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  • Articles  (87,324)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hospital Reimbursement Incentives: An Empirical Analysis (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reimbursement systems for health-care providers are very complex, like the production systems that they regulate. This complexity has led to some important misperceptions about the incentive consequences of major reimbursement reforms. One example is the prospective payment system (PPS), developed to provide “high-powered” incentives through fixed prices for hospital admissions for the US elderly. In fact, various features of the DRG system allow reimbursement to vary with actual treatment decisions during an admission, and so are not prospective. This paper develops a general method for measuring actual reimbursement incentives in complex regulated price systems. The method uses regression techniques with variance decompositions to quantify the effects of particular features of the payment system on prospective and retrospective cost sharing, as well as overall generosity of payments. I apply this method to microdata on 20 percent of Medicare hospital admissions in 1987 and 1990 to summarize the incentives created by PPS in practice, and how the incentives are evolving over time. I show that PPS involves limited and decreasing cost sharing with hospitals, most of which is not prospective. The reimbursement incentives vary substantially across diagnoses, demographic groups, and types of intensive treatments, possibly with important implications for hospital behavior and medical expenditure growth. The techniques developed here can be used to analyze a broad range of provider reimbursement mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00091.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Buyer Alliances and Managed Competition (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In a health insurance market, a large employer or an organized “buyer alliance” is in a position to influence the design of plans offered to its members. We study how the sponsors of buyer alliances manage competition among insurance firms by focusing on their choices of the format of competition, the number of firms allowed to compete, and the quality of care offered by the firms. We find deviations from optimality in all three dimensions. Specifically, we find a tendency toward too many firms and too much quality, and a bias toward a format involving the prescreening of insurance plans by the sponsor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00175.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Firm Characteristics and the Speed of FDA Approval (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper empirically examines the effect of firm-specific characteristics on the length of time required by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to review and approve new-drug applications between 1990 and 1992. The approach treats regulatory decisions as endogenous and explains the variation in regulatory behavior as a function of differences that exist between firms and drugs. Results show that, controlling for drug-specific characteristics, regulators respond to firm-specific characteristics when evaluating new drug applications. For instance, firms that are less diversified and more R&D-inten-sive receive shorter review times for their new-drug applications than more diversified and less R&D-intensive firms. The reason is that most firm characteristics signal information to reviewers about either firm reputation or application quality. This information reduces reviewers' uncertainty about approving a dangerous or ineffective drug and leads to faster review times. The results suggest that regulators respond to the heterogeneities among firms in the pharmaceutical market in systematic ways.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00377.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Entry and Predation: British Shipping Cartels 1879–1929 (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: I examine the outcomes of cases of entry by merchant shipping lines into established markets around the turn of the century. These established markets are completely dominated by an incumbent cartel composed of several member shipping lines. The cartel makes the decision whether or not to begin a price war against the entrant; some entrants are formally admitted to the cartel without any conflict. I use characteristics of the entrant to predict whether or not the entrant will encounter a price war conditional on entering. I find that weaker entrants are fought, where “weaker” means having fewer financial resources, less experience, smaller size, or poor trade conditions. The empirical results provide most support for the long-purse theory of predation. Due to the small number of observations available, 47, I discuss qualitative evidence (such as predatory intent expressed in correspondence between cartel members) that supports the empirical results. The results are also found to be robust to misclassification of the dependent variable, which is a particular concern when dealing with historical data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00679.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tender Offers, Proxy Contests, and Large-Shareholder Activism (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper analyzes tender offers and proxy contests as alternative means of resolving corporate governance conflicts between dissidents and incumbent management. We show that when a dissident shareholder is sufficiently confident about the potential benefits from changing corporate policy, he will seek majority control by making a tender offer rather than initiating a proxy contest. When the dissident is relatively uninformed, however, he may opt for a proxy contest, thereby utilizing the information of other shareholders to implement the better policy. Consistent with empirical evidence, the model predicts that announcements of tender offers will tend to be associated with larger positive stockprice reactions than announcements of proxy contests. The model is easily extended to allow for promanagement bias in proxy voting by institutional investors. Empirical observations that have been viewed as evidence of such promanagement bias are shown to be quite consistent with the absence of such bias. Policy issues are discussed as well. An interesting result is that even policies targeted at reducing the costs of conducting proxy contests may have ambiguous social consequences, given the possibility of substitution between tender offers and proxy contests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00787.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Regulation of Predatory Firms (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article investigates the issue ofpredation by a regulated firm. Since it has private information, a regulated firm obtains higher rents in case of successful predation: the fewer the competitors, the higher the marginal social value of the regulated firm's effort and the higher the informational rents. Both principals (the investor of a “target” firm and the regulator) have to provide some incentives to prevent predation: the investor has to reduce the sensitivity of refinancing to predation; the regulator has to lower the gain of successful predation. It is shown that there is a trade-off between the power of the regulatory incentive scheme and the regulated firm's incentives to prey. In addition, as deterring predation is costly, the investor and the regulator compete when offering contracts: each wants to free-ride on the other. Hence, predation may occur in equilibrium although it makes both principals worse off.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00849.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limited Liability and Bonus Contracts (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies the nature of incentive contracts between a risk-neutral principal and a risk-neutral agent under the constraint that the agent's liability is limited. A necessary and sufficient condition is derived for the existence of a first-best contract under this constraint, and a bonus-based contract is shown to be the most efficient contractual form. Implications of bonus contracts are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00899.