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  • 1
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 161-169 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Reporting on the 7th International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science, first the main topics and some organisational aspects of the congress are presented; the main part of the report focuses on recent developments in Philosophical Logic (Section 5), in particular the theory of so-called generalized quantifiers as presented at the congress. In addition, some background information on logical language analysis, its possible applications and consequences is provided.
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  • 2
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 188-196 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 3
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 170-187 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 4
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 196-198 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 199-199 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 278-298 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this paper is to inquire whether the paradigma-approach, developed by Thomas S. Kuhn, is able to serve as a useful instrument for the analysis of the dynamics of economic theory. The first part contains a discussion of the rational reconstruction of Kuhns idea, which was formulated by Sneed and Stegmüller. This discussion centers around the question, whether rationality alone can be the only criterion for scientific work. In order to introduce the specific conditions under which economic science takes place, the paradigma-approach has to be extended. This extension has to take account of the non-scientific determination of scientific work. In this connection normal science and scientific revolutions have a concrete function in a process in the course of which non-scientific claims are transformed into scientific norms.
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  • 7
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The philosophical implications associated with the choice of a particular geometry required for the formulation of a dynamics at subnuclear distances are discussed. A dualism between geometry and matter — the former identified with a fiber bundle of Cartan type raised over space-time, the latter represented by a generalized quantum mechanical wave function — is presented as a possible framework for the dynamics of strongly interacting particles at distances of 10−13 cm.
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  • 8
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 34-71 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary The idea of man imitating by his own inventions capacities, considered genuinely human, like talking, making music or thinking, has fascinated man's phantasy at all times. The present article analyzes in the light of philosophy of science some of the attempts to tackle this idea in fields as dissimilar as philosophy, mechanics (cybernetics included), and literature, and it tries to lay bare connexions existing and to describe the history of the influence of this idea. The investigation begins with the 17th century mechanistic materialism and it extends to recent research in „artifical intelligence“.
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  • 9
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 72-91 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Influenced by the account of K. Popper and, moreover, of C. G. Hempel and P. Oppenheim, it is generally assumed, that a prediction can be logically deduced from hypotheses, i. e. lawlike propositions, and initial conditions. It is not clear, in which respect a prediction can correctly be supposed to be a proposition which is either true or false. From a logical point of view, serious difficulties arise in assuming that the deductive-nomological model consists of a valid argument. Further objections to this account are developed with regard to lawlike propositions. Since a lawlike proposition is — by definition — not true or definitely true, but only supposed to be true, it cannot function as a true premise among other true premises for the purpose of deduction. Special difficulties arise with regard to predictions: A predictive argument does not give any reason for the truth of the predictionK, but only — if at all — for the prediction of the truth ofK. In the latter case, the “conclusion”K clearly does not consist of a proposition (which could be either true or false) but rather of a predicting proposition.
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  • 10
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 92-121 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary In the first part of this contribution, the three probably most influential conceptions of evolutionary epistemology are surveyed, as they were put forward by Konrad Lorenz, Gerhard Vollmer, and Rupert Riedl, respectively. It is demonstrated that, as far as the essentials are concerned, these conceptions largely correspond with each other as well as with a further conception advanced by Karl Popper from the point of view of Critical Rationalism. It can be clearly shown, moreover, that fundamentals of the latter conception can be traced back to Popper's earliest publications (e. g., to hisLogik der Forschung [The Logic of Scientific Discovery]). By means of an examination of the language used by these authors, it is tried to elucidate the fact that, for the reasons of lacking consideration of the lingual/non-lingual distinction and of faults and inadequacies in consequence of this lack alone, the proposed conceptions can be rejected as being at least highly defective.
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  • 11
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 142-160 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gegen das Programm einer Protophysik, wie es von der kontruktiven Wissenschaftstheorie der „Erlanger Schule“ entwickelt worden ist, wird häufig der Einwand erhoben, es unterwerfe die empirische Physik unzulässigen und forschungshemmenden normativen Restriktionen. Demgegenüber will die vorliegende Arbeit zeigen, daß die Protophysik nur eine normative Theorie der Grundgrößen und der „vollkommenen“ Meßgeräte ist, und der empirischen Physik damit ein methodisches Fundament verschafft, ansonsten aber ihr jegliche „Freiheit“ läßt.
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  • 12
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 201-210 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Boltzmann's principle is part of classical physics, and one of the corner-stones of Planck's quantum theory. It is shown, why Planck's theory of radiation can be derived from this principle without abandoning classical physics, if due regard is taken of atomism. Finally, there is given an outline of a quantum theory completely based on statistical axioms without any appeal to nonclassical physical principles.
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  • 13
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 211-231 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Titel dieses Aufsatzes mag zunächst befremden, gar als unsachliche Bösartigkeit aufgefaßt werden, doch „Vorurteil“ und „Wahn“ sind im Rahmen von Psychologie bzw. Sozialpsychologie und Psychopathologie definierte Begriffe. Untersucht man unter diesem Aspekt den mathematischen Grundlagenstreit in diesem Jahrhundert, der richtiger „logisch-mathematischer Grundlagenstreit“ zu nennen wäre, dann wird ein Argumentationsklima deutlich, das von Vorurteils- und Wahnstrukturen geprägt ist, das sich zu Ungungsten der empirisch orientierten Begründungsposition auswirkte. Sollte sich angesichts erneuter Stimmen für die empirische Position wieder eine Grundlagendiskussion entwickeln, wäre das Argumentationsniveau zu verbessern. Hierzu gehört zunächst die Erwägung von Alternativen, besonders bezüglich möglicher Gegenstände von Logik und Mathematik. Weiterhin wären erkenntnistheoretische Konzepte zu entwickeln, die dem eigenständigen Charakter von „reiner“ Logik und Mathematik gerecht werden, aber dennoch empirische Begründung ermöglichen.
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  • 14
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 232-260 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vor dem Hintergrund einer weitreichenden Neuorientierung, die der praktischen Vernunft in der Methodologie (N. Rescher), in der Sprachphilosophie (H. Putnam) und in der strukturalen Wissenschaftstheorie (W. Stegmüller) den Primat einräumt, werden die Aporien rationalistisch-dezisionistischer Konzeptionen deutlicher sichtbar. In diesem Papier wird der argumentative Ursprung von Feyerabends Kritik an Rationalität und Wissenschaft als auf einer — angesichts der ‚praktischen Wende‘ der neueren Wissenschaftsphilosophie — überholten Wissenschaftsauffassung basierend analysiert. Feyerabends Zurückweisung der Wissenschaft erscheint dann weder als Konsequenz seiner Vernunftkritik noch als Bruch in seiner Argumentation; er vollstreckt vielmehr die Gegenstandsverfehlung der methodologistischen Wissenschaftstheorie unverdeckt.
