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  • Other Sources  (1,204)
  • GEOPHYSICS  (1,154)
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Kartoffeln
  • Rock mechanics
  • Umweltmedizin
  • ddc:554.3
  • 1980-1984  (1,186)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1935-1939  (5)
  • 1920-1924  (8)
  • 1915-1919  (5)
  • 1983  (610)
  • 1982  (576)
  • 1938  (5)
  • 1921  (8)
  • 1918  (2)
  • 1915  (3)
Collection
Language
Years
  • 1980-1984  (1,186)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1935-1939  (5)
  • 1920-1924  (8)
  • 1915-1919  (5)
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: Die oberrotliegenden rhyolithischen Tuffe der Prims-Mulde werden als Ignimbrite interpretiert. Sie sind maximal 110 m mächtig, gliedern sich durch wenige air-fall-Tuffe in mehrere Einheiten und können auf beiden Flanken der Prims-Mulde bis zu ca. 13 km weit verfolgt werden. Abgeplattete Bimse, Phänokristalle und zahlreiche Xenolithe treten in einer rötlichen, gering verschweißten Matrix auf. Die nicht dem Rotliegenden entstammenden Xenolithe, ihre Verteilung und die Ausrichtung von Bimslängsachsen weisen auf ein Liefergebiet für die pyroklastischen Ströme im Hunsrück hin. Gleichartig ausgebildete pyroklastische Ströme treten im Rotliegenden des Wittlicher Troges auf. Beide Vorkommen werden auf den im Hunsrück gelegenen, in devonische Gesteine eingebetteten Veldenzer Rhyolithschlot bezogen, der eine initiale Ignimbrit- Phase aufwies und wahrscheinlich den Förderort für die Vorkommen in den beiden Rotliegendtrögen darstellt.
    Description: Abstract: Rhyolithic tuffs within the Prims syncline of the Permocarboniferous late Hercynian intermontane Saar-Nahe trough, SW Germany, are interpreted as pyroclastic flow deposits. They are highly altered, weakly welded, and separated by thin air-fall tuffs. Their regional extent, petrography and xenolith content is described. The Devonian provenance of the xenoliths, their distribution, and the Orientation of the flattened pumice fragments all point to the Hunsrück north of the Saar-Nahe trough as the area the pyroclastic flows came from. The pyroclastic flows and similar flows in the next trough to the northwest, the Wittlich trough, are related to the Veldenz rhyolite in the Hunsrück which contains an initial ignimbrite phase and is considered to represent the feeder for these pyroclastic flows.
    Description: 1. Einleitung 2. Geologische Situation 3. Die Ignimbritfolge 3.1. Verbreitung, Volumen, Paläogeographie 3.2. Ausbildung der Ignimbrite 3.3. Abfolge der Ignimbrite 3.4. Beschreibung der Profile 3.5. Petrographie und Chemie 3.5.1. Ignimbrit-Typ Eisen 3.5.2. Ignimbrit-Typ Lauxwald 4. Die Xenolithe der Ignimbritfolge 4.1. Grünliche, grobkörnige Sandsteine 4.2. Feinsandsteine, Silt- und Tonsteine 4.3. Quarzite 4.4. Phyllite . 4.5. Chloritschiefer 5. Gesteine aus dem Rotliegenden und Unterdevon 6. Die Herkunft der Ignimbrite Schriften
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:554.3 ; Saar-Nahe-Becken ; Rotliegend ; Ignimbrite
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 2
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    Hessisches Landesamt für Bodenforschung, Wiesbaden
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 104:5519 | KART H 86:5519
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften der festen Erde), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:912 ; ddc:554.3 ; ddc:943.2 ; Geologische Karte ; Hungen
    Language: German
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  • 3
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    Hessische Geologische Landesanstalt, Darmstadt
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 104:6118 | KART H 86:6118
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:912 ; ddc:554.3 ; Roßdorf ; Geologische Karte
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:carthographicMaterial
    Format: 122
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  • 4
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    Kraatz, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 140:1860 | KART H 140:Degow
    Publication Date: 2024-02-21
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen. Koordinaten Vorlage: Nullmeridian Ferro E 033 20 - 033 30 / N 054 12 - 054 06.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:912 ; ddc:554.3 ; Geologische Karte
    Language: German
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    Format: 38
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  • 5
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    Kraatz, Berlin
    In:  SUB Göttingen | KART B 140:1760 | KART H 140:Lassehne
    Publication Date: 2024-02-21
    Description: Geologische Karte 1: 25 000 mit Erläuterungen. Digitalisat des FID GEO (Fachinformationsdienst Geowissenschaften), erstellt durch das GDZ (Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum), Karte aus dem Bestand der SUB Göttingen. Koordinaten Vorlage: Nullmeridian Ferro E 033 20 - 033 30 / N 054 18 - 054 12.
    Description: map
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:912 ; ddc:554.3 ; Geologische Karte
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:carthographicMaterial
    Format: 38
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  • 6
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., London, Army Corps of Engineers, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 1153-1172, pp. 1013, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Tectonics ; Friction ; Rock mechanics ; Fault zone ; JGR
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  • 7
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    In:  Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., Stockholm, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, vol. 93, no. 8, pp. 1291-1303, pp. L11308, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Fracture ; Rock mechanics ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; GSA
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  • 8
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Kobe, Dec. 6-11, 1993, The Local Organizing Committee for the CRCM '93, vol. 88, no. B12, pp. 10359-10370, pp. 1517, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Friction ; Fracture ; Modelling ; ductile ; Rheology ; JGR
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  • 9
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    In:  J. Earthquake Prediction Research, Basel, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 33-45, pp. 1517, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Fracture ; Rock mechanics ; Hydraulic fracturing ; Stress ; Stress measurements ; Earthquake precursor: prediction research
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  • 10
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 555-568, pp. 1006, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Fracture ; Friction ; Stress ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; JGR
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  • 11
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    In:  J. South Afr. Min. Metall., Houston, Akademie-Verlag, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 269-274, pp. L08310, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Borehole geophys.
