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1

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Factors affecting sulfur incorporation into lake sediments: paleoecological implications (1990)

Mitchell, Myron J. ; Owen, Jeffrey S. ; Schindler, Steven C.

Springer

Journal of paleolimnology 4 (1990), S. 1-22

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ISSN: 1573-0417

Keywords: sulfate ; carbon ; nitrogen ; hydrogen ; organic matter ; enrichment factor ; lake sediments ; paleolimnology

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the use of S as a paleolimnological tracer of limnetic sulfate concentration. A positive relationship (p〈0.05) was found between limnetic sulfate and sediment S concentrations for the Great Lakes, English Lakes, and lakes from the Adirondack and Northern New England regions. There is a positive correlation (p〈0.05) between C and S concentration in sediment across all regions studied. The importance of C in affecting S content in sediment was also examined by a series of cores taken at different water depths in Big Moose Lake (Adirondacks). There was a strong relationship between C and S among cores with sediment from deeper water having higher C and S concentrations (r 2=0.99). Sulfur from the shallower cores had greater concentrations of chromium-reducible S (pyrite), while cores from deeper waters had a greater proportion of organic S fractions including C-bonded S and ester sulfates. For assessing historical changes in S accumulation in sediments, enrichment factors were calculated for the PIRLA lakes. Pre-1900 net sediment accumulation rates of S were very similar across all regions. Sulfur enrichment was greatest in Adirondack sediment which had total post-1900 S accumulation of 1.1 to 7.4 times pre-1900 S accumulation. Sediment from Northern New England (NNE) generally had lower S concentration than Adirondack sediments and S enrichment factors ranged from 1.2 to 2.1. Sediment from the Northern Great Lakes States region had similar S concentration and distribution with depth to NNE sediment. In two Northern Florida lakes, sediment showed little variation in S concentration with depth, but in two other lakes from the same region, there was higher S concentration in deeper layers. Lakes which had the greatest enrichment factors also exhibited the most marked changes in C:S ratios. Ratios of C:N showed little variation (10.6 to 26.1) among the PIRLA lakes. A first order model indicated slow decomposition within these organic rich sediments. Elemental concentrations and ratios of sediment from a variety of lakes and reservoirs were complied. Maximum and minimum elemental ratios for all the data were 28 to 8.1 for C:N, 0.81 to 0.11 for C:H, and 675 to 12.5 for C:S, respectively. For the C:S ratios in all regions except the Great Lakes, the maximum ratio was less than 231. Both the maximum and minimum amount of N and H concentration of organic matter is related to biotic processes. The minimum concentration of S is regulated not only by nutrient demands but also by non-assimilatory processes. Sulfur incorporation into sediments is a function of a complex of factors, but limnetic sulfate concentration and organic matter content play a major role in regulating the S content of sediment. Further quantification of S incorporation pathways will aid in the paleolimnological interpretation of sediment S profiles. Such information is also important in assessing how S sediment pools will respond to decreases in limnetic sulfate concentration which may occur with decreases in inputs from acidic deposition.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208295

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2

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Nitrogen loss from deserts in the southwestern United States (1990)

Peterjohn, William T. ; Schlesinger, William H.

Springer

Biogeochemistry 10 (1990), S. 67-79

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: deserts ; ecosystem ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; soils ; southwestern United States

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract A lower limit for nitrogen loss from desert ecosystems in the southwestern United States was estimated by comparing nitrogen inputs to the amount of nitrogen stored in desert soils and vegetation. Atmospheric input of nitrogen for the last 10 000 years was conservatively estimated to be 2.99 kg N/m2. The amount of nitrogen stored in desert soils was calculated to be 0.604 kg N/m3 using extant data from 212 profiles located in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah. The average amount of nitrogen stored in desert vegetation is approximately 0.036 kg N/m2. Desert conditions have existed in the southwestern United States throughout the last 10 000 years. Under such conditions, vertical leaching of nitrogen below a depth of 1 m is small (ca. 0.028 kg N/m2 over 10 000 years) and streamflow losses of nitrogen from the desert landscape are negligible. Thus, the discrepancy found between nitrogen input and storage represents the amount of nitrogen lost to the atmosphere during the last 10 000 years. Loss of nitrogen to the atmosphere was calculated to be 2.32 kg N/m2, which is 77% of the atmospheric inputs. Processes resulting in nitrogen loss to the atmosphere from desert ecosystems include wind erosion, ammonia volatilization, nitrification, and denitrification. Our analysis cannot assess the relative importance of these processes, but each is worthy of future research efforts.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000893

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3

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Landscape interactions among nitrogen mineralization, species composition, and long-term fire frequency (1990)

Clark, James S.

