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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (963)
  • ASTROPHYSICS  (957)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (1,395)
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  • 1981  (1,395)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (1,395)
  • 1975-1979  (1,006)
  • 1910-1914  (18)
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  • 1
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 59-65 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This note presents the closed form equations for the stiffness terms in the elastic-plastic stiffness matrix for axisymmetric finite elements. The element considered is a triangular ring element characterized by linear displacement relationships and an averaged state of stress. The physical law is modelled by the incremental theory of plasticity utilizing the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule and von-Mises Yield Criterion. Results are presented comparing stiffness terms as computed by numerical integration to those computed from the closed form equations. Significant errors in stiffness terms arising from numerical integration are observed for axisymmetric elements located near the line of axial symmetry as a result of the logarithmic nature of some of the stiffness terms.
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  • 2
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 85-92 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The compressible potential flow on a blade-to-blade surface of a turbomachine is analysed using the Thomas algorithm. The numerical properties of resulting non-linear simultaneous equations are studied with respect to grid aspect ratios and convergence. The heuristic approach has established which are the important factors that affect the flow solution in typical blade-to-blade configurations.
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  • 3
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This note describes improvements to the Suhara-Fukuda method for generating a triangular finite element network. These are based on the use of a node generation procedure which distributes nodes is a regular pattern across the network area and is sufficiently flexible to permit any variation in element density. Because of the regular node distribution, poorly shaped elements will not arise and so the procedure for connecting the nodes to form elements can be simplified. Examples of networks generaed in this way are given.
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  • 4
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 183-185 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In a recent paper, Dr. Frind has formulated a two-dimensional isoparametric finite element based upon the Hermite bicubic interpolation scheme. The present discussion focuses upon certain simplifications in the derivation which appear to have diminished the accuracy of the resulting element, and suggests a simpler approach to the element formulation. This author agrees strongly with Dr. Frind's recommendation of the Hermite parametric element as an efficient and useful tool for general field problems; the present comments are offered to point out that, in fact, the accuracy comparisons presented by Dr. Frind are biased against the Hermite finite element.
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  • 5
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 6
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical technique for solving unsteady gas dynamic equations is presented. The technique is based on least squares finite element concepts with elements that are constructed in both space and time. Both linear and quadratic interpolation is used on individual elements. The technique is tested against a problem whose solution is known so that numerical accuracy can be ascertained.
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  • 7
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 47-57 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A viscous approximation for steady creeping flow is extended to include the effect of elastic strains. Two examples are presented which illustrate both the method and the need for including elastic strains in the analysis of steady-state visco-plastic flows.
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  • 8
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 101-114 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element formulation for large elasto-plastic deformation of polycrystalline materials is proposed in incremental form. The effect of rotation of crystal axes besides usual element rotaion is taken into account. Some numerical considerations on polycrystalline plasticity (i.e. stress-strain curves for several proportional loadings, effect of change of loading path on stress-strain curve, subsequent yield loci for uniaxial and equi-biaxial loadings and so forth) are given for the case of small deformation by using a plate model which consists of 121 square FCC crystals.
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  • 9
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 382-383 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 10
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 405-414 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 11
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 453-469 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A least squares method is presented for computing approximate solutions of indefinite partial differential equations of the mixed type such as those that arise in connection with transonic flutter analysis. The mehod retains the advantages of finite difference schemes namely simplicity and sparsity of the resulting matrix system. However, it offers some great advantages over finite difference schemes. First, the method is insensitive to the value of the forcing frequency i.e., the resulting matrix system is always symmetric and positive definite,. As a result, iterative methods may be successfully employed to solve the matrix system, thus taking full advantage of the sparsity. Furthermore, the method is insensitive to the type of the partial differential equation, i.e., the computational algorithm is the same in elliptic and hyperbolic regions. In this work the method is formulated and numerical results for model problems are presented. Some theoretical aspects of least squares approximations are also discussed.
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  • 12
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1375-1382 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An optimal steady-state control problem governed by an elliptic state equation is solved by several finite element methods. Finite element discretizations are applied to different variational formulations of the problem yielding accurate numerical results as compared with the given analytical solution. It is sated that, for minimum computational effort and high accuracy, ‘mixed’ finite elements requiring only C° continuity, and approximating the control and state functions simultaneously are better suited to similar ‘fourth order’ problems.