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  • 12
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    Springer
    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. V/1, subvol. a, pp. 559-932, (ISBN 0-935702-96-2)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks ; Handbook of geophysics ; Laboratory measurements ; density ; porosity ; elasticity ; electrical ; magnetic ; properties ; radioactivity ; moon ; ice ; Czermak ; Huckenholz ; Rybach ; Schmid ; Schopper ; Schuch ; Stoeffler ; Wohlenberg
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  • 13
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    Ferdinand Enke Verlag
    In:  Stuttgart, 419 pp., Ferdinand Enke Verlag, vol. 7, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (ISBN 1-58488-323-5)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Engineering geophys. ; Rock mechanics ; Applied geophysics ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geology
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  • 14
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    Enke
    In:  Stuttgart, 403 pp., Enke, vol. 4, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 267, (ISBN 3-534-14102-4)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Rock mechanics ; Laboratory measurements ; Physical properties of rocks ; Schoen ; Schon
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  • 15
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    In:  J. Struc. Geol., Minsk, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, vol. 4, no. 2-3, pp. 41-56, pp. B12308
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Fracture ; Laboratory measurements
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  • 16
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 87, no. B4, pp. 6781-6790, pp. B04313, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Fracture ; Rheology ; JGR
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  • 17
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    In:  Lincei Rend., Heidelberg, Elsevier, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 404-408, pp. 2099, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1915
    Keywords: Dislocation ; Rock mechanics ; Elasticity
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  • 18
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    In:  Lincei Rend., Heidelberg, Elsevier, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 575-576, pp. 2099, (ISBN: 0-12-018847-3)
    Publication Date: 1915
    Keywords: Dislocation ; Rock mechanics ; Elasticity
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  • 19
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    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., London, 416 pp., Geological Society, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 278, pp. L18607, (ISBN 1-86239-117-3)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Fracture ; Rheology ; GJRaS
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  • 20
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    In:  Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, Dt. Geophys. Ges. e. V., vol. A221, no. B11, pp. 163-198, pp. L06304, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Publication Date: 1921
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Fracture ; Rheology
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  • 21
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    In:  Pageoph, Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 443-475, pp. 2131, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Friction ; Fracture
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  • 22
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    In:  Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., Minsk, Polish Geothermal Association, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 1281-1288, pp. TC5003, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Geol. aspects ; Rock mechanics ; Crustal deformation (cf. Earthquake precursor: deformation or strain) ; Modelling ; Review article ; GSA
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  • 23
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    In:  Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Taipei, AGU, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 17-28, pp. L06307, 2 pp., (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Laboratory measurements ; Rock mechanics ; Modelling ; Inelastic ; Fracture
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  • 24
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    Springer Verlag
    In:  Berlin, Springer Verlag, vol. 4, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 329, (ISBN: 0-444-50309-9)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Fracture ; Boundary Element Method ; Elasticity
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  • 25
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    In:  Landwirtschaftl. Jahrbuch 86:823-924.
    Publication Date: 1938
    Description: Erarbeitung einer ausbaufähigen Methode für das Erfassen des Witterungsablaufes; Vergleichen einer Zwölfjahresreihe von Erträgen mit dem Witterungsablauf; bearbeitet wurden Winterroggen, Winterweizen, Wintergerste, Hafer, Sommergerste, Sommerweizen, Kartoffeln KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Zusammenhang Witterung und Ertrag bei Getreide und Kartoffeln KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Wasserversorgung (Frühjahr) - und Delta Wasserversorgung (Mai, Juni, Juli) +, dann Ertrag (Getreide) +; Delta T (frühe Entwicklungsstadien) -, dann Ertrag (Winterroggen, Hafer) +; Delta T (April) -, dann Ertrag (Hafer) +; Delta Nied (April, Mai) -, dann Ertrag (Winterweizen) +; delta T (Mai) -, dann Ertrag (Winterroggen) +; Delta T +, dann Ertrag (Kartoffel) +; Delta Nied (Juli, August) +, dann Ertrag (Kartoffel) +;
    Keywords: Brandenburg ; 1924-37 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Witterung
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  • 26
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    In:  Deut. Landwirtschaflt. Presse 42: 420-421
    Publication Date: 1915
    Description: Korrelation der Sommer- und Winterniederschläge (Oktober-März) mit den Erträgen von Sommer- und Winterweizen, Roggen, Hafer, Gerste, Zuckerrüben und Kartoffeln, Winterniederschläge sind entscheidend für die Erträge, aber ertragsrelevanter sind die Sommerniederschläge und hier nicht in der Häufigkei, sondern der Menge im Zusammenspiel mit Temperatur, Sonnenscheindauer etc. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Beziehung zwischen der Niederschlagshöhe und dem Ertrag verschiedener Kulturen, getrennt für Winter- und Sommerniederschläge als Grafiken KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Schlesien und Sachsen-Anhalt ; 1888-1907 ; Zuckerrüben ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Roggen ; Weizen
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  • 27
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    In:  Beihefte zum Archiv für Schiffs- und Tropenhygiene 25 () Beiheft 2
    Publication Date: 1921
    Description: Temperaturabhängigkeit von Malariaerregern in einheimischen Anophelesmücken KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: optimale Generation-Entwicklung bei einer permanenten Außentemperatur von 24-30°C, unter 15-16°C keine Entwicklung KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Europa ; 1901-1903 ; Umweltmedizin ; Infektionskrankheiten
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  • 28
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    In:  Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Presse 45:287-288.
    Publication Date: 1918
    Description: Einfluss des Niederschlages auf die Höhe der Ertrages bei Getreide und Kartoffeln auf leichtem Sandboden KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Brandenburg ; 1910-1917 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Trockenheit
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  • 29
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    In:  Klima - Wetter - Mensch, Woltereck, H. (Hrsg.), Verlag von Quelle und Meyer, Lepzig, S.127-229
    Publication Date: 1938
    Description: Bioklimatik einzelner Klimaelemente, atmosphärischer Zustände und Vorgänge KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Umweltmedizin
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  • 30
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    In:  Die Kartoffel, S. 90
    Publication Date: 1921
    Description: Zusammenhang Niederschlag und Wachstum der Kartoffelknolle KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Niederschlag ; Trockenheit
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  • 31
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    In:  Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin
    Publication Date: 1938
    Description: Meteorotrope Krankheiten, Saisonkrankheiten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Umweltmedizin
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  • 32
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    In:  Die Kartoffel, Seite 136
    Publication Date: 1921
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen der Witterung und der Reifezeit der Kartoffelknolle KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Witterung
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  • 33
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    In:  Schriften der oekonomischen Gesellschaft im Freistaat Sachsen 8; No.3; p.1-24
    Publication Date: 1921
    Description: Diskussion einiger wichtiger Pflanzenkrankheiten im Ackerbau, wie z.B. Brandkrankheiten verschiedener Kulturen und verschiedenen Kartoffelkrankheiten. Gestützt werden die Anmerkungen von regionalen Beispielen aus Deutschland. Teilweise wird Bezug zum Wetter hergestellt. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1920-1921 ; Kartoffeln ; Getreide ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Hackfrüchte
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  • 34
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    In:  Jour. industr. and engin. Chem. 10; p.725-726
    Publication Date: 1918
    Description: Laborversuche zur Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen Frosteinwirkung und Fäulebefall auf die Speisestärke der Kartoffel KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Labor ; 1916-18 ; Kartoffeln ; Pflanzenkrankheit
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  • 35
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    In:  Klima - Wetter - Mensch, Woltereck, H. (Hrsg.), Verlag von Quelle und Meyer, Lepzig, S.253-296
    Publication Date: 1938
    Description: Seuchenerreger und -überträger und der Einfluss von Temperatur, Feuchtigkeit und Jahresschwankungen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Umweltmedizin
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  • 36
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    Springer
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwiss. und Technik, L.B. V-1b, Berlin, Springer, vol. 81A, no. 16, pp. 141-238, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Fracture ; Rock mechanics ; Rheology
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  • 37
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    In:  J. Appl. Mech., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 343-349, pp. 2131, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Rheology ; Inelastic ; Friction ; Rock mechanics ; ductile ; instability
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  • 38
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    Allen & Unwin
    In:  London, Allen & Unwin, vol. 231, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN 0-470-02298-1)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Fracture ; Boundary Element Method ; Elasticity ; Textbook of physics
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  • 39
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    Pergamon Press
    In:  Oxford, Pergamon Press, vol. 11, no. 16, pp. 220, (ISBN: 0-08-037951-6)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Rock mechanics
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  • 40
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    Chapmann & Hall
    In:  London, Chapmann & Hall, vol. 558, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 3-9808493-1-7)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Rock mechanics ; Fracture ; Elasticity ; Rheology
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  • 41
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    Springer-Verlag
    In:  Wien, Springer-Verlag, vol. 70, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 1039-1054, (ISBN 0-415-30725-2, 0-415-30724-4 (400 pp.))
