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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of corona and ozone treatment on the adhesion of ink to the surface of polyethylene (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 38-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Low density polyethylene sheet was subjected to treatment by corona discharge in oxygen, nitrogen, helium and argon; in addition some sheets were treated with ozone gas. The bond strength between two similarly treated sheets was then measured using a commercial flexographic ink as an adhesive. The results showed that although surface oxidation improved both the ink adhesion and the wetting properties of polyethylene it is not a necessary prerequisite for good bonding. When the sheet was subjected to electrical discharge in nitrogen, argon or helium, considerable enhancement of ink adhesion was obtained without any detectable change in the surface chemistry of the polymer. The results indicate that ink adhesion after treatment in various gases follows closely the trends established previously in corona-induced autohesion of polyethylene. This suggests that the mechanism of bonding is similar in the two cases.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170107
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170201
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymeric adsorbents for treatment of waste effluents (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 58-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A significant advance in ion exchange resin and adsorbent technology has been the development of the macroreticular pore structure. Synthetic rotes have been developed for preparing both ion exchange resins and polymeric adsorbents of high surface area and pore volume. Syntheses have been developed to the degree that the surface area and pore.parameters can be widely varied. Several of these macroreticular polymers based upon the crosslinked styrene and acrylate systems are now available commercially. These polymeric adsorbents are hard, durable, insoluble spheres of high surface area and porosity. They are available in a variety of polarities. The nonpolar adsorbents are particularly effective for adsorbing nonpolar solutes from polar solvents. Conversely, the polar adsorbents are very effective for adsorbing polar solutes from nonpolar solvents. Of particular interest is the use of these polymeric adsorbents for the treatment of effluent wastes. In some cases it has been demonstrated that one can recover significant quantities of re-usable chemicals that more than pay for the waste, treatment. The use of the polymeric adsorbents for the treatment of phenolicwastes is an example. Other related applications include the removal of chlorinated pesticides, TNT residues, and other noxious compounds from waste effluents and water supplies.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170111
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Permeation and sorption in inhomogeneous polymer membranes (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 81-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Restricting the discussion to isothermal transport of a single penetrant in a polymer sample, we define convection and diffusion. We distinguish carefully between diffusion in homogeneous and inhomogeneous samples. In the latter case, the diffusion flux is no longer directly proportional to the gradient of the concentration, i.e., Fick's first law does not hold. We point out, unless an external force responsible for convection can be identified, that diffusion with convection in a homogeneous medium is in many instances indistinguishable mathematically from diffusion in an inhomogeneous medium with microscopic inhomogeneities. Finally, we list a number of exact results available for permeation and sorption parameters for thin slab of a dilute inhomogeneous material. These parameters all yield the same value of the diffusion coefficient if the latter is constant. On the other hand, these parameters provide different functional information about the partition coefficient and diffusion coefficient for an inhomogeneous polymer-penetrant system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170204
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemorheological changes in crosslinked epoxy resins subjected to large strains (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemorheological changes in epoxy resins subjected to large strains while heated were observed earlier, but the subject was not treated quantitatively. This paper describes the investigation of an epoxy resin - Epon 826, of known chemical, structure, crosslinked with two different amines. By means of a simple calibrated apparatus, the epoxide samples were subjected to large strains in a non-oxidizing atmosphere and in air. They were heated to different temperatures for various times; the results were compared with data obtained from unstrained samples kept in otherwise the same conditions. The results show a linear-logarithmic relation between the torsion modulus, G(10) and the time of applied strain at a certain temperature and also a linear relation between G(10), and 1/T°K, both above T(10). The results obtained in swelling experiments support the data from 10 sec torsional modulus vs temperature measurements. An increase in the amount of solubles and in Mc is observed on extending the time of heating. A clear difference in properties between the strained and unstrained samples, kept in otherwise the sane conditions, is observed and the contribution of the applied strain to chemorheology has been shown. Both systems of crosslinked Epon 826 showed the same general behavior, although the specific data were different.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170205
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liquid injection molding I. An investigation of impingement mixing (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 111-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fluid mechanics of impingement mixing was investigated experimentally, and the design procedure, including scale-up, for the MIT Liquid Injection Molding System was established. For impingement mixing to be effective, the Reynolds number based on the nozzle diameter must be greater than about 50 and the momentum ratio of the fluid components must he equal to 1 in addition to satisfying the desired mass flow rate ratio.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170209
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the photochemical reaction between poly(vinyl alcohol) and aqueous chromate ion (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The photochemical reaction between poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chromate ion in aqueous solution has been studied by ultraviolet spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The first step of the reaction appears to be formation of a PVA-chromate ester. No further detectable chemical changes occur unless the ester is irradiated. Spectral sensitivity data indicate the reaction is initiated only by the chromate ester charge transfer absorptions at approximately 370 nm and 450 nm. EPR indicates an equilibrium concentration of Cr (V) during irradiation arid a decrease in concentration of Cr(V) following second order kinetics upon cessation of irradiation. The final reaction product is Cr (III) complexed with the hydroxyl groups of the PVA. The reaction rate is a function of pH between pH 12; however no detectable reaction occurred above pH 12. A mechanism is proposed for the PVA-chromate photoreaction in solution.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170606
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three dimensional behavior of negative electron resists (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 377-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is illustrated experimentally that swelling and deformation of narrow lines (width 〈 1 μm) is an important limitation on the fidelity and transverse resolution of negative electron resists. The thickness response curve developed for negative resists is discussed and the effect of feature size is introduced through the experimental parameter DgR, the rigid gel dose, or the dose required to initiate a free standing line of width 〈 0.2 μm. The transition from line to area exposure is discussed and the effect of substrate backscatter or transverse resolution in gratings is calculated. The observed resolution is 3-5 times the calculated value from swelling and deformation during development.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170609
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plastic deformation of crystalline polymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Under uniaxial tensile load, the plastic deformation of unoriented crystalline polymers first transforms the lamellae into a fibrous structure. Usually the drawing is inhomogeneous with a neck propagating through the sample. The higher the draw ratio, the higher the axial elastic modulus as a consequence of the larger fraction of taut tie molecules in amorphous layers connecting the crystalline blocks of each microfibril. As a consequence of the almost 1/(1 - α) times higher strain of amorphous layers under tensile load, the taut tie molecules are much more strained than the chains in crystal blocks. Hence, their contribution to elastic modulus is substantially higher than one would guess from their fraction β. This is more so in polyethylene with higher crystallinity (α = 0.8) than in nylon 6 with low crystallinity (α = 0.5). Even for the highest modulus polyethylene E = 70 GPa ∼ 0.3 × Ec, one needs less than 7.5 percent of taut tie molecules. The plastic deformation of the fibrous structure markedly enhances the number of interfibrillar tie molecules in nylon 6 and to a lesser extent in polyethylene and polypropylene. Homogeneous drawing without a neck transforms the whole sample into a fibrous structure rather uniformly so that for a long while one has the lamellar and fibrillar morphology side by side. The end effect on the structure obtained does not differ appreciably from inhomogeneous drawing with neck propagation. The drawing of polymers with a liquid crystal structure yields a highly aligned fibrous structure with very few chain folds and an exceptionally high elastic modulus and strength. But the axial connection of individual highly oriented and ordered domains is affected by a relatively small fiaction of tie molecules, and this is responsible for reduction of the elastic modulus below the value of the ideal crystal lattice.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170307
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of orientation on the mechanical properties of injection molded polystyrene (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 204-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The deformation and fracture behavior of injection molded plaques have been determined, and the results interpreted in terms of the effect of molecular orientation on the crazing and shear yielding behavior. The molecular orientation was characterized by optical birefringence. A range of injection molding conditions and two mold thicknesses were Used and this resulted in a large variation in the molecular orientation, particularly through the sheet thickness. Tensile tests were made on samples cut at different angles to the injection molding direction. The moldings are considered to consist of a composite of layers of material with different orientation, and the properties of the samples cut from the molding are analyzed in terms of the properties of each layer. Results from material oriented unidirectionally by hot drawing have been used to predict the composite properties, and good agreement has been obtained.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170309
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of orientation and chemical structure on the strength properties of some polymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stress-strain properties of oriented polymers are measured parallel and perpendicular to the direction of hot stretching. The polymers include styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, vinyl alcohol copolymers, acrylic acid copolymers, polyelecf trolytes, and a high density polyethylene. Polarity and hydrogen bonding tend to increase the strength, especially in the direction perpendicular to the direction of hot stretching. Strong electrostatic bonding in polyelectrolytes and too much polar bonding in styrene-acrylonitrile & polymers decrease the strength by reducing the molecular mobility, which is required to prevent brittleness.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170404
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flexural fatigue of unidirectional fiberglass-reinforced polyeste (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 242-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flexural fatigue data about a non-zero mean stress are presented for unidirectional fiberglass-reinforced polyester composites. The data are useful for the design of structural components and extend our knowledge regarding the mechanical performance of composite materials. In particular, the dependence of modulus, strength, and fatigue strength on glass content, both dry and wet, is described. Also, the extent to which design allowable stresses are influenced by minor impacts and by machining is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170406
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wall slip and its implications in the design of single screw melt-fed extrudersBased upon a paper read at the British Society of Rheology/Plastics and Rubber Institute Conference on Polymer Rheology and Plastics Processing, University of Loughborough, September, 1975. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phenomenon of wall slip during the capillary flow of polymer melt is investigated for low and high density polyethylene. It is found that wall slip occurs in both cases, and that the effect is related to melt fracture. In addition, it is shown that a silicone fluid exhibits wall slip. The performance of the metering zone of a 38 mm diameter single-screw extruder is discussed in relation to wall slip. It is suggested that the power consumption of the extruder is reduced as a result of slip at the polymer/metal interface. Results based on experiments with the silicone fluid tend to support this hypothesis. A theoretical analysis of the effects of wall slip upon throughput rate and power consumption for a one-dimensional isothermal Newtonian case is included.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170409