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  • 15
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 261-271 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary In hisProgress and its Problems, Laudan dismisses the problem of incommensurability in science by endorsing two general assertions. The first claims there are actually no incommensurable pairs of theories or research traditions; the second maintains that his problem-solving model of scientific progress would be able rationally to appraise even incommensurable pairs of theories or traditions (are compare them for their progressiveness). I argue here that Laudan fails to provide a plausible defence of either thesis, and that this creates some problems for his general approach.
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  • 16
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 272-277 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary This article compares the discoveries of the planets Neptune and Pluto and the unsuccessful search of intra-Mercurial planets. Its conclusion is, that the search of intra-Mercurial planets was started on the basis of reasonable assumptions and competently pursued, that the success in the search of Neptune and Pluto and the failure in the search of intra-Mercurial planets was not due to greater competence of the successful planet searchers, but to good luck of the successful researchers and bad luck of the unsuccessful researchers.
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  • 17
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 122-141 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Auseinandersetzung mit der Kritik A. Kamlahs an meinem Buch „Die Protophysik der Zeit“ (1980) wird zunächst der Vorwurf, die affirmative Grundhaltung der Analytischen Wissenschaftstheorie gegenüber der Physik sei nicht erwiesen worden, entkräftet. Im Hauptteil wird mit der Unterscheidung von Handlungsanweisung und Norm die Möglichkeit empirischer Einwände gegen präskriptive Prototheorien präzisiert und das Argument Kamlahs, ein Verzicht auf einen Alleinvertretungsanspruch der Protophysik auf Physikbegründung impliziere empirische Widerlegbarkeit, zurückgewiesen. Die Unterscheidung zwischen der Eindeutigkeit protophysikalischer Normen und der Auswahl von Bewegungs- bzw. Geräteklassen nach technischen Zwecken der Physik erlaubt im dritten Teil eine Antwort auf Kritiken am chronometrischen Eindeutigkeitsbeweis. Die Analytische Kritik an der konstruktiven Protophysik verkennt deren Einbindung in ein kulturalistisches Wissenschaftsverständnis.
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  • 18
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 299-307 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary It is shown that, besides differences in emphasis on structural and developmental aspects, there is far reaching agreement between the views of Nagel and Lakatos on structure and development of science. I argue that both views can interact very fruitfully, and by way of illustration a confrontation of Nagel's notion of a model with Lakatos' notion of a positive heuristic is pursued in some detail. The conclusion is that for microscopic theories, a Lakatosian positive heuristic is exactly the same entity as a substantive model in the sense of Nagel, but that for phenomenological theories there is (as yet) no such structural concept as a model available that can be identified with a Lakatosian positive heuristic.
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  • 19
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 308-329 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In seiner Antwort auf meinen Beitrag versucht Steinvorth, ein grundlegendes Argument von mir gegen seine im Anschluß an Lakatos vorgetragene Begründung normativer politischer Theorie als wissenschaftlicher Theorie zu widerlegen. In diesem Beitrag möchte ich kurz zeigen, daß das nicht gelungen ist. Zudem möchte ich darauf hinweisen, daß Steinvorth in seinem zweiten Beitrag neben einigen Klarstellungen in Rücksicht auf sein Anliegen weitere Formulierungen eingebracht hat, die entgegen seiner Annahme gegen den von ihm verteidigten Ansatz sprechen. Weiterhin geht es mir darum, Schlußfolgerungen, die er von meinen Ausführungen abgeleitet hat, zu korrigieren. Schließlich möchte ich mit wenigen Überlegungen begründen — und darauf kommt es mir entscheidend an —, warum für politikwissenschaftliche Theorie der herkömmliche Theorietyp nicht paßt, und insofern möchte ich einige Bemerkungen meines ersten Beitrages dazu bekräftigen und verdeutlichen.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 330-342 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary A recurrent theme in the philosophical literature on the special theory of relativity is the question as to the “reality” of the Lorentz contraction. It is often suggested that there is a difference between the Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction in the pre-relativistic ether theory and the Lorentz contraction from special relativity in the sense that the former is a real contraction of matter conditioned by dynamical laws, whereas the latter should be compared with the apparent changes in the size of objects when the perspective of the observer changes. It is here shown, however, that the same laws of nature which are operative in the Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction also condition the relativistic Lorentz contraction. The relevant distinction therefore is not between the “reality” of the two contractions. What is at issue is the difference in explanatory structure of the pre-relativistic theory on the one hand and the special theory of relativity on the other. In the course of the argument the question of the “conventionality” of simultaneity is also discussed.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 372-395 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 354-371 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 396-396 
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 343-353 
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary Historians of science in Britain lack a firm institutional base. They are to be found scattered around in various departments in universities, polytechnics and museums. Their history over the last thirty-five years can be seen as a series of flirtations with those in more-established disciplines. Beginning with scientists, they then turned to philosophers, moving on to historians and then to sociologists: from each of these affairs something was learned, and the current interest determined which aspects of the history of science were seen as most interesting. At first it was settling who really discovered what; then an interest in concepts, methods and case-studies; then understanding the broader historical context of science; and after that seeing science in its social context, with special emphasis on institutions and professionalization. Where we shall go next is unclear: these vagaries may be no more than examples of intellectual fashion, but we may hope that they represent a zig-zag route towards deeper understanding.
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    Journal for general philosophy of science 15 (1984), S. 22-33 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary This study continues in calculating formulas of the first order logic. Whereas the preceding part delt with monadic predicates, the present part treats polyadic predicates. The presumptions were supplied analogously.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 137-149 
    ISSN: 1573-188X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study examined predictors of job change for academic staff administrators. Analyses of questionnaire data from 143 administrators who had been employed from 1971 through 1978 indicated that predictors of job mobility differ for diverse kinds of moves with two exceptions—age and gender. The four most important predictors for internal institutional change were age, mentor, president of a professional organization, and marital status (married). Planning to move, gender, and editorship, contributed most to external institutional change, whereas age, mentor, gender, and planning to move contributed most significantly to overall job change (adjustedR 2=.439).
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 3-15 
    ISSN: 1573-188X
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study demonstrates that the concept of paradigm development can explain differences in organizational contexts of university departments. Departments from high-paradigm fields are embedded in a context with clearly identifiable and distinguishable dimensions. In contrast, departments representing lower levels of paradigm development have unclear contexts where major dimensions like size and technology cannot be distinguished from one another. The implications of these results are discussed and elaborated.