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Rock mechanics ; Fracture ; Elasticity ; Strength ; Stress
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  • 42
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    Springer
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Physical Properties of Rocks, Berlin, Springer, vol. V/1, no. Subvol. b, pp. 339-346, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; glaciology ; Handbook of geophysics
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  • 43
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    In:  Phys. Earth. Plan. Int., Jena, Scientific American, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 42-50, pp. RG4001, 29 pp., (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Rheology ; Laboratory measurements
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  • 44
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    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Kunming, China, D. Reidel Publishing Company, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 9331-9340, pp. L09303, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Seismicity ; Fracture ; JGR
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  • 45
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    Springer
    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. V/1, subvol. b, pp. 559-932, (ISBN 0-935702-96-2)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Physical properties of rocks ; Handbook of geophysics ; Laboratory measurements ; density ; porosity ; elasticity ; electrical ; magnetic ; properties ; radioactivity ; moon ; ice ; Beblo ; Berktold ; Bleil ; Gebrande ; Grauert ; Haack ; Haak ; Kern ; Miller ; Petersen ; Pohl ; Rummel ; Schopper
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  • 46
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    Springer Verlag
    In:  Wien, Springer Verlag, vol. 70, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 1039-1054, (ISBN 0-415-30725-2, 0-415-30724-4 (400 pp.))
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Fracture ; Rock mechanics ; Finite Element Method
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  • 47
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    Inst. f. Geophysik, Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Diplomarbeit, New York, Inst. f. Geophysik, Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. GL-TR-89-0142, pp. 109-124, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Publication Date: 1982
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Seismicity ; Rheology ; Mohring
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  • 48
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    Universität Frankfurt/Main
    In:  Berichte des Instituts für Meteorologie und Geophysik, Universität Frankfurt/Main, Universität Frankfurt/Main, vol. 1034, no. 53, pp. 206, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Tectonics ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Velocity analysis ; Electromagnetic methods/phenomena ; Elasticity ; Physical properties of rocks ; earth mantle
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  • 49
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    Univ. of London
    In:  Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, London, Univ. of London, vol. C 560, 183 pp., no. GL-TR-89-0147, pp. 205-211, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Fracture ; Rock mechanics ; Laboratory measurements
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  • 50
    facet.materialart.
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    Martinus Nijhoff Publ.
    In:  Bull., Open-File Rept., Hydraulic Fracturing and Geothermal Energy, Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Publ., vol. IV, no. 1, pp. 291-305, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Publication Date: 1983
    Keywords: Rock mechanics ; Fracture ; Stress ; Hydraulic fracturing ; Geothermics ; ERYBACKI
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper presents the results of a series of total and spectral solar irradiance measurements made at ground surface (Table Mountain Facility, Calif., altitude 2.18 km). The spectral irradiance data are presented for the 0.3-3.0-micron spectral region for air mass 1.5.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 21; 3, Fe
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  • 52
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2008-07-17
    Description: A proposal for a multi-institutional investigation of the processes involved in the growth and maintenance of high level extended clouds is presented. Mapping of variability of the cloud and of its radiative characteristics in terms of the meteorological environment of the cloud; performance of case studies involving observation of the cloud microphysics and radiation characteristics; and investigation of the processes responsible for the generation, maintenance, and dissipation of the cloud system are recommended. Both modeling and monitoring activities are considered. The specific research projects which the author proposes to carry out are described. Suggestions for the administrative organization of the total effort are presented.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Initial Studies of Middle and Upper Tropospheric Stratiform Clouds; 56 p
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  • 53
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2008-07-17
    Description: The interplay of the various physical processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and decay of middle and upper tropospheric stratiform clouds is discussed. Ice phase fair weather cloud forms are considered. Simulations of cirriform clouds which attempt to incorporate the physical processes in an interactive manner were performed. A two dimensional time dependent Eulerian numerical model, which incorporates all of the important physical processes in a simplified way, is employed to investigate the role of these processes in the evolution of a cloud in an isolated atmospheric layer. Physical parameters considered are the eddy viscosity and the thermal, water vapor, and ice water eddy diffusivities.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Initial Studies of Middle and Upper Tropospheric Stratiform Clouds; 189 p
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Stratospheric limb radiance profiles versus altitude of closest approach of the line of sight to the Earth's surface have been measured before and after the Mount St. Helens eruptions by means of photographs taken from a Sun-oriented balloon gondola floating above 35 km altitude over France. Preliminary data were reported for flights in October 1979 and in May and June 1980. The radiance integrated along the line of sight as in-situ radiance (R) can be derived taking into account absorption by ozone and air. The onion peeling inversion method was used to derive the vertical radiance (R) profiles respectively. The values of R were determined in the solar azimuth. The solar elevation angles are chosen larger for the backscattering observation than for the forward scattering observation to deal with as similar illumination conditions as possible despite the Earth's sphericity.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 299-303
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Microscopical investigation of volcanic ash collected from ground stations during Mount St. Helens eruptions reveal a distinctive bimodel size distribution with high concentrations of particle ranges at (1) 200-100 microns and (2) 20-0.1 microns. Close examination of individual particles shows that most larger ones are solidified magma particles of porous pumice with numerous gas bubbles in the interior and the smaller ones are all glassy fragments without any detectable gas bubbles. Elemental analysis demonstrates that the fine fragments all have a composition similar to that of the larger pumice particles. Laboratory experiments suggest that the formation of the fine fragments is by bursting of glassy bubbles from a partially solidified surface of a crystallizing molten magma particle. The production of gas bubbles is due to the release of absorbed gases in molten magma particles when solubility decreases during phase transition. Diffusion cloud chamber experiments strongly indicate that sub-micron volcanic fragments are highly hygroscopic and extremely active as cloud condensation nuclei. Ice crystals also are evidently formed on those fragments in a supercooled (-20 C) cloud chamber. It has been reported that charge generation from ocean volcanic eruptions is due to contact of molten lava with sea water. This seems to be insufficient to explain the observed rapid and intense lightning activities over Mount St. Helens eruptions. Therefore, a hypothesis is presented here that highly electrically charged fine solid fragments are ejected by bursting of gas bubbles from the surface of a crystallizing molten magma particles.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 211-217