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reuse of plastics from solid wastes (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 274-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of typical polymers that appear in domestic wastes (low density polyethylene and polystyrene) exhibit poor mechanical properties due to incompatibility. Therefore, reprocessing of such unseparated mixtures results in low-valued products. The inclusion of some additives like EVA or EPDM, which are considered to serve as “compatibilizers”, increases both the tensile strength and toughness of the Blends. The role of these additives and the mechanism of their effect are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. An optimum in the concentration of the additive is verified, and a potentially practical way for reuse of plastics from wastes is indicated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170412
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acrylic resin reinforcement of reconstituted collagen films (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 282-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The protein collagen is a major constituent of mammalian tissue. Treatment of calfskin with an enzyme under acid conditions simultaneously solubilizes much of the collagen and removes non-helical telopeptides which are believed to contribute to immune response. Then, the solid collagen can be reconstituted by precipitating the solubilized material with weak alkali. Films from the enzyme-treated, acid-soluble collagen are strengthened by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Composite films are made by coprecipitating collagen (from a solution) with an acrylic resin (from a latex). In one example, an acrylic resin to collagen ratio of 1:3 gives a wet-tensile strength about 30 percent higher than that for collagen alone. The tensile strength range of these wetted films (20 to 30 megapascals) is typical of the upper range for such limp films as polyethylene. On the other hand, ‘bone-dry’ collagen has a higher strength similar to that of glassy polymers such as polystyrene.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170503
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Miscibility of poly(vinyl chloride) with ethylene-ethyl acrylate-carbon monoxide terpolyrners (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 300-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ethylene/ethyl acrylate/carbon monoxide ter polymers (E/ EA/CO) can exhibit a very high degree of miscibility with poly(vinyl chloride) as determined from dynamic mechanical measurements. The blends yield transparent films and show a large amorphous phase which exhibits only one major glass transition. However, some crystallinity can be detected and has been measured by differential, scanning calorimetry. Residual crystallinity is at least partially due to the somewhat non-uniform nature of the terpolymerization. The acrylate monomer exhibits faster polymerization rates than the other two constituents. By contrast, ethylene/ethyl acrylat copolymers are not miscible with poly(vinyl chloride). The addition of carbon monoxide to the termpolymer structure is believed to yield miscibility with poly(vinyl chloride) via specific interaction of the ketone carbonyl of the terpolymer (proton acceptor) and the tertiary hydrogen of poly(vinyl chloride) (proton donor). This specific interaction allows for a broad range of terpolymer compositions which retain miscibility with polyvinyl chloride. Similar results are also observed with ethylene/vinyl acetate/carbon monoxide (E/VA/CO) as well as ethylene/2-ethylhexyl acrylate/carbon monoxide termpojymers. The vinyl acetate terpolymers (and their blends) display a lower degree of crystallinity than the E/EA/ CO. This is consistent with the more uniform nature of the E/VAJCO terpolymerization.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170506
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Porous fabric membranes for soil stabilization and drainage (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 320-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper briefly reviews the technological status of civil engineering fabrics used for ground stabilization and drainage applications. The theory of how such fabrics work is used to illustrate the advantages of fabric-containing designs over conventional construction techniques. A drainage project which could not have been completed except at an exorbitant cost without the use of a properly designed filter fabric is detailed, and the economic benefits of using fabrics under ordinary circumstances are also documented. Because fabrics work and because they save money, the outlook for civil engineering fabrics is extremely bright.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170510
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  • 18
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    Properties and applications of a pitch carbon microsphere composite (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 341-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some propertie's and applications of a pitch carbon microsphere composite are described. The small hollow microspheres are made from the pitch which is usually a wasted by-product of petroleum refining. In contrast to high density composites or syntactic foams in which microspheres are inclusions within a continuous matrix, this composite is an aggregate of microspheres bonded together by a small amount of thermosetting polymer which does not form a continuous matrix. The result is a composite with low density and thermal expansion, modest strength and rigidity, and high porosity and carbon content. Mechanical, thermal, and sorption properties have been measured. Applications of the composite include honeycomb filler for high temperature or ionizing radiation fields and a wicking absorber for solar-powered stills.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170514
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  • 19
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    Introductory remarks (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 497-497 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170802
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  • 20
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    Morphology and properties of crystalline polyester-siloxane block copolymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 510-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new series of crystalline (AB)n type multiblock copolymers based on crystalline poly(hexamethylene sebacate) (HMS) and amorphous poly(dimethylsiloxane) (DMS) has been prepared, and their solid state properties have been examined. The copolymers range from 0-69 wt percent DMS, and they crystallize in spherulitic textures when cast in films from solution or the melt. As the DMS concentration in the copolymers increases, the spherulite sizes decrease, but only a very small melting point depression is observed. Available evidence suggests extensive microphase separation in the bulk of the solid state. Surface characterization of the copolymers indicates that phase separation is also prevalent at the polymer-air interface. The block copolymers and polyblends have critical surface tensions of wetting very similar to DMS homopolymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170805
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Linear dynamic mechanical properties of an SBS block copolymer (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 535-543 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic viscosity and elastic modulus for a low molecular weight styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer ate measured as a function of temperature (80-170°C) and frequency using the eccentric rotating disc geometry. These linear properties are superimposed to yield master curves each of which exhibits two branches below different (critical) reduced frequencies. At lower temperatures, the non-Newtonian behavior characteristic of SBS block copolymers is observed. In contrast, Newtonian response occurs at higher temperatures. As a consequence, plots of the viscoelastic properties vs temperature exhibit discontinuities below the critical frequencies, reflecting a narrow transition at about 142°C. Above this temperature, it is inferred, consistent with the equality of dynamic and steady state viscosities, that the polystyrene (S) blocks, existent in dispersed domains at low temperatures, exceed a critical degree of compatibility with the continuous polybutadiene phase. The activation energies indicate that the S blocks affect the temperature dependence of the dynamic properties in proportion to their presence in an interphase which is assumed to continuously grow in size as temperature is raised to the transition temperature. Below the critical reduced frequencies, it is inferred that S domain disruption may increasingly occur in conjunction with the observed property enhancement due to these domains, relative to the miscible blocks, as reduced frequency is lowered. However, above these frequencies, the presence of frequency-temperature superposition implies that the S domains and the miscible blocks are equivalent in their effects on properties. At still higher reduced frequencies, the domains present at the low temperatures studied are assumed to remain intact, but plateau behavior similar to the response characteristic of homopolymers is observed.
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    Deformation behavior of an S-B-S copolymer (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 544-559 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In accordance with previous studies, ‘single crystal’ tyr samples were prepared from the polystyrene-polybutadien- polystyrene (S-B-S) three block copolymer Kraton 102 consist ing of a hexagonally packed parallel array of glassy S cylinder within a rubbery B matrix. Following earlier investigations o the pronounced anisotropy of the modulus, the actual deformation mechanism is examined in terms of the microstructures on straining perpendicular and parallel to the cylinder direction up to and beyond yielding. On perpendicular straining, a one to-one relation is observed between ‘lattice’ and sample stray up to about 10 percent, coupled with complete recovery. For higher strains, the deformation becomes increasingly irreversible dependent on the time of stressing, a behavior which is found to be caused by cracks forming along crys tallographically defined directions of the hexagonal macrolai tice. On parallel straining, the stress-strain curves display yield behavior at ∼3 percent strain, the yielded material be coming more compliant even at small strains on repeated test ing. However, on storage, the sample rehardens, a proces accelerated by heat treatment. This behavior is explained in terms of a breaking up and reformation of the cylinders and is supported by the subsequent experiments. These includ measurement of birefringence, which in the reversible small strain region corresponds to expectations from uniform strain in both S and B phases, but which beyond the yielded region displays behavior such as expected from deformation of the B phase alone. The postulated break-up of cylinders on yielding is directly confirmed by electron microscopy on Iongitudinal sections thin enough to contain a single layer of cylinders. The yield behavior itself is treated theoretically using the composite mechanics approach. Two treatments are applied, the trad itional shear lag theory and a new random rod breaking theory In the latter case, in particular, very good agreement with experiment is found in that both the observed stress to yield and the electronmicroscopically seen fractured rod length in the yielded product are predicted.
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    Unit cell deformation under elongational stress of oriented SIS three-block copolymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 570-572 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A 50, 000 molecular weight SIS three-block copolymer, containing 30 percent by weight of polystyrene and, presenting the cylindrical morphology, has been oriented by a novel shearing process at high temperature. The orientation has been studied by low-angle X-ray diffraction; the intensity of the (100) reflexion of the hexagonal array has been measured as a function of the angular position of the sample with respect to the direct beam. The samples have been found to be very similar to single crystals; not only the axes of the cylinders lie parallel to the shearing direction, but also the (100) lattice-planes keep the same orientation in space throughout the whole volume of the specimen. Special probes for the mechanical tests have then been cut in the oriented material, parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the cylinders. The deformation under elongational stress of the external shape of the probes has been studied with a traveling microscope; when the cylinders are oriented perpendicular to the stress, the sample deforms elastically, the, size of the probe corresponding to the length of the cylinders remaining constant up to 200 percent deformation. Low-angle X-ray diffraction has been used to study the structural deformation under the same elongational stress; with the stress perpendicular to the cylinders, the unit cell seems to deform in an.affine way with respect to the macroscopic aspect; with the stress parallel to the cylinders, the structure is destroyed rapidly.
