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Digitale Medien

NMR Spectroscopic Studies of Paramagnetic Proteins: Iron-Sulfur Proteins (1995)

Cheng, H ; Markley, J L

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 209-237

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.001233

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2

Digitale Medien

Applications of Parallel Computing to Biological Problems (1995)

Ostrovsky, B ; Smith, M A ; Bar-Yam, Y

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 239-267

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.001323

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3

Digitale Medien

The Cystine-Knot Growth-Factor Superfamily (1995)

Sun, P D ; Davies, D R

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 269-292

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.001413

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4

Digitale Medien

Structure and Function of DNA Methyltransferases (1995)

Cheng, X

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 293-318

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.001453

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5

Digitale Medien

Nucleic Acid Hybridization: Triplex Stability and Energetics (1995)

Plum, G E ; Pilch, D S ; Singleton, S F ; [weitere]

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 319-350

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.001535

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6

Digitale Medien

Membrane-Structure Studies Using X-Ray Standing Waves (1995)

Caffrey, M ; Wang, J

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 351-377

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.002031

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7

Digitale Medien

Exceptionally Stable Nucleic Acid Hairpins (1995)

Varani, G

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 379-404

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.002115

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8

Digitale Medien

Fluorescent Protein Biosensors: Measurement of Molecular Dynamics in Living Cells (1995)

Giuliano, K A ; Post, P L ; Hahn, K M ; [weitere]

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 405-434

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.002201

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9

Digitale Medien

Site-Directed Mutagenesis with an Expanded Genetic Code (1995)

Mendel, D ; Cornish, V W ; Schultz, P G

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 435-462

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.002251

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10

Digitale Medien

Complexes of the Minor Groove of DNA (1995)

Geierstanger, B H ; Wemmer, D E

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 463-493

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.002335

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11

Digitale Medien

Compact Intermediate States in Protein Folding (1995)

Fink, A L

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 495-522

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.002431

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12

Digitale Medien

Molecular and Structural Basis of Target Recognition by Calmodulin (1995)

Crivici, A ; Ikura, M

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 85-116

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.000505

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13

Digitale Medien

Gating-Spring Models of Mechanoelectrical Transduction by Hair Cells of the Internal Ear (1995)

Markin, V S ; Hudspeth, A J

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 59-83

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.000423

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14

Digitale Medien

Mass Spectrometry of Nucleic Acids: The Promise of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization (MALDI) Mass Spectrometry (1995)

Fitzgerald, M C ; Smith, L M

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 117-140

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.001001

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15

Digitale Medien

Thermodynamics of Partly Folded Intermediates in Proteins (1995)

Freire, E

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 141-165

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.001041

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16

Digitale Medien

Site-Specific Dynamics in DNA: Theory (1995)

Robinson, B H ; Drobny, G P

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 523-549

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.002515

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17

Digitale Medien

WHATEVER HAPPENED TO THE FUN? An Autobiographical Investigation (1997)

Richards, Frederic M.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 1-25

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.1

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18

Digitale Medien

STRUCTURAL AND MECHANISTIC DETERMINANTS OF AFFINITY AND SPECIFICITY OF LIGANDS DISCOVERED OR ENGINEERED BY PHAGE DISPLAY (1997)

Katz, Bradley A.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 27-45

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract The scope and utility of phage display is reviewed with emphasis on medical applications and structure-based ligand and drug design, from literature mostly after 1994. General principles by which phage-displayed peptides achieve affinity and selectivity for targets are described, along with selected structural or mechanistic studies of the binding of peptides or proteins discovered or engineered by phage display. Such engineered proteins whose wild-type or mutant crystal or 2D-NMR structures yield insight about the basis for enhanced affinity or altered specificity include antibodies, zinc fingers, human growth hormone, protein A, and atrial natriuretic peptide. Structures of complexes of de novo phage-discovered peptide ligands with targets such as the Src SH3 domain, streptavidin, and erythropoietin receptor reveal the structural basis for receptor-peptide recognition in these systems.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.27

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19

Digitale Medien

HISTONE STRUCTURE AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NUCLEOSOME (1997)

Ramakrishnan, V.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 83-112

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Chromatin structure is now believed to be dynamic and intimately related with cellular processes such as transcription. Over the past few years, high-resolution structures for the histones have become available. These structures and their implications for nucleosome organization are reviewed here.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.83

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20

Digitale Medien

HIERARCHY AND DYNAMICS OF RNA FOLDING (1997)

Brion, Philippe ; Westhof, Eric

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 113-137

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract The evidence showing that the self-assembly of complex RNAs occurs in discrete transitions, each relating to the folding of sub-systems of increasing size and complexity starting from a state with most of the secondary structure, is reviewed. The reciprocal influence of the concentration of magnesium ions and nucleotide mutations on tertiary structure is analyzed. Several observations demonstrate that detrimental mutations can be rescued by high magnesium concentrations, while stabilizing mutations lead to a lesser dependence on magnesium ion concentration. Recent data point to the central controlling and monitoring roles of RNA-binding proteins that can bind to the different folding stages, either before full establishment of the secondary structure or at the molten globule state before the cooperative transition to the final three-dimensional structure.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.113

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21

Digitale Medien

FLEXIBILITY OF RNA (1997)

Hagerman, Paul J.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 139-156

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract One of the fundamental properties of the RNA helix is its intrinsic resistance to bend- or twist-deformations. Results of a variety of physical measurements point to a persistence length of 700-800 A for double-stranded RNA in the presence of magnesium cations, approximately 1.5-2.0-fold larger than the corresponding value for DNA. Although helix flexibility represents an important, quantifiable measure of the forces of interaction within the helix, it must also be considered in describing conformational variation of nonhelix elements (e.g. internal loops, branches), since the latter always reflect the properties of the flanking helices; that is, such elements are never completely rigid. For one important element of tertiary structure, namely, the core of yeast tRNAPhe, the above consideration has led to the conclusion that the core is not substantially more flexible than an equivalent length of pure helix.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.139