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  • 13
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1367-1373 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A recent paper by Donald Gignac describes some difficulties with a certain matrix eigenvalue problem. This paper shows that the difficulties result from the naturue of the matrix itself. Quantities called condition numbers, which measure the sensitivity of the eigenvalues, are computed, and numerical results given.
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  • 14
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1383-1397 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The boundary-integral equation medthod is particularly well suited for solution of stress concentration and elastic fracture mechanics problems. The method was not previously applicable to anisotropic three dimensional problems because no efficient technique existed for calculation of the required point load solution for an infinite body. A technique has been developed to evaluate numerically the anisotropic point load soultions, and used to generate data bases for various materials. An intrpolation technique is used to evaluate the point load solutions efficiently within a higher order boundary-intgral equation code. The effectiveness of the technique is verified by solution of problems involving both uniaxial stress states and stress concentrations.
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  • 15
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1473-1477 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 16
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 17
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1659-1666 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 18
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1635-1650 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A diagonal lumped mas formulation with non-zero inertia terms is presented for Ahmad's general shell element. The effect of co-ordinate transformation of the mas matrix is demonstrated. Due to arbitray co-ordinate transformation on nodal variables, the diagonal lumped mas matrix becomes a banded matrix of half bandwidth three. It is shown that with some approximations this matrix can be made diagnoal without effecting the results appreciably. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the accuracy of the formulation. Similar lumped mass matrix formulation is also given for axisymmetric shell elements.
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  • 19
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1651-1657 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Procedure is presented for generating a class of conformal mappings useful in the formulation of finite-difference problems involving curved boundaries. The method provides a systematic approach that is capable, in principle, of reducing the geometry to a nearly-rectangular domain for a wide variety of partical problems. The introduction of sheared co-ordinates in this computational domain then provides for solution of the problem in a nearly-orthogonal (in fact, nearly-conformal) co-ordinate system, with its boundaries corresponding to co-ordinate lines. The method is based upon the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation and is quite simple to apply. Several examples illustrating the types of geometries which can be treated in this manner are presented.
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  • 20
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1667-1676 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a thin plate element formulated along parallel lines to the general three-dimensional Semiloof shell element. This plate version possesses only one half of the total number of degrees-of-freedom of the shell element and has the advantqage that the formulation of the strains and other terms is very much simplified. The element is first assessed in static situations and then its performance in the solution of eigenvalue problems is considered.
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  • 21
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1697-1704 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper analyses the oscillatory nature of central difference approximations to the heat transport equation when convection is the important mechanism of heat transport. The effects of three different boundary conditions, various heat source profiles, the Peclet Number and the parity of the number of meshes on the amplitudes of these oscillations are described. A boundary condition is presented which suppresses the oscillations to insignificant amplitudes in the one-dimensional situation.
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  • 22
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1764-1771 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Upwinded parabolic and cubic elements are derived on a uniform grid of size h for the finite element Galerkin method applied to the solution of the model conduction-convection problem εu″  -  Ku′ = 0, ε, K 〉 0, subject to the boundary conditions u(0) = 1, u (1) = 0. Extension of the results to more complicated problems is indicated. Finally numerical results are given comparing some of the methods derived for a range of L(=Kh/2ε), the grid Peclet number.