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    Domain-boundary structure of styrene-isoprene block copolymer films cast from solutions. III. Preliminary results on spherical microdomainsPresented in part at the Intern. Rubber Congress, Tokyo, October, 1975. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 587-597 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The microdomain structure of styrene-isoprene A-B type block copolymers having a nearly constant fraction of polyisoprene block segments (13 ∼ 22 wt percent) was investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as a function of the molecular weights of the copolymers. The styrene-rich block copolymers all have spherical microdomains of polyisoprene block segments dispersed in a matrix of polystyrene block segments. The size of the spherical domains increases with increasing molecular weight of the polyisoprene segment with a power of ca. 0.6. The thickness of the domain-boundary interphase arising from a partial mixing of the incompatible segments at the domain-boundary interface is also estimated by analyzing a systematic deviation of the SAXS intensity distribution from Porod's law at large scattering angles on the basis of the infinite slit-height approximation. The results indicate the interfacial thickness to be about 20Å and to be almost independent of the molecular weight of the block copolymers studied. The applicability of the infinite-slit height approximation in the analysis of SAXS intensity distributions at large scattering angles is also discussed in an approximate fashion.
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    Monte Carlo studies of isolated AB block copolymer molecules (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 622-626 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Recent theoretical progress in understanding conformations of AB block copolymer molecules in dilute solution is reviewed. The results of the authors' own biellipsoidal smooth density model (BEM) are compared to the findings recently reported by two independent groups, for the more rigorous self-avoiding walk models with nearest neighbor interactions (SAW). The SAW results confirm the BEM conclusions for the size and shape behavior of individual blocks under changing solvent-temperature conditions. The relative orientation and separation of the blocks depend strongly, on the magnitude of AB interactions, while the individual, block parameters are much less sensitive in this respect. Parfial segregation (or partial block mixing) is the general rule rather than the exception, and is aided by the low polymer concentrations which are, found in the overlap region in dilute solutions. A unified view of homopolymers and block copolymers emerges from these models, with homopolymers being a special case of the latter group. Inherent to BEM is the arrowhead-like overall shape of the molecules, which appears to survive under most conditions.
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    Emulsifying properties, of block copolymers. Oil-water emulsions and microemulsions (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 634-638 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The emulsifying effect of poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide) block copolymers (Cop PS-PEO) has been studied for the toluene-water system as a function of the molecular characteristics of the copolymer (composition, molecular weight, and structure). To demonstrate the surfactive properties of Cop PS-PEO, we determined the interfacial tension γi for the toluene-water system in the presence of these block copolymers. For oil/water (O/W) and water/oil (W/O) emulsions, prepared in the presence of Cop PS-PEO, we determined the phase inversion point, the particle size of the dispersed phase, the stability and the viscosity as a function of the PEO content, the molecular weight, and the structure of the block copolymers. It appeared that the best results for the emulsification are obtained with Cop PS-PEO having molecular weights less than 100, 000. Stable O/W emulsions of small particle size are preferentially prepared with di- or triblock copolymers having a PEO content of 60-80 percent. In contrast, stable W/O emulsions are obtained with diblock copolymers having a PS content of 60-80 percent. The difference in behavior between diand triblock copolymers also showed the importance of the chain conformation at the toluene-water interface. As an extension, we have shown that microemulsions can be obtained with such polymeric surfactants. Isopropanol and butylamine appeared to be efficient cosurfactants for the system water/toluene/Cop PS-PEO.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Chiorosulfonated block copolymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 652-656 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Rubber-phase chlorosulforiated polystyrene-poly-(ethylene-butene-1)-polystyrene block copolymers were prepared by reaction of the block copolymer in solution with SO2 and C12. Sample compositions ranged up to 7 weight percent sulfur and 29 weight percent chlorine contents as determined by X-ray fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy. A series of chlorosulfonated derivatives of an analogue of the elastomeric midblock were prepared and analyzed in similar fashion. A comparison of dynamic mechanical and dielectric behavior of solvent cast films of the block copolymer and midblock polymer materials indicates the existence of sulfonyl chloride dipole-dipole complexes in the solid state. Further evidence for the presence of such aggregates was obtained from analysis by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. It appears that polystyrene domains in the block copolymer materials hinder this aggregation up to moderate concentrations of the sulfonyl chloride group as compared with the relatively unrestrained aggregate formation in the analogue midblock materials. At high levels of substitution, the formation of dipole aggregates disrupts the integrity of the polystyrene domain structure in the block copolymer materials, resulting in a reduction in mechanical strength.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170825
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    Glass bead-filled polypropylene part II: Mold-filling studies during injection moldingPresented in part at the 45th Annual Metting of the Socity of Rheology, October 21-24, 1974, Amherst, Massachusetts. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 666-670 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Five glass bead-filled polypropylene composites, which had been rheologically characterized, were used in mold-filling studies to investigate the influence of rigid beads (0 to 26 vol percent) in complex flow fields. The two basic flows studied were simple shear flow in an edge-gated, rectangular cavity and stagnation flow leading to diverging radial flow in a center-gated, rectangular cavity. Pigmented tracer elements were used to illustrate flow patterns and to distinguish the skin-core structure which is a consequence of the injection molding process.Despite the strong dependence of the rheological properties (both viscous and elastic) and physical properties (density, thermal conductivity, etc.) on bead volume fraction, the basic character of the polymer dominated the flow behavior of each composite and the flow patterns were unaffected by the beads. Injection pressures were increased with increasing bead fraction to maintain the same, constant volumetric flow rate (2.21 in.3/min) for each composite. Relative injection forces follow closely the relative viscosit trend.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170903
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    Structural foam molding of incompatible thermoplastics (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 682-685 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several mixtures eof reground low density polyethylene (LDPE) and gencral-purpose polystyrene (GPS) were, foam molded into structural foam plaques using a chemical blowing agent. Flexural strengths of test specimens cut from the plaques showed characteristic drop in value in the 50/50 mixture, but the modulus increases monotonically with GPS content. The data are consistent with those of Paul and co-workers on compression molded specimens. An added benefit was found with low concentrations of GPS in LDPE, where no appreeiable weight loss was observed after 2h in an aggressive solvent, benzene. This is attributed to the protection afforded the GPS by the continuous LDPE phase.
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    Thermodynamics of plasticized triblock copolymers. Part II: Model verification by light transmittance and rheologyThis material is takenfrom the Ph.D thesis of E. R. Pico. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 573-581 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An earlier paper proposed a theoretical model for the thermodynamics of microphase separation in a plasticized triblock copolymer. Data on laser light transmission through plasticized films and on dynamic viscosity: of these films are presented in support of model predictions. Two styrenebutadiene-styrene copolymers were tested: Kraton 1101 with block weights (12.5-75-12.5) × 103 and TR-41-1467 with weights (9.6-47.5-9.4) × 103 using the solvent dipentene (p-mentha 1, 8 diene), which is favorable for both blocks. The role of such solvents is to depress the temperature of microphase separation, Ts. Optical and rheological measurements of Ts agreed with each other arid, in most cases, with the theory; discrepancies with theory were noted only when Ts was less than Ts for polystyrene. These data along with electron microscopy also support the prediction that the favored morphology for these systems is a mixture of planar and inverted (middle-block) cylinders and spheres.
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    Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance for studying phase separation in block and segmented copolymers (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 606-612 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance measurements have shown that segmented polyurethanes as well as block copolymers segregate into domains with distinct mobilities. The usefulness of this technique for investigating the importance of the domain interface and for studying the mixing/ demixing of domains has been demonstrated. By examining the percent rigid material as a function of temperature, a polystyrene/butadiene block copolymer showed little evidence of domain interface effects, while in a series of segmented polyurethanes, the interface was seen to be important. The domains of a polyester soft segment and diphenylmethane diisocyanate hard segment polyurethane were mixed by annealing at 170°C. Examination of the demixing process as a function of storage temperature enabled an activation energy for domain formation of 36 ± 5 kcal/mole to be calculated. In a series of polyurethanes with varying amounts of hard segments, the material with the least amount of hard segments showed evidence of soft segment crystallinity. The mixing proces in this series was interpreted in terms of shifting correlation frequency distributions.
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    Micelle formation by butadiene-styrene block polymers in n-alkanes (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 627-633 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Butadiene-styrene block copolymers form micelles in selective solvents. Micelles of several BS diblock and BSB triblock polymers varying in composition and block length were investigated in n-hexane, n-heptane, and n-decane using light scattering and sedimentation velocity, thus permitting characterization of both the micellar weight and abundance of micellar material. Depending upon polymer structure, solvent, concentration and temperature, solutions can be molecular, wholly micellar or a discrete mixture of both. The dominant structural variable is the length or molecular weight (Ms) of the polystyrene block. For Ms 〈 10, 000, solutions tend to be molecular; for Ms 〉 20, 000, they are essentially all micellar, with mixtures occurring at intermediate Ms. At any given Ms, increasing length of the polybutadiene block tends to solubilize the polymer. The mean number of molecules per micelle (n) depends upon whether the micelles are formed by direct dispersion of the polymer in the solvent at ambient temperature or whether they are formed from a true solution upon cooling. In the first instance, n rises rapidly with Ms; in the second, it is nearly independent of Ms. Blending of micellar solutions results in complex behavior with rearrangements to new micelles governed primarily by the thermal history of the solutions.