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    Notes: Abstract Tinto's model of institutional attrition was tested by comparing undergraduate students who had dropped out from Washington State University (WSU) one year prior to the study with a control sample of students who continued at WSU. Tinto's constructs of individual attributes, past educational experience, goal commitment, institutional commitment, social integration, and academic integration were operationalized using variables obtained from precollege records, academic records at the university, and a post-withdrawal survey. Setwise discriminant function analysis was used to discriminate between the attrition sample and the control sample using Tinto's constructs. Variables measuring individual attributes, past educational experience, institutional commitment, and academic integration all contributed significantly to the discriminant function when all other variables were controlled for. Tinto's model was also able to explain the differences between those attrition students who transferred to another institution and those who dropped out of higher education. Those that dropped out had a significantly lower academic ability, lower academic integration, lower goal commitment, and lower social integration.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 295-308 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A review of literature dealing with the relationship between the institutional research function and the decision-making process in higher education reveals a wide range of opinion. At one extreme are those who believe that institutional researchers should be little more than purveyors of data for use by the executive decision makers. At the other extreme are the advocates of an active institutional research role in policy analysis and decision making. A recurring theme in the literature summarized here is the precarious nature of an institutional researcher's position in the unique organizational milieu of higher education. Most sources agree that an institutional research office must be perceived by all parties as completely neutral in order to maintain credibility with both faculty and administration.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 323-327 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS) is often used in higher education research. This study describes some of the errors associated with the use of HEGIS data, provides a comparison between the 1980 HEGIS and Census reports of college enrollment, and suggests a more cautious use of the HEGIS data.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 329-344 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study examines the issue as to whether U.S. educational institutions need a significant change in their policy to deal with the increasing number of foreign students on U.S. campuses. Projections for the 1980s are made using Box-Jenkins and other forecasting techniques. Factors that led to the rapid growth of foreign students in the past are reviewed. The likelihood of their continuation is examined. In the light of these factors, policy implications of the projections are discussed.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 309-321 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Michael Scriven has suggested that student rating forms, for the purpose of evaluating college teaching, be designed for multiple audiences (instructor, administrator, student), and with a single global item for summative functions (determination of merit, retention, or promotion). This study reviewed approaches to rating form construction, e.g., factor analytic strategies of Marsh, and recommended the multiple audience design of Scriven. An empirical test of the representativeness of the single global item was reported from an analysis of 1,378 forms collected in a university department of education. The global item correlated most satisfactorily with other items, a computed total of items, items that represented underlying factors, and various triplets of items selected to represent all possible combinations of items. It was concluded that a multiple audience rating form showed distinct advantages in design and that the single global item most fairly and highly represented the overall teaching performance, as judged by students, for decisions about retention, promotion, and merit made by administrators.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 345-365 
    ISSN: 1573-188X
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study employs two-stage least squares to estimate an educational production function for university course grades. The dependent variable is grade for studenti in coursej. Explanatory variables include measures of student aptitude and ability, teacher and course characteristics, and student time allocations to academic endeavors. Results of the study suggest that (1) homework assignments, examinations, and use of a required text increase the time students allocate to a given course; (2) time allocated to a given course has a positive effect on course grade; (3) homework assignments, examinations, and required texts, while increasing time allocated to a given course, have negative effects on course grades; and (4) measures of high school performance, in the presence of controls for mathematical and verbal aptitude, are positively related to the time students allocate to university courses but have no significant independent effect on course grades.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 379-382 
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 375-377 
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    Notes: Abstract This brief research note addresses the issue of summer session faculty salaries. Specifically, it demonstrates that for 77 reporting institutions, only 15 indicated that they paid the standard 2/9ths, or 22.2%, of the previous academic year's salary for full-time summer session teaching. The percentages paid for full-time summer session faculty ranged from 11% to 34%, with an average rate of 17.4%.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 427-443 
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    Notes: Abstract Recent demographic trends and growth in the public sector of higher education have created severe strains for many private liberal arts colleges. The population ecology model, which explains the survival or demise of organizations in terms of their ability to negotiate for resources in their environment, provides a framework for assessing predictors of continued success among colleges. A three-way discriminant analysis based on the population ecology framework and other empirical research led to the successful classification of almost 72% of a sample of colleges in terms of their experiences during the 1970s. Number of departments, median state income, library holdings per enrollee, sectarian affiliation, annual tuition, Roman Catholic affiliation, and SAT composite score were found to be major predictors.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 445-476 
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study is to assess the impacts of selected aspects of the collegiate experience on changes in undergraduates' occupational preferences and personal goals. It focuses on two general aspects of the undergraduate student's participation in a 4-year college or university environment — the social structure, particularly its normative aspect, as defined by the orientations of faculty and students toward the purposes of a college education; and the individual student's perceptions of the institution's capacity for facilitating the attainment of personal goals. The latter aspect of the college experience is reflected in such things as satisfaction with college, the individual's sense of social integration into the campus environment, and assessments of the extent to which experiences within a particular college have contributed to the attainment of desired personal ends (e.g., occupational training and personal growth). A departure from much of the existing research on college impact is that close attention is paid to the concomitant influences of parental socialization that are present throughout the student's college days. Specific aspects of parental socialization processes are considered, notably those reflected in modes of parent-child relationships and family life-style that contribute to adult development. An important aim of the research is to investigate the extent to which college effects on students' occupational orientations and preferences are mediated by parent-child relationships maintained, in many instances, through continued contacts with parents during the student's college years.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 477-490 
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    Notes: Abstract The purpose of the national faculty stress research project was to examine stress experienced by faculty in institutions of higher education. The study sample of 80 institutions was drawn from the population of all U. S. doctoral-granting institutions in the United States. One thousand twenty faculty were selected and stratified by academic rank and Biglan's academic discipline model. The response rate was 75.28 percent. In general, faculty reported 60 percent of the total stress in their lives came from work. The majority of the top 10 stressors related directly to time and/or resource constraints. When faculty stressors were compared across disciplinary groupings, more similarity than difference existed. Also, faculty reported similar degrees of stress associated with the teaching, research, and service functions, with teaching as the most stressful activity.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 45-116 
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    Notes: Abstract A systematic analysis of extant studies reveals, on average, a very weak inverse association between the size of class enrollment in a college course and students' overall evaluation of the course and its teacher, as well as between class size and evaluations of specific instructional dimensions pertaining to the instructor's skill in presenting material and communicating information. Larger inverse associations are typically found between class size and evaluations of specific instructional dimensions pertaining to the instructor's interactions and interrelationships with students. This pattern of findings is consistent with the accumulating evidence that the instructional dimensions of the first set have greater importance for students in forming their global opinions of teachers and courses than do those of the second set. The further finding in some studies of a negative curvilinear (roughly U-shaped) relationship between class size and evaluations is noted and discussed. Implications for the validity of teacher evaluations are considered and the related question of whether class size “biases” these evaluations is explored.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 117-120 
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 211-233 