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  • 23
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1819-1839 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The present paper describes a hybrid stress finite element formulation for geometrically non-linear analysis of thin shell structures. The element properties are derived from an incremental form of Hellinger-Reissner's variational principle in which all quantities are referred to the current configuration of the shell. From this multi-field variational principle, a hybrid stress finite element model is derived using standard matrix notation. Very simple flat triangular and quadrilateral elements are employed in the present study. The resulting non-linear equations are solved by applying the load in finite increments and restoring equilibrium by Newton-Raphson iteratioin. Numerical examples presented in the paper include complete snap-through buckling of cylindrical and spherical shells. It turns out that the present procedure is computationally efficient and accurate for non-linear shell problems of high complexity.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1883-1889 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1890-1896 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Symmetric three point quadrature schemes are at present available for triangles for exact integration of polynomials of degree 2. There are other possible symmetries, which provide higher accuracies. Exact integration of polynomials of a higher degree is possible. General formulations are made and a set of three integration points for improved accuracy is given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1898-1900 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 27
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 12 (1978), S. 1897-1898 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 15-41 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The governing equations for large strain analysis of elastic-plastic problems are reconsidered. An improved form of these equations is derived, which is valid for small increments of strain and large increments of rotation. Special attention is paid to the integration procedures for these equations in the deformation history. It is shown that the tangent modulus procedure for integration of the constitutive equations is conditionally stable, and that implicit methods, such as the ‘mean normal’ method, are to be preferred. A novel procedure is introduced for the treatment of nonlinear geometric effects. The performance of various element types is examined, with specific attention to effects of ‘locking’ and distortion. Several applications are discussed to illustrate the various aspects of the formulation developed ein this paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 97-112 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper we analyse a simple but non-trivial steady-state creeping elasto visco-plastic (Maxwell fluid) radial flow problem, paying particular attention to the effects of the boundary conditions. Solutions are obtained by integration of a governing equation on stress, using the Runge-Kutta method for initial value problems and finite differences for boundary value problems. A more general approach by the finite element method, which solves for the velocity field rather than the stress field, and which is applicable to a wide range of problems, is presented and tested using the radial flow example.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 133-139 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Some new formulae are presented for numerical integration over triangular regions. These formulae, which are triangularly symmetric, involve four, six, and seven integration points, respectively. They were derived by determining co-ordinates and weight factors for which polynomial functions of up to a certain degree are integrated exactly. The effectiveness of the formulae is demonstrated by applying them to the integration of five non-polynomial functions, two of which are singular within the region of integration. Results obtained with the new formulae are compared with results obtained with other, comparable formulae. It is seen that the new formulae are more accurate than some existing ones with the same numbers of points.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 156-156 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 159-170 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element anaylysis to predict the sloshing dislacements and hydrodynamic pressures in liquid-filled tanks subjected to earthquake ground motions is presented. Finite element equations were derived using the Galerkin formulation, and the predicted results were checked against the test data, showing a good agreement between the test and finite element results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 213-229 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Minimum cost design of a framed structure is considered by using the mini-mas dual method. Stress and/or displacement constraints are imposed as behavioural constraints. The minimum cost design problem has a discrete objective function and discrete design variables. A sequence of approximate optimization problems in created by using the first-order Taylor series expansion for displacements with respect to the reciprocals of cross-sectional areas and moments of inertia. Each approximate problem is solved in the dual space. Two simple structural examples are given to show the appropriateness and efficiency of the proposed procedure. Approximate solutions are obtained within five structural analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 13 (1978), S. 203-228 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A brief review of the structural optimization literature and a description of the present status of optimization methods are presented. The scope of the review is limited and does not profess to cover the entire literature.Results of the optimization of two structures (by the optimality criteria approach) are presented. There are some conclusions and recommendations for future developments in structural optimization.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 123-132 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A kinematically nonlinear analysis of unbraced, rigid-jointed, portal frames, rotationally restrained at the base and subjected to eccentric concentrated and/or uniformly distributed loads, is presented. Through this analysis the complete behaviour, including the primary path and postbuckling path (whenever it exists), is evaluated. Moreover, through parametric studies, the effects of bar slenderness ratio, load eccentricity and amount of rotational restraint are assessed. Through this method it is also possible to assess the effect of member lengths and member lengths and member bending stiffnesses.