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Interaction between a Most-Favored-Customer Clause and Price Dispersion: An Empirical Examination of the Medicaid Rebate Rules of 1990 (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the effect of the MFC rules adopted by Medicaid on both price dispersion and price levels in the wholesale pharmaceutical market. Theory suggests that the regulations should reduce price dispersion and increase the average price for those products with a high initial level of price dispersion. Using data which can only measure some dimensions of price discrimination, I find that discrimination falls for products sold to hospitals, but not drugstores. Branded drugs facing generic competition have the most dispersion ex ante. Prices of these brands rise with dispersion at the implementation of the new rules. The last two results are consistent with Scott Morton (1997), where I look only at price changes due to the law. The results of this paper confirm that part of the mechanism of action for the price increase is the high level of price dispersion for some products combined with the MFC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00151.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Division of Labor in Teams (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the incentive effects of division of labor on worker effort, in the absence of the scale effects studied by Adam Smith. The game-theoretic model gives two results. (1) Suppose workers are identical and risk-neutral, and there is stochastic observation of group output by the firm offering compensations subject to some worker-participation constraint. Then the firm can arrive at the same first-best outcome with or without division of labor. However, if workers are risk-averse, division of labor can give the firm strictly greater profit. (2) A deepening division of labor magnifies this positive incentive effect; but if workers are heterogeneous, or if there are certain informational imperfections in the production process, this incentive advantage of division of labor could be impaired or even reversed. The first result may help explain the emergence of division of labor in the early stages of industrialization without relying on the Smithian advantages, which are also present in some labor deployment schemes without division of labor. The second result throws light on some recent anecdotal evidence of a shallowing division of labor in some areas of modern manufacturing. These factors affecting the efficiency of division of labor are then further discussed in the light of recent empirical findings on division of labor and team work, such as those in Katzenbach and Smith (1993).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00403.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capacity Commitment versus Flexibility (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We show how technological flexibility choices and equilibrium configurations (both simultaneous and sequential duopoly) depend on six industry characteristics. Low market volatility combined with intermediate market size favors inflexible technologies; large values of either volatility or size favor flexible technologies; low or intermediate values of both favor the coexistence of flexible and inflexible technologies. The possibility of a flexibility trap exists in industries of low volatility and intermediate size. Entry prevention can sometimes be achieved by inflexible technologies or flexible technologies, depending on the industry characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00347.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear Supply Contracts, Exclusive Dealing, and Equilibrium Market Foreclosure (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We examine how the feasibility of both nonlinear pricing and exclusive dealing arrangements affect incentives for market foreclosure when two manufacturers contract with a retail monopolist. Surprisingly, we find that although market foreclosure equilibria exist, they are Pareto-dominated (from each manufacturer's perspective) by all nonforeclosure equilibria. If one believes that Pareto-dominated equilibria are unlikely to arise, then the difference between our results and those of Mathewson and Winter (1987), who do not allow for nonlinear pricing, suggests an ironic twist on the notion that quantity discounts and other kinds of nonlinear pricing can provide an additional way for a manufacturer to foreclose a rival. By providing a manufacturer with increased flexibility (beyond linear pricing) to extract a retailer's surplus, nonlinear pricing may instead have the effect of reducing the incidence of observed market foreclosure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00755.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Option Contracts and Vertical Foreclosure (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A model of vertical integration is studied. Upstream firms sell differentiated inputs; downstream firms bundle them to make final products. Downstream products are sold as option contracts, which allow consumers to choose from a set of commodities at predetermined prices. The model is illustrated by examples in telecommunication and health markets. Equilibria of the integration game must result in upstream input foreclosure and downstream monopolization. Consumers may or may not benefit from integration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00725.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of Duopoly: Managed Competition vs Regulated Monopolies (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses the regulation of oligopolistic differentiated-product industries. The regulator can control prices and impose quantity restrictions, but cannot control the quality choices of the firms. We inquire about the optimal choice of regulatory regime—whether and under what conditions managed competition or segmentation of the market between regulated monopolies achieves better results. In the spatial duopoly model analyzed here, unhindered competition generally results in an inefficient allocation. When the regulator knows the technologies, optimal managed competition results in distortions of the quality choice, but an optimal regulated-monopolies regime achieves the first best outcome. When the regulator is uncertain about the technologies, neither of these methods yields the first-best outcome. The regulated-monopolies regime still tends to produce better quality choices, but managed competition tends to be more effective at extracting rents from the firms. The overall comparison depends on some finer details of the environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00821.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paying Customers to Switch (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies the business practice of offering discounts to new customers in markets with switching costs. In a two-period homogeneous-good duopoly model, it is shown that the equilibrium amount of discounts increases continuously in the expected switching costs of a typical consumer. In equilibrium, firms offer the same prices and discounts in a mature market even if they have different market shares, and the demands faced by these firms in a new market become more elastic. Firms are worse off engaging in the discriminatory pricing, while consumers need not necessarily benefit from it. There is costly equilibrium switching of consumers, which creates a dead-weight loss to the society.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00877.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00425.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The FCC Spectrum Auctions: An Early Assessment (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyzes six spectrum auctions conducted by the Federal Communications Commission from July 1994 to May 1996. These auctions were simultaneous multiple-round auctions in which collections of licenses were auctioned simultaneously. This auction form proved remarkably successful. Similar items sold for similar prices, and bidders successfully formed efficient aggregations of licenses. Bidding behavior differed substantially in the auctions. The extent of bidder competition and price uncertainty played an important role in determining behavior. Bidding credits and installment payments also played a major role in several of the auctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00431.