occur in the gastric submucosa after ulceration, starting as soon as 3 days after the insult and continuing for several weeks. The devised method of combined in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry can be used with standard paraffin-embedded tissues, yields results within 2 days, and avoids radioisotopes.
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  • 48
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    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 11-23 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) ; Pituitary-adenylyl-cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) ; α-Internexin ; Peripherin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The presence of nitric oxide synthase (the enzyme which synthesizes nitric oxide), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylyl-cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) in the rat enteric nervous system between term (E18) and 90 days postpartum (P90) was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Neuronal maturity was ascertained by emanining for the presence of two novel neuron intermediate filament proteins: α-internexin, which is transiently expressed in developing neurons, and peripherin, which is expressed in differentiating as well as in mature neurons. The alimentary canal of the foetus at E18, unfed newborn, suckling, weaning and adult rats was studied. Throughout the rat gut the myenteric neurons were recognized by the time the foetal stage was reached and the submucous neurons by the suckling period. α-Internexin was present at E18; its levels increased during ageing and were markedly reduced at P30. Peripherin was first detected at birth; its levels increased with ageing and pratically almost all of the neurons and nerve fibres were labelled from P30. Nitric oxide synthase was present at E18 and the number of labelled neurons gradually increased with ageing, while both VIP and PACAP could be detected by the end of the suckling period in an equal number of neurons to that in adulthood. These data indicate that in the rat gut the onset of the mature neuronal phenotype is not yet achieved at birth and that the neurochemical differentiation is accomplished during the first month of postnatal life.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Submandibular gland ; Neuropeptide Y ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide ; Galanin ; Substance P ; Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Distribution of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-, galanin (GAL)-, substance P (SP)-, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the human submandibular gland was examined by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method with attention to high-quality fixation and the condition of patients. NPY-, VIP-, and GAL-immunoreactive varicose fibers were densely distributed around the acini and ducts. Some of these fibers extended between acinar cells. The density of SP- and CGRP-immunoreactive fibers was relatively low. The number of NPY-, VIP-, and GAL-immunoreactive fibers around the mucous acini was significantly higher than around the serous acini. In the perivasculature, NPY-immunoreactive fibers were more numerous than other immunoreactive fibers. No somatostatin-, leucine-, or methionine-enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers were detected. Our findings suggest that a large number of periacinar VIP-, NPY-, and GAL-immunoreactive fibers may participate in regulating the synthesis of saliva and its secretion. Since the VIP-, NPY-, and GAL-immunoreactive fibers are more numerous around the mucous acini than around the serous ones, these fibers may take part more actively in regulating the secretory mechanisms in the mucous acini than in the serous ones. The relatively low number of CGRP- and SP-immunoreactive fibers suggests that they are less involved in the function of the human submandibular gland. Perivascular peptidergic fibers, especially NPY-immunoreactive fibers, may be involved in controlling local blood flow in this gland.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Taurine ; Immunohistochemistry ; HPLC ; Amino acid neurotransmitters ; Renilla koellikeri (Cnidaria)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A quantitative evaluation of putative amino acid neurotransmitters in sea pansy polyps by high-performance liquid chromatography indicates that the taurine content exceeds that of other amino acids by a 100-fold. The cellular source of this taurine was investigated by immunohistochemistry with two polyclonal antisera raised in rabbit, one against a glutaraldehyde-polylysine-taurine conjugate and the other against a succinylated ovalbumin-carbodiimide-taurine conjugate. Taurine-immunoreactive neurons were localized in a perioral subectodermal nerve net and in the zooid nerve net of the endodermal retractor muscle of the polyp mesenteries. Double labeling experiments revealed that taurine immunostaining does not colocalize with Phe–Mat–Ang–Phe –NH2 FMRFamide immunoreactivity. In addition, strong taurine immunoreactivity was found in nematocytes and other ectodermal cells, in myoepithelial cell bodies of the endoderm, and in calcareous spicule-producing cells of the colonial tissue mass. The limited distribution of neuronal taurine immunostaining to nerve nets associated with muscle systems subtending autozooid polyp retraction supports a role for taurine as a neuromuscular transmitter for this protective reflex. In contrast, the widespread distribution of taurine immunoreactivity in nematocytes and in other nonneuronal cells points to additional cellular functions of taurine, one of which may be to mediate responses to osmotic or metabolic stress.