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The direct solar radiation transmission record at Mauna Loa, dating from 1958 to the present, revealed with remarkable precision the presence of stratospheric aerosol from volcanic activity. This record can be used to quantify the intensity of the stratospheric volcanic aerosol perturbation following a significant eruption in reference to the Agung event in 1963. The Mount St. Helens' stratospheric cloud was first detected by lidar at 18 km over Mauna Loa on 17 July. The atmospheric transmission was seen to decrease slightly after that time, but only a few tenths of 1 percent. Although it is still fairly early to draw a definite conclusion on the ultimate magnitude of the Mount St. Helens stratospheric aerosol from the Mauna Loa results, it can be stated that the stratospheric aerosol optical depth presently observed is comparable with that observed from Fuego which erupted in 1974. At Boulder, Colorado, the atmospheric debris from Mount St. Helens was observed by lidar on a number of occasions. Also, observations of the diffuse, total and direct transmission of solar radiation were made on June 3 and 4. The latter set of observations is useful for deriving information on the scattering properties of the volcanic cloud. The lidar and solar radiation data are presented and some of their special features are discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 117-123
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Samples of stratospheric aerosols collected with U-2 aircraft for several months following the first three major eruptions of Mount St. Helens were analyzed for ash and liquid acid content. Ash grain sizes and compositions vary depending on collection altitude, location within the drifting cloud, and days following their injection. s computers Size distributions of ash particles vary with altitude. Generally small particles are depleted more rapidly at low altitudes (12 km) than at higher altitudes (17-18 km). Although samples collected 1 day after the first eruption of May 18, 1980, were dry, flow marks on the aircraft indicated parts of the cloud contained heavy acid concentrations. Indeed, all other samples obtained within 1 to 4 days after later eruptions (May 25 and June 12, 1980) were covered with copious amounts of liquid acid. Proportions of liquid to ash varied considerably depending on sampling location and cloud age. Because the acid-coated ash globules were large, they rapidly fell from the stratosphere until, by late June 1980, only a residue of acid droplets remained. Size distributions and concentrations of these droplets varied considerably.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 55-64
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Nineteen stratospheric samples from the eruption plumes of Mount St. Helens were collected in five flight experiments. The plume samples were collected at various altitudes from 13.1 to 20.7 km by using the Ames cryogenic sampling system on board the NASA U-2 aircraft. The enriched, cryogenically collected samples were analyzed by chromatography. The concentrations of aerosols precursor gases (OCS, SO2, and CS2), CH3Cl, N2O, CF2Cl2, and CFCl3 were measured by gas chromatography. Large enhancement of the mixing ratio of SO2 and moderate enhancement of CS2 and OCS were found in the plume samples compared with similar measurement under pre-volcanic conditions. A fast decay rate of the SO2 mixing ratio in the plume was observed. Measurement of Cl(-), SO2(2-), and NO3(-) by ion chromatography was also carried out on water solutions prepared from the plume samples. The results obtained with this technique imply large mixing ratios of HCl, (NO + NO2 + HNO3), and SO2, in which these constituents are the respective sources of the anions. Measurement of the Rn222 concentration in the plume was made. Other stratospheric constituents in the plume samples, such as H2O, CO2, CH4, and CO, were also observed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 47-54
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Mount St. Helens erupted somewhat less than 0.5 cu km of magma (dense rock equivalent) on May 18, 1980. The May 18 event was usually violent. As much 35% of the volume of the airfall material fell outside of the 2.5 mm isopach, which encloses about 88,000 sq km. This extraordinary dispersive power was transmitted by an eruption column which reached heights of more than 20 km. There was a lateral blast (or surge) of unusually large dimensions associated with the onset of the eruption. The magma is dacitic in composition and had a low ( 500 ppm) sulfur content. Distal ashes contain much nonmagmatic (lithic) material, but smaller ( 50 microns m) particles are mostly finely divided magmatic dacite. The grain size distributions of the ash are multimodal, frequently with peaks at 90, 25, and 10 microns. The finer populations fell out faster than their terminal velocities as simple particles would suggest. It is inferred that large proportions of the fine ash fell out as composite particles. This condition greatly reduces the atmospheric burden of silicate particles. Some of the unusual aspects (violence, intense surges, multimodal grain size distributions, lithic content of the ashes) of the eruption may be due to its phreatomagmatic character. The hydrothermal system above the magma may have infiltrated the magma body at the onset of the eruption. An "overprint" of the geochemistry of this hydrothermal system on the geochemistry of the magmatic gas system is likely. One important feature is that reduced gas species may be much more abundant than in many eruptions. Another is that fine ash may form aggregates more readily.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 1-14
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The goals of map/wind (winter in Northern Europe) are to better understand: (1) the interaction of planetary waves of tropospheric origin; (2) the temporal and spatial development of sudden stratospheric warmings; (3) the temporal and spatial development of mesospheric cooling events in conjunction with stratospheric warmings; (4) the vertical and horizontal transport of minor constituents; (5) the effects on the chemistry of neutral and charged species of the large temperature changes occurring during stratospheric warmings and mesospheric cooling; (6) sources of turbulent energy; (7) the temporal and spatial development of turbulent layers; and (8) the contributions of dynamical processes to the heating and cooling of the mesospheric and turbopause region.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 4; p 139-146
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  • 61
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Three general areas of study were identified: stratospheric composition; mesospheric and lower ionospheric structure and composition; and middle atmospheric dynamics. The role of chemical reactions and spectroscope in the study of the middle atmosphere is discussed.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 4; p 93-109
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  • 62
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Organizations in the United States which are interested in MAP participation were surveyed. Satellites, rockets, balloons, and ground support systems are listed with available experimentation.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 4; p 110-115
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  • 63
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The plans for India's participation in the middle Atmosphere Program are outlined.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Council of Scientific Unions Middle Atmosphere Program. Handbook for MAP, Vol. 4; p 39-50
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: NASA is proposing to launch a new geopotential fields exploration system called the Geopotential Research Mission (GRM). Two spacecraft will be placed in a circular polar orbit at 160 km altitude. Distances between these satellites will vary from 100 to 600 km. Both scalar and vector magnetic fields will be measured by magnetometers mounted on a boom positioned in the forward direction on the lead satellite. Gravity data will be computed from the measured change in distance between the two spacecraft. This quantity, called the range-rate, will be determined from the varying frequency (Doppler shift) between transmitter and receiver on each satellite. Expected accuracies (at the one-sigma level) are: gravity field, 1.0 milliGal, 5 cm geoid height; magnetics, scalar field 2 nT, vector to 20 arcsec, both resolved to less than 100 km. With these more accurate and higher resolution data, it will be possible to investigate the earth's structure from the crust (with the shorter wavelength gravity and magnetic anomalies) through the mantle (from the intermediate wavelength gravity field) and into the core (using the longer wavelength gravity and magnetic fields).