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergies in Wireless Telephony: Evidence from the Broadband PCS Auctions (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We examine bid data from the first two broadband PCS spectrum auctions for evidence of value synergies. First, we estimate a benchmark regression for the determinants of final auction prices. Then, we include variables reflecting the extent to which bidders ultimately won or already owned the adjacent wireless properties. Consistent with geographic synergies in an ascending-bid auction, prices were higher when the highest losing bidder had adjacent licenses. The footprints of winning bidders suggest that they were often successful in realizing these synergies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00497.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Making More from Less: Strategic Demand Reduction in the FCC Spectrum Auctions (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: When multiple items are sold through the use of simultaneous ascending-bid auctions, bidders can find it in their mutual interests to reduce their aggregate demand for the items while prices are still low relative to the bidders' valuations. The FCC's first broadband PCS auction provides examples of how such mutual reductions might be arranged even when the bidders are not allowed to communicate with one another outside of the auction arena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00529.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Up in the Air: GTE's Experience in the MTA Auction for Personal Communication Services Licenses (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In late 1994, GTE, one of the largest telecommunications firms in the world, entered an auction for the rights to provide personal communications services (PCS) using the electromagnetic spectrum. The administering agency, the Federal Communications Commission, adopted a novel multiple-round format for the PCS auction. The format presented GTE with a complex bidding problem. This article describes how the GTE bidding team answered the following question: Given its budget and valuations and the information available about rival bidders, how should GTE bid to achieve the best attainable outcome?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00549.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laboratory Experimental Testbeds: Application to the PCS Auction (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper reviews the uses of laboratory experimental economics methods in the background research and implementation of the Personal Communication Systems auctions held by the Federal Communications Commission. The applications began during the rule making process with the testing of broad rules that might be implemented. Data from experiments were systematically used. The methods were used again in the software development process where several important contributions were made. Finally, experiences gained from the study of experimental auction processes were used in the actual management of the first auctions and in interpreting auction performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00605.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Second-Price Auctions with Asymmetric Payoffs: An Experimental Investigation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A series of two-player, second-price common-value auctions are reported. In symmetric auctions, bidders suffer from a winner's curse. In asymmetric auctions in which one bidder has a private value advantage, the effect on bids and prices is proportional rather than explosive (the prediction of Nash equilibrium bidding theory). Although advantaged bidders are close to making best responses to disadvantaged bidders, the latter bid much more aggressively than in equilibrium, thereby earning negative average profits. Experienced bidders consistently bid closer to the Nash equilibrium than inexperienced bidders, although these adjustments towards equilibrium are small and at times uneven.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00573.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experiments Testing Multiobject Allocation Mechanisms (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper reports the results of over 130 auctions conducted under controlled conditions to examine the robustness of several auction mechanisms to allocate multiple objects. The simultaneous discrete auction process used by the Federal Communications Commission to allocate Personal Communications licenses was contrasted with a sequential auction and a combinatorial auction over a variety of demand conditions. In test environments created to check only the minimum competency of the procedures, the simultaneous discrete auction process produces highly efficient allocations, approaching levels similar to those found with a continuous form of the auction, and it outperforms a sequential auction. However, in environments created to stress test the procedures, a combinatorial auction outperforms the simultaneous discrete auction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00639.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Firm as a Multicontract Organization (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The firm is often considered as a nexus of contracts linking the management and its different stakeholders: claim-holders, workers, unions, customers, suppliers, and the state, among others. This paper surveys recent work in contract theory, the multiprincipal incentive theory, and the theory of side contracts, which provides some insights into the structure of those contracts and therefore into the structure of the firm. First, we discuss the incomplete contracting assumptions underlying these variations of the usual grand contract approach. Second, we explain how the theoretical lessons learned from this work—the distribution of contracting rights, the power of incentive schemes within organizations, and the design of communication channels—apply to the theory of the firm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00201.x
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  • 24
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    Introduction (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1430-9134.1997.00001.x
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  • 25
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    Dynamic Equilibrium in the Hospital Industry (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We present a dynamic model of the hospital industry in which nonprofit and for-profit hospitals coexist and compete and are differentiated by their objective functions, investment technologies, and taxation rates. In our model, patients differ by income and type of insurance coverage, and choose admission to their preferred hospital, while hospitals choose investment, entry, exit, and pricing strategies. We estimate the parameters of the model with aggregate data and a GMM procedure. We then use the model to examine the effects of changes in the Medicare reimbursement system, universal health-care coverage, and taxation of nonprofits.
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    Exclusionary Equilibria in Health-Care Markets (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We have demonstrated that when providers of health insurance are perceived to be differentiated by consumers, circumstances may arise under which they find it advantageous to restrict the set of health-care providers that they approve to their customers. Even if all health-care providers are equally qualified and efficient, payers may choose to contract with a selected subset of them in order to secure more favorable contract terms. Moreover, in a concentrated health-care market that consists of two health insurance companies (payers) and two health-care providers (hospitals), both payers may choose to contract with only one of the hospitals while excluding the other completely from the market. When consumers' valuation of an extended choice of providers is small in comparison with the extent of differentiation that exists between the payers, such an exclusionary outcome is the unique equilibrium of the game.
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    Generic Entry and the Pricing of Pharmaceuticals (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: During the 1980s the share of prescriptions sold by retail pharmacies that was accounted for by generic products roughly doubled. The price response to generic entry of brand-name products has been a source of controversy. In this paper we estimate models of price responses to generic entry in the market for brand-name and generic drugs. We study a sample of 32 drugs that lost patent protection during the early to mid-1980s. Our results provide evidence that brand-name prices increase after generic entry and are accompanied by large decreases in the price of generic drugs.