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    Masthead (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977) 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760170901
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    Glass bead-filled polypropylene part I: Rheological and mechanical propertiesPresented in part at the 34th ANTEC Soc. Plastics Eng., April 26-29, 1976, Atlantic City, N. J. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 657-665 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Five glass bead-filled polypropylene composites were rheologically characterized at 240°C using two rotational rheometers to obtain low shear-rate data and a capillary rheometer to obtain high shear-rate data. Both steady and dynamic properties were measured at low shear rates. Each composite was also injection molded into tensile and flexural test bars for a mechanical properties profile at 25°C. The tensile modulus was determined from a simple extensional deformation whereas the flexural modulus was determined from a three-point-bend test.The relative shear viscosity and relative loss modulus are different nonlinear functions of the volume fraction of beads at a constant shear rate, while the relative storage modulus appears to be a linear function of bead fraction. The relative viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate and the zero shear-rate data are in very good agreement with the Guth-Gold equation.The relative tensile modulus and relative flexural modulus are each linear functions of bead fraction over the entire range of filler concentration, 0-29 vol percent. From these data it is concluded that a simple correspondence between slow viscous flow and small strain elasticity does not exist for these composites.
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    A study of the effect of pressure, time, and temperature on high-pressure powder molding (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 691-699 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: High pressure room temperature molding of polymeric powders has been found to be a useful technique for producing parts from certain hard-to-process polymers and certain common polymers. Polymeric powders of less than 175μ were compacted at pressures up to 0.689 GPa. Subsequent heat treating of the compacted samples improves the mechanical properties of the samples to levels comparable to those attained by other techniques. Thermosetting or reactive polymers which do not evolve vapors during curing are readily processed by this technique. Semicrystalline polymers which are molded above their Tg are also easily processed by this method. Glassy polymers, in general, have not been found to be processable. The important process variables are molding pressure, molding time and heat treating temperature and time. The process relies on particle-to-particle fusion by either chemical reaction or localized melt fusion. For semicrystalline polymers, the annealing temperature is within the melting endotherm. Reactive polymers cure at their optimum curing temperature.
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    Injection molding in disk-shaped cavitiesPresented in part at the 1976 ANTEC meeting under the title “An Experimental Study and Simulation of Disk Filling by Injection Molding.” (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 706-710 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental results together with predictions based on a numerical simulation are reported for the filling by injection molding of a center gated, disk-shaped cavity with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (Lustran ABS Q714) and with polypropylene (Pro-fax 6523). At a specified fractional fill, the output of a pressure transducer (Δπzz) near the sprue was measured and the clamp force (F) was obtained by. integrating the output of four pressure transducers over the projected area. A systematic study was made to determine the effect of the (1) material properties, (2) cavity thickness, (3) melt temperature in the barrel, and (4) injection rate on the measured and simulated values for the pressure transducer output and clamp force. For a given barrel temperature, cavity thickness and intermediate-to-high injection rates, the pressure transducer output and clamp force were found to be nearly independent of injection rate for ABS and to increase with increasing injection rate for polypropylene. As the injection rate approached zero, the pressure transducer output and clamp force increased because of the long time available for cooling the flowing melt. For ABS the simulated results were about 5-25 percent higher than experiment, whereas for polypropylene they were about 10 percent lower than experiment when the viscosity model included solidification Flow instabilities were observed to occur at conditions where the pressure transducer output curve showed a marked upturn with decreasing injection rate.
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    Effects of coupling agents on the mechanical and rheologica properties and mica-reinforced polypropyleneBased on the Master of Applied Science thesis of M. S. Boaira. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 715-718 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) was investigated as a prospective coupling agent for mica-reinforced polypropylene. Composites prepared with the widely-used silane coupling agent, N-(4-vinylphenyl) methyl-N′-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine monohydroehloride (Z-6032), were compared with the amino-coupled composite. Improvements in the flexural properties at room temperature were observed with the two coupling agents: a 22 percent increase in the strength with the silane compared to a. 16 percent increase with DMAEMA. Cone-and-plate viscometry at 220°C showed that the addition of coupling agents greatly, reduces the viscosity of the composite: a 50 percent decease was obtained with the silane-treated composite and a 20 percent decrease with DMAEMA.
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    Charpy tests on brittle polymersPresented at the VIITH International Congress on Roeology, Gothenburg, August 1976. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 733-736 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper describes a simple miss-spring model of Charpy's classical impact bending test. In this model, the mass represents the striker, and the spring the bent specimen. The stiffness of the latter is calculated from the formulas for static bending. The model has been tested by experiments on polymethyl methacrylate at room temperature. First, it is shown that the model correctly describes the effect of the dimensions of the specimen (span, width and thickness) on the fracture impact energy Secondly it is shown, that the fracture energy calculated from the measured fracture time agrees with the fracture energy determined experimentally. Third it has been found that the fracture energy in impact can be predicted by extrapolation of the results of slow bending tests at various deformation rates. Lastly, it has been proven experimentally that any stress waves generated by the impact of the striker have little effect on the measured fracture energy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171007
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    Masthead (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171101
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    Effects of post-curing of unsaturated polyester resins in various media (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 775-781 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies were performed on the effects of postcuring of' styrenated, unsaturated polyesters in nitrogen gas, water or its vapor, hexane vapor, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and dirnethyl formamide (DMF) all at 100°C It was found that, nitrogen gas and water are inactive, hexane acts as a chain transfer agent, and DMF and DMSO behave as solvents which extract residual styrene monomer and anhydrides from the resins. Post-treatment in inert media can result in further reaction leading to more complete cure as free radicals and residual monomer continue to react. The post-curing reaction is a radical copolymerization. Further condepgation polymerisation does not occur. Post-curing in, hexane vapor1eads to a transfer of the active sites from the radicals to the hexane and to no further radical polymerization.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171103
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    Swelling and hygroelasticiiy of polymeric composites (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 799-802 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Investigated are the swelling and hygroelasticity of a unidirectional glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composite subjected to boiling water for 24 hrs. By analogy with thermoelasticity, a coefficient of hygroelasticity is defined and shown to be predictable from the coefficients of the constituent materials by Schapery's equations. A mechanism for water penetration into the composite which combines capillarity and diffusion is proposed on the basis of the results of the water take-up as a function of the composite specimen width (fiber length).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171107
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    Effect of cross-linking on hydrostatic creep of epoxy (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 837-841 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of epoxy having three different degrees of crosslinking were subjected to several constant values of hydrostatic pressure ranging from 1000 psi to 80 ksi. Each period of constant pressure was followed by a period at atmospheric pressure. A continuing decrease in volume (creep), as measured by axial strain at constant pressure, was observed for pressures of 10 ksi and greater. The creep strain was recovered immediately upon pressure removal. Reapplication of pressure after a short period at atmospheric pressure resulted in the same creep behavior as that resulting from the first pressure. The least cross-linked epoxy had the smallest creep rate and the smallest compressibility. These observations are consistent with the view that the leapt cross-linked epoxy would be the most compact and have the least voids at points of cross-linking.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Conductive polymeric compositionsPresented at the Battle Symposia “Emerging Technologies for Polymeric Materials,” November 9-10, 1976. (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 842-847 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In most low-strength applications, plastics offer cost, maintenance, and density advantages over metals. Major deficiencies of plastics, however, are low thermal and electrical conductivities. Various studies have dealt with these problems, and it has been found that thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity can both be increased by the addition of conductive fillers to the polymer. The two parameters that most significantly affect the increase in conductivity of the resulting composite are volume loading of filler and filler shape. Fibrous conductors improve conductivity much-more significantly than spheres, flakes, or irregular particulates. The effect of fillers on thermal and electrical conductivities is not the same. The maximum increase in thermal conductivity that can reasonably be expected over the base polymer is 100:1. Electrical conductivity, on the other hand, can be increased by a factor of 1015. One particularly attractive technique for increasing the electrical conductivity of polymers is electroless plating of metals onto glass fibers which are then incorporated into the polymer. Such a composite can he made electrically conductive with as little as 6 volume percent metal.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171206
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    Masthead (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171201
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  • 45
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    Experimental characterization of the alignment of short fibers during flow (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 848-853 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental approach has been made to investigate and characterize the alignment of short fibers contained in a suspension, during flow of the suspension through a convergent channel. Flow patterns have been obtained and analyzed for suspensions of various fiber concentrations. The influence of parameters such as fiber length, volume fraction and viscosity of the carrier medium on the degree of fiber alignment, has been examined. In order to minimize jamming, the viscosity of the carrier medium must be larger than a certain critical viscosity that is dependent on fiber length and volume fraction.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760171207
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    Influence of composite film structure on reflectance of vacuum metellized plastics (1977)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 865-868 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reflectance of vacuum-metallized plastic parts prepared using corrosion resistant metals such as chromium, nickel, and stainless steel is substantially less than that of electroplated chromium. Model calculations and data indicate that the use of a clear topcoat to protect the vacuum-deposited metal layer is a major factor in reducing the observed reflectance. There does not appear to be a simple change in metal deposition process, film structure, or composition that can compensate for the loss of reflectance incurred by application of the topcoat.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    The effect of glass-resin interface strength on the impact strength of fiber reinforced plasticsPresented at the 1977 Reinforced Plastics Conf., Society of the Plastics Industries, Inc. (Feb. 1977). (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 62-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of glass-resin interface strength on the impact energy of glass fabric (style 181) reinforced epoxy and polyester laminates has been determined. The interface strength was altered by surface treatment of the fabrics with silane coupling agents and with a silicone fluid mold release and the interlaminar shear strength was determined as a means to evaluate the interface strength. An instrumented Charpy impact test was used on unnotehed specimens and thus both initiation and propagation energies could be determined as well as dynamic strength. It was found that the initiation energy for both polyester and epoxy laminates increased with increasing interlaminar shear strength, The propagation energy and thus the total energy for polyester laminates displays a minimum at a critical value of interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). Below this critical value, the total impact energy increases with decreasing shear strength and the dominant energy absorption mode appears to be delamination. Above the critical value, the impact energy increases with increasing values of ILSS and the fracture mode is predominantly one of fiber failure. In all cases, even with mold release applied, the shear strength of epoxy laminates was above this critical value and-thus the total impact energy increases with Increasing values of ILSS. The maximum energy absorbed for the epoxy laminate and the polyester laminate is nearly identical. However, the maximum for the epoxy laminate occurs when the shear strength is maximized while for the polyester laminate the shear strength must be minimized. For the polyester laminate when delamination is predominant, it was found that the glass surface treatment affects the amount of delamination as opposed to the specific value of delamination fracture work.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180203