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: EOS (ISSN 0096-3941); 64; 609-611
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Samples of stratospheric trace gases were obtained on eight flights of NASA high-altitude aircraft from April 16 through December 13, 1982. The sampling occurred at altitudes from 15 to 22 km, latitudes from 23 to 52 deg N, and longitudes from 108 to 130 deg W. The cryogenically concentrated samples were analyzed by gas chromatography for SO2, a primary precursor of the gas-to-particle conversion process. The measured mixing ratio of SO2 varied between 8 and 132 pptv. Evidence from aerosol measurements indicates that a few of our early samples may have been collected in the fringes of the volcanic cloud from El Chichon. Samples obtained on some later flights may have been from the eruption cloud but were taken at times when most of the volcanically injected SO2 should have been converted to H2SO4.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1045-104
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Dominant effects of the El Chichon eruption on stratospheric aerosols at 19.8 to 20.7 km are: (1) vapor depositional growth of the small-aerosol (background) mode; (2) development of a large-particle mode by sedimentation from the highest altitudes in the cloud; (3) a change in the large-particle mode from sulfate-coated silicates to sulfate aerosols, some with silicate cores; (4) a 100-fold increase in sulfate mass in the large particle mode. Terminal velocities of large silicate particles, maximum r = 2.3 micron, sampled 1 month after eruption, and calibrated with the aid of lidar data, indicate initial injection to 26 to 27 km. Smaller velocities of sulfate aerosols, median r = 0.5 micron, are compatible with major growth in 2 to 3 months at 27 to 28 km. Aerosol settling accounts for the descent of the main lidar return to 26.5 km in August and to 20 to 21 km in December.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1021-102
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of calculations with a one-dimensional, time-marching, radiative-convective model are performed to assess the impact of the El Chichon volcanic cloud on the radiation budget of the northern tropics during the 6-month period following the injection of volcanic material into the stratosphere. Extensive measurement of the cloud obtained from airborne, spacecraft, and ground platforms were used to define the model parameters and to test the predictions of the model. The El Chichon cloud is predicted to have caused an increase in planetary albedo of 10 percent, a decrease in total solar radiation of 2-3 percent at the ground on cloudless days, and an increase in temperature of 3.5 K at the 24-km (30-mb) level. These predictions are compatible with relevant observations, within their respective error bars.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 10; 1057-106
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is noted that the model presented here extends the previous description of neutral parameters to the base of the thermosphere in a continuous manner while maintaining the basic structure of the MSIS model at higher altitudes. As the altitude decreases, the composition approaches lower atmosphere values, whereas yearly, and to a lesser extent daily, variations in temperature and density are in reasonable agreement with earlier results for the lower thermosphere. An alternate description is given of magnetic storm variations on the basis of the three hour ap indices and an 8- to 10-hour exponential decay in thermospheric density and temperature response after a heating event. Additional coefficients are included for the time independent and magnetic activity terms, among them a longitudinally dependent seasonal magnetic activity effect. The description of molecular oxygen derives from mass spectrometer and EUV absorption measurements rather than ion chemistry.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10170-10
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The response of Mobile VLBI design to error sources is addressed. The sensitivity of the hydrogen maser to variations in ambient temperature is discussed, with an example of drifts in the frequency system causing excursions in the time-delay observable exceeding + or - 200 cm. It is shown that baselines determined only from S-band data can contain errors in excess of 30 cm during periods of high ionospheric activity. The effect of the troposphere on baseline solutions is examined by comparing calibrations from the Water Vapor Radiometer (WVR) to those from a surface model. The apparent ability of the WVR to track relatively short-period fluctuations in water vapor is noted. Finally, consideration is given to the effects of source structure and the technique of monitoring closure of the time-delay observable around a closed figure of baselines.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Balloon-borne measurements of condensation nuclei and H2SO4 molecules in large negative ion clusters have been made in the stratosphere at around 30 km altitude. The nuclei observed were in the 0.01-0.1 micron diameter range. Consideration was given to sunspot activity as a triggering event for ionization of upper atmospheric H2SO4 species and subsequent formation of the nuclei. A numerical model was defined for a steady state between the H2SO4 association and ion recombination in order to determine a critical nucleation rate. It is concluded that condensation nuclei are produced in ion nucleation in an H2SO4 supersaturated polar cloud chamber, with the process being initiated by solar flare particle ionization.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The total O3 and the O3 mixing ratio at various pressure levels in the stratosphere measured from the Nimbus-4 BUV experiment over a 7-yr period (1970 to 1977) comprises a comprehensive data base available to study the possible effects of solar variability on stratospheric O3. It is shown that with the decrease in solar activity from 1970 to 1976, the globally averaged O3 inferred from Nimbus-4 data decreases from about 10 to 12 percent in the upper stratosphere to about 1 to 3 percent in the lower stratosphere. The systematic decrease in O3 seems to be correlated with the conventional indices of solar activity; however, it is difficult to account for the observed changes at various pressure levels with the current understanding of the photochemical models and the solar UV flux variations over a solar cycle.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Excitation of the earth's ionosphere by delta function current sheets is considered, and the temporal and spatial evolution of wave packets is analyzed for a two-component collisional F2 layer. Approximations of an inverse Fourier-Laplace transform via saddle point methods provide plots of typical wave packets. These illustrate cold plasma wave theory and may be used as a diagnostic tool since it is possible to relate specific features, e.g., the frequency of a modulation envelope, to plasma parameters such as the electron cyclotron frequency. It is also possible to deduce the propagation path length and orientation of a remote radio beacon.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science (ISSN 0048-6604); 18; 1337-135
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  • 73
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: In this paper it is shown that the earth's rigid body (rb) motions can be represented by an analytical set of eigensolutions to the equation of motion for elastic-gravitational free oscillations. Thus each degree of freedom in the rb motion is associated with a rb normal mode. Cases of both nonrotating and rotating earth models are studied, and it is shown that the rb modes do incorporate neatly into the earth's system of normal modes of free oscillation. The excitation formula for the rb modes are also obtained, based on normal mode theory. Physical implications of the results are summarized and the fundamental differences between rb modes and seismic modes are emphasized. In particular, it is ascertained that the Chandler wobble, being one of the rb modes belonging to the rotating earth, can be studied using the established theory of normal modes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9437-944