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22

Digitale Medien

STRUCTURAL PERSPECTIVES OF PHOSPHOLAMBAN, A HELICAL TRANSMEMBRANE PENTAMER (1997)

Arkin, Isaiah T. ; Adams, Paul D. ; Brunger, Axel T. ; [weitere]

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 157-179

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Phospholamban is a 52-amino-acid protein that assembles into a pentamer in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. The protein has a role in the regulation of the resident calcium ATPase through an inhibitory association that can be reversed by phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of phospholamban is initiated by beta-adrenergic stimulation, identifying phospholamban as an important component in the stimulation of cardiac activity by beta-agonists. It is this role of phospholamban that has motivated studies in recent decades. There is evidence that phospholamban may also function as a Ca2+-selective ion channel. The structural properties of phospholamban have been studied by mutagenesis, modeling, and spectroscopy, resulting in a new view of the organization of this key molecule in membranes.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.157

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23

Digitale Medien

BIOMOLECULAR DYNAMICS AT LONG TIMESTEPS:Bridging the Timescale Gap Between Simulation and Experimentation (1997)

Schlick, Tamar ; Barth, Eric ; Mandziuk, Margaret

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 181-222

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Innovative algorithms have been developed during the past decade for simulating Newtonian physics for macromolecules. A major goal is alleviation of the severe requirement that the integration timestep be small enough to resolve the fastest components of the motion and thus guarantee numerical stability. This timestep problem is challenging if strictly faster methods with the same all-atom resolution at small timesteps are sought. Mathematical techniques that have worked well in other multiple-timescale contexts-where the fast motions are rapidly decaying or largely decoupled from others-have not been as successful for biomolecules, where vibrational coupling is strong. This review examines general issues that limit the timestep and describes available methods (constrained, reduced-variable, implicit, symplecttic, multiple-timestep, and normal-mode-based schemes). A section compares results of selected integrators for a model dipeptide, assessing physical and numerical performance. Included is our dual timestep method LN, which relies on an approximate linearization of the equations of motion every Deltat interval (5 fs or less), the solution of which is obtained by explicit integration at the inner timestep Deltatau (e.g., 0.5 fs). LN is computationally competitive, providing 4-5 speedup factors, and results are in good agreement, in comparison to 0.5 fs trajectories. These collective algorithmic efforts help fill the gap between the time range that can be simulated and the timespans of major biological interest (milliseconds and longer). Still, only a hierarchy of models and methods, along with experimentational improvements, will ultimately give theoretical modeling the status of partner with experiment.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.181

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24

Digitale Medien

MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF PHOTOSIGNALING BY ARCHAEAL SENSORY RHODOPSINS (1997)

Hoff, Wouter D. ; Jung, Kwang-Hwan ; Spudich, John L.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 223-258

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Two sensory rhodopsins (SRI and SRII) mediate color-sensitive phototaxis responses in halobacteria. These seven-helix receptor proteins, structurally and functionally similar to animal visual pigments, couple retinal photoisomerization to receptor activation and are complexed with membrane-embedded transducer proteins (HtrI and HtrII) that modulate a cytoplasmic phosphorylation cascade controlling the flagellar motor. The Htr proteins resemble the chemotaxis transducers from Escherichia coli. The SR-Htr signaling complexes allow studies of the biophysical chemistry of signal generation and relay, from the photobiophysics of initial excitation of the receptors to the final output at the level of the flagellar motor switch, revealing fundamental principles of sensory transduction and more broadly the nature of dynamic interactions between membrane proteins. We review here recent advances that have led to new insights into the molecular mechanism of signaling by these membrane complexes.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.223

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25

Digitale Medien

MODULAR PEPTIDE RECOGNITION DOMAINS IN EUKARYOTIC SIGNALING (1997)

Kuriyan, John ; Cowburn, David

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 259-288

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract A characteristic feature of cellular signal transduction pathways in eukaryotes is the separation of catalysis from target recognition. Several modular domains that recognize short peptide sequences and target signaling proteins to these sequences have been identified. The structural bases of the specificities of recognition by SH2, SH3, and PTB domains have been elucidated by X-ray crystallography and NMR, and these results are reviewed here. In addition, the mechanism of cooperative interactions between these domains is discussed.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.259

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26

Digitale Medien

LESSONS FROM ZINC-BINDING PEPTIDES (1997)

Berg, Jeremy M. ; Godwin, Hilary Arnold

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 357-371

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Zinc-finger domains are small metal-binding modules that are found in a wide range of gene regulatory proteins. Peptides corresponding to these domains have provided valuable model systems for examining a number of biophysical parameters entirely unrelated to their nucleic acid binding properties. These include the chemical basis for metal-ion affinity and selectivity, thermodynamic properties related to hydrophobic packing and beta-sheet propensities, and constraints on the generation of ligand-binding and potential catalytic sites. These studies have laid the foundation for applications such as the generation of optically detected zinc probes and the design of metal-binding peptides and proteins with desired spectroscopic and chemical properties.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.357

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27

Digitale Medien

NANOSECOND TIME-RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY OF BIOMOLECULAR PROCESSES (1997)

Chen, Eefei ; Goldbeck, Robert A. ; Kliger, David S.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 327-355

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Over the past two decades, nanosecond absorption and vibrational spectroscopies have developed into powerful tools for monitoring the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structural relaxations of biological macromolecules under near-physiological conditions of solvent and temperature. Observed through such methods, the dynamic response of a biomolecule to photoinitiated excursions from equilibrium can reveal valuable information about the structure-function relationship, information beyond that obtained from the static structures provided by X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and other steady-state methods. Most recently, the development of ultra-sensitive polarization techniques for absorption spectroscopy has greatly enhanced the amount of time-resolved structural information that can be obtained from the broadened electronic spectra of biomolecules. This review examines nanosecond absorption, vibrational, and polarized absorption methods, and their applications to protein function and folding, emphasizing the complementary nature of information obtained from electronic and vibrational spectra measured on the nanosecond time scale.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.327