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 145-153 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Numerical evaluations of elliptic integral solutions of some large deflection beam and frame problems are presented. The values are given in tabular form with up to six significant figures. The numerical technique used for evaluating the elliptic integrals is described.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 156-156 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 187-198 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: This paper presents the details of a unified numerical algorithm and the associated computer program developed for the efficient determination of natural frequencies and modes of free vibration of structures. Both spinning and nonspinning structures with or without viscous and/or structural damping may be solved by the current procedure; in a addition, the program is capable of solving static problems with multiple load cases as well as the quadratic matric eigenproblem associated with a finite dynamic element structural discretization. A special symmetric matrix decomposition scheme has been adopted for matrix triangularization, which renders the program rather efficient and economical. Also, a novel bisection scheme is described that further accelerates the solution convergence rate, particularly for the case of repeated roots.The associated computer program adopts and out-of-core solution strategy, thereby enabling effective solutions to be achieved for large, complex, practical structures. A complete listing of the program written in FORTRAN V, for the UNIVAC 1100/82 computer, along with the source deck is available for ready use.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 271-279 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: A FORTRAN subroutine is presented to integrate a function given only by a set of tabular values at unequal intervals. It uses the trapezoidal rule and a generalization of Simpson's rule, obtaining a conservative error estimate by comparing the two results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 301-305 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 309-309 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 312-312 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 335-346 
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    Notes: Splitting methods for time-dependent partial differential equations usually exhibit a drop in accuracy if boundary conditions become time-dependent. This phenomenon is investigated for a class of splitting methods for two-space dimensional parabolic partial differential equations. A boundary-value correction discussed in a paper by Fairweather and Mitchell for the Laplace equation with Dirichlet conditions, is generalized for a wide class of initial boundary-value problems. A numerical comparison is made for the ADI method of Peaceman-Rachford and the LOD method of Yanenko applied to problems with Dirichlet boundary conditions and non-Dirichlet boundary conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 357-365 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 445-464 
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    Notes: A singular finite element is developed for direct calculation of combined modes I and II stress intensity factors for planar rectilinear anisotropic structures subject to arbitrary loading. Twelve-node conventional elements are used in conjunction with a linear elastic fracture mechanics enrichment of the same element which is formed into a four-element macro-element. Example problems show this formulation to be exceptionally accurate and results are presented for a variety of modern fibre-reinforced composites in simple mode I extension and in mixed mode I and II situations. In addition, it is shown that the meshes for accurate results are relatively coarse and thus calculations are quite economical.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 477-477 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 527-541 
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    Notes: This paper is concerned with conventional and mixed finite element analysis of large deflection bending and free vibration of axisymmetric circular plates including shear deformation. Conventional and mixed finite element formulations are presented. Numerical results are included for isotropic as well as orthotropic, circular and annular plates under various edge conditions and loadings.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 601-613 
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    Notes: The general problem of optimum design of trusses composed of tubular elements requires the determination of cross-sectional dimensions for each element which satisfy a set of side constraints on those dimensions as well as Euler and local buckling constraints. A formulation is presented which eliminates the necessity to use mathematical programming methods for the determination of feasible cross-sectional dimensions. The minimization problem is shown to be expressible in terms of area variables only, with each area subject to bounds which are functions of truss stiffness but which may be obtained by explicit analysis of the element ‘desing space’ for any design. This‘direct’ formulation is completely general and compatible with any minimization algorithm. The formulation also leads to a simple and efficient recursive procedure for producing near-optimal fully-constrained designs. Several examples illustrate results obtained by both the direct and recursive procedures.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 707-718 
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    Notes: The use of quasi-Newton methods is studied for the solution of the nonlinear finite element equations that arise in the analysis of incompressible fluid flow. An effective procedure for the use of Broyden's method in finite element analysis is presented. The quasi-Newton method is compared with the commonly employed successive substitution and Newton-Raphson procedures, and it is concluded that the use of Broyden's method can constitute an effective solution strategy.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 747-771 