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    Notes: Abstract The implementation of a Decision Support System (DSS) is, all too often, a technical success but an organizational failure. EDUCOM's Financial planning Model (EFPM) is a DSS used by many colleges and universities. This paper examines the perceived success of EFPM and the relationship between success and organizational services — the integrator functions — that support EFPM's use. The study finds that the integrator functions are significantly related to success. In addition, institutions that use EFPM have developed the integrator functions on their campuses, while institutions that no longer use EFPM did not do so. The paper suggests several theoretical and practical implications of the research.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 253-253 
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 235-252 
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    Notes: Abstract This study assesses the relationship between the freshman-year experience and the importance students attach to the educational goals of gaining a liberal education, developing career knowledge and skills, enhancing personal knowledge, and improving interpersonal skills. After controlling for students' precollege traits and the importance attached to the above goals prior to entering college, reliable relationships were identified between (1) gaining a liberal education and student-faculty contacts to discuss intellectual and course-related matters and to socialize informally, and students' perceived progress in academic and intellectual development; (2) developing career knowledge and skills and student-faculty contacts to get advice for potential careers; and (3) improving interpersonal skills and peer interactions.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 269-280 
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    Notes: Abstract The present study tested the power of equity measures to predict students' commitment to college. Different patterns of results were observed across three academic disciplines (physics, economics, and political science), which are characterized by different levels of environmental uncertainty. Equity was found to be a more relevant predictor of students' behavior and attitudes in fields with a high level of paradigm development. In political science, the major predictor of students' commitment was the comparison of one's group with another. The dominant independent variable in economics was the comparison within the membership group, while in physics the main predictor was the internal standard. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 281-293 
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    Notes: Abstract The present study used meta-analytic methodology to synthesize research on the relationship between college grades and adult achievement. The data for the meta-analysis came from 108 studies correlating grade average in college to various criteria of adult achievement or success. The average correlation between grade average and a composite success criterion was .18, a small effect. Correlations between grade average and eight other criteria of adult achievement were also small, ranging from .09 to .20. Correlational effects were larger in military settings and for studies conducted prior to 1950. The results of this meta-analysis may be somewhat discouraging to those who place a great deal of importance on the predictive value of grades.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 499-502 
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 150-158 
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    Notes: Abstract A meta-analysis of studies examining the criterion validity of student course evaluation data was completed. Results indicated that the overall size of effect was not only highly significant, but also very meaningful when analyzed in relation to enhancing the likelihood of making more accurate tenure decisions.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 123-136 
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    Notes: Abstract Based on prior research conducted at residential colleges and universities, nonclassroom informal faculty-student contact appears to be an element of student socialization. This study extends this line of research to a commuter student population. The extent to which informal contact socializes students by influencing their educational aspiration level in a commuter setting is investigated using a longitudinal data collection with the student as unit of analysis. Ordinary least squares and two-stage least squares techniques are used to analyze the data. Significant interactions between informal faculty-student contact and race were found. White and nonwhite students were sbusequently analyzed separately. The ordinary least squares (OLS) multiple regression results suggest that informal contact makes a slight but significant contribution to the explanation of freshmen aspirations for whites, but not for nonwhites. The two-stage least squares (2SLS) analysis suggests that the assumption that contact influences aspiration may not be valid and, indeed, that aspiration level may cause students to seek to initiate informal contact with faculty.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 159-177 
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    Notes: Abstract Using a framework for analyzing manuscripts that appear in the higher education journal literature, this paper examines eight core journals' publishing patterns for the period 1975 to 1981. In addition to examining publishing patterns by year and journal, the paper also presents the institutional affiliations and roles of papers' senior authors. The data, which comprise the operational editorial policies of higher education journals, can be used by authors, editors, and other field members to better understand the epistemological directions of journals in higher education.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 195-209 
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    Notes: Abstract Clinically based direct interventions with individual colleagues were used to demonstrate ways of surmounting four traditional constraints in faculty development research: First, the usual problem of engaging the least needy faculty was countered by enlisting colleagues who evidenced distress, in classroom and writing performances, as research subjects. Second, faculty who would have refused feedback based on student ratings were trained to be reliable self-evaluators on seven specific teaching skills. Third, participants demonstrated an ability to improve their teaching skills while making measureable progress as regimented and productive writers. Fourth, a crossover design of involvement in teaching and writing programs, combined with subjects' self-ratings of related scholarly activities, suggests that teaching and scholarly productivity can be mutually facilitative.
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    Notes: Abstract This study sought to determine whether students' perceptions of their personal growth are related to their college experiences after controlling for their precollege characteristics, whether the amount of reported development varies over the first three years of college, and whether the influences on students' perceived personal development vary from one year to another. Results indicate that students' self-reported personal development is unattributable to their precollege traits and is remarkably constant from the freshman through junior years. Differences between men and women in reported growth are, however, evident. The sources of influence on reported growth vary over the three years; the only common influence is informal contact with faculty.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 226-235 
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    Notes: Abstract It is proposed that a more comprehensive view of the community college would emerge if a sociology of knowledge perspective toward analyses of that institution were adopted. Robert K. Merton's discussion of “insiders” and “outsiders” is applied to the often conflicting images of the role of the community college found in analyses of those affiliated with that institution (insiders) and those who view it from the vantage of the university (outsiders). It is suggested that a synthesis of insider and outsider perspectives is possible.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 210-225 
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    Notes: Abstract Recent research has noted differences in the predictive efficacy of educational attainment models produced for whites as opposed to blacks; and called for more resolution in the findings on blacks in advance of further comparative analyses. The National Study of Black College Students (NSBCS) is employed to develop a model that distinguishes between high- and low-performing black undergraduates attending public, four-year institutions. In the NSBCS sample (N=695), discriminant function analysis identifies several institutional and student characteristics which are related to black students' educational outcomes. Specifically, students with both high occupational aspirations and high academic performances tend to be male, attend comparatively larger schools, and, to a lesser degree, be relatively well-adjusted upperclassmen. When academic performance is the sole issue, it is positively correlated with institutional quality, but the advantage belongs to black females. Contrary to the suggestions of previous research, black community sentiment did not have relationships with educational outcomes to the extent expected. These results suggest that future models of black educational attainment marry traditional Wisconsin-type measures with institutional and student attributes.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 236-239 
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 243-259 
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    Notes: Abstract Path analysis is used to examine the process of persistence in higher education among a sample of 403 low-income black youth attending a variety of institutions throughout the United States. The model explores the role of college experiences — academic and social integration and academic achievement. Although social integration was misspecified, the model expiains 32% of persistence variance when academic integration is specified prior to academic achievement. The direct effect of college grades is strongest, accounting for half of the explained variance. Academic integration is actually more important than previously believed, exerting an indirect influence through grades. Since college experiences are more important than background characteristics, persistence among low-income minority youth could be improved by program interventions.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 261-279 
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    Notes: Abstract This study examined the statistical and institutional influences on the prediction of first-year college grades, using data from College Board validity studies and the College Handbook. The criterion was the size of the multiple correlation between academic predictors and first-year college grades. The independent variables were the statistical data of the validity study and college characteristics. In general, the extent of the variation of the academic ability of the students was positively related to the size of the multiple correlation, and the heterogeneity of the programs and experience of college negatively related. Further analyses investigated the characteristics that were associated with the greater or lesser efficiency of the predictors (SAT Verbal and Mathematical and high school grades.)