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 225-238 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Cerebral ischemia ; Plasticity ; GAP-43 ; Hippocampus ; mRNA ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Neuroanatomical methods have been used to study selective vulnerability after global brain ischemia. A consistent pattern of ischemic neuronal damage is found in the rodent hippocampus with loss of CA1 neurons and of some cells in the hilus of the dentate gyrus. Very little is known about plastic changes that would be expected in ischemia-resistant areas such as CA3 neurons and granule cells. Neuronal plasticity after lesions may be indicated by changes in labeling with antibodies to the growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43). Expression of GAP-43 as a marker for neuronal plasticity was studied here in the hippocampus after global brain ischemia. Halothane-anesthetized rats were subjected to 20 min of transient forebrain ischemia using four-vessel occlusion. In situ hybridization was used to study GAP-43 mRNA at 1, 3, 6, and 12 h and at 1, 3, and 7 days after ischemia. Immunostaining was carried out with two different antibodies to GAP-43 in brains which were perfusion-fixed after 1, 2, 4, and 7/8 days. In the control hippocampus, GAP-43 mRNA was localized to CA1–CA3 and the hilus. Moderate increases in cellular signals were seen in hilar cells and granule cells early after ischemia, and some changes occurred in CA3 at late stages. Hybridization was lost in CA1 due to cell death. With immunostaining, GAP-43 was not seen in the cytoplasm of neurons, whereas dense labeling occurred in a differentiated pattern in the axonal and dendritic layers. At 1 day after ischemia, neurons in the hilus of the dentate gyrus and in the stratum pyramidale and lucidum of CA3 showed strong cytoplasmic labeling for GAP-43. Few cells were labeled in these regions at 2 days, and none at later stages. Pyramidal cells in CA1 and CA3 areas and granule cells were never labeled. These studies demonstrate a transient expression of GAP-43 mRNA and protein in a subset of vulnerable neurons after transient brain ischemia. The cytoplasmic localization in hilar neurons could be due to increased synthesis of GAP-43 or to changes in axoplasmic transport. It is suggested that axonal damage occurs in hilar cells which stimulates GAP-43 expression. The increased production of trophic factors after ischemia in granule cells could also cause plastic changes in hilar cells. Since hilar neurons are in a strategic position to control the excitability of the dentate area, increased expression of GAP-43 may indicate an important pathophysiological process. In seizure experiments, strong expression of GAP-43 mRNA in granule cells was associated with abnormal mossy fiber sprouting and development of chronic epilepsy. The relevance of the minor GAP-43 mRNA upregulation after ischemia must be considered. The changes in CA3 neurons at several days after ischemia might represent a plastic response to a loss of CA1 neurons.
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  • 52
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    Cell & tissue research 288 (1997), S. 399-406 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Kidney ; Renin ; Secretory granules ; Afferent arterioles ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mouse ; mutant beige (C57BL/6 bg) ; Mouse (NMRI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The mutant beige mouse (C57BL/6 bg) has a disease characterised by abnormally enlarged cytoplasmic granules in a variety of cells. With the purpose of establishing a suitable cellular model for studying renin secretion, the present study was undertaken to compare renin granule morphology in beige mice with that of control (NMRI) mice. Immunohistochemistry with an antibody specific for renin revealed intense staining of the juxtaglomerular part of the afferent arterioles in both strains of mice. Plasma renin concentrations were higher in the controls than in the beige mice (4.4±0.6 vs 2.5±0.3 mGoldblatt units/ml). The total volume of renin granules per afferent arteriole was similar in the two mice strains (1114 μm3 in the controls and 1507 μm3 in the beige mice). The total number of renin granules per arteriole as assessed by stereological techniques was about 1900 in controls (average granular volume 0.681 μm3), whereas 1–2 large granules were present per cell in beige mice. The volume of afferent arteriole that contained secretory granules was lower in the beige mice. We conclude that the beige mouse synthesizes, stores and releases active renin. Renin secretory granules in beige mice are grossly enlarged with 1–2 granules per juxtaglomerular cell. Compared with control mice, a similar amount of total renin granule volume per afferent arteriole is contained in a smaller part of beige mouse afferent arteriole. Granular cells from beige mice could therefore be a valuable tool in the study of renin release.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 69-77 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas (Human) ; Islet cells ; Alpha-1-antitrypsin ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alpha-1-antitrypsin was demonstrated both by immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase techniques in the peripheral islet cells of 15 normal human pancreases, processed freshly and after embedding in paraffin. Normal human liver obtained from the same patients was negative. The immunohistochemical reactions were stronger in frozen sections than in paraffin material. However, immunoperoxidase staining on paraffin sections permitted a more precise localization of positive cells. The specificity of the immunohistochemical reactions was confirmed by applying various control tests including absorption of the specific antisera with purified alpha-1-antitrypsin, inhibition and blocking tests. Further examination of pancreatic tissue for the presence of various immunoglobulins, alpha-1-lipoproteins, alpha-1-acid glycoproteins and ceruloplasmin were negative. These findings suggest that the pancreatic islets may be an extra source of alpha-1-antitrypsin.