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    Competition among Health Maintenance Organizations (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We develop a model of competition among health maintenance organizations (HMOs) to analyze the effects of market power, scale economies, and asymmetric knowledge of health risk on market outcomes. We find that competition among HMOs may, but need not, ensure socially preferred outcomes. Market power or scale economies can sometimes admit socially preferred outcomes when they would otherwise not arise. Asymmetric knowledge of health risk may or may not be constraining. When it is constraining, a variety of patterns of incomplete health insurance can arise, along with excessive or insufficient treatment and preventive care for either high-risk or low-risk individuals.
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    Multiprincipal Agency Relationships as Implied by Product Market Competition (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper surveys recent work in contract theory that relates to the allocation of tasks among agents within an organization as well as to the effect of product market competition upon optimal contracting and agency costs.
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    Contract Complexity, Incentives, and the Value of Delegation (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In settings where the revelation principle applies, delegation arrangements are frequently inferior to centralized decision making, and at best achieve the same level of performance. This paper studies the value of delegation when organizations are constrained by a bound on the number of contingencies in any contract. For a principal-agent setting with asymmetric information, we compare centralized mechanisms where the principal retains sole responsibility for contracting and coordinating production, with delegation mechanisms where one agent (a manager) is delegated authority to contract with other agents and coordinate production. Relative to centralization, delegation entails a control loss, but allows decisions to be more sensitive to the manager's private information. We identify circumstances under which the flexibility gain outweighs the control loss, so that delegation emerges superior to centralized contracting.
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    Integrated Strategy and International Trade Disputes: The Kodak-Fujifilm Case (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the integration of market and nonmarket strategies in a setting involving market competition and international trade policy where governments serve as bargaining agents for firms. In the case modeled, the Eastman Kodak Company (Kodak) filed a Section 301 petition under US trade law against practices of Fuji Photo Film Company (Fujifilm) in the Japanese distribution system that Kodak alleges constitute trade barriers. The model has four components. The market model characterizes the competition between Fujifilm and Kodak, incorporating characteristics descriptive of the demand and market structure in Japan. Enforcement of an international trade agreement focusing on practices in a distribution system are problematic, so the second model characterizes the sustainability of concessions obtained through a trade agreement using a repeated game extension of the market model. The third model characterizes the bargaining between the US and Japanese governments using the preferences induced by the market model and the limits on sustainable concessions characterized in the second model. Using a common-agency framework, the fourth model represents the nonmarket competition between the two firms as they work to influence the bargaining positions of the governments. The result is a model in which market and nonmarket strategies are integrated in a formal theory of the resolution of trade disputes and the subsequent effects on market competition. The equilibrium characterized allows a comparative statics analysis of the synergies between market and nonmarket strategies.
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    The Regulation of Predatory Firms (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Journal of economics & management strategy 6 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1530-9134
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article investigates the issue of predation by a regulated firm. Since it has private information, a regulated firm obtains higher rents in case of successful predation: the fewer the competitors, the higher the marginal social value of the regulated firm's effort and the higher the informational rents. Both principals (the investor of a “target” firm and the regulator) have to provide some incentives to prevent predation: the investor has to reduce the sensitivity of refinancing to predation; the regulator has to lower the gain of successful predation. It is shown that there is a trade-off between the power of the regulatory incentive scheme and the regulated firm's incentives to prey. In addition, as deterring predation is costly, the investor and the regulator compete when offering contracts: each wants to free-ride on the other. Hence, predation may occur in equilibrium although it makes both principals worse off.
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    Contingent Claims and Market Completeness in a Stochastic Volatility Model (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Mathematical finance 7 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: In an incomplete market framework, contingent claims are of particular interest since they improve the market efficiency. This paper addresses the problem of market completeness when trading in contingent claims is allowed. We extend recent results by Bajeux and Rochet (1996) in a stochastic volatility model to the case where the asset price and its volatility variations are correlated. We also relate the ability of a given contingent claim to complete the market to the convexity of its price function in the current asset price. This allows us to state our results for general contingent claims by examining the convexity of their “admissible arbitrage prices.”
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    Market Volatility and Feedback Effects from Dynamic Hedging (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Mathematical finance 7 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: In this paper we analyze the manner in which the demand generated by dynamic hedging strategies affects the equilibrium price of the underlying asset. We derive an explicit expression for the transformation of market volatility under the impact of such strategies. It turns out that volatility increases and becomes time and price dependent. The strength of these effects however depends not only on the share of total demand that is due to hedging, but also significantly on the heterogeneity of the distribution of hedged payoffs. We finally discuss in what sense hedging strategies derived from the assumption of constant volatility may still be appropriate even though their implementation obviously violates this assumption.
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    Market Participation and Share Prices (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Mathematical finance 7 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Share prices are analyzed in an overlapping generations model in which the generational size is random. This models stochastic fluctuations of market participants and can explain noninformational volatility of share prices. There exists a (stochastic) stationary equilibrium, which may be nonunique. In equilibrium, (a) the share price increases and (b) expected utility decreases with the generational size. A decline of this size below a critical level induces a crash: the stock price falls substantially, shares are undervalued, and investors’ demand is restricted by illiquidity. Further, the model predicts the empirically observed positive correlation between volume of trade and absolute price changes.
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    Pricing Stock Options in a Jump-Diffusion Model with Stochastic Volatility and Interest Rates: Applications of Fourier Inversion Methods (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Mathematical finance 7 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Fast closed form solutions for prices on European stock options are developed in a jump-diffusion model with stochastic volatility and stochastic interest rates. The probability functions in the solutions are computed by using the Fourier inversion formula for distribution functions. The model is calibrated for the S and P 500 and is used to analyze several effects on option prices, including interest rate variability, the negative correlation between stock returns and volatility, and the negative correlation between stock returns and interest rates.