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    The effect of accelerated weathering on the degradation of polymeric films (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 230-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of artificial weathering on three general properties of films of high-impact polystyrene (HIP), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated, Degradation resulting from weathering was investigated in terms of changes in the water vapor permeation, mechanical properties, and optical transmission. The diffusivities and permeabilities of these three materials were significantly altered by weathering at two levels of exposure. Films of HIP were embrittled at both levels of exposure, whereas the PET films were embrittled only at the high level of exposure. Films of PVC showed embrittlement at the highest level of exposure and the lowest test temperature. Changes in the optical properties were less significant, amounting to a relatively small decrease in the transmission of the films in the visible range.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180310
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    Impact and yield properties of polycarbonate as a function of strain rate, molecular weight, thermal history, and temperature (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 264-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study has been made on the impact and yield properties of polycarbonates from two manufacturers as a function of strain rate, melt flow rate, notch radius, thermal history, and test temperature. The yield stress increases with the strain rate and annealing time in exactly the way predicted by a recently proposed theory on nonlinear viscoelasticity of glassy polymers. The critical molecular weight for the transition from a ductile to a brittle break increased at higher rate of strain and also with the longer annealing times.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180405
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    Viscosity, modulus, and die swell of glass bead filled polystyrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 282-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow curves were obtained at 190°C over the shear rate range 0.1 to 100 sec-1 for polystyrene-acrylonitrile copolymer containing up to 36 percent by volume glass beads, using a capillary extrusion rheometer. The addition of glass beads always increased shear stress and viscosity at a given shear rate, with the increase being more pronounced at low shear rates. The addition of glass beads decreased die swell, which also depended on shear-stress and capillary length-to-radius ratio. At low shear rates a lower limiting value of die swell ratio of about 1.1 was achieved. Values of recoverable shear derived from end correction data by the technique of Philippoff and Gaskins and from die-swell data by the method of Bagley and Duffey are compared. A fairly good agreement was found for low concentration blends at low shear, However, the values differed by a factor of up to 3 at higher shear stresses. In all cases, recoverable shear was found to increase with shear stress at a fixed filler loading and to decrease with increased filler loading at a fixed shear stress. Values of shear modulus calculated from the recoverable shear measurements decreased rapidly with increasing shear stress.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180408
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    A study on the dissolution rate of irradiated poly(methyl methacrylate) (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 306-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A detailed study of the factors affecting the dissolution rate of poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, showed that the magnitude of the increase in the dissolution rate of irradiated PMMA could not be entirely attributed to the reduction in the molecular weight, MW. The formation of non-polymeric volatile fragments by radiation exposure, i.e., CO, CO2H2, CH3OH and CH4 causes a large increase in the solvent flux into the polymer matrix, thereby causing a large increase in the dissolution rate of exposed PMMA. The volatilization of these low molecular weight fragments cause an increase in the “excess free volume” (microporosity) of the glassy PMMA. The relative magnitudes of the contribution of the MW reduction and the formation of volatile matter on the increase in the solubility rate of the irradiated polymer were found to depend on the molecular size of the solvent, and also on the enthalpy of mixing.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180412
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    Two-phase mixture - viscoelasticity and general equivalent mechanical model (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Quasistatic viscoelastic behavior of a two-phase mixture is discussed on the basis of simple mechanical models. The mixture consists of a viscoelastic matrix with Kelvin-Voigt properties and elastic inclusions. The Gibbs' equation of a two-phase mixture is derived. Finally a linear constitutive theory of a two-phase mixture is obtained that takes into account the interaction between the phases.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180416
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    Block copolymer deformation (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 359-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The deformation behavior of block copolymers is examined. Interdomain bridges, loops, cilia and floating chains in spherical, cylindrical and lamellar domain morphologies are considered. In the theoretical model, which is analogous to the “three-chain” model in classical rubber elasticity theory, interdomain chains are confined between pairs of infinite, parallel impenetrable walls constructed at the surfaces of nearest neighbor domains. The domains are taken as undeformable. The quantities which are calculated are: the Young's modulus; the partial molar elastic free energy of swelling; and the stress-strain relation for simple extension.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180505
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    Applications of differential scanning calorimetry to photocurable polymer systems (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 378-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Modification of a standard differential scanning calorimeter to allow irradiation of the sample material with ultraviolet light allows one to follow the course of polymerization of photocurable polymer systems. The rate and heat of polymerization are readily determined by this technique which gives it a number of very useful applications. As a quality control tool, one can use the heat of polymerization to monitor the number of reactive sites present in the prepolymer thus achieving a degree of control on the ultimate properties of the cured film. Similarly, analysis of a cured film will indicate the presence of any uncured material, thus allowing one to adjust curing conditions accordingly. The technique has numerous other applications in the study of photocurable resins, such as evaluation of initiator efficiencies, optimization of curing parameters (initiator concentration, lamp design), and the sensitivity of prepolymers to oxygen and wavelength.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180508
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    Vinyl chloride formation from the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 404-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The volatile products from the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resins and compounds are shown to contain trace amounts of vinyl chloride. Data presented show the effect of temperature and resin type on the amount of vinyl chloride formed. At the maximum temperatures involved in PVC processing which may reach 210°C., vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) evolution amounts to less than 1 ppm (resin basis). A technique employing a thermogravimetric balance and charcoal adsorption of volatiles is described for studying thermal degradation of PVC. The volatiles are analyzed for vinyl chloride by gas chromatography. Peak identity was confirmed by mass spectrometry.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180512
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    Introductory remarks (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 429-430 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180602
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    Solidification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) with incomplete crystallization (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 437-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cooling is a critical step in any crystalline polymer molding or extrusion process. A simulation is proposed which will predict the transient temperature and crystallinity profiles developed when a finite polymeric slab comes in contact with a cooling fluid. A generalized, phenomenological model of the crystallization kinetics of polymers is incorporated to account for the effect of the latent heat of crystallization on the thermal history as well as on the crystalline structure at any point in the slab. The model assumes heterogeneous nucleation and temperature-dependent radial growth of spherulites. DSC cooling thermograms for the polymer are used to verify the kinetic model for comparing experimental measurements against simulated results. Observed spherulite sizes should also be matched by the simulation. Kinetic data have been obtained for two grades of poly(ethylene terephthalate) which have the same growth rate expression but different nucleation characteristics. Crystallinity of these two polymers decreases rapidly as either quench temperatures or nucleation densities are decreased independently. Calculations have been carried out for 1/16 in. thick sheets of polymer exposed to a cooling medium with a heat transfer coefficient of 100 Btu/hr/ft2/°F. Temperature gradients are also presented. The simulation can be used for optimizing quench conditions in polyester film extrusion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180604
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    Tensile deformation of nylon 6 fibers (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 477-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nylon 6 fibers which had been relaxed to different extents by annealing were examined at fixed strains by small angle and wide angle X-ray techniques. It was found that the strain of the long period of the semicrystalline microfibrils is identical to the macroscopic fiber strain. Approximately 1/3 of the tensile deformation results from molecular shear of imperfectly oriented crystalline chains. Virtually no evidence for intercrystalline slip is found; the orientation of the intercrystalline amorphous regions results in a low compliance for the shear of crystals past one another. The majority of the microfibril deformation occurs by stretching these intercrystalline amorphous regions, accompanied by the flow of extrafibrillar amorphous material to maintain constant volume. In highly annealed fibers this “filling” mechanism is less efficient, as the amount of extrafibrillar material has been reduced during shrinkage. This effect leads to a decrease in Poisson's ratio after increasingly severe annealing. A related result of annealing is the dehomogenization of the microstructure, leading to the presence of more stress-induced “microcracks” during the stretching of annealed fibers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180610
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    Masthead (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180601
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    The effect of molecular weight in the crystallization kinetics of glassy nylon 6 (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 450-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crystallization of glassy nylon 6 has been investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle X-ray diffraction in order to determine the effect of average molecular weight. Samples were prepared by quenching molten films between platens: chilled with liquid nitrogen. These films had number average molecular weights ranging from 10,000 to 42,000 and had polydispersity indices ranging from 2.0 to 3.1. Crystallization kinetics at large undercoolings were measured in terms of the systematic dependence of conversion half time, Avrami exponent and heat of crystallization. Number average molecular weight was observed to influence crystallization rate at large undercoolings through its effect on glass transition temperature. At intermediate undercoolings, molecular weight affected crystallization rate through terms other than the glass transition temperature. In addition, a dependence on the degree of order of the macromolecules, both prior to and after crystallization, was observed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Equilibrium melting of flexible linear macromolecules (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 431-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The extensive literature on equilibrium melting of flexible linear macromolecules has been reviewed during the last year. The discussion in this paper is based on experiments on actual, large, extended chain crystals and extrapolations on metastable crystals. A series of 32 complete sets of melting temperatures, heats of fusion, volume changes on fusion, and entropies of fusion have been collected. These data are compared to melting data on rigid macromolecules and small macromolecules. Only a relatively simple model of rotational isomerism is needed to understand the entropy of fusion of flexible linear macromolecules which is 8-12 J/K/mole of rigid backbone units whenever there is no mobility in the crystal at the time of melting. This is much less information on detailed conformational analysis than is generally assumed to be necessary to interpret melting. Instead, it is of importance to consider for the discussion of melting also the change in packing fraction on fusion, which is high for crystals with planar zig-zag conformation, and low for helices. Both types of crystals lead to similar packing fractions in the melt. Higher packing fractions, both in the melt and crystal, are found for polyesters, polyamides, and polyoxides. The heats of fusion which make up the third group of melting parameters considered are more connected with molecular size (surface area) and cohesive energy density than mobility, so that larger mobile backbone units and higher cohesive energy densities lead to higher melting temperatures. A further addition to the heat of fusion comes from the presence of high energy rotational isomers in the melt, which again increases the melting temperature. Further refinement of this initial discussion is possible, but all aspects of melting must be taken into account rather than concentrating on single aspects as has been done in the past.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180603
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    Strength of discontinuous reinforced composites: I. Fiber reinforced composites (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 496-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The strength of randomly oriented short fiber composites has been modeled by a quasi-isotropic laminate. Lamination theory and a failure criterion will be used to approximate the stress-strain response of a composite as it is loaded to failure. Experimental data are presented and compared with the maximum-strain failure criterion.