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Birds ; Vasotocin neurons ; Mesotocin neurons ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results of an immunohistochemical investigation of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system in several species of birds have shown that: (1) mesotocin and vasotocin are synthesized in separate neurons; (2) in all species investigated the distribution of mesotocinergic and vasotocinergic perikarya follows a common pattern; (3) the external zone of the avian anterior median eminence contains exclusively vasotocinergic nerve fibers, originating in supraoptic and ventral paraventricular regions; (4) the distribution of immunoreactive elements in the neural lobe shows a definite species-dependent pattern.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 181 (1977), S. 239-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Melatonin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pineal gland ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present study an attempt was made to demonstrate melatonin in the rat pineal gland by means of immunohistochemistry. The anti-body used was raised against 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptophan which is chemically similar to melatonin. Specific fluorescence was demonstrable only in pineals from rats killed during the night, when melatonin formation is high. It was restricted to parenchymal cells lying in a marginal zone of the organ. These results are discussed in relation to a subdivision of the pineal parenchyma into cortical and medullary areas.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Median eminence ; Tanycytes ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Circumventricular organs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was studied in the rat and mouse brain by means of light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. An immunoreactive product to LHRH antiserum was found near the blood vessels of the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis. In the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region, an immunoreactive material occurred bilaterally in the hypothalamic tissue around the tuberoinfundibular sulci. Electron microscopy revealed that immunoreactive fibers observed light microscopically contain numerous granules 100–130 nm in diameter. No immunoreactive product was located in the tanycytes of the median eminence, the perikarya of hypothalamic neurons, and the parenchyma of several circumventricular organs (subfornical organ, subcommissural organ, pineal organ, area postrema).
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 171-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Frontal ganglion ; Periplaneta ; Synaptic contacts ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The frontal ganglion, part of the stomatogastric nervous system, contains about 60 to 80 neurons, 25 to 30 μm in diameter. A well developed Golgi system, producing dense-core vesicles, lysosomes, multivesicular bodies and dense bodies are abundant. Glia elements are sparsely distributed. Many nerve fibres contain granules of different size and electron density. Five groups of fibres can be distinguished: Fibres with granules of about 200 nm (type A), fibres with granules of about 160 to 170 nm (type B), fibres with granules of about 80 to 100 nm (type C) and those with synaptic vesicles of 50 nm (type D) respectively. A fifth very small type contains neither vesicles nor granules. Special attention was paid to synaptic contacts. The divergent dyad seems to be the main type in the frontal ganglion. Frequently, neurosecretory endings are observed in presynaptic position. Immunocytochemical “staining” of neurosecretory material closely corresponds to the distribution of type A fibres, as observed electron microscopically. Immunoelectrophoresis of extracts from frontal ganglia with polyspecific anti-neurosecretion-serum reveals a single precipitation line, indicating that the immunocytochemical localization of neurosecretory material is due to reaction with a specific as well as a crossreagent antibody.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunohistochemistry ; GnRH ; Brain ; Infundibulum ; Sheep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was studied in the brain and infundibulum (INF) or median eminence of sheep utilizing a peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunohistochemical method. This procedure utilized a specific antiserum generated against GnRH conjugated to bovine serum albumin. In the rostral INF, the greatest concentration of GnRH positive axons was found in the medial region, mostly in the external layer dorsal to the hypophysial portal plexus. In the intermediate portion of the INF, the hormone was mainly observed in the external layer at the more dorsolateral areas ventral to the tuberoinfundibular sulcus. GnRH was generally located medially in the caudal portion of the INF and dorsomedially in the rostral infundibular stalk. Substantial amounts of reaction product were also noted in the internal layer throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the INF. The hormone was localized in axons throughout the brain from the septal and medial preoptic areas to the mammillary bodies. GnRH-positive perikarya were scattered in various regions of the infundibular (arcuate) and for the first time in the ventromedial nuclei of sheep hypothalamus. Preabsorption of the specific antiserum with synthetic GnRH abolished staining in both axons and perikarya, whereas preabsorption with thyrotropin releasing hormone, oxytocin, arginine-vasopressin, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone did not affect staining intensity.