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A bump-on-tail unstable reduced velocity distribution, constructed from data obtained at the upstream boundary of the electron foreshock by the GSFC electron spectrometer experiment on the ISEE-1 satellite, is used as the initial plasma state for a numerical integration of the 1D-Vlasov-Maxwell system of equations. The integration is carried through the growth of the instability, beyond its saturation, and well into the stabilized plasma regime. A power spectrum computed for the electric field of the stabilized plasma is dominated by a narrow peak at the Bohm-Gross frequency of the unstable field mode but also contains significant power at the harmonics of the Bohm-Gross frequency. The harmonic power is in sharp peaks which are split into closely spaced doublets. The fundamental peak at the Bohm-Gross frequency is split into a closely spaced triplet. The mechanism for excitation of the second harmonic is shown to be second order wave-wave coupling. Previously announced in STAR as N83-17315
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 9081-909
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Distinct medium scale disturbances in Southern Hemisphere total ozone were observed by the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer during the 1979 FGGE observing period. These disturbances are shown to be a result of advection by the zonal harmonic wave five which is centered near the tropopause (Salby, 1982). The contribution to the total ozone field by vertical advection due to this wave is shown to be nearly equal to that due to horizontal advection.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: American Meteorological Society, Bulletin (ISSN 0003-0007); 64; 1358-136
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Nd and Sr isotopic compositions presently reported for anorthosites and related rocks from the Grenville and Nain Provinces of the eastern Canadian shield indicate that the massifs were delivered from at least two distinct mantle source regions which were established before 1650 Myr ago. These regions were episodically involved in magmatism over about 500 Myr. One reservoir was isotopically similar to the depleted, modern midocean ridge basalt source. The other reservoir was chondritic-to-moderately-enriched, and is most easily identified in the Nain Province, but may have occurred scattered throughout Superior Province, as well.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 306; 679
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The study of the distribution and isotopic composition of low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases at the Big Soda Lake, Nevada, has shown that while neither ethylene nor propylene were found in the lake, ethane, propane, isobutane and n-butane concentrations all increased with water column depth. It is concluded that methane has a biogenic origin in both the sediments and the anoxic water column, and that C2-C4 alkanes have biogenic origins in the monimolimnion water and shallow sediments. The changes observed in delta C-13/CH4/ and CH4/(C2H6 + C3H8) with depth in the water column and sedimeents are probably due to bacterial processes, which may include anaerobic methane oxidation and different rates of methanogenesis, and C2-to-C4 alkane production by microorganisms.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (ISSN 0016-7037); 47; 2107-211
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The homogeneous set of 80-year-long (1900-1979) International Latitude Service (ILS) polar motion data is analyzed using the autoregressive method (Chao and Gilbert, 1980), which resolves and produces estimates for the complex frequency (or frequency and Q) and complex amplitude (or amplitude and phase) of each harmonic component in the data. The ILS data support the multiple-component hypothesis of the Chandler wobble. It is found that the Chandler wobble can be adequately modeled as a linear combination of four (coherent) harmonic components, each of which represents a steady, nearly circular, prograde motion. The four-component Chandler wobble model 'explains' the apparent phase reversal during 1920-1940 and the pre-1950 empirical period-amplitude relation. The annual wobble is shown to be rather stationary over the years both in amplitude and in phase, and no evidence is found to support the large variations reported by earlier investigations. The Markowitz wobble is found to be marginally retrograde and appears to have a complicated behavior which cannot be resolved because of the shortness of the data set.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10299-10
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: New interior samples of four Yamato polymict eucrites (Y74159, Y74450, Y75011, and Y75015) have been studied by electron microprobe, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction techniques, and compared with several samples of the Victoria Land polymict eucrites. These same samples have been analysed using Rb-Sr and Nd-Sm isotopic systematics. Several grains of inverted pigeonite, with blebby augite similar to those in Binda and Moama, have been identified in all four Yamato eucrites. Coarse-grained meso-stasis-rich subophitic basalts, which contain Mg-rich pigeonite (with Fe-rich olivine veinlets) zoned outward to a subcalcic ferroaugite rims, have also been found. These unique clasts were not found in ALH76005, 77302, 78040, 7858, and 78165 and EET eucrites. The tight grouping of Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd ratos, and similar modal compositions of the Yamato group indicate that they are most likely to be pieces from a single fall, and distinct from the ALH and EET groups. However, the Yamato, Allan Hills, and Elephant Moraine groups may sample a few distinct magmas or similar but different source regions on the same parent body.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research, Supplement (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; B245-B25
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Satellite Emission Range Inferred Earth Surveying (SERIES) concept is based on the utilization of NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) radio transmissions without any satellite modifications and in a totally passive mode. The SERIES stations are equipped with lightweight 1.5 m diameter dish antennas mounted on trailers. A series baseline measurement accuracy demonstration is considered, taking into account a 100 meter baseline estimation from approximately one hour of differential Doppler data. It is planned to conduct the next phase of experiments on a 150 m baseline. Attention is given to details regarding future baseline measurement accuracy demonstrations, aspects of ionospheric calibration in connection with subdecimeter baseline accuracy requirements of geodesy, and advantages related to the use of the differential Doppler or pseudoranging mode.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Model calculations describing stormtime variations in the earth's dayside plasmasphere are used to examine variations in ion composition. The model storm is initiated by high-latitude thermospheric heating that generates meridional winds that carry neutral species, momentum, and energy equatorward. The thermosphere acts on the plasmasphere through collisional transfer of momentum and through chemical reactions between neutral species and ions. Over latitudes near the region of thermospheric heating, the thermosphere-plasmasphere coupling processes cause enhancement in the density of oxygen ions while protons are being lost. Meanwhile, densities of oxygen ions and protons near the equator are increasing together, almost in phase. The largest enhancements in ion density develop at latitudes near 45 deg invariant for both oxygen and hydrogen.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10233-10
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A time-dependent box model of the lower troposphere which includes a description of photochemical and physical processes has been developed. This model has been applied to the calculation of nitric acid and NO(x)(NO + NO2) concentrations over a diurnal cycle which includes precipitation. Nitric acid concentrations and the HNO3/NO(x) ratio are found to be highly variable under the assumptions regarding the frequency, duration, and intensity of precipitation employed in this model. The chemistry of odd nitrogen compounds during the night is potentially important in establishing the level of nitric acid in the lower troposphere. These calculations also indicate that relatively large errors may occur when the continuity equation describing nitric acid variations is averaged over a diurnal cycle which includes precipitation. Interpretation of simultaneous measurements of HNO3 and NO(x) will require some knowledge of the history of the observed air mass and may require an improved understanding of nighttime odd nitrogen chemistry.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10697-10
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  • 83