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    Electropolymerization on graphite fibers (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 590-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The electrodic polymerization on graphite fibers of a variety of monomers having different types of functional groups has been investigated. In addition to vinyl polymerization, some novel polymerizations of cyclic functional groups have been conducted under appropriate polymerization conditions. In many instances, the grafting of the surface polymer to the fiber has been confirmed. The stereochemical configuration of poly(methyl methacrylate) resulting from electropolymerization was measured, but conclusive evidence could not be obtained for the occurrence of stereo-regulation in electrochemical polymerization on graphite fiber surface; Composite specimens were prepared by the incorporation of the coated fibers in an epoxy matrix. It was demonstrated that the effect of electropolymerization on the interfacial properties of the resulting composite was manifested in variations of the measured interlaminar shear and impact strengths of the composite specimens. The increase or decrease in interlaminar shear was accompanied by the usually observed reverse change in impact strength. In exception to this general trend, it was also indicated that the shear and impact strengths could simultaneously be increased. Implicit in these findings is the contribution of the electrochemically formed interlayer to one or more of the toughening mechanisms that are available to fiber reinforced composites. The potential value of interphase modification by electrochemical polymerization is thus clearly indicated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180708
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    The fatigue behavior of graphite fiber reinforced nylon (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 634-642 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fatigue lives of graphite fiber reinforced nylon composites were related uniquely to the tensile strengths of the materials. The distributions of tensile strength and fatigue life were measured and correlated with either two- or three-parameter Weibull functions. For a specific population, there existed a unique relationship between the two cumulative distributions. Thus, if the effect of an environmental variable on the distribution of strength is measured, the effect on the fatigue life can be estimated. It was also found that the mechanism of fatigue failure was influenced by the technique of fabrication. Compression molded materials failed through an isothermal, brittle mode of fracture, while injection molded materials failed in a ductile, thermal mode.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180806
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    Masthead (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180901
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    Studies on structural foam processing II. Bubble dynamics in foam injection molding (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 699-710 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study was carried out to gain a better understanding of the dynamic behavior of gas bubbles during the structural foam injection molding operation. For the study, a rectangular mold cavity with glass windows on both sides was constructed, which permitted us to record on a movie film the dynamic behavior of gas bubbles in the mold cavity as a molten polymer containing inert gas was injected into it. The mold was designed so that either isothermal or nonisothermal injection molding could be carried out. Materials used were polystyrene, high-density polyethylene, and polycarbonate. As chemical blowing agents, sodium bicarbonate (which generates carbon dioxide), a proprietary hydrazide and 5-phenyl tetrazole, both generating nitrogen, were used. Injection pressure, injection melt temperature, and mold temperature were varied to investigate the kinetics of bubble growth (and collapse) during the foam injection molding operation. It was found that the processing variables (e.g., the mold temperature, the injection pressure, the concentration of blowing agent) have a profound influence on the nucleation and growth rates of gas bubbles during mold filling. Some specific observations made from the present study are as follows: an increase in melt temperature, blowing agent concentration, and mold temperature brings about an increase in bubble growth but more non-uniform cell size and its distribution, whereas an increase in injection pressure (and hence injection speed) brings about a decrease in bubble growth but more uniform cell size and its distribution. Whereas almost all the theoretical studies published in the literature deal with the growth (or collapse) of a stationary single spherical gas bubble under isothermal conditions, in structural foam injection molding the shape of the bubble is not spherical because the fluid is in motion during mold filling. Moreover, a temperature gradient exists in the mold cavity and the cooling subsequent to mold filling influences bubble growth significantly. It is suggested that theoretical study be carried out on bubble growth in an imposed shear field under nonisothermal conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180905
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    Interfacial flow instability in multilayer coextrusion (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 620-623 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In coextrusion of multilayer film and sheet, one type of flow instability which can occur is a wavelike distortion of the interface under certain coextrusion conditions. Severe instability can cause intermixing of the layers, particularly in thin skin coextrusion. Observations have shown that the onset of instability is associated with a “critical interfacial shear stress”. This paper describes a mathematical model of non-Newtonian multilayer flow which was used to correlate experimental observations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180803
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    Some qualitative and quantitative features of die swellParts of this paper were presented under the title “Upper and Lower Bounds for Die Swell” at the 7th Int. Congress Rheology, Gothenburg and the 14th Int. Congress on Theoretical and Applied Mech., Delft (1976). (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 643-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Upper and lower bounds for the die swell ratio are derived for all simple fluids in the presence of surface tension and under the assumptions that the flow remains viscometric up to a finite distance from the exit and that bounds on the shear stress distribution in this length exist. Both circular and plane jets are considered and the bounds so derived depend on the normal stress on the wall in the viscometric region. For Newtonian and power law fluids, this stress can be determined, a priori, from existing theories. However, for viscoelastic liquids, it is an open question at present.
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    Polymer blends containing poly(vinylidene fluoride). Part I: Poly(alkyl acrylates) (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 677-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The transitional behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVF2) blends with poly(methyl acrylate) and with poly(ethyl acrylate) was examined by differential thermal analysis and dynamic mechanical testing. Both blend systems were judged to be miscible on the bases of the presence of single, composition dependent glass transitions and of the strong melting point depression of the PVF2 component, Blends of poly(isopropyl acrylate) with poly(vinylidene fluoride) were found to be immiscible. These results suggest that miscibility of the acrylate series depends on a specific attractive interaction between the PVF2 and oxygen within the acrylate and the effect of this interaction is diminished as the hydrocarbon content of the ester is increased.
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    The effect of molecular weight and weight distribution upon polymer melt rheologyPresented at the American Physical Society Meeting, San Diego, California (March 24, 1977). (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 583-589 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A major objective in polymer rheology is to predict a fluid's response to a general deformation from molecular information. A method has been developed which allows one to predict the viscoelastic properties of polymer melts from a limited amount of rheological and molecular data for the polymer. The input parameters are: (a) zero-shear viscosity; (b) molecular weight distribution; (c) temperature and density; and (d) constants relating Graessley's relaxation time to the Rouse relaxation time. The technique then “simulates” a discrete relaxation spectrum using G′ and G″ data from the Rouse theory and finally requires that a continuum model of polymer viscoelasticity be fit to shear viscosity data predicted by Graessley's theory. Examples of the utility of the procedure are given to illustrate the role of molecular weight and weight distribution in determining rheological behavior.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180707
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    Prediction of diallyl phthalate molding performance from laboratory tests III. Correlation of data from capillary extrusion rheometer, mechanical spectrometer and differential scanning calorimeter (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 607-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The purpose of this work was to determine if capillary extrusion rheometer and mechanical spectrometer data can be used to predict the molding performance of a commercially available diallyl phthalate (DAP) compound. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of “good” and “bad” batches were statistically analyzed in order to determine if the DSC peak shape is related to the molding performance. It was found that the data obtained from all three techniques correlate very well with the molding behavior of the DAP material studied. Capillary rheometer and mechanical spectrometer results show that lower melt viscosities and lower curing rates are desirable for obtaining satisfactory molding performance. The mathematical moments analysis of DSC curves indicates that DAP batches which molded well give peaks of fairly high symmetry, while all peaks of “bad” batches are skewed to the left. The center of gravity of the former is at a higher temperature and the variance is smaller than the corresponding values of “bad” compounds.
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    Metal-containing cured resins based on divalent metal salts of ethylene glycol-methacrylate-maleate (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 628-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Divalent metal salts of ethylene glycol-methacrylate-maleate in the amorphous state were easily soluble in styrene, methyl methacrylate and ethyl acrylate, to give homogeneous, curable mixtures with high metal content. The viscosities of the mixtures varied depending on the metal present. The mixtures were copolymerized to give metal-containing cured resins of increased compressive strength and Rockwell hardness. Moreover, heat distortion temperature could be improved by introducing Mg or Ca. Of the cured resins studied, the Mg-containing resin showed the best physical properties. Resistance of the metal-containing resins to attack by organic solvents was generally high, whereas greater degradation by aqueous reagents was noted. The thermal behavior of the resins is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760180805
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    The operating characteristics of twin screw extruders (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 660-667 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The operation of a twin screw extruder processing a powder or granular solid is reviewed. The operating variables of screw speed and barrel temperature profile interact with a number of design parameters -  screw design, die geometry, feed zone geometry and with the material properties, in determining machine performance. The factors that determine output and pressure development are specified in a sequence of block diagrams. The dynamic response of an operating machine to disturbances in the steady state conditions is explained in the light of the established relationships and interpreted in conventional control theory terms. Attention is drawn to the importance of mixing in the chambers formed by the screw channels and of the residence time distribution in determining the quality of the final product.