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary glands ; Anterior pituitary hormones ; Pars tuberalis ; Posterior pituitary glands ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pituitary glands were examined using reference staining (hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff and alcian blue) and the peroxidase-labeled antibody method, for 1) “invading” anterior cells in the posterior lobe, 2) intermediate colloid forming follicles, and 3) pars tuberalis cells. The results showed: 1) that the majority of cases possessed “invading” anterior cells of various amount. Most of these cells were positive for ACTH1–18, ACTH17–39 and β-MSH. However, on a few occasions, scattered GH, PRL, FSHα, FSHβ, LHβ and even TSHβ cells were also present. 2) Colloid forming follicular cells were mostly ACTH cells, but also contained occasional other hormone-secreting cells. Hormone negative cells were correlated with salivary type epithelium. Well established acinic type salivary glands and ciliated epithelium were negative for any hormones immunohistochemically. 3) Pars tuberalis cells were predominantly gonadotrophs but also included TSHβ and ACTH cells. Some cells appeared to contain both FSHβ and LHβ. When these cells underwent squamous metaplasia, they seemed to lose their hormone secreting activity.
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  • 60
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 499-513 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatostatin neurons ; Hypothalamic, extrahypothalamic distribution ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a highly sensitive antibody to somatostatin, its hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic distribution in the rat was re-examined by light microscopic immunohistochemistry (PAP-method). The scattered somatostatin-producing perikarya occur in multiple layers within the subependymal neuropil surrounding the third ventricle. They supply with short-distance projections the following hypothalamic nuclei: 1) preoptic nuclei (especially their suprachiasmatic and medial components), 2) the peripheral zones of the suprachiasmatic nuclei, 3) the ventromedial and 4) arcuate nuclei, and 5) the ventral premammillary nuclei. Furthermore, the following long-distance projections have been observed: In a rostral direction (A1) rostral of the anterior commissure to the lamina terminalis, (A2) to the OVLT, (A3) to the olfactory tubercle, and (A4) rostrally and caudally by-passing the anterior commissure to the dorsal part of the stria terminalis. More caudally, at the retrochiasmatic level an ascending dorso-lateral projection joins the ventral amygdalo-hypothalamic pathway in a reciprocal manner (B1). In addition, a descending ventrolateral tract projects to the optic tract bending dorsal to it in different directions: (C1) medial to the median eminence, (C2) lateral to the corticomedial amygdala, and (C3) caudal for additional support of the arcuate and ventral premammillary nuclei. The principal tract of somatostatin-containing fibers descends in the subependymal neuropil to the median eminence (D). The results are discussed with reference to a possible participation of the somatostatin fiber system in the afferent branch of the circuit connecting the hypothalamus with the amygdala via the stria terminalis.
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  • 61
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 445-456 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polypeptide hormones ; Digestive tract Branchiostoma lanceolatum ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The digestive tract of the cephalochordate Branchiostoma lanceolatum was investigated with regard to occurrence and distribution of endocrine cells. By the use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique, cells in the gut epithelium reacting with antisera against 8 different mammalian polypeptide hormones were localized. Positive reactions were obtained with antisera against the four mammalian islet hormones (insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin) and against secretin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, pentagastrin and neurotensin. No immunoreactivity was found with antisera against members of the lipotropin family (ACTH, met-enkephalin, α-endorphin), against big-gastrin, cholecystokinin, substance P and moulin. The exact mapping of the different polypeptide immunoreactive cells throughout the digestive tract of Branchiostoma lanceolatum is presented.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tupaia belangeri (Primate) ; Small intestine ; Neurotensin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurotensin-cell is identified immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally by differential counting of endocrine cells in the gut of a primate (Tupaia belangen). Utilizing light microscopy, the EC-cells are identified by the Masson-Fontana silver stain; with the same method the neurotensin cells are not stained. The other endocrine cells have been quantified in the small intestine using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase stain with antisera against glucagon, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, gastrin, secretin, pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory peptide and neurotensin. In the ileal mucosa of Tupaia, the most frequent endocrine cell is the EC-cell followed by the glucagonoid cell, (L-cell). The immunoreactive neurotensin cell represents the third most frequent endocrine cell in this region. On the ultrastructural level, this third most frequent endocrine cell is a heretofore undescribed cell, the N-cell, containing electron dense secretory granules measuring 335±87 nm in diameter.