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data from the LIMS instrument for January 1979 are used to provide further evidence for the often observed vacillation between the amplitudes of waves 1 and 2 in the stratosphere. The vacillation is shown to result primarily from nonlinear wave-wave interactions within the stratosphere. Two ways of interpreting nonlinearity are discussed. In the first, the basic state is defined to include large amplitude waves as well as the mean zonal wind. A forced wave propagates with respect to this asymmetric basic state, which can lead to changes in the conventional zonal wavenumber measured at one latitude. The other view of nonlinearity, interaction of wave with the zonal flow and with other wavenumbers are considered separately. Wave-wave interactions among waves 1, 2 and 3 are calculated. The derivation and computation of wave-wave interaction terms in the potential enstrophy balance are given. The observations indicate that enstrophy transfer among waves can be substantial even when the amplitude of one of the contributing waves is small. The computed enstrophy balance also demonstrates that wave-wave interactions can have a large effect on the interaction of waves with the mean flow.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 40; 2484-249
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The technique of nonlinear least squares spectral curve fitting has been used to derive the stratospheric vertical temperature profile from balloon-borne measurements of the 10.4 micron band of CO2. The spectral data were obtained at sunset with the approximately 0.02 per cm resolution University of Denver interferometer system from a float altitude of 33.5 km near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on 23 March 1981. The r.m.s. deviation between the retrieved temperature profile and correlative radiosonde measurements is 2.2 K.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer (ISSN 0022-4073); 30; 327-334
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Large convective electric fields of the order of 10 mV/m (sometimes as high as 22 mV/m) are observed at rotational magnetopause discontinuities. These observations were made with the long cylindrical (179-m base line) probes carried on the ISEE 1 satellite. These electric field observations yield convective velocity magnitudes (equal to the cross product of the vector E and the vector B, the latter divided by the square of the magnitude of B) of the order of 150 km/s. In this format for the convective velocity magnitudes, some of these observations are similar to the high speed plasma velocity observations that were made at the magnetopause with the plasma experiment carried on the ISEE 1 satellite. It is shown that, for many of these magnetopause crossings, there exists a special moving coordinate system where the observed electric fields vanish. Such a unique reference system is often used in theoretical studies of magnetic discontinuities. This special coordinate system does not move at the local plasma velocity but moves instead at a velocity intermediate between the convective velocity and the local Alfven velocity. It is used here as a diagnostic tool for the experimental investigation of rotational discontinuities at the magnetopause.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 88; 10000-10
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Various lines of evidence point to the lower crust as the source of the long-wavelength magnetic anomaly field measured by the POGO and Magsat satellites. Using seismically determined lower crust thicknesses and equivalent source inversion of the satellite anomaly data, magnetization for the lower crust for much of the United States has been calculated. The average magnetization for two hundred sixty-six 150 x 150 km areas is 3.5 A/m with a standard deviation of 1.1 A/m. These values are consistent with laboratory measurements of mafic-ultramafic rocks expected in the lower crust, and in agreement with previous estimates of lower crust magnetization based on long-wavelength aeromagnetic data. Average lower crust thickness for the same areas is 18.2 km (sigma = 6.4). Thus, over large regions, it appears that variation in magnetization and variation in magnetic layer thickness contribute almost equally in causing the anomaly field variation at satellite altitude.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Tectonophysics (ISSN 0040-1951); 93; 33-45
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Great advances with respect to the study of the earth's magnetosphere could be achieved in connection with the launch of the Dynamics Explorer (DE) 1 and 2 spacecraft. These advances were made possible partly because of the unique combination of coplanar orbits which simultaneously sample the low altitude ionospheric and atmospheric signature (DE-2) and the high altitude phenomena of the inner magnetosphere (DE-1). It was, thus, feasible to obtain new measurements of the coupling of plasmas and fields between these fundamentally important regions. One basic element of the coupling involves the interchange of low energy plasma between the ionosphere and magnetosphere. The flow characteristics of the low energy plasma are indicators of the magnetospheric and ionospheric electric fields which drive the current system. The Retarding Ion Mass Spectrometer (RIMS) instrument has been designed for conducting measurements regarding this plasma population. Attention is given to details regarding RIMS, an example RIMS orbit, plasma trough characteristics, and polar cap phenomena.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Several hundred topside ionograms were used to study simulated wave-particle interactions in the ionosphere. The study combined the benefits of high-frequency-resolution Alouette 2 analog sounder data with advanced digital graphics techniques. The study shows that the sounder phase can cause significant plasma heating when the plasma parameter is confined to specific ranges. The observations support the Harris instability generation process and the nonlinear Landau damping maintaining process for long-duration diffuse resonances. The observations also suggest that the so-called Q resonances have characteristics which imply that generation processes in a sounder-stimulated plasma turbulence may be involved.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Radio Science; 17; Nov
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Estimates are made showing that, as a consequence of rocket activity in the earth's upper atmosphere in the Shuttle era, average ice nuclei concentrations in the upper atmosphere could increase by a factor of two, and that an aluminum dust layer weighing up to 1000 tons might eventually form in the lower atmosphere. The concentrations of Space Shuttle ice nuclei (SSIN) in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere were estimated by taking into account the composition of the particles, the extent of surface poisoning, and the size of the particles. Calculated stratospheric size distributions at 20 km with Space Shuttle particulate injection, calculated SSIN concentrations at 10 and 20 km altitude corresponding to different water vapor/ice supersaturations, and predicted SSIN concentrations in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere are shown.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Nature; 298; Aug. 26
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The influence of the geographical distribution and the number of the surface stations in the ozone detecting network on changes in global ozone inferred from the surface measurements is investigated by comparison with information obtained from satellite backscattered UV observations on the Nimbus 4 with nearly complete global coverage for the period 1970-1972. Results show that the geographical distribution of the stations does not properly represent different latitudes. While the number of stations in the north temperate zone appears adequate to represent monthly ozone averages to within 0.5% except during the early phase of the Northern Hemisphere spring maximum, the resultant error in the derived change in north temperature zone ozone between 1970-1972 is 0.5%. In the tropical and south temperate zones the smaller number of stations reduces precision, and the ozone averages for use in deriving seasonal variability and trends are uncertain by about 1%. However, in the south temperature zone, the average from the sample may differ as much as 5% in some months from the averages derived from the full set. It is concluded that the resulting uncertainty in the global averages is comparable in size to typical yearly changes.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Aug. 20