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    Notes: This paper discusses computational strategies for elastic-plastic-creep behaviour. These computational strategies, based on the tangent stiffness and initial strain techniques, include solution algorithms, modelling techniques and constitutive relations.A predictor-corrector iterative and non-iterative scheme is presented for combined plasticity and creep. This scheme has been incorporated into the three-dimensional, isoparametric element, module (HEX) of the Grumman PLANS finite element program for nonlinear analysis and used for the problems presented in this paper.The concept of modelling for inelastic behaviour is demonstrated by introducing a variable set of inelastic integration points within a finite element at which stresses and strains are monitored.In order to perform a meaningful analysis, one must understand and justify the employed constitutive relations. To this end, work at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in justifying constitutive relations for high-temperature nuclear reactor components is referred to.An analysis of a test model of a nuclear reactor inlet nozzle operating at high temperatures is presented to demonstrate some of the computational strategies discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1407-1426 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: The displacement and strain fields of thin-walled pretwisted beams are prescribed in terms of generalized displacements for extension, bending, torsion and warping. Differential equations and boundary conditions are obtained from the elastic potential energy functional without assuming coincidence of the beam axis with any of the structural axes. This procedure gives a unique consistent definition of sectional moments and generalized forces. Some simple explicit formulae are derived for homogeneous tension-torsion. For the general case a computer code is developed on the basis of discretized generalized displacements and a modified energy functional, devised to obtain consistent lengthwise variation of the stresses and a unique decomposition of the torsional moment. Examples show agreement with analytical results for cylindrical beams and illustrate the various coupling effects for beams with pretwist. They also demonstrate the usefulness of the explicit formulae for homogeneous tension-torsion.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1443-1453 
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    Notes: A computationally efficient and accurate solution technique for large-order eigenvalue problems with small to medium bandwidth is presented. The algorithm - called the Sub-Polynomial Iteration (SPI) method - solves for the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors. directly without any transformation to the standard form. The method is an efficient combination of several separate techniques including Sturm sequence, Lagrangian polynomial interpolation, inverse iteration with shift and Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization. Computer run times for a set of sample solution indicate the efficiency of the SPI method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1647-1657 
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    Notes: A method for solving boundary value problems for thin plate flexure as described by Kirchhoff's theory is proposed. An integral formulation leads to a system of boundary integral equations involving values of deflection, slope, bending moment and transverse shear force along the edge. A discretization leading to a matrix formulation is proposed. To solve problems with inner conditions in the plate domain, an elimination of boundary unknowns proves successful. The degenerate case where the boundary is free (which leads to a non-invertible matrix) is investigated. Three examples illustrate the efficiency of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1740-1742 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1743-1748 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1779-1789 
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    Notes: The following work proposes the use of a special description-language for producing input data of finite element programs. The programs now used require a detailed description of the structure to be analysed, and they require it in a form which is unfavourable to the user and which promotes errors. Therefore, a language was designed which allows a short and compact description of the structure. This description is then automatically transformed into the input data. In this paper, the design process and the characteristics of the language are presented. Some comments on its implementation, that is on the development of a special preprocessor, are made. As target system, the finite element program SAP IV has been chosen. Finally, we want to present an example of the improvements achieved by the use of this language and the SAP IV preprocessor, respectively.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1791-1810 
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    Notes: Two alternative hybrid-stress-based functionals are examined for the incremental elastic-plastic static analysis of single layer plates. Material nonlinear effects are incorporated via the initial-stress approach so that an equivalent nodal force vector is defined and the stiffness remains constant throughout the incremental loading. The alternative functionals differ in the incremental stress which is assumed to satisfy equilibrium; in the first, it is the actual stress increment, and in the second it is the elastic stress increment. Results are presented for two example problems, and comparisons of the alternative functionals and plausible iteration schemes are given. The effects of variation of pertinent solution parameters are also shown. A 4-node hybrid-stress plate element based on a Mindlin-type displacement field is used for most cases; however, limited results are also presented using an 8-node plate element, thus permitting comparisons of the relative efficiencies of the two elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1888-1889 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 43-52 
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    Notes: A parametric element is formulated which enables the economic modelling of ‘infinite domain’ type problmes. A typical problem is an opening in a stress field in an infinite medium, either in two or three dimensions. The strategy is to model around the opening with two or three layers of conventional isoparametric finite elements and surround these with a single layer of ‘infinite domain’ elements.Several sample problems has been analysed for circular, square and spherical openings in infinite media, and the results compared with either theoretical or boundary element solutions which include the ‘infinite’ boundary in their solution technique.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 113-121 