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28

Digitale Medien

EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR-DNA COMPLEXES (1997)

Patikoglou, G. ; Burley, S. K.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 289-325

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Eukaryotes have three distinct RNA polymerases that catalyze transcription of nuclear genes. RNA polymerase II is responsible for transcribing nuclear genes encoding the messenger RNAs and several small nuclear RNAs. Like RNA polymerases I and III, polymerase II cannot recognize its target promoter directly and initiate transcription without accessory factors. Instead, this large multisubunit enzyme relies on general transcription factors and transcriptional activators and coactivators to regulate transcription from class II promoters. X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have been used to study complexes of general transcription factors and transcriptional activators with their specific DNA targets. This work has provided important structural insights into transcription initiation by polymerase II and the more general problem of DNA sequence recognition.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.289

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CALCIUM IN CLOSE QUARTERS:Microdomain Feedback in Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Other Cell Biological Phenomena (1997)

Rios, Eduardo ; Stern, Michael D.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 47-82

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Researchers have made good progress in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of excitation-contraction (EC) coupling in striated muscle. Despite this progress, paradoxes abound. In skeletal muscle, the existence of a mechanical coupling between membrane charge movement and activation of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) release channels is essentially established, but the contribution of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) to the transient and steady-state components of Ca2+ release remains controversial. In cardiac muscle, the role of CICR as the primary mechanism of EC coupling is well established, but the stability and tight coupling between membrane Ca2+ current and release are paradoxical. Answers may lie in microdomain issues, and in the examination of discrete elementary release events, although quantitative treatments are needed. This review explores the theoretical and experimental methods used and the observations made in the study of microdomain Ca2+.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.47

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SINGLE-PARTICLE TRACKING:Applications to Membrane Dynamics (1997)

Saxton, Michael J. ; Jacobson, Ken

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 373-399

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Measurements of trajectories of individual proteins or lipids in the plasma membrane of cells show a variety of types of motion. Brownian motion is observed, but many of the particles undergo non-Brownian motion, including directed motion, confined motion, and anomalous diffusion. The variety of motion leads to significant effects on the kinetics of reactions among membrane-bound species and requires a revision of existing views of membrane structure and dynamics.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.373

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ADVANCED EPR SPECTROSCOPY ON ELECTRON TRANSFER PROCESSES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND BIOMIMETIC MODEL SYSTEMS (1997)

Levanon, H. ; Mobius, K.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 495-540

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract This review focuses on the recent advances in EPR spectroscopy as they are applied both to photoinduced electron transfer in the photosynthetic apparatus and to biomimetic systems. The review deals with time-resolved direct-detection cw and pulsed EPR and ENDOR methods, both at conventional bands [X-(9.5 GHz), K-(24 GHz), and Q-(35 GHz)] and at high frequency bands (W-band, 95 GHz, and even highter frequency bands). EPR studies on photosynthetic and model systems in their doublet, triplet and radical pair states are surveyed, including their static and dynamic properties. Applications of time-resolved EPR in studying photoinduced electron and energy transfer in isotropic and anisotropic environments, and the concepts of electron spin polarization and magnetic field effects in photochemical reactions are also reviewed.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.495

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USE OF SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE TO PROBE THE EQUILIBRIUM AND DYNAMIC ASPECTS OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES1 (1997)

Schuck, Peter

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 541-566

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Surface plasmon resonance biosensors have become increasingly popular for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of the specific binding of a mobile reactant to a binding partner immobilized on the sensor surface. This article reviews the use of this new technique to measure the binding affinities and the kinetic constants of reversible interactions between biological macromolecules. Immobilization techniques, the most commonly employed experimental strategies, and various analytical approaches are summarized. In recent years, several sources of potential artifacts have been identified: immobilization of the binding partner, steric hindrance of binding to adjacent binding sites at the sensor surface, and finite rate of mass transport of the mobile reactant to the sensor surface. Described here is the influence of these artifacts on the measured binding kinetics and equilibria, together with suggested control experiments.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.541

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PROTEIN FOLDS IN THE ALL-beta AND ALL-alpha CLASSES (1997)

Chothia, Cyrus ; Hubbard, Tim ; Brenner, Steven ; [weitere]

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 597-627

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Analysis of the structures in the Protein Databank, released in June 1996, shows that the number of different protein folds, i.e. the number of different arrangements of major secondary structures and/or chain topologies, is 327. Of these folds, approximately 25% belong to the all-alpha class, 20% belong to the all-beta class, 30% belong to the alpha/beta class, and 25% belong to the alpha + beta class. We describe the types of folds now known for the all-beta and all-alpha classes, emphasizing those that have been discovered recently. Detailed theories for the physical determinants of the structures of most of these folds now exist, and these are reviewed.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.597

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The Biology of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (1995)

Morrison, S J ; Uchida, N ; Weissman, I L

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 35-71

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.000343

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Digitale Medien

Biological Atomic Force Microscopy: From Microns to Nanometers and Beyond (1995)

Shao, Z ; Yang, J ; Somlyo, A P

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 241-265

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.001325

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Digitale Medien

Control of Actin Assembly at Filament Ends (1995)

Schafer, D A ; Cooper, J A

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 497-518

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.002433

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Digitale Medien

Unconventional Myosins (1995)

Mooseker, M S ; Cheney, R E

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 633-675

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.003221

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Digitale Medien

GENETICS OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION IN YEAST: Connections to the RNA Polymerase II CTD (1997)