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effects of the earth's atmosphere on the Thematic Mapper (TM) measurements are studied with two radiative transfer models. A doubling model is used to compute the effective reflectance of the earth-atmosphere system, as measured by the TM for the reflective bands. An emission-transmission model is used to compute the satellite-received radiance for the thermal band. The influences of the aerosol loading, the amount of water vapor, and the solar illumination angle on the effective reflectance are investigated. The effect of varying atmospheric water vapor on the measurements of the thermal band is studied. The scattering and absorption effects on TM bands are compared with those on Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) bands. While the changes in the aerosol loading introduce comparable variation of the effective reflectance for both sensors, the changes in the water vapor amount give less impact on TM4 than MSS7.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Solar ultraviolet flux data obtained within the atmosphere by using Fastie-Ebert double monochromators carried on a balloon-borne gondola and a rocket payload are analyzed. Both the direct and scattered components of the solar ultraviolet flux at wavelengths from 190 to 320 nm are measured at the balloon float altitude of 40 km. The nearly identical spectrometer carried on the rocket flight measures the direct solar flux from 60 to 38 km during a parachute descent. The ozone column content above 40 km and the temperature profile and ozone density below 40 km are deduced using the scattered and direct solar flux components. It is shown that the Nimbus 7 solar flux data are consistent with the present data and with the ozone absorption cross sections of Inn and Tanake (1959). The calculated and measured values of the scattered solar flux are found to agree fairly closely.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Feb. 20
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The influence of the choice of the Lagrange multiplier on constrained linear inversions is explored, with reference made to applications in inferring the columnar aerosol size distributions from spectral aerosol optical depth measurements. A range of the Lagrange multiplier is examined to find all positive solutions for the solution vector, which represents modifying factors to the assumed form of the size distribution. An iterative method is devised to constrain the calculations to consideration of only positive quantities and a requirement that the regression fit to data be consistent with measurement errors. The determination of the variances and covariances is formulated and applied to existing data sets for optical depth. Variances in the solution are found to be large for particle radii when the information content of the data is small.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; June 198
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: New line assignments in the spectrum of the stratospheric submillimeter emission, measured with unapodized resolution of 0.0033/cm, have been made. Positive evidence for the presence of symmetric and asymmetric ozone isotopes, water vapor excited to the (010) level, and HCN is given.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves; 3; May 1982
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: During its April 1979 eruption series, Soufriere Volcano produced two major stratospheric plumes that the SAGE (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment) satellite system tracked to West Africa and the North Atlantic Ocean. The total mass of these plumes, whose movement and dispersion are in agreement with those deduced from meteorological data and dispersion theory, was less than 0.5 percent of the global stratospheric aerosol burden; no significant temperature or climate perturbation is therefore expected.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 216; June 4
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: At the time of the Soufriere, St. Vincent, volcanic eruption of April 17, 1979, a NASA P-3 aircraft with an uplooking lidar (light detection and ranging) system onboard was airborne 130 kilometers east of the island. Lidar measurements of the fresh volcanic ash were made approximately 2 hours after the eruption, 120 kilometers to the northeast and east. On the evening of April 18, the airborne lidar, on a southerly flight track, detected significant amounts of stratospheric material in layers at 16, 17, 18, and 19.5 kilometers. These data, and measurements to the north on April 19, indicate that the volcanic plume penetrated the stratosphere to an altitude of about 20 kilometers and moved south during the first 48 hours after the eruption.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Science; 216; June 4
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Advances in satellite tracking data accuracy and coverage over the past 15 years have led to major improvements in global geopotential models. But the spacial resolution of the gravity field obtained solely from satellite dynamics sensed by tracking data is still of the order of 1000 km. Attention is given to an approach which will provide information regarding the fine structure of the gravity field on the basis of an application of local corrections to the global field. According to this approach, a basic satellite to satellite tracked (SST) range-rate measurement is constructed from the link between a ground station, a geosynchronous satellite (ATS 6), and a near-earth satellite (Apollo or GEOS 3). Attention is given to a mathematical model, the simulation of SST gravity anomaly estimation accuracies, a gravity anomaly estimation from GEOS 3/ATS 6 and Apollo/ATS 6 SST observations, and an evaluation of the mean gravity anomalies determined from SST.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Apr. 10
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Global magnetic component anomaly field maps have been derived from the Magsat vector magnetometer data obtained from November 1979 through May 1980. The amplitude of variations of the components over the maps are between 10 and 15 nT, well above the noise in the data. Averaged data, in 2-by-2 deg blocks, exhibit standard errors of the mean of about 1 nT over most of the X and Z maps, and about 2 nT over most of the Y maps. Errors rise to about twice these amounts near the auroral belts. Most of the anomalies in the component data are consistent with a crustal magnetization model which incorporates dipoles aligned only in the direction of the main field. However, there appear to be some regions which require dipoles aligned in some other direction i.e., remanent magnetization.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; Apr. 198
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  • 99
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Initial results of the Magsat mission are presented, in keeping with the categories of earth core field, the crustal or anomaly field of the earth, and external fields. It is noted that one major advantage of orbital magnetic field surveys is their ability to obtain a global set of magnetic field measurements of uniform precision and accuracy at a single epoch, aiding the derivation of the core field models that are a prerequisite for further data analysis. The ability to isolate fields from crustal sources was unexpected, because of the low amplitudes of such fields by comparison with those of the core and those external to the earth. The most significant external-field finding has been an east-west component variation near the dip equator.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; Apr. 198
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Studies of Birkeland current systems have been conducted primarily with low altitude satellite magnetometer data whereas electrojet current signatures have been usually analyzed with data from ground-based magnetometer chains. However, the Magsat magnetometer data set allows magnetic disturbances due to both field-aligned and electrojet currents to be examined simultaneously. This is mainly due to Magsat's approximately 400 km altitude, thus providing data closer to the electrojet current system than has been previously available from satellite measurements. Of additional importance are the superior accuracy, both in sensitivity and altitude, of the magnetic field measurements obtained by Magsat and last, but not least, the availability of an accurate magnetic field model of the concurrent epoch (based on the Magsat data set) that allows one to obtain a better baseline than previous models. The aforementioned points are emphasized and both Birkeland and electrojet currents have been analyzed in a case study for November 13, 1979.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; Apr. 198
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