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 281-299 
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    Notes: Abstract Theoretical constructs derived from the work of Turner (1960) and Hopper (1971) are discussed to clarify how community colleges may contribute to the social reproduction—the perpetuation and legitimation—of inequalities in wealth, power, and status. Data collected on two selective-entry community-college-allied-health-career programs are presented to illustrate the utility of examining the structural effects and ideological bases of educational programs in terms of contest and sponsored modes of social reproduction. Findings indicate that ethnic group inequalities are reinforced in both programs, but in different ways. In one program, nonwhites are discriminated against at the admission stage; but when they are admitted, white and nonwhite students receive equivalent “sponsorship” toward completing the degree. In the other program, nonwhites are not only less likely to be admitted, but among those admitted, nonwhites are more likely to drop out or be eased out before completing the “contest.” The ideologies of implementation and legitimation drawn upon by key gate-keepers to explain each program appear to correspond to the systems of social reproduction evidenced in the respective program's structural effects.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 301-316 
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    Notes: Abstract This research investigates stress among accounting educators and examines relationships between stress levels and work satisfaction levels, personality traits, and stress-coping techniques. Self-administered questionnaires were used, and 164 accounting faculty members from 41 states responded. Results of regression analyses indicated that higher stress levels can be predicted, with a relatively strong multipleR value, by a combination of variables. Of the variables investigated, overall work satisfaction was the variable most closely related to higher stress levels. The most important personality characteristics of higher stress individuals were impatience, assertiveness, workaholism, and idealism. Stress-coping techniques associated with higher stress levels were recreational time off, cultivation and maintenance of friendships among colleagues, and physical exercise. These same independent variables had minimal predictive ability for the stress level of the lower stress group of faculty.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 353-356 
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 329-352 
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    Notes: Abstract Some view the academic hierarchy as an essential meritocratic structure that rewards students who have greater natural abilities. Others suggest that this structure reflects specific status divisions. Using nationally representative data, this study considers the relative and independent influence of students' undergraduate achievement, social class, sex, and race on rank of graduate school they attend. Analysis of covariance techniques indicate that undergraduate achievement is the strongest predictor of rank of graduate institution attended, in all six sub-areas examined. All of the status variables also have independent effects. In several sub-areas the graduate academic hierarchy does not universally reward social class, sex, and race groups for equal levels of achievement. Other sex and race groups, with equal achievement levels, attend similarly ranked graduate institutions.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 317-328 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on the collection and analysis of survey data directed toward eliciting those characteristics of the institution, applicant, and applicant's family which affect the matriculation decision. Survey data were collected from freshman students accepted for 1981 and 1982. Discriminant analysis of both a parsimonious and an inclusive set of questions items was conducted, demonstrating that a small subset of the items could predict matriculation with an overall accuracy of 70% correct. Also, there was marked consistency in the effective set of predictor variables over the two year period. Using factor analysis it was shown that all of the predictor variables could be grouped into four composite variables reflecting institutional characteristics, admissions office activities, family attributes, and the cooperative education plan. Finally, we suggest ways in which the results may influence recruiting activities so that limited resources may yield more matriculants.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 359-371 
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    Notes: Abstract The paper provides quantitative estimates of the degree of substitutability between men and women faculty in higher education and examines the extent to which price (salary) differentials have played a role in altering the sex distribution in academe. Our results suggest uniformly low own-price elasticities with cross elasticities which differ by academic rank and sex. Further analysis is made of whether institutions of higher education have increased the proportion of females at the upper ranks due to salary factors. Our conclusion is that nonsalary factors appear to have been responsible for the changing sex distribution in academe.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 373-395 
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    Notes: Abstract Some of the social functions of testing were examined by studying the characteristics and educational outcomes of students with different test scores and from families with different incomes. Using College Board file information, the educational plans and other relevant characteristics of students with different combinations of family income and test scores were compared. A follow-up of applicants who had completed high school in 1981 determined their educational status. These data were related to the applicants' test scores and family incomes to estimate the relative influence of each of their educational outcomes.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 397-414 
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    Notes: Abstract In recent years some western European countries have adopted restrictive rationing/pricing policies to regulate the accelerated inflow of foreign students. There is no such policy in the U.S. If the current trends continue the population of foreign students in the U.S. may reach one million or so by 1990. In view of their large and rapidly expanding number, it is of some interest to study the economics of their education. An attempt is made here to estimate the economic costs and economic benefits to the U.S. of educating foreign students. It should be emphasized at the outset that the conceptual and data problems have made it impossible to estimate some economic costs and benefits, thereby constraining the comprehensiveness of the overall estimates.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 415-423 
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    Notes: Abstract Qualitative data often need analysis using log-linear models, as pointed out by Liu and Sanders. In this article, references to the state-of-the-art literature and software packages for analyzing such data are presented. We also illustrate the two types of log-linear models and present procedures for investigating both types.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 425-437 
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    Notes: Abstract The use of statistics and ratios of institutional performance has become integral to the study of organizations in higher education. Unfortunately, analyses have been limited becausehegis data and other comprehensive statistical bases have been compiled only for recent years. This study advances the notion of cliometrics—historical statistics — as a strategy for joining the study of the past and present condition of colleges and universities. To illustrate the applications of cliometrics, case studies of enrollment, retention, and attrition for the period 1880 to 1910 at Amherst, Harvard, Transylvania, Kentucky, and The College of William and Mary were summarized. The residual finding is that careful analysis of each institution's retention profiles prompts researchers to rethink the conventional wisdom about going to college as a cohesive, four-year experience a century ago.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 439-460 
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    Notes: Abstract A logit model is developed to predict the retention of graduate students. The use of the BMDP4F procedure to develop a logit model for graduation student retention is outlined, and the model is applied to data from a major university. In this study, predicted retention rates for master's students were independent of age and sex, but were a function of race/visa status, registration status, and the interactions between academic division and registration status and between academic division and race/visa status. Predicted rates for doctoral students were independent of age and race/visa status, but were a function of registration status, academic division, and the interactions between academic division and registration status and between academic division and sex.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 461-477 