Carlson, Marian

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 1-23

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract Transcriptional regulation is important in all eukaryotic organisms for cell growth, development, and responses to environmental change. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, or bakers' yeast, has provided a powerful system for genetic analysis of transcriptional regulation, and findings from the study of this model system have proven broadly applicable to higher organisms. Transcriptional regulation requires the interactions of regulatory proteins with various components of the transcription machinery. Recently, genetic analysis of a diverse set of transcriptional regulatory responses has converged with studies of the function of the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) to reveal regulatory roles for proteins associated with the CTD. These proteins, designated Srb/mediator proteins, are broadly involved in both positive and negative regulatory responses in vivo. This review focuses on the connections between genetic analysis of transcriptional regulation and the functions of the Srb/mediator proteins associated with the RNA polymerase II CTD.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.1

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Digitale Medien

LEFT-RIGHT ASYMMETRY IN ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT (1997)

B. Wood, William

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 53-82

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract Most animal species exhibit left-right asymmetry in their body plans and show a strong bias for one handedness over the other. The mechanism of handedness choice, recognized as an intriguing problem over a century ago, is still a mystery. However, from recent advances in understanding when and how asymmetry arises in both invertebrates and vertebrates, developmental pathways for establishment and maintenance of left-right differences are beginning to take shape, and speculations can be made on the initial choice mechanism.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.53

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Digitale Medien

MICROTUBULE POLYMERIZATION DYNAMICS (1997)

Desai, Arshad ; Mitchison, Timothy J.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 83-117

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract The polymerization dynamics of microtubules are central to their biological functions. Polymerization dynamics allow microtubules to adopt spatial arrangements that can change rapidly in response to cellular needs and, in some cases, to perform mechanical work. Microtubules utilize the energy of GTP hydrolysis to fuel a unique polymerization mechanism termed dynamic instability. In this review, we first describe progress toward understanding the mechanism of dynamic instability of pure tubulin and then discuss the function and regulation of microtubule dynamic instability in living cells.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.83

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Digitale Medien

MITOCHONDRIAL PREPROTEIN TRANSLOCASE (1997)

Pfanner, Nikolaus ; Craig, Elizabeth A. ; Honlinger, Angelika

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 25-51

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract Mitochondria import most of their proteins from the cytosol. Dynamic protein complexes in the mitochondrial outer and inner membranes are responsible for the specific recognition and membrane translocation of preproteins. The preprotein translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane contains several import receptors and a general import pore. The preprotein translocase of the inner membrane consists of a channel interacting with preproteins in transit and an import motor that includes the matrix heat shock protein Hsp70. Acidic patches of import components are thought to guide the import of positively charged signal sequences (acid chain hypothesis). Energy input is derived from the inner membrane potential and ATP. Proteins in the mitochondrial matrix are required for proteolytic processing and folding of imported proteins. The dynamic nature of the membrane translocase permits sorting of preproteins at distinct stages of the import pathway.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.25

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MOLECULAR AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF CADHERIN-BASED ADHERENS JUNCTIONS (1997)

Yap, Alpha S. ; Brieher, William M. ; Gumbiner, Barry M.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 119-146

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract Adherens junctions are specialized forms of cadherin-based adhesive contacts important for tissue organization in developing and adult organisms. Cadherins form protein complexes with cytoplasmic proteins (catenins) that convert the specific, homophilic-binding capacity of the extracellular domain into stable cell adhesion. The extracellular domains of cadherins form parallel dimers that possess intrinsic homophilic-binding activity. Cytoplasmic interactions can influence the function of the ectodomain by a number of potential mechanisms, including redistribution of binding sites into clusters, providing cytoskeletal anchorage, and mediating physiological regulation of cadherin function. Adherens junctions are likely to serve specific, specialized functions beyond the basic adhesive process. These functions include coupling cytoskeletal force generation to strongly adherent sites on the cell surface and the regulation of intracellular signaling events.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.119

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GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIN CYTOSKELETON IN THE DROSOPHILA OVARY (1997)

Robinson, Douglas N. ; Cooley, Lynn

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 147-170

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract The Drosophila ovary provides a favorable model system in which to study cellular morphogenesis. The development of a mature egg involves a syncytium of 16 germline cells and over 1000 somatically derived follicle cells. Intercellular transport, stable intercellular bridges, cell migrations, cell shape changes, and specific subcellular localization of many embryonic patterning determinants contribute to egg development and require a dynamic cytoskeleton. We discuss many of the recent genetic and cell biological studies that have led to insights into how the actin cytoskeleton is assembled and regulated during the morphogenesis of the Drosophila egg.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.147

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THE LIN-12/Notch SIGNALING PATHWAY AND ITS REGULATION (1997)

Kimble, Judith ; Simpson, Pat

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 333-361

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract Notch, LIN-12, and GLP-1 are receptors that mediate a broad range of cell interactions during Drosophila and nematode development. Signaling by these receptors relies on a conserved pathway with three core components: DSL ligand, LNG receptor, and a CSL effector that links the receptor to its transcriptional response. Although key functional regions have been identified in each class of proteins, the mechanism for signal transduction is not yet understood. Diverse regulatory mechanisms influence signaling by the LIN-12/Notch pathway. Inductive signaling relies on the synthesis of ligand and receptor in distinct but neighboring cells. By contrast, lateral signaling leads to the transformation of equivalent cells that express both ligand and receptor into nonequivalent cells that express either ligand or receptor. This transformation appears to rely on regulatory feedback loops within the LIN-12/Notch pathway. In addition, the pathway can be regulated by intrinsic factors that are asymmetrically segregated during cell division or by extrinsic cues via other signaling pathways. Specificity in the pathway does not appear to reside in the particular ligand or receptor used for a given cell-cell interaction. The existence of multiple ligands and receptors may have evolved from the stringent demands placed upon the regulation of genes encoding them.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.333