Springer

Biogeochemistry 11 (1990), S. 1-22

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: disturbance ; ecosystems ; forests ; indirect interactions ; landscape ecology ; Minnesota ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; path analysis

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Path analysis was used to determine the importance of long-term disturbance regime and the relative importances of correlations among vegetation patterns, disturbance history, and nitrogen (N) mineralization in old-growth forests of northwestern Minnesota. Leaf biomass (estimated by allometric equations), fire history (from fire scars on Pinus resinosa trees), and N mineralization rates (estimated from incubationsin situ) were determined from sample plots dominated by Betula papyrifera, Populus tremuloides, andP. grandidentata a mixture ofAcer saccharumandTilia americana, or Quercus borealis andOstrya virginiana. Results showed that topographic and soil-moisture controls on N mineralization, vegetation patterns, and disturbance are substantially stronger than is suggested by direct correlation. Indirect interactions among ecosystem variables played in important role. These interactions probably include the tendency for species that cycle large amounts of N to colonize more mesic sites that burned rarely in the past. Soil moisture was correlated both directly with N mineralization and indirectly, through its effects on vegetation pattern, and thus, litter quality. Although disturbance regime also depended on topography, the strengths of relationships between disturbance regime and other variables were relatively weak. These dependencies suggested that long-term fire regime is probably more a consequence than a cause for vegetation and fertility patterns. Topography, through its effects on soil moisture and microclimate, is an overriding influence on ecosystem properties, which in turn influence fire regime.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000849

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4

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The cumulative effect of wetlands on stream water quality and quantity. A landscape approach (1990)

Johnston, Carol A. ; Detenbeck, Naomi E. ; Niemi, Gerald J.

Springer

Biogeochemistry 10 (1990), S. 105-141

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: cumulative ; flow ; GIS ; landscape ; lead ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; suspended solids ; watershed ; wetlands

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract A method was developed to evaluate the cumulative effect of wetland mosaics in the landscape on stream water quality and quantity in the nine-county region surrounding Minneapolis—St. Paul, Minnesota. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to record and measure 33 watershed variables derived from historical aerial photos. These watershed variables were then reduced to eight principal components which explained 86% of the variance. Relationships between stream water quality variables and the three wetland-related principal components were explored through stepwise multiple regression analysis. The proximity of wetlands to the sampling station was related to principal component two, which was associated with decreased annual concentrations of inorganic suspended solids, fecal coliform, nitrates, specific conductivity, flow-weighted NH4 flow-weighted total P, and a decreased proportion of phosphorus in dissolved form(p 〈 0.05). Wetland extent was related to decreased specific conductivity, chloride, and lead concentrations. The wetland-related principal components were also associated with the seasonal export of organic matter, organic nitrogen, and orthophosphate. Relationships between water quality and wetlands components were different for time-weighted averages as compared to flow-weighted averages. This suggests that wetlands were more effective in removing suspended solids, total phosphorus, and ammonia during high flow periods but were more effective in removing nitrates during low flow periods.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002226

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5

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The role of ammonium and nitrate retention in the acidification of lakes and forested catchments (1990)

Dillon, P. J. ; Molot, L. A.

Springer

Biogeochemistry 11 (1990), S. 23-43

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: acid precipitation ; ammonium ; mass balance ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; retention