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    Notes: An approximation method is presented for the analysis for the interaction of a structure with a compressible linear fluid. The method uses the fact that the eigenvalues of the dry structure are higher than the corresponding eigenvalues of a structure in contact with an incompressible fluid, and the corresponding eigenvalues of a structure in contact with a compressible fluid are even lower. The proof of this theorem is given. It is shown that in both the compressible and incompressible cases the number of degress-of-freedom can be reduced to the number of boundary points which results in a substantial saving of core memory space and computing time. A sample problem is given to demonstrate the good results of the approximation methods for a low quotient of the eigenfrequencies divided by the square of the speed of sound.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 81-96 
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    Notes: A number of transport problems are complicated by the presence of physically important transition zones where quantities exhibit steep gradients and special numerical care is required. When the location of such a transition zone changes as the solution evolves through time, use of a deforming numerical mesh is appropriate in order to preserve the proper numerical features both within the transition zone and at its boundaries.A general finite element solution method is described wherein the elements are allowed to deform continuously, and the effects of this deformation are accounted for exactly. The method is based on the Galerkin approximation in space, and uses finite difference approximations for the time derivatives. In the absence of element deformation, the method reduces to the conventional Galerkin formulation.The method is applied to the two-phase Stefan problem associated with the melting and solidification of A substance. The interface between the solid and liquid phase form an internal moving boundary, and latent heat effects are accounted for in the associated boundary condition. By allowing continuous mesh deformation, as dictated by this boundary condition, the moving boundary always lies on element boundaries. This circumvents the difficulties inherent in interpolation of parameters and dependent variables across regions where those quantities change abruptly.Basis functions based on Hermite polynomials are used, to allow exact specification of the flux-latent heat balance condition at the phase boundary. Analytic solutions for special cases provide tests of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 154-155 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 157-158 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 239-253 
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    Notes: A finite element formulation of laminar flow with finite rate chemical reaction and heat release is made. Results are presented for steady flow in a channel, a special case of which is solved analytically, and for transverse flow around a cylinder. These illustrate the power of the finite element method for the calculation of reacting flows in complex geometries.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 291-299 
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    Notes: The reduction of liner partial differential equations for boundary-value problems to ordinary differential equations by the Lanczos-Chebyshev method is discussed and illustrated by applications to linear stress analysis and heat conduction in axisymmetric cylinders. Numerical examples given include eigenvalues for self-equilibrating end load problems in hollow cylinders, and heat conduction in a semi-infinite cylinder. Heat conduction in an infinite half-space is treated by considering a large multi-annular cylinder. The simplicity of the Lanczos-Chebyshev reduction method and its speed and accuracy are demonstrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 310-311 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 312-314 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 347-355 
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    Notes: This paper presents a method of developing a family of 1/rn type infinite elements for the analysis of problems definite in unbounded media. The proposed method is a direct extension of the conventional finite element method. The resulting improper integrals are integrated exactly over the infinite element domains. Two numerical examples in elastic half-space static problems are investigated to illustrate the applicability and accuracy of the method. The use of the proposed infinite elements yields excellent results and preserves all the advantages of the finite element method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 405-426 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 465-470 
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    Notes: For the general quadrilateral isoparametric elements with 4(n-1) nodes (i.e. n nodes along each side), it is shown that the inverse square root singularity of the strain field at the crack tip can be obtained by a general but simple rule. This amounts to collapsing the quadrilateral elements into triangular elements around the crack tip and placing the (n-2) mid-side nodes at locations γ2/(n-1)2 (γ=1,2,…, n-2) times the length of side emanating from the crack tip. These locations are measured from the crack tip. The known results for n = 3 and n = 4 are thus obtained as special cases.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 478-478 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 503-526 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 557-572 