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    Thermal and swelling properties of polystyrene-polyolefin blends (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 654-659 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Model blends of glassy amorphous polystyrene and each of four different crystallizable and rubbery polyolefins of varying side-chain molecular weight (polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(1-butene), poly (4-methyl-1-pentene)) have been prepared by melt extrusion of the polymeric components. Density measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), swelling measurements, and X-ray diffraction have been performed on the extruded fibers. In all cases, over the entire range of blend composition, the polymeric blends are immiscible and incompatible. The DSC measurements indicated that the polystyrene Tg was not decreased after blending and that the small reductions in the crystallinity and melting point of the respective polyolefins was best explained by thermal and kinetic interference with homo-crystallization of the respective polyolefins in the blends. The volumetric swelling and gravimetric sorption of n-hexane in the various blends increased monotonically with polystyrene content. The companion experiments, relating axial swelling with polystyrene content, indicated that this particular mode of distension actually decreased with increasing polystyrene content. The composite results, including DSC, X-ray, density, volumetric swelling and axial swelling suggest that the polystyrene phase is essentially microfibrillar and oriented in the direction of extrusion.
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    Polymerization of α, α-disubstituted-β-propiolactones and lactams. 9. ABA block copolymers of α-methyl-α-butyl-β-propiolactone and pivalolactone (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 937-942 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: ABA block copolymers were prepared by the anionic polymerization of α-methyl-α-butyl-β-propiolactone, MBPL (B block), and pivalolactone, PL (A blocks). The MBPL block had a very low decree of crystallinity and a glass temperature of - 13°C, so phase separation with extensive crystallization of the PL blocks gave thermoplastic elastomers when the MBPL block constituted the principal and continuous phase. The observed crystallinity and melting point of 40-45°C in the MBPL homopolymer have not been previously reported. Measurements were obtained by electron microscopy of the initial size distribution of the PL domains as a function of copolymer composition and degree of polymerization, and on the effect of annealing on this parameter. Tensile strengths and elongations at break were both less than those previously observed for equivalent ABA block copolymers of PL and α-methyl-α-propyl-β-propiolactone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181206
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    Heat transfer to a plastic tape traveling over heated rolls (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 955-962 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Temperature was calculated as a function of lateral and axial position within a thin poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) tape traveling alternately over a heated roll and through air. The system consists of a pair of rolls which are internally heated and located in an oven. The centers of the rolls are ten inches apart and the tape makes eight wraps around the roll pair. Three sources of heat transfer to the tape are considered: convection and radiation from the heated rolls, convection from the air, and radiation from the hot oven walls. Calculations were carried out for oven wall temperatures of 100 and 1000°C, air temperatures of 100 and 205°C, and roll surface temperatures of 180 and 235°C. The computations generally indicate that after several wraps the temperature of the outside surface of the tape (i.e., the surface that does not contact the rolls) is essentially the same each time the tape leaves the roll. However, this temperature changes us the tape then travels through the adjacent, downstream air space. Although there is a temperature gradient across the tape, the temperature of the inside surface (i.e., the side that contacts the rolls) exhibits behavior similar to that of the outside surface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181209
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    Geometry of fully wiped twin-screw equipment (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 973-984 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The cross section geometry of fully wiped corotating twin screws is derived from simple kinematic principles. A pair of screws can have identical cross sections with each screw running at the same speed, or they can have an unequal number of tips and rotate at different speeds. The more conventional case of equal cross section is reviewed in detail, showing how screw diameter, centerline distance, lead, and number of tips influences design, net volumes, and surface areas. The screw cross section is unique for a given diameter, centerline distance, and number of tips. The construction of the cross section is shown, both for pairs of identical screws, and for screws with a speed ratio. Maps are provided to show applicability of screws with 1, 2, and 3 tips.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181212
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    Warm hydrostatic extrusion of polyethylene (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 908-916 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydrostatic extrusion of high density polyethylene at an extrusion ratio of 15:1 was investigated in the temperature range between 100 and 134°C. A thin-walled tube was extruded having a tensile strength of 370 MPa and a tensile modulus of 10 GPa. The extrusion rate was limited by severe extrudate distortion which occurs at a limiting shear stress under stick-slip conditions. Even during steady extrusion wall slip was evident. At a constant extrusion speed, the extrusion pressure was found to be very sensitive to the extrusion temperature. An increase from 120 to 125°C reduced the extrusion pressure by half. Various thermal pretreatments of the starting billets were found to have little effect on the extrusion behavior and physical properties of the extrudate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181115
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    Thomas G. Fox (1921-1977) (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 921-922 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181202
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    Masthead (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181301
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    Influence of low density polyethylene quality on extrusion coating processability (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 985-989 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to obtain explicit information about the influence of different low density polyethylene (LDPE) quality parameters on extrusion coating processability, a test run was made with an autoclave reactor and the products were investigated. All the grades manufactured had melt indices (MI), densities, molecular weight distributions (MWD), and degrees of long chain branching(LCB) typical of commercial extrusion coating grades. The processability characteristics studied were maximum line speed and neck-in. The influence of MI, density, and extrusion melt temperature were systematically investigated. It was found that the maximum line speed rose with increasing MI, density, and extrusion melt temperature, and that an increasing extrusion melt temperature led to a growing difference between the maximum line speed at a constant coating thickness and the maximum line speed at a constant screw speed. Neck-in was found to increase with increasing MI, increasing density, and increasing coating thickness. These effects were more pronounced at higher extrusion melt temperatures. When using the extrusion temperature needed to achieve a certain line speed for each grade, the influence of MI on neck-in was practically non-existent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181302
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    Kinetics of fast (RIM) urethane polymerizationPresented in part at the AIChE Annual Meeting, Chicago (Dec. 1976). (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1012-1018 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the dibutyltin dilaurate catalyzed bulk polymerization of 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) with poly-∊-caprolactone were studied by infared spectroscopy and adiabatic temperature rise. The overall reaction order was found to change from 3/2 to 2 with increasing temperature. At temperatures above 80°C, the order with respect to catalyst was found to decrease with concentration from 1 to 1/2. The results were consistent with a Michaelis Menten type kinetic scheme.
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    Introductory remarks (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1049-1049 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181402
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    Theory of laminar mixing (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1044-1048 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An expression is derived for the increase in mixedness due to an arbitrary deformation of a material. For mixtures having initial orientation this expression is a function of the principal values of the strain tensor and the orientation of the fluid. For mixtures without initial orientation, this expression is simply a function of the principal values of the strain tensor. Mixing in pure shear, simple shear, and pure elongation is determined. The rate of mixing for each of these deformations in steady flow is derived. A comparison of these rates of mixing with the energy consumed in the deformation shows that simple shear flow is a very inefficient way to accomplish mixing. For the example cited, five orders of magnitude greater energy is required to accomplish mixing in shear flow as opposed to extensional flows.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181312
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    Linear and non-linear viscoelastic behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) in the hard region (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1087-1092 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relaxation behavior of poly(methyl methacrylate) in the hard region is caused by hindered rotations of the methoxycarbonyl side groups of the molecules. Measurements of the Young's modulus and the shear modulus at different frequencies, temperatures and strains lead to the following conclusions: each moving side group is surrounded by the elastic matrix of mean chains, The elasticity of this matrix depends on volume and temperature. Also the activation energy of the moving side group depends on volume and temperature, because the activation energy is the sum of an intramolecular and an intermolecular component. Due to the statistical entanglement of the molecules, the intermolecular contribution to the activation energy has a statistical distribution depending on volume. The reaction rate theory is of value for interpreting the viscoelastic behavior in the linear and non-linear range if several considerations are followed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181409
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    On the use of acceleration waves to characterize the dynamic response of non-linear viscoelastic materials (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1101-1108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We consider the analysis of data obtained in one-dimensional acceleration wave experiments on a non-linear viscoelastic material and discuss how such data can be used to characterize the dynamic response of the material. To begin, we review briefly the general theory of one-dimensional motions in viscoelastic materials and the methods employed to generate and observe acceleration waves in a material sample. We then discuss two methods of data analysis, a wave front analysis and a wave profile analysis, and indicate the type of information each analysis provides with regard to the dynamic properties of the material. Finally, using a known model for poly(methyl methacrylate) in a finite-difference, Lagrangian wave-propagation code, we calculate acceleration wave profiles at several locations in the sample and, treating these profiles as “experimental” data, we then illustrate how data from three or more acceleration wave experiments can be used to formulate a specific viscoelastic constitutive model for the material.