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IMPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC-RESOLUTION STRUCTURES FOR CELL ADHESION (1997)

Leahy, Daniel J.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 363-393

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract Molecules involved in cell adhesion processes are often both structurally and functionally modular, with subdomains that are members of large protein families. Recently, high-resolution structures have been determined for representative members of many of these families including fragments of integrins, cadherins, fibronectin-like domains, and immunoglobulin-like domains. These structures have enhanced our understanding of cell adhesion processes at several levels. In almost all cases, ligand-binding sites have been visualized and provide insight into how these molecules mediate biologically important interactions. Metal-binding sites have been identified and characterized, allowing assessment of the role of bound ions in cell adhesion processes. Many of these structures serve as templates for modeling homologous domains in other proteins or, when the structure of a fragment consisting of more than one domain is determined, the structure of multidomain arrays of homologous domains. Knowledge of atomic structure also allows rational design of drugs that either mimic or target specific binding sites. In many cases, high-resolution structures have revealed unexpected relationships that pose questions about the evolutionary origin of specific domains. This review briefly describes several recently determined structures of cell adhesion molecules, summarizes some of the main results of each structure, and highlights common features of different systems.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.363

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BACTERIAL CELL DIVISION (1997)

Bramhill, David

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 395-424

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract Bacteria usually divide by building a central septum across the middle of the cell. This review focuses on recent results indicating that the tubulin-like FtsZ protein plays a central role in cytokinesis as a major component of a contractile cytoskeleton. Assembly of this cytoskeletal element abutting the membrane is a key point for regulation. The characterization of FtsZ homologues in Mycoplasmas, Archaea, and chloroplasts implies that the constriction mechanism is conserved and that FtsZ can constrict in the absence of peptidoglycan synthesis. In most Eubacteria, the internal cytoskeleton must also regulate synthesis of septal peptidoglycan. The Escherichia coli septum-specific penicillin-binding protein 3 (PBP3) forms a complex with other enzymes involved in murein metabolism, suggesting a centrally located transmembrane complex capable of splicing multiple new strands of peptidoglycan into the cell wall. Important questions remain about the spatial and temporal control of bacterial division.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.395

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NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES OF THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY: Role in Axon Growth and Guidance (1997)

Walsh, Frank S. ; Doherty, Patrick

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 425-456

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract NCAM, L1, and DCC-immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecules (Ig CAMs)-are widely expressed during development. Many workers have dismissed a role for such molecules in the control of axonal growth and guidance because they do not show highly restricted expression patterns. Yet evidence from a number of model systems suggests all three CAMs play a role in the development of specific projections in the nervous system. For example, there is a reduction in mossy fiber tracts in the hippocampus of mice that lack NCAM, a requirement for DCC in the response of commissural neurons to a floor plate-derived chemoattractant, and a loss of corticospinal tracts in humans who carry mutations in the L1 gene. The above paradox might be explained by the observation that differential post-translational processing can modulate CAMs function and that alternative splicing can generate functionally distinct isoforms of a CAM. Activation of the FGF tyrosine kinase receptor is required for the responses stimulated by NCAM and L1, and the importance of regulated tyrosine phosphorylation for growth and guidance is underscored by the involvement of receptor tyrosine phosphatases in this process.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.425

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CELLULAR FUNCTIONS REGULATED BY SRC FAMILY KINASES (1997)

Thomas, Sheila M. ; Brugge, Joan S.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 513-609

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract Src family protein tyrosine kinases are activated following engagement of many different classes of cellular receptors and participate in signaling pathways that control a diverse spectrum of receptor-induced biological activities. While several of these kinases have evolved to play distinct roles in specific receptor pathways, there is considerable redundancy in the functions of these kinases, both with respect to the receptor pathways that activate these kinases and the downstream effectors that mediate their biological activities. This chapter reviews the evidence implicating Src family kinases in specific receptor pathways and describes the mechanisms leading to their activation, the targets that interact with these kinases, and the biological events that they regulate.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.513

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THE TWO-COMPONENT SIGNALING PATHWAY OF BACTERIAL CHEMOTAXIS: A Molecular View of Signal Transduction by Receptors, Kinases, and Adaptation Enzymes (1997)

Falke, Joseph J. ; Bass, Randal B. ; Butler, Scott L. ; [weitere]

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 457-512

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract The chemosensory pathway of bacterial chemotaxis has become a paradigm for the two-component superfamily of receptor-regulated phosphorylation pathways. This simple pathway illustrates many of the fundamental principles and unanswered questions in the field of signaling biology. A molecular description of pathway function has progressed rapidly because it is accessible to diverse structural, biochemical, and genetic approaches. As a result, structures are emerging for most of the pathway elements, biochemical studies are elucidating the mechanisms of key signaling events, and genetic methods are revealing the intermolecular interactions that transmit information between components. Recent advances include (a) the first molecular picture of a conformational transmembrane signal in a cell surface receptor, (b) four new structures of kinase domains and adaptation enzymes, and (c) significant new insights into the mechanisms of receptor-mediated kinase regulation, receptor adaptation, and the phospho-activation of signaling proteins. Overall, the chemosensory pathway and the propulsion system it regulates provide an ideal system in which to probe molecular principles underlying complex cellular signaling and behavior.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.457

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FORMATION AND FUNCTION OF SPEMANN'S ORGANIZER (1997)