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    Notes: Singular finite element displacement functions for linear elastic fracture mechanics applications are investigated. The displacement fields are expressed in terms of polynomials. These polynomials are expanded in varying degrees of r and θ in order to examine the effect of the number and type of terms on the solution to various problems with known solutions. Methods of estimating the stress intensity factors for mode 1 and mode 2 are presented. Numerical results evaluating the effect of various r and θ terms on the solutions are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 645-647 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 649-662 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The nature of adaptive processes is reviewed using as an example a specific finite element problem. Several possible formulations for the objective of mesh refinement processes are given. For the most natural of these objectives the A*-algorithms of artificial intelligence turn out to provide a solution process which is known to be optimal in a certain sense. But practically, there is insufficient information and these processes tend to be inefficient. On the other hand, if the objective is replaced by a strictly local objective based on Pareto-optimality, the error estimates of the resulting mesh sequence are shown to exhibit the order of convergence which is known to be best possible for the type of elements used.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 735-745 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Recent finite element analysis of adaptive refinement has focused attention on high-order approximation within elements. High-order approximation may be attained over curved elements with either rational basis functions expressed directly in the global co-ordinates or with a particular class of isoparametric basis functions. Theory for construction of high-order rational bases yields modifications to the blending method for a special class of elements in order to achieve higher order approximation within these elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 790-795 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 797-800 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 957-974 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The calculation of the response of rotationally periodic structures to transient forces and prescribed motions is considered. The work extends the work previously described by Thomas1 in which only the free and harmonic forced vibration problems were considered. It is assumed that the finite element method is to be used, so that the equation of motion of the structure contains a finite number of degrees-of-freedom whose responses are governed by mass, stiffness and damping matrices. It is shown that an exact solution to the equation of motion of the idealized full structure can be obtained by solving the equation of motion of a single substructure for a number of different spatial Fourier harmonics of force (and hence response). A modal method of solving this equation is described. a brief description of the implementation of the method in a suite of computer programs, and the application of the programs to a practical problems, is also given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 975-989 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Families of difference schemes are developed for both the linear and nonlinear inviscid Burger's equation and a system of shallow water equations. Single-step and two-step (Lax-Wendroff type) families are described and comparisons are made with other difference schemes.The schemes are developed using a very limited portion of a space-time continua, coupled with Galerkin's method applied over a few triangular elements. The elements are geometrically flexible as a function of a geometry factor α, creating the idea of difference families.Stability is commented on, including the continuous relationship between stability and the families of schemes as a function of α. Numerical results are presented and commented on for the system of shallow water equations and the inviscid Burger's equation. Several areas for future research are described.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1069-1079 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a series summation computation method for calculating temperatures arising from some geometries which commonly occur in microelectronics. The method, which is suitable for use with pocket calculators, involves an exchange of terms with those of a known series. At each stage of the summation a state of convergence (SOC) is calculated in terms of the maximum possible error, thus enabling the calculation to be terminated as soon as the required accuracy has been obtained.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1103-1117 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an algorithm and corresponding FORTRAN program for the solution of unsymmetric banded linear equation systems. The algorithm is based on the Crout method. A special technique, called double windowing, enables the solution of very large equation systems with a total equation number reaching 30,000 and a full bandwidth in excess of 1,000. Special attention was devoted to minimization of peripheral processor time (communication with backing disc memory). An appendix lists the complete program for Cyber series computers (CDC).
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1147-1159 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A triangular element is developed using a complete third-degree polynomial as the interpolation function. The nodal variables include the function and its first-order derivatives. A local continuity condition, which implements the conservation of the normal gradients of the interpolation function along the three boundaries of the element, is provided as a remedy for the nonconformity of the first-order derivatives in conventional C° elements. The element is applied to potential flow problems. Numerical results for the flow over a cylinder and the flow through a draft tube elbow of a hydraulic turbine confirm the validity and the accuracy of this new cubic element. A comparison of this element with a C° triangular element is made by checking their differences from an analytical solution for the flow over the cylinder. This element appears to be more accurate than the C° element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1233-1256 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Numerical integration of the system of governing equations which define a boundary value problem written down in the form of a coupled system of first-order ordinary differential equations is shown to be a powerful technique. After presenting the basic approach the paper critically examines the numerical schemes available for situations when the boundary value problem so defined has boundary layer characteristics. One such method which is originally due to Goldberg, Setlur and Alspaugh3 is described in detail, with documentation in the form of a flow diagram and a FORTRAN listing of a working subroutine. The method is shown to be computationally efficient and reliable for the solution of a class of problems in the field of solid mechanics. Potential use of the method for the solution of magnetostatic problems is indicated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1273-1278 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We present two self-contained programs which have given excellent results for uniform approximation of functions (or discrete data) by generalized rational functions. The first program is an extension of a program published in 1975 which uses a linear programming approach known as the differential correction algorithm. The present version is more robust, and allows for the use of a multiplicative weight function and restrictions on the values of the approximating function. These features make the program more suitable for applications such as digital filter approximation. The second program uses a combination of the Remes and differential correction algorithms which combines some of the good features of both algorithms. Given here is a discussion of the algorithms together with several examples. A FORTRAN listing can be obtained from the first author.