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    A Continuity Correction for Discrete Barrier Options (1997)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Mathematical finance 7 (1997), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: The payoff of a barrier option depends on whether or not a specified asset price, index, or rate reaches a specified level during the life of the option. Most models for pricing barrier options assume continuous monitoring of the barrier; under this assumption, the option can often be priced in closed form. Many (if not most) real contracts with barrier provisions specify discrete monitoring instants; there are essentially no formulas for pricing these options, and even numerical pricing is difficult. We show, however, that discrete barrier options can be priced with remarkable accuracy using continuous barrier formulas by applying a simple continuity correction to the barrier. The correction shifts the barrier away from the underlying by a factor of exp(bet sig sqrt dt), where bet approx 0.5826, sig is the underlying volatility, and dt is the time between monitoring instants. The correction is justified both theoretically and experimentally.
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    Into the 1980s (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 765-765 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] CHANGES of Editor at Nature are relatively rare: my departure at the end of 1979 will only be the fifth such change in 110 years (admittedly the figures are somewhat distorted by the extraordinary 50 years which the first editor, Sir Norman Lockyer, served). A new editor has yet to be appointed; ...
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    Energy shifts meet environmentalist protests (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 766-766 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In a classic trade-off between energy and environmental concerns, New York city last week approved a temporary waiver of its air pollution controls to allow a local power company, Consolidated Edison to burn fuel with a greater sulphur content than is currently permitted.The company hopes to be ...
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    UN agrees on science and development centre (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 767-767 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] AFTER three weeks of intense debate, member nations of the United Nations agreed late last week to set up a new policy unit to help carry out the recommendations of the Conference on Science and Technology for Development (UNCSTD) held in Vienna in August.The new unit will be known as the Centre ...
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    US Congress approves 13% growth in military support for basic science (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 767-767 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE US Congress last week agreed to increase military support for basic research by 13 % in the fiscal year 1980, the Senate in particular expressing its support for the Department of Defense's efforts "to overcome years of real decline in funding for this type of research".The increase, which will ...
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    Call for European environment charter (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 768-768 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] EUROPE'S environment ministers should convene a conference on the environment some time during Italy's forthcoming presidency of the Council of Ministres, Italy announced at a council meeting at Brussels on Monday. The meeting would demonstrate to environmental groups that governments were prepared ...
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    Italy threatens to disrupt three key European research institutions (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 768-768 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ITALY was last week preparing to "dissociate" itself from CERN, the European organisation for nuclear research; to block (for a second year) the budget of the European Space Agency; and to refuse to fund JET, the Joint European Torus for fusion research under construction at Culham, England, for a ...
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    Europe's new space launcher stays on the launch pad (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 769-769 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ARIANE, Europe's 200-tonne 3-stage launcher designed to put 1-tonne payloads into geostationary orbit, stayed resolutely on its launch-pad last Saturday during the first attempt to put the vehicle into space. Journalists, watching closed-circuit television screens at the European Space Agency's ...
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    UK genetic engineering regulations relax gradually (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 769-769 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE outcome of the UK Genetic Manipulation Advisory Group's programme to assess the risk from recombinant DNA experiments has been a gradual lowering of the categories of physical containment under which many experiments are now being done, according to Sir William Henderson, chairman of the group. ...
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    Poland steps up research into mining safety (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 770-770 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] POLAND celebrated St Barbara's day, (4 December) - the traditional miners' festival - in the shadow of three major disasters that cost the lives of 66 Silesian miners in October. Not surprisingly, the official celebrations stressed the importance of mining safety. Speaking at Katowice, the mining ...
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    Native peoples oppose uranium mining (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 771-771 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE First International Conference on Uranium Mining in the Third and Fourth Worlds was remarkable, not only in its attendance of 500 anti-nuclear activists and representatives from the developing world, but in the fact that it occurred at all. Held in Copenhagen on 25-27 October, the conference ...
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    Computers can replace maths for scientists, says Soviet professor (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 770-770 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] COMPUTERS must inevitably change the whole structure of mathematical training, from scientists down to schoolchildren, according to Professor Aleksandr Kitaigorodskii. Writing in the prestigious Soviet weekly, Literaturnaya Gazeta (No. 43,1979), he envisages a future with a small computer on every ...
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    News in Brief (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 772-772 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Dioxin traces found in soldiers exposed to defoliant: Research workers at the Veteran's Administration in Washington announced last week that tests had revealed the presence of small amounts of dioxin in fat tissues taken from men who were exposed to the defoliant 2,4,5-T during the Vietnam war. Dr ...
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    Recombinant DNA: have recent experiments assessed all the risks? (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 773-774 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Two reports on the assessment of risk from recombinant DNA were published in March, 1979 in Science (203,883; and 887). These experiments were designed "to evaluate certain postulated machanisms of possible biohazard stemming from recom-binant DNA research with E. coW\ The authors "view these ...
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    Nuclear power: the threat to personal freedom (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 774-775 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The UK government's proposal to expand the nation's nuclear capacity will increase debate on the long term impact of nuclear power on civil liberties. This issue has already become central to the debate in other European countries.The Royal Commission on Environ-mental Pollution first raised the ...
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    Research ceased during the Cultural Revolution (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 776-776 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR〉 __ Having recently returned from working at the Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology in Peking I would like to challenge Tilman Spengler's assertion (15 November, page224) that this was one of the institutes of the Chinese Academy of Sciences that "worked very well" ...