Harland, Richard ; Gerhart, John

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 611-667

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract The organizer is formed in an equatorial sector of the blastula stage amphibian embryo by cells that have responded to two maternal agents: a general meso-endoderm inducer (involving the TFG-beta signaling pathway) and a dorsal modifier (probably involving the Wnt signaling pathway). The meso-endoderm inducer is secreted by most vegetal cells, those containing maternal materials that had been localized in the vegetal hemisphere of the oocyte during oogenesis. As a consequence of the inducer's distribution and action, the competence domains of prospective ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established in an animal-to-vegetal order in the blastula. The dorsal modifier signal is secreted by a sector of cells of the animal and vegetal hemispheres on one side of the blastula. These cells contain maternal materials transported there in the first cell cycle from the vegetal pole of the egg along microtubules aligned by cortical rotation. The Nieuwkoop center is the region of blastula cells secreting both maternal signals, and hence specifying the organizer in an equatorial sector. Final steps of organizer formation at the late blastula or early gastrula stage may involve locally secreted zygotic signals as well. At the gastrula stage, the organizer secretes a variety of zygotic proteins that act as antagonists to various members of the BMP and Wnt families of ligands, which are secreted by cells of the competence domains surrounding the organizer. BMPs and Wnts favor ventral development, and cells near the organizer are protected from these agents by the organizer's inducers. The nearby cells are derepressed in their inherent capacity for dorsal development, which is apparent in the neural induction of the ectoderm, dorsalization of the mesoderm, and anteriorization of the endoderm. The organizer also engages in extensive specialized morphogenesis, which brings it within range of responsive cell groups. It also self-differentiates to a variety of axial tissues of the body.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.611

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Genetic Polymorphisms in Human Blood (1977)

Giblett, E R

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 11 (1977), S. 13-28

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.11.120177.000305

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L.C. Dunn and His Contribution to T-Locus Genetics (1977)

Bennett, D

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 11 (1977), S. 1-14

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.11.120177.000245

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Genetics of Cellular Differentiation: Stable Nuclear Differentiation in Eucaryotic Unicells (1977)

Sonneborn, T M

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 11 (1977), S. 349-367

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.11.120177.002025

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Recent Developments in the Prenatal Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases and Birth Defects (1983)

Epstein, C J ; Cox, D R ; Schonberg, S A ; [weitere]

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 17 (1983), S. 49-83

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.17.120183.000405

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Digitale Medien

Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Maize (1983)

Laughnan, J R ; Gabay-Laughnan, S

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 17 (1983), S. 27-48

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.17.120183.000331

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Digitale Medien

Expression and Organization of Histone Genes (1983)

Maxson, R ; Cohn, R ; Kedes, L ; [weitere]

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 17 (1983), S. 239-277

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.17.120183.001323

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Mutational Specificity in Bacteria (1983)

Miller, J H

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 17 (1983), S. 215-238

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.17.120183.001243

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58

Digitale Medien

Genetic Defects in Glycoprotein Metabolism (1983)

Warner, T G ; O'Brien, J S

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 17 (1983), S. 395-441

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.17.120183.002143

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59

Digitale Medien

Sex Determination and Dosage Compensation in Drosophila Melanogaster (1983)

Baker, B S ; Belote, J M

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 17 (1983), S. 345-393

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.17.120183.002021

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Trisomy in Man (1984)

Hassold, T J ; Jacobs, P A

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 18 (1984), S. 69-97

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.18.120184.000441

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61

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The Immunogenetics of the Mouse Major Histocompatibility Gene Complex (1984)

Hansen, T H ; Spinella, D G ; Lee, D R ; [weitere]

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 18 (1984), S. 99-129

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.18.120184.000531

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62

Digitale Medien

The Mutation and Polymorphism of the Human beta-Globin Gene and its Surrounding DNA (1984)

Orkin, S H ; Kazazian, H H

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 18 (1984), S. 131-171

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.18.120184.001023

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63

Digitale Medien

Positive Control of Transcription Initiation in Bacteria (1984)

Raibaud, O ; Schwartz, M

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 18 (1984), S. 173-230

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.18.120184.001133

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The Genetic Regulation and Coordination of Biosynthetic Pathways in Yeast: Amino Acid and Phospholipid Synthesis (1984)

Henry, S A ; Klig, L S ; Loewy, B S

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 18 (1984), S. 207-207

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.18.120184.001231

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Digitale Medien

Glycosylation Mutants of Animal Cells (1984)

Stanley, P

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 18 (1984), S. 525-552

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.18.120184.002521

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66

Digitale Medien

GENE TARGETING AND THE BIOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MEMORY (1997)

Silva, Alcino J. ; Smith, Alan M. ; Giese, Karl Peter

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 31 (1997), S. 527-546

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract The general goal of genetic studies of learning and memory is to develop and test theories that explain the animal's behavior in neuroanatomical, neurophysiological, cellular, and molecular terms. In this review we describe the role that gene targeting and other transgenic techniques have had in the study of mammalian learning and memory. We focus especially on the hippocampus, a brain structure that is thought to be central to the processing and temporary storage of complex information. We also discuss the main issues that confront this young field, as well as our vision for its future.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.31.1.527

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67

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GENETICS OF ERYTHROPOIESIS:Induced Mutations in Mice and Zebrafish (1997)

Orkin, Stuart H. ; Zon, Leonard I.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 31 (1997), S. 33-60

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract Production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) in the vertebrate embryo is critical to its survival and subsequent development. As red cells are the first blood cells to appear in embryogenesis, their origin reflects commitment of mesoderm to an hematopoietic fate and provides an avenue by which to examine the development of the hematopoietic system, including the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). We discuss the genetics of erythropoiesis as studied in two systems: the mouse and zebrafish (Danio rerio). In the mouse, targeted disruption has established several genes as essential at different stages of hematopoiesis or erythroid precursor cell maturation. In the zebrafish, numerous mutants displaying a wide range of phenotypes have been isolated, although the affected genes are unknown. In comparing mouse knockout and zebrafish mutant phenotypes, we propose a pathway for erythropoiesis that emphasizes the apparent similarity of the mutants and the complementary nature of investigation in the two species. We speculate that further genetic studies in mouse and zebrafish will identify the majority of essential genes and define a regulatory network for hematopoiesis in vertebrates.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.31.1.33