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    Notes: Abstract A nonrecursive theoretical model was developed through a review of the literature to assess the degree of reciprocity between faculty contact and academic performance. Data was gathered from 1,096 freshmen and sophomores at a single research university. Contrary to expectations, GPA and faculty contact did not strongly affect one another. GPA was most strongly affected by high school performance and academic integration, and faculty contact was most influenced by advisor contact, talking in class, and memberships in campus organizations. The findings suggest that men and women and freshmen and sophomores were affected by faculty contact in different ways.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 17-21 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is the presentation of a simplified example of a technique, conceived by Yates and later developed by Goodman and Haberman, for the determination of appropriate log-models in the measurement of qualitative data in higher education.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 23-33 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The expected decline in the number of high school graduates in the United States through the rest of this decade will almost certainly lead to closure of some higher education institutions. An important part of the analysis of the expected effects of institutional closure is estimation of redistribution of students attending the closed school. This paper shows how coefficient estimates from models of enrollment demand can be used to predict the alternative attendance choices of students enrolled at the closed school. The results indicate that predictions differ depending on the estimation method used and that the predictions using some methods are sensitive to subjective assumptions.
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  • 71
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    Notes: Abstract Based on human capital theory, the demand for higher education is investigated within a statewide system. A multiple regression approach is applied to data that measure the following by geographic municipality (i.e., county or city): the ratio of high school graduates enrolled in a given institution to that institution's entering freshman enrollment (dependent variable); eligible population, academic ability, educational attainment, income level, wage rate, unemployment rate, cost of attendance, and local environment (independent variables). Using the SAS GLM procedure, various breakdowns of the demand function by institutional grouping are presented. Squared multiple correlations for the various models range from .3 to .5.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 55-76 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the factors influencing theyield — the proportion of accepted applicants that confirm their intention to attend — in the admissions process for the MBA program of the school of management at a large metropolitan university. A stochastic model of a student's MBA program choice decision is presented. Using the resulting logistic probability model, the authors examine the impact of student traits (both aptitude-related and non-aptitude-related) and program characteristics, known to admissions officials, on the probability of confirmation. The results of the analysis provide a basis for measuring the dimensions of the market for educational services this MBA program provides, suggest a strategic response to this market, and offer a way to measure the profitability of various strategic response options. In particular, the results demonstrate that financial aid awards can increase dramatically the probability of confirmation and that confirmation probabilities are affected significantly by non-aptitude-related student characteristics.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 77-88 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Multiple regression analysis is used to establish a scale, measuring involvement in campus activities, work experience, technical background, references, and goals. This scale is then tested to see whether it improves the prediction of success in school. For graduate business students, previous studies have shown a coefficient of determination .14 when both GMAT score and grade point average are used. Introduction of the scale raises the coefficient to .19 for the 1976–1977 graduate class. Appropriate predictive cross-validation techniques indicate that the regression is validated on data from the 1980–1981 academic year. Using standard statistical computer software, any school can choose variables, experimentally build a scale, and test its predictive value. This type of scale helps to integrate much of the miscellaneous information collected on the standard college and graduate school application.
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  • 74
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    Notes: Abstract Dorfman et al. (1982) compared the professional activities of retired professors from liberal arts colleges, a comprehensive university, and a major research university. This companion piece based on the same survey compares the professors' reactions to retirement. Results show that a majority of faculty from all types of institutions plan for retirement, are positive about retirement, and give suggestions for institutional retirement policy. The retired professors recommend the following: (1) help in planning, (2) more information about retirement, (3) support for continued work, (4) gradual retirement. Major differences among institutions are the following: (1) comprehensive university faculty plan for retirement more than do faculty from the other institutions, (2) faculty from both universities begin financial planning at a younger age than do faculty from the liberal arts colleges, (3) research university faculty miss work and like having time to spend on professional activities more than do faculty from the other institutions.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 103-115 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Faculty and administrators responded to 32 activity statements related to “scholarship” on a frequency basis and on the characteristicness of the role. Approximately 1,000 faculty members in 24 colleges and universities and 55 administrators from 5 of the schools participated. Factor analysis revealed 6 dimensions of scholarship — professional activity, research (publishing), teaching, service, artistic endeavor, and “engagement with the novel,” the last being a new conception, one valued highly by both faculty and administrators in all types of colleges and universities. Significant differences appeared with respect to faculty and administrative views on the importance of research in regional universities.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 117-127 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This research examines the relationships of student aid with degree attainment using a sample of aid recipients, nonrecipients who applied for aid but were not eligible, and a representative group of controls selected from the 1970–1971 entering freshman class at Washington State University. When the other independent variables are statistically controlled, student aid is found to have a very small positive association with degree attainment. The denial of aid to those who were not eligible decreases their likelihood of graduation. A grant, loan, and work study package is found to be the most effective for enhancing degree attainment. The loan-grant package is also positively related to degree attainment, but the grant-loan package is detrimental to the completion of a college degree.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 131-153 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract As one aspect of a study of individual and organizational conditions contributing to faculty vitality, career socialization experiences and current career attitudes of three faculty generations were compared for two groups of tenured university faculty members. The first group was a representative sample drawn from the fields of the humanities, biological sciences, physical sciences, and social sciences. The second was a selected sample of faculty from the same areas who had been identified by judges as highly active in teaching, research, and service. The analyses focus on differences in the professional socialization experiences and career attitudes of the two groups that appear to be indicative of career success. Within these groups the generational trends are also examined.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 155-166 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A study of 10 universities in two states was completed to determine the impact of a change from the quarter to the semester calendar on enrollment patterns and instructional outcomes. A decrease in average student credit hour load and an increase in the percentage of students withdrawing from courses were observed after institutions changed to the semester calendar system.