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    China has many aspects (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 776-776 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR, - In your introduction to the two reports on "China: the legacy of the Cultural Revolution" (15 November, page 224), you used the phrase "views of China are as diverse as its visitors", and seemed to imply a disagreement between myself and Tilman Spengler. I would like to point out, however, ...
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    Stench on the New Jersey Turnpike (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 776-776 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR, - The central point in Thomas Jukes' recent review of Malignant Neglect (8 November, page 166) - that the book treats facts cavalierly - is amply documented by the quotations he cites. I should like to point out, however, that Professor Jukes' own attitude to facts is not beyond ...
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    New select committee seeks expertise (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 776-776 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR, - The Education, Science and Arts Committee held their first meeting on Thursday, 29 November.In recommending the setting up of the new select committees, the Procedure Committee stated, "We hope that, as the new committees become established . . . they will develop methods of work which will ...
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    Research councils: do they pay the real cost? (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 776-776 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR, - I should like to publicise an unfortunate consequence of the restrictions which grant-awarding bodies such as the Science Research Council place on the use to which their grants may be put. In general the recipient is not allowed to use the money to pay for computing, telephoning, typing, ...
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    X as the Y of Z (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 776-776 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR, - In your review of Horace Judson's The Eighth Day of Creation (11 October, page 506) I am called "a sort of Louella Parsons of molecular biology" apparently, because I told Judson that I thought a friend of mine is its Douanier Rousseau (a painter whom I very much admire). Here your reviewer ...
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    Flight formations in geese and other birds (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 778-780 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] AMONG the autumn sights around Princeton are the V-shaped formations of Canada geese, Branta canadensis, honking across the sky in flights of up to 100 birds. It has often been suggested that the purpose of this tidy formation is to take advantage of aerodynamic efficiencies which can accrue to ...
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    Mutants in a mosaic gene reveal functions for introns (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 777-778 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Two years ago molecular geneticists discovered an unexpected organisation for eukaryotic genes: the DNA sequences that specify the primary structure of the gene product (often called exons1) are interrupted by other base sequences (called introns or intervening sequences). The origin and the ...
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    Mycorrhizal associations (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 780-780 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] MYCORRHIZAL associations between plant roots and fungi are now known to be extremely common in nature. It is evident that such associations are symbiotic, both narties benefitting from the interaction. As Aar as the plant is concerned, the association may be very costly in terms of the loss of ...
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    100 years ago (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 780-780 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] M.A. Guyard claims to have discovered another new metal of the platinum group which he names uralium, from the Ural Mountains, whence the ore is procured. There have been quite a flood of similar announcements lately. We have now gallium, davyum, mosandrum, neptunium, decipium, phillipium, ...
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    The transforming genes of SV40 and polyoma (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 781-784 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] XLIV Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology ‘Viral Oncogen’, 30 May-6 June 1979; and the ICRF 1979 Tumour Virus Meeting, 16-20 July, 1979, Cambridge. SIMIAN virus 40 (SV40) and its relative polyoma (which naturally infects mice) are small DNA viruses which have relatively ...
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    Ancient plate speeds (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 784-784 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ABSOLUTE speeds of the Earth's lithospheric plates are generally lower for those plates having the greater proportions of continents, higher for those plates having the lengthier subducting edges, and higher for those plates with the greater colatitudes. But can these generalisations be regarded as ...
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    100 years ago (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 784-784 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] There is much more than the name of Cambridge to remind one of its namesake at home. Its quiet air of studious retirement, its quaint buildings and tree-shaded walks have much of the mother-country about them. One or two features of the place, however, are characteristically American. Thus in the ...
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    Deuterium concentration in the early Solar System: hydrogen and oxygen isotope study (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 785-789 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] D/H ratios in the unequilibrated chondrite Chainpur range up to 9 × 10−4. Corresponding 17O contents are 1‰ higher than in other LL chondrites, with varying 18O contents. These results are discussed in terms of low temperature ...
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    Nebular condensation of Ga, Ge and Sb and the chemical classification of iron meteorites (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 790-793 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Key parameters for classifying iron meteorites into genetic groups are concentrations of Ga and Ge. Their taxonomic value results from the combination of very wide concentration ranges in iron meteorites as a whole, with very narrow concentration ranges in most individual groups. The very wide ...
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    Transposition protein of Tn 3 : identification and characterisation of an essential represser-controlled gene product (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 801-806 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fusions that bring lac gene expression under the control of transcriptional and translational signals within the Tn3 element have been used to identify and characterise a Tn3-encoded ‘transposase’ (Tnp) peptide of MW 100,000 essential f or transposition. The gene specifying this product ...
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    Identification of the protein encoded by the transposable element Tn 3 which is required for its transposition (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 797-801 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Protein products have now been identified which account for the entire coding capacity of the transposable element Tn3. Mutations in Tn3 have allowed us to map the genes encoding each of these peptides and to identify their role in transposition. We have found that only a single Tn3-encoded peptide ...
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    Thionine coated electrode for photogalvanic cells (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 793-797 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The successful operation of a photogalvanic cell for solar energy conversion requires that the illuminated electrode should discriminate between the two redox couples in solution. In the iron–thionine system the electrode must oxidise photogenerated leucothionine but not reduce the ...
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    Structure and sequence of the multihaem cytochrome c 3 (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 806-810 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The molecular structure of cytochrome c3 isolated from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans has been solved on the basis of its crystallographic determination at 2.5 Å resolution and of an essentially complete sequence. The molecule consists of a single polypeptide chain wrapped around a ...