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  • 63
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    Cell & tissue research 214 (1981), S. 225-238 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Peptidergic neurons ; Gut innervation ; Intrinsic nerves ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve fibers containing substance P, VIP, enkephalin or somatostatin are numerous in the porcine gut wall. They are particularly numerous in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses where peptide-containing cell bodies are also observed. Peptide-containing nerve fibers occur also in the vagus nerves, suggesting that the gut receives an extrinsic supply of peptidergic nerves. The extrinsic contribution to the peptide-containing nerve supply of the gut wall has not yet been quantitatively assessed. In an attempt to clarify this question pigs were subjected to bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Another group of animals was subjected to complete extrinsic denervation by autotransplantation of a jejunal segment. The pigs were killed at various time intervals after the operations; the longest time interval studied was four months. Following vagotomy the innervation pattern of the jejunum appeared completely unaffected. Following complete extrinsic denervation the adrenergic nerve fibers disappeared, while peptide-containing and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerve fibers remained apparently unaltered. This was confirmed chemically in the case of substance P. The motor activity of smooth muscle from the jejunum was studied in vitro. At low stimulation frequencies the smooth muscle from control jejunum responded by relaxation; upon cessation of stimulation a contraction occurred. With increasing stimulation frequencies the duration of the relaxation decreased; at high frequency stimulation only a contraction was recorded. In the autotransplant low frequency stimulation induced no or only a weak relaxation; high frequency stimulation induced contraction. After cholinergic and adrenergic blockade, the muscle responded with relaxation at all frequencies; the response was similar in innervated and denervated specimens. On the whole, the effects of extrinsic denervation on the motor activity of smooth muscle from porcine jejunum were minor, possibly reflecting the high degree of autonomy of the gut.
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  • 64
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 363-365 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcium binding protein ; Fetal rat kidney ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ontogenesis ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence of calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in the nucleus and cytoplasm of epithelial cells of renal tubules varies with the physiologic state. As part of a study to determine whether or not intranuclear CaBP precedes intracytoplasmic CaBP in the same cell, we used peroxidase-labeled antibody against human renal CaBP to localize CaBP in fetal rat kidney tubules. This paper reports examination of kidneys from rats on each day of gestation from the 10th to term (21 days) and on each of the first seven postnatal days. CaBP was first detected in fetal rat kidneys on the 19th gestational day. The histochemical staining reaction that revealed the CaBP was less intense than that produced in kidneys from adult animals, but its distribution was like that in adults, with some cells having no CaBP, others having it in the cytoplasm only, in the nucleus only, or in both. By the seventh postnatal day the staining reaction was similar to the adult patterns in all respects.
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  • 65
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 423-435 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Water balance ; Milk ejection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vasopressin and oxytocin pathways were specifically localized in glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde fixed rat brains, with the use of the unlabelled antibody enzyme method and purification of the first antiserum. Vasopressin and oxytocin containing pathways were traced from the paraventricular nucleus towards the dorsal and ventral hippocampus, the nuclei of the amygdala, substantia nigra and substantia grisea, nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus ambiguus and to the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. In addition, a vasopressin containing pathway between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the lateral habenular nucleus was demonstrated. The possible nature (axons or dendrites) and role of these extrahypothalamic fibres is discussed in relation to water balance, milk ejection and avoidance behaviour.
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  • 66
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ecdysteroids ; Insect hormones ; Immunohistochemistry ; Insect ovary ; Locusta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Frozen sections of growing terminal follicles of the locust ovary were incubated with an ecdysteroid-specific rabbit antibody and the bound antibody visualised by the use of FITC-labelled goat-anti-rabbit antiserum. A bright fluorescence was seen in the cytoplasm of the follicle cells in terminal follicles with a length between 4.0 and 6.0mm with a maximum intensity at 5.5mm, indicating the presence of ecdysteroids in these cells in this particular developmental stage.