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  • 79
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    Notes: Abstract The analysis of salary equity-parity in institutions of higher education typically involves the use of multiple regression analysis to determine predicted salary and the residual differences between predicted and actual salary. Multiple regression analysis forces the variable weights throughout the salary structure to be uniform, permits only one criterion or dependent variable to be examined at a time, restricts the coordinates to those provided by the variables as measured, and as customarily used, treats qualitative or discrete variables as if they were continuous, assuming ordinality of the numbers used. Two multivariate alternatives to regression analysis are presented, canonical analysis and multiple discriminant analysis, both of which define new coordinate systems for evaluation of dimensions underlying salary decisions.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 181-192 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the political processes involved in an academic program evaluation. Specifically, the paper focuses on how evaluative information is politically linked to programmatic decisions within the context of various organizational and evaluative utilization models. Data gathered from a program evaluation conducted at a small (N=2,500 students), public, liberal arts university in the Southeast are used in examining the explanatory power of the various theories and models.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 193-210 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract In order to explore possible impacts of changing information technology on the role of the decision support intermediary, that is, the institutional research analyst, three institutional research foundations, measurement, human information processing, and decision support technology are examined. The results of surveys of institutional research directors at Canadian and United States universities indicate high levels of information technology implementation including perceptible use of decision support systems on at least one-third of the campuses. The paper concludes that the role of the intermediary is probably not threatened by existing information technology but that the intermediary should expand traditional activities to include aid for management's user-driven computing for decision support.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 367-374 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A review of the literature is presented with particular reference to design flaws in previous studies of the effect of stated purpose of evaluation upon student ratings of instruction. Special attention in this study is paid to insuring the salience of the manipulated purpose-of-evaluation variable through using different oral instructions given to college students concerning the purposes of course evaluation. Students (N=516) within each of 18 classes were divided randomly into “faculty use” and “administrative use” conditions. Data were analyzed using global course and global instructor items as dependent variables on a standard short-form rating instrument. No statistically significant effect of the independent variable on either dependent variable was found. Recommendations regarding the design of this type of investigation are discussed as well as the implications of misconceptions about student ratings held by many college faculty.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 385-398 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the effects of feminization of the new doctorate ranks on the unemployment rate of new Ph.D.'s. Data on percentage female and percentage unemployed by field are used to test several hypotheses. The first, that feminization has not had a negative effect on the male/female unemployment rate differential, is rejected. The second, that the female Ph.D. unemployment rate is not related to the overall U.S. rate, the third, that unemployment among female Ph.D.'s is not related to the U.S. women's rate, and the fourth, that the differential in male/female unemployment is unrelated to the U.S. rate, are all accepted. Our results suggest the need for additional research. They also imply that, despite increased opportunities, new female Ph.D.'s face higher unemployment rates than their male counterparts.
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  • 84
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    Notes: Abstract This analysis is concerned with the horizontal and vertical consensus of definitions of work appropriate to accomplish the goals of university administrators and faculty, as well as the congruency of ideal (intent) and actual (action/behavior) work of faculty. Data-gathering techniques include the following: historical analysis of the university; interviews with the provost, 5 college deans, and 32 chairpersons; and a survey of 503 faculty (69% return rate). Faculty work perceived to achieve departmental goals lacked horizontal consensus, especially among chairpersons in the same college and among faculty in the same department. Vertical consensus was weak, especially between chairpersons and their faculty, and in most colleges between deans and chairpersons. Greatest incongruencies were between faculty intentions and reported actions. There was declining support for administrative goals as one moved down the hierarchical structure within the university. Perspectives were explored that account for the lack of goal consensus and the incongruency between intentions and reported actions.
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    Research in higher education 20 (1984), S. 491-498 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to determine whether the more favorable learning conditions provided by mastery learning procedures result in higher levels of achievement and more internal attributions on the part of college students. One hundred twenty-two undergraduate students enrolled in a general education course at a large state university participated in the study. Results showed that although students in mastery-taught sections did attain significantly higher levels of achievement no differences in attribution change were identified. Possible reasons for the lack of attribution change are discussed.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 17-31 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The focus of this study is on student perceptions in a Saudi Arabian university. Data are presented that indicate that the university studied has major functional limitations. Most students have little academic orientation; college education is viewed as a means to rapid prosperity. They also lack adequate scholastic preparation and hold negative perceptions of faculty and administration, generally viewing the former as corrupt and the latter as insensitive to their needs. Reference is made to cultural constraints on college education and to the unprofessional treatment of expatriate faculty by the university administration.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 3-15 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper uses an econometric model to explain differences in the percentage of blacks enrolled at the leading public university/universities in each state. It is shown that universities with higher black enrollment percentages are in higher academic classifications and are located in areas in which blacks make up a higher percentage of the population, in states in which blacks make up a higher percentage of the current high school graduates, and in states with no historically black colleges. The regression equation is used to generate an expected black enrollment percentage at each public university. Actual black enrollment percentages are then compared with expected enrollment percentages. These comparisons have significant implications for schools that want to increase their black enrollment percentage.
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    Research in higher education 21 (1984), S. 33-43 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Of a faculty of 685 at a doctoral-granting university, 400 completed a questionnaire (the Writing Habits Survey) indicating the patterns and conditions under which they write for publication, the techniques they employ to facilitate their writing, and the factors that inhibit their writing. Overall, faculty seemed to devote substantial efforts to writing, they reported using rather unsystematic methods of writing, and they cited a lack of time as the chief constraint on their writing. The most productive writers seemed to work at writing in a regular (as opposed to sporadic) fashion, to have little anxiety about writing, and to minimize negative attitudes about the editorial process.
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    Higher education 13 (1984), S. 67-83 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This essay examines the prospects and problems confronting Asean higher education in the next decade and a half. It makes a plea for a holistic view of higher education and the need to plan on a system-wide basis. Some key issues in higher education such as access problems, diversification and innovation, student and faculty-related issues are illustrated with data from Asean. The article concludes with a discussion on regional initiatives in higher education and the possible changes that may take place.
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    Higher education 13 (1984), S. 1-22 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A considerable amount of information is available concerning the adjustment problems that students from developed countries experience when they transfer from school to university. Comparatively little is known about the problems of African students, despite the existence of a number of factors which might be expected to produce large numbers of problems and relatively severe problems. Having adopted certain criteria regarding the “acceptability” or otherwise of adjustment problems, a preliminary survey was conducted at the University of Zambia in order to see whether adjustment problems existed and to give some insight into the type of problem experienced. The survey indicated the presence of a large number and wide variety of problems and a questionnaire was subsequently developed in order to test the potency, generality and persistency of the student's difficulties. The results obtained with a representative sample of 242 first-year and 60 fourth-year students showed that there are problems which are sufficiently potent, general and/or persistent to be a cause for concern to the university authorities.