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GENETIC ANALYSIS OF CHLOROPHYLL BIOSYNTHESIS (1997)

Suzuki, Jon Y. ; Bollivar, David W. ; Bauer, Carl E.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 31 (1997), S. 61-89

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract During this decade, there have been major advancements in the understanding of genetic loci involved in synthesis of the family of Mg-tetrapyrroles known as chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. Molecular genetic analysis of Mg-tetrapyrrole biosynthesis was initiated by the performance of detailed sequence and mutational analysis of the photosynthesis gene cluster from Rhodobacter capsulatus. These studies provided the first detailed understanding of genes involved in bacteriochlorophyll a biosynthesis. In the short time since these studies were initiated, most of the chlorophyll biosynthesis genes have been identified by virtue of their ability to complement bacteriochlorophyll a biosynthesis mutants as well as by sequence homology comparisons. This review is centered on a discussion of our current understanding of bacterial, algal, and plant genes that code for enzymes in the Mg-branch of the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway that are responsible for synthesis of chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.31.1.61

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69

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GENE AMPLIFICATION AND GENOMIC PLASTICITY IN PROKARYOTES (1997)

Romero, David ; Palacios, Rafael

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 31 (1997), S. 91-111

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Notizen: Abstract Gene amplification is a common feature of the genome of prokaryotic organisms. In this review, we analyze different instances of gene amplification in a variety of prokaryotes, including their mechanisms of generation and biological role. Growing evidence supports the concept that gene amplification be considered not as a mutation but rather as a dynamic genomic state related to the adaptation of bacterial populations to changing environmental conditions or biological interactions. In this context, the potentially amplifiable DNA regions impose a defined dynamic structure on the genome. If such structure has indeed been selected during evolution, it is a particularly challenging hypothesis.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.31.1.91

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70

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My life in and Beyond the Laboratory (1995)

Katchalski-Katzir, E

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 1-31

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.000245

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71

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Design of Molecular Function: Channels of Communication (1995)

Montal, M

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 31-57

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.000335

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72

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Structure-Function of the Channel-Forming Colicins (1995)

Cramer, W A ; Heymann, J B ; Schendel, S L ; [weitere]

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 611-641

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.003143

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73

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Lectin Structure (1995)

Rini, J M

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 551-577

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.003003

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74

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DNA Analogues with Nonphosphodiester Backbones (1995)

Nielsen, P E

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 167-183

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.001123

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75

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Structure and Mechanism of DNA Topoisomerases (1995)

Wigley, D B

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 185-208

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.001153

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76

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Capillary Electrophoresis of Proteins and Nucleic Acids (1995)

Karger, B L ; Chu, Y H ; Foret, F

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 579-610

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.003051

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77

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Actin-Binding Protein Complexes at Atomic Resolution (1995)

McLaughlin, P J ; Weeds, A G

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 643-675

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.003235

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78

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Flexible Docking and Design (1995)

Rosenfeld, R ; Vajda, S ; DeLisi, C

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 24 (1995), S. 677-700

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.24.060195.003333

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79

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BACTERIOPHAGE DISPLAY AND DISCOVERY OF PEPTIDE LEADS FOR DRUG DEVELOPMENT (1997)

Lowman, H. B.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 401-424

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Phage display makes large-peptide diversity libraries readily attainable for identifying novel peptide ligands for receptors and other protein or non-protein targets. This technology kindles enthusiasm for the idea that large and protein-protein interaction surfaces (epitopes) can be distilled down to small pharmacophores. These may be accessible to organic scaffolding, yielding new orally active drugs that might otherwise have taken greater time and effort to be discovered through chemical-library screening. This review, though not comprehensive with respect to the explosive volume of phage display work over the last few years, focuses on recent developments in phage-displayed peptide technology.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.401

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80

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SOLVATION: HOW TO OBTAIN MICROSCOPIC ENERGIES FROM PARTITIONING AND SOLVATION EXPERIMENTS (1997)

Chan, Hue Sun ; Dill, Ken A.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 425-459

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Oil-water partitioning, solubilities, and vapor pressure experiments on small-molecule compounds are often used as models to obtain energies for biomolecular modeling. For example, measured partition coefficients, K, are often inserted into the formula -RTlnK to obtain quantities thought to represent microscopic contact interaction free energies. We review evidence here that this procedure does not always give microscopically meaningful free energies. Some partitioning processes, particularly involving polymeric solvents such as octanol or hexadecane, are governed not only by translational entropies and contact interactions, but also by free energies resulting from changes in the conformations of the polymer chains upon solute insertion. The Flory-Huggins theory is more suitable for these situations than is the classical approach. We discuss the physical bases for both approaches.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.425

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81

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THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL BASIS OF ANTIBODY CATALYSIS (1997)

Wade, Herschel ; Scanlan, Thomas S.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 461-493

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Ten years have passed since the initial reports that antibodies could be programmed to have enzymatic activity by immunization with a transition-site analog. Much of the research over the last decade has focused on defining the scope and generality of antibody catalysis; however, during the past two years the first few crystal structures of catalytic antibody transition-state analogs have been reported. This review analyzes four such structures of catalytic antibodies that catalyze markedly different reactions, including ester hydrolysis, sulfide oxidation, and a pericyclic rearrangement. Structure-function relations for these catalysts are discussed and compared to the structure and function of natural enzymes, as well as the chemistry that occurs in solution.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.461

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82

Digitale Medien

OPTICAL DETECTION OF SINGLE MOLECULES (1997)

Nie, Shuming ; Zare, Richard N.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 567-596

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract Recent advances in ultrasensitive instrumentation have allowed for the detection, identification, and dynamic studies of single molecules in the condensed phase. This measurement capability provides a new set of tools for scientists to address important current problems and to explore new frontiers in many scientific disciplines, such as chemistry, molecular biology, molecular medicine, and nanostructured materials. This review focuses on the methodologies and biological applications of single-molecule detection based on laser-induced fluorescence.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.567