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  • 67
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    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 367-376 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chicken thymus ; Peptide hormones ; Neurotensin ; Somatostatin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two distinct populations of endocrine cells in the chicken thymus display neurotensin and somatostatin immunoreactivity, respectively. Both cell types are few in number at hatching but proliferate rapidly during the first week. The neurotensin cells are ‘Grimelius-positive’ and ‘Hellerström-Hellmannegative’. The somatostatin cells are ‘Grimelius-negative’ and ‘Hellerström-Hellman-positive’. Both cell populations are non-argentaffin. The somatostatin-like material extracted from chicken thymus behaves immunochemically and chromatographically similar to synthetovine somatostatin, while the neurotensin-like material, from the thymus as well as from the gut, differs from synthetic bovine neurotensin in that it appears larger in size and more basic.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: LHRH neuron ; Synapse ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electronmicroscopy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In early postnatal rats, immunoreactive LHRH perikarya in the preoptic area were studied by light and electron microscopy. Synaptic junctions were found between the immunoreactive perikaryon or its process, and the immunonegative nerve fibers. The significance of these synapses is discussed in relation to possible mechanisms by which the activities of LHRH neurons are regulated.
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  • 69
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    Cell & tissue research 221 (1981), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nerve growth factor ; Mouse ; Submandibular gland ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve growth factor (NGF) was localized in the mouse submandibular gland by means of indirect immunofluorescence applied to 0.5 μmthick sections of freeze-dried, plastic-embedded tissue. The antibody to NGF (IgG-fraction) was raised in rabbits immunized with pure 2.5 S NGF from submandibular glands of adult male mice. In the male gland anti-NGF bound selectively to the secretory granules was present in the cells of the granular ducts. Immunoreactive granules extended from the perinuclear region toward the apical pole. In the female gland immunoreactive cells and granules were considerably less abundant than in males. Immunofluorescence was confined to individual secretory cells located in the wall of the granular striated duct. In the present study no support was found for the hypothesis suggesting that immunoreactive NGF is formed within the secretory granules during their transport from the perinuclear region to the apical pole.
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  • 70
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    Cell & tissue research 221 (1981), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; LH cells ; LHRH exposure ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat fetus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fetal rat pituitaries on days 17–19 of gestation were maintained in serum-free Medium 199 for 24 h in the presence of 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml of synthetic LHRH. Immunohistochemical examination of such stimulated tissue reveals a complete depletion of immunoreactive material in most of the LH cells, irrespective of the LHRH concentrations tested, though some cells remain weakly immunopositive in the pituitaries of later developmental stages. Once discharge has occurred, there is little reaccumulation of secretory material in LH cells during prolonged incubation for 48 h in LHRH-free medium containing 10% calf serum. The LHRH treatment causes no immunohistochemical change in TSH cells. It is concluded that in fetal rats recently differentiated LH cells can release the secretory product if they are stimulated by hypothalamic LHRH.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Neurophysin ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location, cytology and projections of vasopressin-, oxytocin-, and neurophysin-producing neurons in the guinea pig were investigated using specific antisera against vasopressin, oxytocin or neurophysin in the unlabeled antibody enzyme immunoperoxidase method. Light microscopic examination of the neurons of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei shows that hormone is transported not only in axons, but also in processes having the characteristics of dendrites. Neurons were found to contain only vasopressin or oxytocin; all neurons containing neurophysin appear to contain either vasopressin or oxytocin. In the neural lobe, vasopressin and oxytocin terminals are intermingled. In the median eminence, vasopressin and oxytocin fibers are intermingled in the internal zone. In a caudal portion of the median eminence, a number of vasopressin and neurophysin (but few oxytocin) axons enter the external zone from the internal zone, and surround portal capillaries. In the supraoptic nucleus, vasopressin neurons outnumber oxytocin neurons with a ratio of at least 5:1. The paraventricular nucleus is separated into two distinct groups of neurons, a lateral group consisting of only vasopressin neurons, and a medial group consisting of only oxytocin neurons. In addition to axons passing to the neurohypophysis, a number of axons appear to interconnect the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei.