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    Higher education 13 (1984), S. 49-66 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This study is part of an ongoing project investigating the first stage of the process of student transition to university. The aim of this study was to determine whether information about student approaches to making their course choices could have been used to identify those who subsequently changed or withdrew from their courses. Retrospective studies of discontinuing students have frequently identified factors based on such information as being associated with withdrawal, however there have been few attempts to use such factors in predictive studies. Multivariate analysis indicated that combinations of the information obtained could discriminate between students who persisted and those who withdrew from their studies. As the proportions of variance accounted for by these combinations were small, it was concluded that the information had value in describing types of conditions under which students were likely to be at risk, rather than in making predictions about individual students. The methodology should be of interest to other researchers as it demonstrates ways in which multivariate strategies may be applied to survey data, in this instance to identify stereotypes of students likely to behave in particular ways with regard to their enrolment.
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    Higher education 13 (1984), S. 23-48 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This article addresses problems facing universities because of external pressures for changes in their teaching, research, and governance and management policies and practices to align them with public policies. The view is put that governments are introducing public policies in times of economic recession to achieve rationalisation of human, physical and financial resources in higher education and to foster initiatives that shape university teaching and research to serve the needs of society and assist in national economic recovery. Examples of these external pressures, which have resulted in intrusions into the autonomy of university governance and management, are provided in the context of general system theory. It is assumed that the pressure of public policies on universities will continue and that each university should have a development plan for its present and future teaching and research activities, which has the endorsement of the government higher education advisory agency so that university management can function on a secure basis. The effectiveness and efficiency of functioning at the various levels of the university system should be assessed by periodic evaluative reviews. The quality of management by academic leaders should be fostered by the establishment of national centres for the study of higher education management and policy. The relationship between government higher education advisory agencies and universities should be renegotiated so that, as interdependent and interrelated parts of the higher education system, they work in joint co-operation to ensure the most effective and appropriate development of each institution. Nevertheless, a state of equilibrium between the university system and the supra (social) system within which it exists will never fully be achieved. The fundamental role and functions of a university require that it be concerned with teaching and researching both ageless and current phenomena. Hence, a perfect equilibrium state cannot exist if external social pressures are for the main weight of university activities to be shifted to providing service for the current needs of society.
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    Higher education 13 (1984), S. 113-114 
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    Higher education 13 (1984), S. 99-112 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This article describes an experiment conducted at the University of Haifa, School of Education aimed at illustrating the cross-cultural usefulness of Educational Anthropology's theoretical core which, it is suggested, functions as a warning device that readily detects vulnerable spots in any given educational system. By highlighting a variety of personal, organizational, social and cultural conditions that either contribute to or hinder the assimilation of new learning this article demonstrates how students reorganize their cognitive maps as a result of such learning.
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    Higher education 13 (1984), S. 117-120 
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    Higher education 13 (1984), S. 115-116 
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    Higher education 13 (1984), S. 85-97 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Student note-taking is an almost universal activity among university students, yet few naturalistic studies have examined relationships between note-taking practices and subsequent examination performance. Complete sets of notes on an introductory psychology course, involving 75 lectures presented by ten instructors, were obtained from nineteen male and nineteen female students. Notes on ten selected lectures (one per instructor) were analysed, and information derived about class attendance and the quantity, organization, and presentation of the notes. Variables based on this information were then correlated with performance on two three-hour final examination papers (one multiple-choice, one essay). High correlations were found between the quantity of notes and examination performance. Surprisingly, these correlations increased in subsamples consisting of those students who attended class most diligently. The correlations involving the multiple-choice examination tended to be higher than those involving the essay examination, most probably because of wider sampling of lecture content and a more factual orientation in the multiple-choice examination. The results appear to conflict with the advice given in student study guides, many of which suggest that students should be very selective and concise in their note-taking.
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  • 98
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    Notes: Abstract The Leverhulme programme of study into the future of higher education is an impressive analytical effort carried through with expediency and allowing for wide participation. However, the programme is not only an ambitious exercise in policy analysis and unorthodox planning. It also involves processes of bargaining and policy advocacy. But the demands of these different roles have not been openly examined. Thus the programme has unnecessarily rendered itself open to criticism. In particular, many of the recommendations echo a consistent plea for new institutional arrangements for central co-ordination and top-down management and control. These recommendations, however, have received little or no underpinning and are actually at odds with some of the most qualified studies of the Leverhulme programme itself. Furthermore, the programme has tended to neglect two of the most urgent tasks of policy analysis, namely to outline a range of available options - rather than to produce a broad consensus view - and to clearly spell out major value tradeoffs involved - rather than to assure that there are no significant drawbacks attached to the options being advocated.
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    Higher education 13 (1984), S. 139-169 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract This article draws attention to two basic features of British higher education which may influence the workability of certain Leverhulme proposals. These are vertical integration and professionalism. It is suggested that a consideration of these is crucial given the nature of the Leverhulme strategy. Many of the Leverhulme proposals are grounded in assumptions about the behaviour of institutions and actors in British higher education. An examination of vertical integration and professionalism in the system indicates that such assumptions may be unfounded. The discussion focuses both on how the proposals themselves are shaped by the professionalism of British higher education, and on how the feasibility of the proposals may be affected by the system's vertical integration and professionalism. Both the basic proposals of Leverhulme as a whole as well as of the monographs on access, teachers and learning, and institutional change are examined. In concluding it is noted that the treatment of vertical integration and professionalism provide policy makers and reformers with important levers of control to grasp in the future.
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    Higher education 13 (1984), S. 193-223 
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    Topics: Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Faced with economic constraints, the governments of Western industrial countries are subjecting higher education to sharper scrutiny, and are looking for new guides to difficult policy choices. In many countries, the expectations of higher education held by specific groups have come to carry greater weight in policy-making as a proxy for analysis of national needs. This article draws on evidence from Austria, Japan, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States and West Germany to review the changing expectations of the major groups affected by higher education - the increasingly influential employers of graduates, the consumers of research, young people and their families, “new” groups such as women and adult students, and others; compares these expectations with broader political interpretations of the needs of the community - for equality, investment and other functions; and describes the responses of government and of institutions of higher education.
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