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    The IR energy distribution of SS433 (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 810-811 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Photometric measurements were made on the nights of 29,30 and 31 May 1979 UT, using the University of Hawaii 2,2-mtelescope on Mauna Kea. The 1.2-4.8 ?? observations employed an InSb detector and a 6 arc s diaphragm while the broadband 8-13 ?? observations used a gallium-doped germanium bolometer ...
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    Magnetic field of Jupiter and the volcanism and rotation of the Galilean satellites (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 811-813 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Most of the outer planets' satellites are located in the planetary magnetospheres. Io is unique: its interaction with the magnetosphere leads to radiation of 108 W in the decametric band10. The radiation is believed to be caused by unipolar generation of the electric current due to lo's movement ...
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    Pioneer magnetometer observations of the Venus bow shock (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 815-816 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The orbit of the Pioneer Venus spacecraft is inclined at 105 to the ecliptic plane with periapsis at a latitude of 17N and at an altitude of 150 km. This orbital geometry provides shock crossings principally at solar zenith angles of greater than 60. Figure 1 shows several recent shock crossings ...
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    Evidence of SO 2 on Io from UV observations (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 813-815 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 The UV spectrum of ?? as measured in 1978 with the orbital telescope IUE4. The surface of ??, even when covered with SO2 frost, probably does not have the same UV optical characteristics as pure SO2 frost obtained in the laboratory, as other materials are certainly present at the surface. ...
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    Heterogeneous photocatalytic reduction of dichromate on n-type semiconductor catalysts (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 817-818 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The basis of the photocatalytic reduction of dichromate is that the reaction is composed of the following two electrochemical processes; + 28T + 12e + + 14H2O Overall: (1) (2) (3) -115.8 kJ Although the overall reaction is thermodynamically feasible, dichromate is stable in aqueous acidic ...
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    Tropospheric ozone and climate (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 818-820 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 O3 and CO source strengths (in molecules cm 2 s 1) Carbon monoxide Industrial CO emissions CO from methane oxidation Ozone From in situ production From stratospheric injection Northern Southern Hemisphere Hemisphere Ref. 19 xlO10 4 xlO10 7 4-8 xlO10 4-8 xlO10 5 ...
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    Project Kiwi One: an acoustic cross-section of the South Pacific Ocean (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 820-822 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Diagram of typical SOFAR propagation experiment. Fig. 2 Experimental track ot Project Kiwi One. designates receiver locations. Regions: *, eastern; --, central; western. Dynamic contours Although the South Pacific is the world's largest ocean, relatively little is known of its ...
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    Helium and xenon in deep-sea basalts as a measure of magmatic differentiation (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 825-827 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Rare gas data for tholeiitic glasses from the Vema Fracture Zone (MAR) 4He Xe 1356Xef 4He/136Xef Sample (lO-'sccg-1) 4He/40Arr (lO^sccg"1) 129Xe/132Xe 131Xe/132Xe 134Xe/132Xe 136Xe/132Xe (x 109) AT-72U) 1,500±300 18±2 1.4 ...
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    Refractory element fractionations among carbonaceous chondrite groups (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 827-829 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Mean Cl-normalised atomic abundance ratios for; a, refractory lithophiles; and b, refractory and non-volatile sidero-philes. Uncertainty limits are 80% confidence limits. Our CI abundances (Mg normalised, Mg = 100) are: Al = 8.16, Ca = 5.87, Fe = 82.4, 2.78xlO4,La Co = 0.219, 4.17x10 Ni = ...
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    The surface charge of suspended particles in estuarine and coastal waters (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 823-825 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 Electrophoretic mobility (ME) of particles collected in the Conwy estuary as a function of salinity (S). , 29 April 1979 survey; 0,17 June 1979 survey. The electrophoretic mobility is the velocity per unit of applied electric field of particles moving at the stationary levels of the cell. ...
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    Alanine enantiomeric ratio in the combined amino acid fraction in seawater (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 822-823 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The combined amino acids were isolated from the seawater samples using the procedures described elsewhere1'2. The D/L alanine measurements were made by gas chromatography, using the W-trifluoroacetyl-L-propyl peptide methyl ester method5. Some of the samples were sent to Dr K. Kvenvolden (US ...
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    Radiocarbon dating evidence on the impact of atmospheric pollution on upland peats (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 829-831 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The blanket peats of upland South Wales are widespread and often shallow. Two profiles with less than 40 cm peat accumula-tion were investigated by pollen analysis, the sites being in close proximity to the industrial Rhondda and Merthyr valleys: Cefn Ffordd (SN 906032, 600m OD) and Coed Taf (SN ...
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    Internal anatomy of the polybranchiaspids (Agnatha, Galeaspida) (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 833-836 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Flg. l Polybranchiaspis liaojiaoshensis Liu, V.3027, Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology, Peking, internal view of perichondral ossification of endocranial tissueshowing mouldings produced by orbital sinus and somites. The anatomy of the polybranchiaspid carapace ...
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    Agnathans from the Devonian of China (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 831-833 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Fossil agnathans were first listed from southern China in 1937 by Ting and Wang1 and, during the International Geological Congress in 1948, Young2 reported rich deposits of Devonian vertebrates containing the agnathan Cephalaspis. This material was never described and its whereabouts are unknown. ...
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    Dioecious Solanum species of hermaphroditic origin is an example of a broad convergence (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 836-838 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The plants studied were originally collected in mountainous regions of the states of Mexico and Michoacan in Mexico, and San Marcos in Guatemala. The specimens collected were identified using Correll's monograph as Solanum appendicula -turn and Solanum inscendens. These species are non-tuberous ...