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1281-1282 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1385-1395 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite difference solution of a system of first-order partial differential equations, using a central difference scheme, is presented. The equations describe the linear elastic behaviour of a thick rectangular plate resting on an elastic foundation and carrying an arbitrary transverse load. The lateral edges of the plate are unstressed. The main deflections and stresses predicted by the method for a particular case are given, together for purposes of comparison, with results from a finite element analysis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1427-1429 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1469-1496 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Formulation and applications of the hybrid-stress finite element model to plane elasticity problems are examined. Conditions for invariance of the element stiffness are established for two-dimensional problems, the results of which are easily extended to three-dimensional cases. Next, the hybrid-stress functional for a 3-D continuum is manipulated into a more convenient form in which the location of optimal stress/strain sampling points can be identified. To illustrate these concepts, 4- and 8-node plane isoparametric hybrid-stress elements which are invariant and of correct rank are developed and compared with existing hybrid-stress elements. For a 4-node element, lack of invariance is shown to lead to spurious zero energy modes under appropriate element rotation. Alternative 8-node elements are considered, and the best invariant element is shown to be one in which the stress compatibility equations are invoked. Results are also presented which demonstrate the validity of the optimal sampling points, the effects of reduced orders of numerical integration, and the behaviour of the elements for nearly incompressible materials.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1571-1575 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two-dimensional distributions and three-dimensional element meshes are usually plotted in axonometric projection. Stereo decomposition can make the plots of complicated functions and structures more synoptical; the object appears in three dimensions. The method can be useful for the display of displacements and model shapes of three-dimensional structures as well.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1631-1646 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with an application of the boundary element method to the analysis of nonlinear sloshing problems, namely nonlinear oscillations of a liquid in a container subjected to forced oscillations. First, the problem is formulated mathematically as a nonlinear initial-boundary value problem by the use of a governing differential equation and boundary conditions, assuming the fluid to be inviscid and incompressible and the flow to be irrotational. Next, the governing equation (Laplace equation) and boundary conditions, except the dynamic boundary condition on the free surface, are transformed into an integral equation by employing the Galerkin method. Two dynamic boundary condition is reduced to a weighted residual equation by employing the Galerkin method. Two equations thus obtained are discretized by the use of the finite element method spacewise and the finite difference method timewise. Collocation method is employed for the discretization of the integral equation. Due to the nonlinearity of the problem, the incremental method is used for the numerical analysis.Numerical results obtained by the present boundary element method are compared with those obtained by the conventional finite element method and also with existing analytical solutions of the nonlinear theory. Good agreements are obtained, and this indicates the availability of the boundary element method as a numerical technique for nonlinear free surface fluid problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1735-1739 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical approximation for the two-dimensional Laplacian operator at a point is derived for the general case in which the point is surrounded by an arbitrary number of arbitrarily located coplanar nodes. The expression obtained is shown to generalize the usual Cartesian finite difference expression.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1743-1743 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1763-1778 
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    Notes: Two explicit representation of a C1 quintic interpolant over triangles are given. These representations are derived by generalization of Coons' methods and Bernstein-Bézier methods, respectively.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1823-1833 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The nonlinear elastic problem involving the indentation of a slightly compressible rubber-like layer bonded to a rigid cylinder and indented by another rigid cylinder is analysed by the finite element method. Both the geometric and material nonlinearities are accounted for. The finite element formulation of the problem is based upon a variational principle recently proposed by Cescotto and Fonder, and is valid for both slightly compressible and incompressible materials. The results computed and presented graphically include the shape of the indented surface, the pressure distribution over the contact surface, and the stress distribution at the bond surface. For the same contact width, the results for the compressible material are found to differ significantly from those for the case when the rubber-like layer is assumed to be incompressible.
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