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  • 72
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    Cell & tissue research 219 (1981), S. 221-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary (rat) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Corticotroph ; ACTH cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structural characteristics of normal rat corticotrophs stained with anti-porcine ACTH1–39 serum were studied. At the ultrastructure level immunoreactive corticotrophs appear to comprise four distinct cell types: (1) large stellate cells (Siperstein cells) containing granules (170–250 nm in diameter) arranged in a peripheral row and usually embracing an acidophil; (2) elongate spindle-shaped cells (Moriarty cells) in which the secretory granules (170–250 nm in diameter) are distributed in a row or in small clusters in the peripheral cytoplasm; (3) oval or polygonal cells filled only with small secretory granules (130–170 nm in diameter), resembling the “acidophil of small granules type” (Yoshimura et al. 1974); and (4) polygonal or stellate cells filled with secretory granules of varying diameters (180–300 nm in diameter) and occasionally embracing an acidophil. The first type is the most common, but the others are infrequent. It is concluded that the criteria of Siperstein and Miller (1970) do not necessarily include all categories of rat corticotrophs.
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  • 73
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    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 111-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat magnocellular neurosecretion ; Neurophysin ; Vasopressin ; Choroid plexus ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurosecretory pathways were examined in normal male rats by the use of the immunoperoxidase technique for the localization of neurophysin in Bouin-fixed, deparaffinized sections. Using this technique two projections of extrahypothalamic neurosecretory fibers can be traced to the sites of origin of the choroid plexuses of both horns of the lateral ventricles. Neurophysin-containing axons originating primarily from the paraventricular field course dorsolaterad to enter the choroid fissure of the dorsal horn. A caudally directed group of fibers course ventrolaterad to enter the ventral horn choroid fissures. The supraoptic nuclear field is the primary contributor to the latter group. Scattered neurosecretory neurons are found in association with both pathways, usually in contact with blood vessels supplying the choroid plexuses, or in the telencephalic subependymal stroma. Neurosecretory fibers and terminals occur within the choroid fissures and juxtaventricular neuropil. The neurosecretory terminals in the choroid fissures appear as Herring-body type neurohemal organs; in the neuropil they appear as punctate peri-neuronal densities suggestive of synaptic contacts. These morphologic findings are discussed in relation to reports indicating the presence of antidiuretic, vasopressin-like activity in cerebrospinal fluid and choroid plexus extracts together with ultrastructural evidence supportive of vasopressin-mediated transchoroidal cerebrospinal fluid absorption. These results and those of others indicate the possible involvement of the neurosecretory system in the regulation of brain interstitial-ventricular cerebrospinal fluid dynamics.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic polypeptide ; Endocrine human pancreas ; Histochemistry ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The consecutive semithin — thin section method was employed to identify pancreatic-polypeptide-containing cells in the human pancreas. The immunocytochemical staining of semithin sections with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex allowed a precise ultrastructural description of the immunoreactive cells on the adjacent thin section. Two populations of small granulated cells could be distinguished with this technique: one group is formed by cells whose secretory granules with a mean diameter of 141 nm show specific immunoperoxidase staining with anti-PP serum, while the other group consists of cells whose secretory granules measuring 118 nm in diameter show no immunoreactivity to anti-PP serum. The former cells which will be designated as PP-cells, are not identical with the D1-cells of the revised Wiesbaden classification of endocrine cells.
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  • 75
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    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 423-433 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vasopressin ; Oxytocin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Hypothalamus ; Memory consolidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Perfusion of rat brain followed by immersion fixation with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1% paraformaldehyde, purification of the first antisera and application of the unlabelled antibody enzyme method were used to specifically identify vasopressin and oxytocin containing cells and fibres. The conventional sites of production of these hormones were confirmed as follows: supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, suprachiasmatic nucleus (only vasopressin), and other cells and cell groups of the hypothalamus. Fibres from the suprachiasmatic nucleus spread out in various directions, and probably project to the nucleus praeopticus periventricularis, organum vasculosum laminae terminalis and in the direction of the supraoptic nucleus. Oxytocin and vasopressin containing pathways could be traced from the paraventricular nucleus to the lateral ventricle, the stria terminalis and the stria medullaris. Some of the oxytocin and vasopressin containing tracts appear to continue onto the septum. The possible importance of these morphological findings for the behavioural effects of vasopressin and oxytocin is discussed.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GEP-system ; Small intestine ; Human embryo ; Neurotensin ; Development ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The endocrine gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) system of 10 human embryos was studied with special reference to neurotensin-immunoreactive cells. These cells are first present in the ileal and jejunal mucosa of 12 to 13 week old embryos. Thereafter the neurotensin-immunoreactive cells are found regularly in these segments of the gut with an increasing number towards the terminal ileum. At about the twentieth week of gestation, the neurotensin cells are detected also in the lower duodenum, i.e. the distribution pattern is more extensive in this age than in younger embryos or in adults.
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