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract The relative contribution of HN03 to precipitation acidity in eastern Canada has increased in recent years leading to some concern that the relative importance of NO− 3 deposition in acidification of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems may increase. To gauge the extent of this impact, annual mass balances for N0− 3 and NH+ 4 were calculated for several forested catchments and lakes in Ontario. Retention of NH+ 4 (R NH4) by forested catchments was consistently high compared to retention of NO3 − (R NO3) which was highly variable. Retention of inorganic nitrogen was influenced by catchment grade and areal water discharge. In lakes, the reciprocals of retention of N0− 3 and NH+ 4 were linearly related to the ratio of lake mean depth to water residence time (z/τ; equal to areal water discharge), and retention did not appear to be a function of degree of acidification of the lakes. Net N consumption-based acidification of lakes, defined as the ratio of annual NH; mass to N0− 3 mass consumption, was negatively correlated with /τ and N consumption-related acidification was most likely to occur when − was 〈 1.5 m yr−1. If retention mechanisms are unaffected by changes in deposition, changes in deposition will still result in changes in surface water concentrations although the changes will be of similar proportions. Therefore, ‘NO− 3 saturation’ should not be defined by concentrations alone, but should be defined as decreasing long-term, average NO− 3 retention in streams and lakes in response to long-term increases in NO− 3 deposition. Analysis o f survey data will be facilitated by grouping lakes and catchments according to similar characteristics.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000850

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6

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Nitrate concentrations in snow from remote areas: implication for the global NO x flux (1990)

Berry Lyons, W. Lyons ; Mayewski, Paul A. ; Spencer, Mary Jo ; [et al.]

Springer

Biogeochemistry 9 (1990), S. 211-222

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: nitrogen ; snow ; flux

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Increased emissions of nitrogen compounds to the atmosphere by human activities have been well documented. However, in order to better quantify these anthropogenic emissions, better knowledge of natural emissions rates must be known. In addition, variation in natural emissions through time should be documented. In this note we present data collected and/or analyzed by us for NO3 − in recent snow from remote regions of the world. We also summarize existing data sets from other remote regions. This is done to establish a better understanding of NO3 − deposition rates in these regions as well as to add more information to our global understanding of NO3 − deposition.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000599

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7

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Atmospheric input of inorganic nitrogen to the Western Mediterranean (1990)

Loÿe-Pilot, M. D. ; Martin, J. M. ; Morelli, J.

Springer

Biogeochemistry 9 (1990), S. 117-134

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: nitrogen ; Mediterranean ; natural versus anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen ; atmospheric input ; riverine input ; marine ecosystems ; primary production

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract Bulk inorganic nitrogen deposition was monitored over a period of 3 years at the Bavella Pass (Corsica, France). Annual fluxes range between 126 and 150μmol.m−2.d-−1, increasing slightly with annual rainfall. Natural background average concentrations of rain water and associated fluxes were estimated from a classification of rain events into ‘natural’ (Oceanic and Saharan), polluted and composite. Long range transport of incoming polluted air masses increases the atmospheric wet nitrogen input by at least a factor of 1.6 in this Mediterranean area. Extrapolation of atmospheric dissolved inorganic nitrogen input to the Western Mediterranean leads to fluxes of 80 to l00μmol.m−2.d-−1. This atmospheric input is in the same order of magnitude as the inorganic nitrogen riverine input. As a consequence, the nitrogen budget for the Mediterranean has had to be reassessed. Atmospheric wet inorganic nitrogen input is of noticeable importance to marine Mediterranean ecosystems, representing on average 10 to 25% of new production in the Western Basin, with values of up to 60% in oligotrophic zones.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692168

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8

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Carbon and nitrogen cycling in North American boreal forests (1990)

Bonan, Gordon B.

Springer

Biogeochemistry 10 (1990), S. 1-28

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ISSN: 1573-515X

Keywords: boreal forest ; decomposition ; litter quality ; nitrogen ; productivity ; soil temperature

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences

Notes: Abstract A model of boreal forest dynamics was adapted to examine the factors controlling carbon and nitrogen cycling in the boreal forests of interior Alaska. Empirical relationships were used to simulate decomposition and nitrogen availability as a function of either substrate quality, the soil thermal regime, or their interactive effects. Test comparisons included black spruce forests growing on permafrost soils and black spruce, birch, and white spruce forests growing on permafrost-free soils. For each forest, simulated above-ground tree biomass, basal area, density, litterfall, moss biomass, and forest floor mass, turnover, thickness, and nitrogen concentration were compared to observed data. No one decay equation simulated forests entirely consistent with observed data, but over the range of upland forest types in interior Alaska, the equation that combined the effects of litter quality and the soil thermal regime simulated forests that were most consistent with observed data. For black spruce growing on permafrost soils, long-term simulated forest dynamics in the absence of fire resulted in unproductive forests with a thick forest floor and low nitrogen mineralization. Fires were an important means to interrupt this sequence and to restart forest succession.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000889

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