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    Solubility of vinyl chloride in poly (vinyl chloride) in a water slurry (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 841-843 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The solubility of vinyl chloride (VCM) vapor in poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) in a water slurry has been measured between 55 and 65°C. The heat and entropy of sorption were shown to be very close to those of condensation. The solubilities measured in this study were higher than those obtained in other studies on dry PVC and PVC latex. The interaction parameter (x) in the Flory-Huggins equation has been shown to vary between 0.34 and 0.61 over the composition range studied. The effect of ageing the slurry in the presence of VCM is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181102
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    Call for authors and editors (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1127-1127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181414
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    The effect of temperature on compressive fatigue of polystyrene (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1117-1126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Compressive fatigue experiments have been designed to compare this long term mechanical life property with shorter term stress-strain behavior. Fatigue lifetime curves can be represented by three distinct regions. The fatigue failure curves shift to shorter lifetimes and lower stresses as temperature is increased. The results are discussed in terms of the Zhurkov model of static fatigue failure. Using a Coulomb-Navier yield criterion modified rate expression, it is clear that activation energy and activation volume are functions of temperature. A change in temperature dependence of activation energy and endurance limiting stress occurs near the β transition suggesting that this molecular process is related to the fatigue process. The nearly identical dependence of fatigue and stress-strain activation energies and activation volumes with temperature suggest that both deformation processes may be controlled by a similar mechanism, i.e., localized plastic deformation. Utilizing these concepts, a simple model of fatigue allows correlation of the endurance limiting stress and the number of stress cycles at the endurance limiting stress with measures of resistance to plastic flow as determined from stress-strain data for this polystyrene. These data are used to project the longest and shortest mechanical fatigue lifetimes for these deformation conditions.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181413
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    Heat transfer to molten polymers flowing through tubes (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1148-1154 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental study of heat transfer to polymer melts flowing through circular tubes is presented. The mathematical model provides for shear heating and expansion cooling effects, and also heat of reaction during flow for various wall boundary conditions. Experimental results, obtained using low density polyethylene, show reproducible temperature and velocity profiles. The measured inlet melt temperature profile and the axial wall temperature profile provide the boundary conditions for the calculations. The experimental data confirm the predictions of the magnitude of the shear heating and expansion cooling effects during tube flow.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181505
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    Rheological behavior of molten epoxide prepolymers (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1160-1162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flow properties of four molten epoxide prepolymers of number average molecular weight 900(I), 1,500(II), 2,100(III) and 4,000(IV), were measured at temperatures ranging from 361 to 463K, and shear rates from 500 to 10,000 s-1. Apparent shear viscosities showed that all prepolymers used have Newtonian behavior up to shear rates of 2,000 s-1. Shear thinning occurs at higher shear rates. Flow activation energies at constant shear rates in the range of 500 to 7,000 s-1 vary for prepolymer III from 5 to 24 kcal/mol, and for prepolymer IV from 9 to 25 kcal/mol. Flow indices in the same shear rate range vary for prepolymer III from 1.0 to 0.7 and for prepolymer IV from 1.0 to 0.3.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181507
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    Masthead (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181601
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    Swelling-controlled, constant rate delivery systems (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1186-1191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Materials and conditions required for constant rate absorption of a liquid into a glassy polymer (Case II transport) have been exploited to produce prototype devices for constant rate delivery of a solute, molecularly dispersed within the polymer, to the surrounding liquid environment. Absorption of n-hexane in polystyrene films, containing between one and two percent of Sudan Red IV dye, resulted in constant rate liberation of the colored solute to the surrounding fluid. The rate of dye release was controlled by the constant rate absorption of n-hexane in these dye-containing films. Companion experiments involving microtome sectioning and photomicrographic recording of dye-loaded films, consequent to immersion in n-hexane for various time intervals, revealed that the unpenetrated central core retained the dye originally dispersed within the film sample and, conversely, the swollen outer regions were completely denuded of dye consequent to n-hexane penetration. The constant rate advance of the microscopically observable sharp boundary, between dye-containing and dye-denuded polymer, was quantitatively consistent with the independently determined kinetics of dye accumulation in the supernatant n-hexane. These results indicate that diffusion of invading n-hexane to the relaxing boundary and back diffusion of dye in the previously swollen outer shell are both rapid compared with the rate-determining Case II transport of n-hexane in these dye-containing films. The delivery of Sudan Red IV to the n-hexane was not confounded by an initial burst of solute, typically common to so-called membrane-reservoir controlled delivery devices. Swelling-induced delivery from glassy matrices appears useful, therefore, for the design of monolithic devices for constant rate delivery over the entire course of the delivery cycle. The concept is not limited to monolithic devices; membrane-reservoir devices could be constructed involving a glassy, solute-containing reservoir which could be activated by penetration of invading liquid consequent to placement in a suitable fluid environment. Development of devices, suitable for swelling-controlled release of drugs to target organs, will be based upon glassy, hydrophilic polymeric hosts.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760181511
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    Effects of environment on the mechanical properties of plastics under high pressure (1978)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 1235-1239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polystyrene (PS), high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), and polyethylene (PE) have been investigated studying the pressure dependence of stress-elongation behavior in tension over the range from atmospheric pressure to four kilobars at room temperature. The effect of strain rate was also observed for PS specimens. Tensile deformation of PS and HIPS has shown that the pressure-transmitting fluid (silicon oil) acts as a stress crazing and cracking agent. Non-sealed specimens of PS showed a brittle-to-ductile transition at 2.95 kbar while specimens sealed from the environment showed the same transition at only 0.35 kbar. Scales HIPS and PE specimens exhibited ductile behavior at all pressures. The extent of plastic deformation for PE was affected when specimens where exposed to the silicon oil environment. Surprisingly, HIPS exposed to the oil exhibited two transitions as the applied hydrostatic pressure was raised: a ductile-to-brittle followed by a brittle-to-ductile transition. Analysis of the stress-elongation curves for sealed PS and HIPS specimens indicated that the pressure dependency of craze-initiation stress differs from that of shear band initiation stress. The brittle-to-ductile transition occurred when the initiation stresses of both processes became equal. The principal stress for craze initiation showed almost no pressure dependency, suggesting that crazes initiate when the principal stress level of the tensile specimen reaches a critical value irrespective of the applied hydrostatic pressure.
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    Characterization of polymer conformation and morphology through small-angle neutron scattering - A literature review (1984)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Small-angle neutron scattering, SANS, stands forth as one of the most important of the new tools for evaluating polymer chain conformation and morphology. This paper reviews the SANS literature through 1982, with a few early 1983 references added. The theory of SANS is outlined and compared to light scattering. SANS values of polymer molecular weights and radii of gyration obtained in the bulk state were found to be in agreement with values obtained from dilute solutions by light scattering. In each case, deuterated fractions of polymer were inserted into the hydrogeneous matrix, or vice versa, to provide contrast. Several new research areas are then discussed, including unidirectional stretching of elastomers, stress-relaxation, polymer-polymer miscibility, crystallization from the melt compared with crystallization from dilute solutions, nonclassical aggregation during bulk polymerization of thermoset systems, morphology of polymer blends, block copolymers and ionomers, the core-shell structure of latexes and polymer blocks, and grafts as surfactants in emulsions and latexes. Much new and sometimes unexpected information is being provided by the SANS research now in progress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760240102
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    The effect of pressure and temperature on time-dependent changes in graphite/epoxy composites below the glass transition (1984)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Effects of pressure and temperature on time-dependent changes in physical/mechanical properties of graphite/epoxy composites were investigated. Samples were cut from the eight-ply-thick laminates of commercially used composites, post-cured, and then quenched to environments of various temperature and pressure. Time-dependent changes in their properties were analyzed by thermal and thermomechanical (dynamic mechanical) measurements. An increase in the glass-transition temperature was found to occur as a function of time. The rate of this process was enhanced by an increase in temperature and/or a decrease in pressure. An explanation was offered in terms of types and mechanisms of molecular events that occur in the glassy state. Time dependent decrease in free volume (and enthalpy) takes place but is not the sole mechanism responsible for the observed increase in Tg. After a certain period of time (which depends on T and P of the environment), additional crosslinking appears to take place.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760240107
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    Masthead (1984)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760240301
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    The properties of mica-filled polypropylenes (1984)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Water-ground Phlogopite micas were classified into narrow particle-size distributions containing flakes with well-defined diameters and thicknesses in order to evaluate the influence of particle size and flake aspect ratio on the mechanical properties of mica-filled polypropylenes, For the purposes of comparison, most of the injection-molded specimens contained 40 percent (by weight) mica. As expected, the flexural and tensile modulus values increased in proportion to the aspect ratio over the range from 30 to 60 to a maximum of 8 GPa. The measured tensile strengths of the mica-filled polypropylenes increased substantially as the flake diameter became smaller, but did not correlate with the flake aspect ratio. The attainable properties were frequently dependent upon the method of mixing, and considerable care was necessary to ensure proper dispersion and adequate coupling. Intensive mixing, as in a Gelimat Mixer, may cause in situ delamination and particle-size reduction of the mica filler particles, leading to a marked increase in tensile strength of the resulting composite. The mica-filled compounds could be reprocessed many times without significant loss of properties, particularly compounds having mica particles less than 40 μm in diameter. The fracture energies (notched Izod) and the heat-distortion temperatures were not appreciably influenced by the size or aspect ratios of the mica within this range. Increased fracture toughness could be achieved by reducing the mica concentration or employing a polypropylene copolymer. Guidelines are presented to indicate the preferred characteristics of mica fillers and the influence of mixing conditions on performance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760240303
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    Rheological properties of blown film low-density polyethylene resins (1984)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984), S. 259-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three blown-film-grade low-density-polyethylene (LDPE) resins were studied using different rheological techniques. Eccentric rotating disks (ERD), cone-plate viscometry, capillary rheometry, annular die extrusion, and non-isothermal stretching of a filament were used. The viscoelasticity of the melts was found to play a dominant role in the observed behavior. Extrudate appearance in annular flow, melt strength, and extensibility are affected by melt elasticity. A correlation was found between the maximum draw ratio of a filament stretched under non-isothermal conditions and minimum film thickness.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760240405
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    Linear-low-density polyethylene melt rheology: Extensibility and extrusion defects (1984)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 24 (1984), S. 268-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper investigates three aspects of linear-low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) rheological properties: shear viscosity variations with shear rate and temperature, tensile behavior determined with an extensiometer, and extrusion defects. The differences in shear viscosity variation with shear rate and temperature between LLDPE and LDPE (low-density polyethylene) are shown. These differences, attributed to wider molecular weight distribution and to long chain branching (LCB) in LDPE, involve different extrusion behaviors. The lack of LCB in LLDPE can be demonstrated by comparison of the measured Newtonian viscosity with the value of the same parameter calculated from molecular weight distribution and composition law of Newtonian viscosities. The lack of LCB leads to good melt extensibility, which is shown by tensile properties of polyethylene melts determined with a non-isothermal extensiometer. The melt fracture phenomenon is studied because it promotes surface defects on bubbles in film application. Extrudate distortions are examined at the laboratory extruder outlet. This test shows differences between LLDPE and LDPE, but also between some LLDPE samples.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760240407
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