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    Length and evolutionary stability of food chains (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 838-839 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1 The ESS of maximum feasible energy gain. The graph shows the net energy gain h (t) + c (l -1) from a strategy of spending effort t on herbivores and 1 - t on carnivores, its components h (t) and c (l-) from herbivores and carnivores, and the required energy e expended on feeding on ...
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    Male lions in large coalitions gain reproductive advantages (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 839-841 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Lions were observed in the Serengeti National Park and in the adjacent Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania, in 1966-69 by G. B. Schaller5 in 1969-73 by B.C.R.B.1011; and in 1974-78 by J.D.B. and J.P.H.12. Observations on the same prides in comparable habitats were spread over periods of 3-12 ...
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    Inhibition of mixed lymphocyte response by monoclonal antibody specific for a rat T lymphocyte subset (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 841-843 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The W3/25 mouse monoclonal antibody is specific for thy-mocytes and a subset of T lymphocytes in the rat and the cells in thoracic duct lymph that express the target antigen mediate helper and graft-versus-host functions1'2. The W3/25 antigen is relatively sparsely represented on the cell membrane ...
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    Genomic rearrangements correlated with antigenic variation in Trypanosoma brucei (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 847-849 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Three clones of T. brucei expressing different variable antigens were derived from stock LUMP 227 (UHEMBO/64/EATRO/795). Clone A was derived from a relapse infection of clone C. Clone B was derived from a relapse infection of clone A. Clone X was derived from a different trypanosome stock, S427. ...
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    Regulation of lymphocyte mitogenesis by (2′–5′) oligo-isoadenylate (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 849-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Inhibition of DNA synthesis in Con ?-stimulated mouse spleen lymphocytes by interferon and by (2'-5') oligo-isoadenylate DNA synthesis at 72 h ddition to 3H-thymidine Inhibi- Con A-stimulated Time of incorporated, tion cultures addition c.p.m. (%) Experiment 1 ...
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    Diethylcarbamazine enhances antibody-mediated cellular adherence to Brugia malayi microfilariae (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 845-847 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Enhancement of antibody-mediated cellular adherence to B. malayi microfilariae by diethylcarbamazine (DEC) Table 3 DEC increases cellular adherence to microfilariae mediated by sera that are inactive in the absence of the drug DEC % Microfilariae with ^=s cells attached ...
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    Lymphocytotoxic antibodies produced by H—2 allo-immunisation distinguish between MuLV-positive and -negative substrains of the same H-2 haplotype (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 843-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The derivation of sub-lines of C57BL/10 (BIO) mice with and without (V) milk-transmitted B-tropic virus is schematically presented in Fig. 1. The individual mice used in the experiments were from the 10th to 12th generation of the respective lines after their original preparation. For ...
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    Ionomycin stimulates mast cell histamine secretion by forming a lipid-soluble calcium complex (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 851-853 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] lonomycin-mediated histamine secretion is completely dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+, although, as shown in Fig. 1, the actual concentration of Ca2^ required varies inversely with the concentration of the ionophore used. The secretion seems to occur by the normal exocytotic ...
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    Acetylcholine synthesis by mesencephalic neural crest cells in the process of migration in vivo (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 853-855 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] To overcome the difficulty of applying biochemical techniques to neural crest cells soon after they have begun to migrate, we took advantage of the fact that mesencephalic neural crest in Japanese quail embryos of 8-12 somites is clearly visible underneath the ectoderm as a sheet of cells on either ...
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    Dopamine inhibition of action potentials in a prolactin secreting cell line is modulated by oestrogen (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 855-857 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In this study GH3 B6 cells, a subclone of GH3 rat prolactin cell line were used. These cells secrete prolactin and respond to both TRH and oestradiol2. Stable intracellular recordings lasting between 10 min and 1 hour were obtained from 260 cells. Of the cells tested 51 % were electrically ...
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    Benzodiazepine and β -adrenergic receptor ligands independently stimulate phospholipid methylation (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 857-859 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Cultured C6 astrocytoma cells have both./3-adrenergic recep-tors and 'peripheral-type' benzodiazepine receptors. The C6 astrocytoma avidly binds 3H-diazepam (KO *= 17 nM) at a single and saturable class of binding sites. The 'peripheral-type' benzodiazepine receptor of C6 astrocytoma is ...
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    How the size of motoneurones determines their susceptibility to discharge (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 859-861 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Experiments were designed to test the following hypothesis. As motoneurones of different sizes reportedly have equal densities of synaptic boutons8, those with large surface areas must have proportionally more boutons. In particular, if large motoneurones supplying the medial gastrocnemius have ...
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    Single ionic channels observed in tissue-cultured muscle (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 861-863 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The ability to record single-channel responses makes it possible to investigate properties of excitable cells which are otherwise inaccessible. Fischbach and Lass2, have reported that in a tissue-cultured preparation of chick 'myoballs', the single-channel conductance (as estimated by fluctuation ...
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    Single postsynaptic channel currents in tissue cultured muscle (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 863-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The methods used for single-channel recording have been described by Neher et a/.8. A small (-1 ??2) patch of cell surface is isolated with a specially fabricated extracellular glass microelectrode. A low-noise circuit amplifies the current through this patch of membrane. The signal is then ...
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    Primary structure of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase specified by R plasmids (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 282 (1979), S. 870-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] CAT catalyses the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield as the inital product 3-acetoxychloramphenicol which is devoid of significant antibiotic activity4: chloramphenicol + acetyl-S-CoA - 3-acetoxychloramphenicol + HS-CoA The plasmid-borne chloramphenicol resistance conferred by CAT in ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/282870a0
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