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83

Digitale Medien

SITE-SPECIFIC DYNAMICS IN DNA:Experiments (1997)

Robinson, Bruce H. ; Mailer, Colin ; Drobny, Gary

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 26 (1997), S. 629-658

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ISSN: 1056-8700

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Physik

Notizen: Abstract This chapter reviews the dynamics information obtained from experimental magnetic resonance studies of site-specifically labeled duplex DNA. A previous review (43) discusses the dynamics of duplex DNA; it develops a theory that shows how magnetic resonance experiments are used to detect those dynamics. The methods for obtaining information about dynamics as well as a summary of what is now known about the site-specific dynamics of DNA are presented. This review contains two methods sections which present results using electron paramagnetic resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance active probes.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.26.1.629

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84

Digitale Medien

Drosophila Gastrulation: From Pattern Formation to Morphogenesis (1995)

Leptin, M

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 189-212

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.001201

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85

Digitale Medien

Transcription Factors Responsive to camp (1995)

Sassone-Corsi, P

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 355-377

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.002035

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86

Digitale Medien

The Molecular Architecture of Focal Adhesions (1995)

Jockusch, B M ; Bubeck, P ; Giehl, K ; [weitere]

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 379-416

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.002115

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87

Digitale Medien

The Nucleolus (1995)

Shaw, P J ; Jordan, E G

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 93-121

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.000521

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88

Digitale Medien

The Cell Biology of Infection by Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens (1995)

Theriot, J A

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 213-239

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.001241

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89

Digitale Medien

Protein Import into the Nucleus: An Integrated View (1995)

Hicks, G R ; Raikhel, N V

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 155-188

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.001103

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90

Digitale Medien

Heat Shock Transcription Factors: Structure and Regulation (1995)

Wu, C

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 441-469

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.002301

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91

Digitale Medien

Integrins: Emerging Paradigms of Signal Transduction (1995)

Schwartz, M A ; Schaller, M D ; Ginsberg, M H

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 11 (1995), S. 549-599

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.11.110195.003001

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92

Digitale Medien

LIGHT CONTROL OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT (1997)

Fankhauser, Christian ; Chory, Joanne

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 203-229

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract To grow and develop optimally, all organisms need to perceive and process information from both their biotic and abiotic surroundings. A particularly important environmental cue is light, to which organisms respond in many different ways. Because they are photosynthetic and non-motile, plants need to be especially plastic in response to their light environment. The diverse responses of plants to light require sophisticated sensing of its intensity, direction, duration, and wavelength. The action spectra of light responses provided assays to identify three photoreceptor systems absorbing in the red/far-red, blue/near-ultraviolet, and ultraviolet spectral ranges. Following absorption of light, photoreceptors interact with other signal transduction elements, which eventually leads to many molecular and morphological responses. While a complete signal transduction cascade is not known yet, molecular genetic studies using the model plant Arabidopsis have led to substantial progress in dissecting the signal transduction network. Important gains have been made in determining the function of the photoreceptors, the terminal response pathways, and the intervening signal transduction components.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.203

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93

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ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION AND LEPTIN EXPRESSION (1997)

Hwang, Cheng-Shine ; Loftus, Thomas M. ; Mandrup, Susanne ; [weitere]

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 13 (1997), S. 231-259

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ISSN: 1081-0706

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie , Medizin

Notizen: Abstract Adipose tissue has long been known to house the largest energy reserves in the animal body. Recent research indicates that in addition to this role, the adipocyte functions as a global regulator of energy metabolism. Adipose tissue is exquisitely sensitive to a variety of endocrine and paracrine signals, e.g. insulin, glucagon, glucocorticoids, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), that combine to control both the secretion of other regulatory factors and the recruitment and differentiation of new adipocytes. The process of adipocyte differentiation is controlled by a cascade of transcription factors, most notably those of the C/EBP and PPAR families, which combine to regulate each other and to control the expression of adipocyte-specific genes. One such gene, i.e. the obese gene, was recently identified and found to encode a hormone, referred to as leptin, that plays a major role in the regulation of energy intake and expenditure. The hormonal and transcriptional control of adipocyte differentiation is discussed, as is the role of leptin and other factors secreted by the adipocyte that participate in the regulation of adipose homeostasis.

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.231

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94

Digitale Medien

Genetic Recombination in Bacteria (1977)

Eisenstark, A

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 11 (1977), S. 369-396

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.11.120177.002101

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95

Digitale Medien

Immunogenetics of Cell Surface Antigens of Mouse Leukemia (1977)

Old, L J ; Stockert, E

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 11 (1977), S. 127-160

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.11.120177.001015

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96

Digitale Medien

Genetics of Structure and Function of Bacterial Flagella (1977)

Tino, T

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 11 (1977), S. 161-182

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.11.120177.001113

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97

Digitale Medien

Sister Chromatid Exchange (1977)

Wolff, S

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 11 (1977), S. 183-201

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.11.120177.001151

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98

Digitale Medien

The Genetic Structure of RNA Tumor Viruses (1977)

Vogt, P K ; Hu, S S F

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 11 (1977), S. 203-238

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.11.120177.001223

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99

Digitale Medien

Interactions Between Host and Viral Genomes in Mouse Leukemia (1977)

Steeves, R ; Lilly, F

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 11 (1977), S. 277-296

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.11.120177.001425

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100

Digitale Medien

Genetics of Bacterial Ribosomes (1977)

Nomura, M ; Morgan, E A ; Jaskunas, S R

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Genetics 11 (1977), S. 297-347

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ISSN: 0066-4197

Quelle: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Thema: Biologie

Materialart: Digitale Medien

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ge.11.120177.001501

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